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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Flagging in English-Italian Code-Switching Rosignoli, Alberto

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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Flagging in English-Italian Code-Switching Rosignoli, Alberto Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Flagging in English-Italian code-switching Rosignoli, Alberto Award date: 2011 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 FLAGGING IN ENGLISH- ITALIAN CODE-SWITCHING Alberto Rosignoli Ysgol Ieithyddiaeth ac Iaith Saesneg - School of Linguistics & English Language Prifysgol Bangor University PhD 2011 Summary his thesis investigates the phenomenon of flagging in code-switching. The T term ‘flagging’ is normally used to describe a series of discourse phenomena occurring in the environment of a switch. In spite of a large literature on code- switching, not much is known about flagging, aside from the general assumption that it has signalling value and may draw attention to the switch (Poplack, 1988). The present study aims to offer a more eclectic understanding of flagging, by looking at the phenomenon from both a structural and an interpretive perspective. The analyses are based on two small corpora of naturalistic conversations collected amongst pairs of bilingual English-Italian speakers in the UK and Italy. The structural analysis looks at quantitative patterns of flagging. A relationship is observed between the frequency of an item in the data and its production with or without flagging. Higher frequency generally is related to less flagging. A similar relation holds between flagging and different grammatical categories, with nouns being less flagged than adjectives or verbs. The interpretive approach adopts the methods of Conversation Analysis (Auer, 1998) and investigates how the presence of flagging is instrumental in reconstructing participants’ own understanding of the interaction. Through flagging, participants reveal to one another their orientation to single instances of language alternation as belonging or not to the medium (Gafaranga, 2000) of the conversation. While it may be seen as a peripheral occurrence, flagging can reveal the degree and ease of integration of switches in speech; an appreciation of its role can further the understanding of the dynamics of language contact in naturalistic settings. By looking at the results from the two analyses, this study shows how flagging is a patterned phenomenon that speakers interpret as having communicative value, rather than a simple disfluency typical of spontaneous speech.¶ | III | Does any way less radical exist To keep ideals from being trivialised? The only way I know is to resist: Autonomy cannot be compromised! David Hirson, La Bête CONTENTS Summary III Contents VI List of figures and tables XI Acknowledgements XII Author’s declaration XIII Abbreviations and symbols XV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Thesis structure 3 2 CODE-SWITCHING: GRAMMATICAL AND INTERPRETIVE PERSPECTIVES 6 2.1 The rise of research on code-switching 7 2.2 Definitions of code-switching 8 2.2.1 Definitions in grammatical studies 10 2.2.1.1 Intrasentential and intersentential code-switching 12 2.2.2 Definitions in interpretive studies 13 2.3 Theoretical approaches to code-switching 16 2.3.1 Structural/grammatical approaches 17 2.3.1.1 The constraints tradition 17 2.3.1.2 The Null Theory of code-switching 18 2.3.1.3 A typological approach to code-switching 19 2.3.2 The Conversation Analysis approach 21 2.3.2.1 What is Conversation Analysis? 22 2.3.2.2 Conversation Analysis and code-switching 23 2.3.2.3 Some principles of a Conversation Analysis-type approach to code-switching 24 2.3.2.4 A turn-by-turn approach to language alternation 25 2.3.2.5 Code-switching as interactional otherness 28 2.4 What are the codes in code-switching? 29 2.4.1 Languages, codes and speaker categories 30 2.4.2 The issues of order and the base language of the conversation 32 2.4.3 The medium of the conversation 33 | VI | 2.5 Code-switching involving English and Italian 35 2.5.1 English in contact situations 35 2.5.2 Italian in contact situations 37 2.5.2.1 A typology of Italian in contact situations 39 2.5.2.2 Italian varieties and Italo-Romance dialects 40 2.5.3 Italians in the United Kingdom 43 2.5.4 Previous studies on English-Italian code-switching 45 2.5.4.1 Structural/grammatical studies 46 2.5.4.2 Interpretive studies 46 2.6 Conclusions 49 3 THE STUDY OF FLAGGING 51 3.1 Towards a definition of flagging 52 3.1.1 A typology of flagging 56 3.2 Previous work on flagging in code-switching 59 3.2.1 Flagging as indicative of different code-switching styles 60 3.2.2 Flagging as an indicator of discourse-level integration 61 3.2.3 Flagging as indicative of different code-switching strategies 65 3.2.4 Flagging as indicator of a borrowing/code-switching distinction? 66 3.2.5 Flagging from a Conversation Analysis perspective 68 3.3 Does flagging exist in monolingual speech outside code-switching? 70 3.3.1 Hesitation and filled pauses in monolingual speech 73 3.3.2 The notion of repair in monolingual conversation 77 3.4 Concluding remarks 81 4 THE DATA 82 4.1 The two data sets 83 4.1.1 Profile of speakers 83 4.2 Selection of groups 85 4.2.1 Definition of bilinguals 86 4.2.2 Types of groups in code-switching research 87 4.2.3 Groups or communities? 89 4.2.4 Recruitment of speakers 91 4.2.5 Briefing of participants 92 | VII | 4.3 Ethical issues and speaker consent 94 4.4 Recording procedure 97 4.4.1 Description of recordings 99 4.5 Concluding remarks 107 5 METHODOLOGY 108 5.1 Definition of flagging in the present work 108 5.1.1 Paralinguistic markers 109 5.1.2 Unfilled pauses 110 5.1.3 Lexicalised filled pauses 111 5.1.4 Non-lexicalised filled pauses 111 5.1.5 Other-language equivalents 112 5.1.6 Explicit pre-empting (pre switch only) 113 5.1.7 Explicit justification (post switch only) 113 5.1.8 Disfluencies, false starts, retracing 114 5.1.9 Vowel/syllable lengthening 114 5.2 Data transcription 115 5.2.1 General principles for transcription of the data 116 5.2.2 Transcription system 117 5.3 Features of the CHAT system and transcribing conventions 119 5.3.1 The body of the transcript 120 5.3.2 Language tagging and ambiguous items 121 5.3.2.1 The use of phonological criteria in ambiguous cases 125 5.3.3 Interactional markers 126 5.3.4 Pseudonyms 126 5.3.5 Other transcription conventions 127 5.3.5.1 Pauses 127 5.3.5.2 Spoken and colloquial forms 128 5.3.5.3 Non-standard and regional words 129 5.3.5.4 Overlapping speech 130 5.3.5.5 Unintelligible words/sections 131 5.3.5.6 Vowel and syllable lengthening 131 5.4 Concluding remarks 132 | VIII | 6 DESCRIPTION OF SWITCHES AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLAGGING 133 6.1 Method of analysis 133 6.1.1 Types of switches in the data 134 6.2 Types of insertions 136 6.2.1 Noun phrases and lone nouns 139 6.2.1.1 Complex noun phrase insertion 140 6.2.2 Adjective insertions 142 6.2.3 Verb insertions 145 6.3 Analysis of flagging 149 6.3.1 Flagging of single nouns 152 6.3.1.1 Establishing a baseline for flagging of nouns 153 6.3.1.2 Quantitative differences 154 6.3.1.3 Differences in types of flagging 156 6.3.1.4 Flagging and frequency: first analysis 159 6.3.1.5 Flagging and frequency: reclassifying the data 161 6.3.2 Flagging of multiword noun phrases 162 6.3.2.1 Flagging and frequency 164 6.3.2.2 Types of flagging 166 6.3.3 Flagging of adjectives 167 6.3.3.1 Flagging and frequency 169 6.3.4 Flagging of verbs 170 6.4 Concluding remarks 171 7 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: A CONVERSATION ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE 173 7.1 Some limits of clause-by-clause analysis 174 7.2 Applying Conversation Analysis to the data: looking at repair 177 7.2.1 Repair in monolingual contexts 179 7.2.2 Repair in bilingual contexts 183 7.2.3 Deviating from the medium 188 7.3 Shifting the boundaries of the medium 193 7.4 Concluding remarks 198 | IX | 8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 203 8.1 Code-switching in the data: a summary 204 8.2 Results of the analysis of flagging 205 8.2.1 Similarities between groups 207 8.2.2 Flagging and grammatical category 208 8.2.3 Relation between flagging and frequency 209 8.3 Discussion 210 8.3.1 Flagging in code-switching and related discourse phenomena in monolingual speech 211 8.3.2 Flagging and the code-switching borrowing distinction 213 8.3.3 Differences between grammatical categories 217 8.3.4 A note about qualitative analysis 220 8.4 Considerations on the methodology 221 8.5 Suggestions for further research 226 8.5.1 A larger data set 226 8.5.2 Additional types of flagging in naturalistic data 227 8.5.3 The role of frequency vs.
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