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ED311449.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 311 449 CS 212 093 AUTHOR Baron, Dennis TITLE Declining Grammar--and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-1073-8 PUB DATE 89 NOTE :)31p. AVAILABLE FROM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 10738-3020; $9.95 member, $12.95 nonmember). PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Viewpoints (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *English; Gr&mmar; Higher Education; *Language Attitudes; *Language Usage; *Lexicology; Linguistics; *Semantics; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Words ABSTRACT This book contains 25 essays about English words, and how they are defined, valued, and discussed. The book is divided into four sections. The first section, "Language Lore," examines some of the myths and misconceptions that affect attitudes toward language--and towards English in particular. The second section, "Language Usage," examines some specific questions of meaning and usage. Section 3, "Language Trends," examines some controversial r trends in English vocabulary, and some developments too new to have received comment before. The fourth section, "Language Politics," treats several aspects of linguistic politics, from special attempts to deal with the ethnic, religious, or sex-specific elements of vocabulary to the broader issues of language both as a reflection of the public consciousness and the U.S. Constitution and as a refuge for the most private forms of expression. (MS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J. Maxwell TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." U S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educanonai Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 0 This document nas been reproduced as received Irons Ine person or organization originatingIt O Minor changes rave been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view or opinions stated in t rus docu- ment do not necessarily represent otnuai OEM position or poky, Declining Grammar Declining Grammar and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary Dennis Baron University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign NatiOnal Council of Teachers of English 1111 Kenyon Road, Urbana, Illinois 61801 NCTE Editorial Board: Donald R. Gallo, Richard Lloyd-Jones, Raymond J. Rodrigues, Dorothy S. Str:ckland, Brooke Workman, Charles Suhor, ex officio, Michael Spooner, ex officio Staff Editor: Robert A. Heister Cover Design: Doug Burnett Interior Design: Tom Kovacs for TGK Design NCTE Stock Number 10738-3020 ©1989 by the National Council of Teachers of English. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. It is the policy of NCTE in its journals and other publications to provide a forum for the open discussion of ideas concerning the content and the teaching of English and the language arts. Publicity accorded to any particular point of view does not imply endorsement by the Executive Committee, the Board of Directors, or the membership at large, except in announcements of policy, where such endorsement is clearly specified. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baron, Dennis E. Declining grammar and other essays on the English vocabulary / Dennis Baron. p.cm. Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-8141-1073-8 1. English languageLexicology.2. English languageSemantics. 3. English languageUsage.I. Title. PE1571.B37 1989 420dc20 89-34420 CIP 5 Contents Preface vii ILanguage Lore 1 1 Weather Report 3 2 The Myths of Language 9 3 The Passive Voice Can Be Your Friend 17 4 Brevity and Style 23 5 Going Native 31 6 Basic Words 37 7 The Myths of Teaching English 49 IILanguage Usage 63 8 Declining Grammar 65 9 A Literal Paradox 73 10 Academies of One The Critics and English Usage 81 11 Thank You for Sharing 97 12 Dialect Notes 107 IIILanguage Trends 113 13 The Etymology Trap 115 14 At a Loss for Words 121 15 What's in a Name? 131 v C vi Declining Grammar 16 Telephone Talk 145 17 Ending Words 153 18 Nothing Like a Good Pun 159 IVLanguage Politics 171 19 Language Is the Enemy 173 20 Race and Religion 179 21 Sexist Language 189 22 The Missing Word 195 23 Language and Liberty 205 24 The English Language and the Constitution 213 25 Private Words 225 Bibliography 233 Author 240 7 Preface The essays in this book, written over the past two years, began as responses to particular problems arising during my earlier work on attempts to reform the English language, and on the question of language and sex (Baron 1982a, 1982b, 1986). Although they starter, as discrete entities, a pattern gradually developed interconnecting the essays and establishing a progression from start to finish. Consequently, while most of the chapters may be read independently of one another, or in small groups of two or three, they also cohere to form a book about where the English languageparticularly its vocabularyhas been, where it is now, and where it is going. Declining Grammar is about English words, how we define them, value them, and argue over them. And it is about the importance we attach to English as the language of our individual and our national expression. One of the things readers will discover in this book is the extent to which mistaken ideas about language influence language development. We will look at some of the attitudes toward English frequently expressed by language commentators, and some of the ways in which our languageparticularly our vocabularyis changing and developing to meet the new demands placed on it. In the first section, we will examine some of the myths and mis- conceptions that affect our attitudes toward languageand toward English in particular. False or skewed ideas about language crop up in everyday conversation. They influence the criteria we set for proper writing style and contribute to our hazy notions of what constitutes standard English. Ultimately they affect how English teachers teach about our language, a subject which continues to vex students, teachers, and the American public at large. The second section examines some specific questions of meaning and usage. "Declining Grammar," the book's title essay, traces the ups and particularly the downs in the meaning of the word grammar, which went from something originally very positive to something that is now rather negative, though this latter fact is generally ignored by our dictionaries. The other chapters in this section look at specific usage controversies of the past and present to demonstrate that while there vii viii Declining Grammar is little agreement on what constitutes proper English, the endless debate over language standards shows that languageconcerns are never far from our consciousness. Section three examines some controversial trends in English vocab- ulary, and some developments too new to have received comment before. The final section treats several aspects of linguistic politics, from specific attempts to deal with the ethnic, religious,or sex-specific elements of our vocabulary to the broader issues of language bothas a reflection of our public consciousness and constitution and as a refuge for our most private forms of expression. A great many people have listened patiently to the ideas explored in this book. My family, colleagues, and friends have contributed examples and counterexamples too numerous to mention. I want to thank the staff and audience of WILL-AM, the American Public Radio affiliate at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, for the opportunity to air my views on language in a continuing series of commentaries. And I want to thank the National Council of Teachers of English, and its Commission on the English Language, fur their active encouragement and support of my work Released time provided by the University of Illinois allowed me to complete my manuscript. Earlier drafts of some of the essays in this book have appeared elsewhere, sometimes under different titles. Parts of "Academies of One" appeared in the English Journal, and William Safire has citeda number of my usage comments in his books and his columns in the New York Times Magazine. "Nothing Like a Good Pun"was first published as "Public Cutespeak" in Verbatim, the Language Quarterly. "Sexist Language" and "A Literal Paradox" originally appeared in Righting Words. "The English Language and the Constitution"was published in The Brandeis Review. "Declining Grammar" appearedas "The Ugly Grammarian" in English Today, and "The Passive Voice Can Be Your Friend" was published in the same journal. Parts of "The Myths of Teaching English" will be published under the title "Watching Our Grammar" in Essays for English Teachers, edited by Gail Hawisher and Anna Soter (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989). Allare reprinted with permission. I also want to extend my gratitude to Boughton Mifflin Company for permission to reprint the first 100 words of the Brown Corpus from Nelson and KuCera's Frequency Analysis of English Usage, and to Longman Group Limited for permission to reprint the first 100 words of the LOB Corpus from Hofland and Johansson's Word Fre- quencies in British and American English. Most of all, I want to thank the teachers who participated in the Writing Outreach Workshop sponsored by the English Department at 9 Preface ix the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, during the summers of 1986 and 1987. It was your enthusiasm for the English language and your dedication to our profession that inspired this Lollection, and it is to all o; you that I dedicate this book. I Language Lore 1 Weather Report Language, like the weather, is a popular topic: everybody's got some- thing to say about it. And like the weather, where there is language, there is also change. One of the most common weather sayings goes something like this: "If you don't like the weather around here, just wait five minutes." You hear this in New England and the Midwest, in California and the South, and while it is sometimes attributed to Mark Twain or Thoreau or Emerson, it has achieved the status of proverbial folk wisdom.
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