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University of São Paulo Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences University of São Paulo Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences Mariana Fadigatti Picolo Atmospheric conditions observed during severe weather occurrences in the area of the SOS-CHUVA project São Paulo 2018 2 Mariana Fadigatti Picolo Atmospheric conditions observed during severe weather occurrences in the area of the SOS-CHUVA project. Dissertation submitted to the Department of Atmospheric Sciences of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Area: Meteorology Advisor: Prof. Dr. Edmilson Dias de Freitas São Paulo 2018 3 . 4 Acknowledgments To my family, especially my mother for all the support through the execution of this work. To Yohan, for the love, support and comprehension through this period. To Prof. Edmilson for the opportunity, support, and suggestions during the development of this project. To Jean, from MASTER, for providing the data used in this research. To CAPES for the financial support during the first years of work. v SUMÁRIO LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... XXVIII LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................... XXIX RESUMO ................................................................................................................... XXX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ XXXI 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 32 1.1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 34 1.2 REGION OF STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 35 2 SEVERE CONVECTIVE STORMS ..................................................................... 36 2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS ............................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.1 Buoyancy ...................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.2 Stages of development ................................................................................................................. 36 2.1.3 Thermodynamic structure ............................................................................................................ 37 2.1.4 Thermodynamic indices ................................................................................................................ 38 2.1.5 Vertical wind shear ....................................................................................................................... 40 2.2 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVISION .................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.1 Mesoscale definition ..................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.2 Synoptic scale processes ............................................................................................................... 42 2.3 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVISION FOR SÃO PAULO ............................................................................................. 44 3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 51 3.1 EVENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 52 4 RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 55 4.1 STRONG SYNOPTIC FORCING ........................................................................................................ 55 4.1.1 Category 1a .................................................................................................................................. 55 vi 4.1.2 Partial conclusions for category 1a ............................................................................................ 138 4.1.3 Category 1b ................................................................................................................................ 141 4.1.4 Partial conclusions for category 1 b ........................................................................................... 202 4.2 CATEGORY 2 ............................................................................................................................... 204 4.2.1 December, 18, 2016 .................................................................................................................... 204 4.2.2 December, 25, 2016 .................................................................................................................... 225 4.2.3 February, 22 ............................................................................................................................... 244 4.2.4 December, 28, 2016 .................................................................................................................... 269 4.2.5 Partial conclusion for category 2 ................................................................................................ 292 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDIES ......................................................... 295 5.1 SUGGESTIONS TO FUTURE STUDIES ........................................................................................... 298 6 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 299 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Spatial and time scales of process that occurs in microscale and mesoscale. From Orlanski (1975). ............................................................................................................... 42 Figure 4-1: Water vapor channel images at 00:00 UTC (a), and 12:00 UTC (b) for December, 3rd, 2016. .......................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 4-2: Infrared satellite images at 00:00 UTC (a), and 06:00 UTC (b) for December, 03rd, 2016. ................................................................................................................................. 57 Figure 4-3: Infrared enhanced temperature satellite images at 09:30 UTC (a), 12:30 UTC (b), 14:30 UTC (c), 15:00 UTC (d), 16:30 UTC (e), 19:30 UTC (f), 23:30 UTC (g), 2:00 UTC (h).) for December, 03rd, 2016. ............................................................................... 57 Figure 4-4: IPMET radar reflectivity at 09:00 UTC (a), 10:30 UTC (b), 14:00 UTC (c), and 15:00 UTC (d) for December, 03rd, 2016.). ..................................................................... 59 Figure 4-5: São Roque (left) and Campinas (right) radar reflectivity at 16:00 UTC (a), 17:20 UTC (b), and 18:30 UTC for December, 03rd, 2016. ....................................................... 61 Figure 4-6: Streamline and isotachs (m s-1) at 200 hPa at 00:00 UTC (a) and 12:00 UTC (b), mass divergence (10-4 s-1) at 06:00 UTC (c), for December, 03, 2016.). ......................... 63 Figure 4-7: Geopotential height and vorticity at 500 hPa, 12:00 UTC (a), and vorticity advection at 500 hPa, 12:00 UTC (b). ............................................................................. 64 Figure 4-8: Streamlines and relative humidity at 850 hPa at 12:00 UTC (a) and 15:00 UTC (b). .................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 4-9: Temperature advection at 850 hPa at 06:00 UTC (a), and 12:00 UTC (b) for December, 03rd, 2016. ). ................................................................................................... 64 viii Figure 4-10: Mean sea level pressure (hPa) and wind (m s-1)at 12:00 UTC (a), and 18:00 UTC (b) for December, 3rd, 2016. ............................................................................................. 65 Figure 4-11: Water vapor mixing ratio (g kg-1) and wind (m s-1) at 00:00 UTC (a), 03:00 UTC (b), 06:00 UTC (c), 09:00 UTC (d), 12:00 UTC (e), 15:00 UTC (f), 18:00 UTC (g), and 21:00 UTC (h) for December, 03rd, 2016. ........................................................................ 66 Figure 4-12: Moisture divergence (g kg-1 s-1) at 12:00 UTC for December, 03, 2016. ............ 68 Figure 4-13: CAPE (J kg-1) at 12:00 UTC (a), 15:00 UTC (b), 18:00 UTC (c), and 21:00 UTC (d) for December, 03rd, 2016. .................................................................................. 69 Figure 4-14: CIN at 00:00 UTC (a), 09:00 UTC (b), 10 UTC (c), 11 UTC (d), 12:00 UTC (e) for December, 03rd, 2016. ................................................................................................ 70 Figure 4-15: LI from GFS(K) at 12:00 UTC (a), 12:00 UTC (b) for December, 03rd, 2016. .. 71 Figure 4-16: 700-500 hPa lapse rate at 00:00 UTC (a), 12:00 UTC (b), and 12:00 UTC (c), for December, 03, 2016. ........................................................................................................ 72 Figure 4-17: CAPE from a surface
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