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An Analysis of Wildlife Strikes to Aircraft in Brazil: 2011-2018

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An Analysis of Wildlife Strikes to Aircraft in Brazil: 2011-2018 JAIRM, 2020 – 10(2), Online ISSN: 2014-4806 – Print ISSN: 2014-4865 https://doi.org/10.3926/jairm.160 An Analysis of Wildlife Strikes to Aircraft in Brazil: 2011-2018 Flavio A.C. Mendonca 1, Julius Keller 2, Chenyu Huang 3 1Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach (United States) 2Purdue University (United States) 3University of Nebraska Omaha (United States) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received May, 2020 Accepted December, 2020 Abstract Purpose: Aircraft accidents due to wildlife hazards have become a growing safety and economic problem to the Brazilian and international aviation industries. These safety occurrences have resulted in significant direct and indirect economic losses as well injuries and fatalities worldwide. The purpose of this study was to develop empirical information obtained from the analysis of wildlife strike and aircraft operations data in Brazil that could be used for accident prevention efforts. Design/methodology: The research team collected and analyzed aircraft operations as well as wildlife strike data from the 32 busiest commercial airports in Brazil, from 2011 through 2018. Researchers obtained the number of aircraft operations at each of those 32 Brazilian airports from the Brazilian air traffic operations annual reports published by the Air Traffic Control Department. Wildlife strike data from the studied airports were obtained from the Brazilian national wildlife strike database. Descriptive data analysis was adopted to provide an intuitive and overall trend of wildlife strikes at and the 32 busiest commercial airports in Brazil. Findings: Results indicate that the number of wildlife strikes at and around the investigated airports increased 70% even though the number of aircraft operations at these airports declined by 12% during the period studied. Birds were involved in 88% of the reported events. Most reported strikes (59%) and damaging strikes (39%) occurred during the arrival phases-of-flight. Most (33%) strikes were reported by airport personnel. A finding of concern was that the majority of wildlife strikes (97%) and damaging wildlife strikes (96%) occurred within the airport environment. Practical implications: Findings of this study could be used as the groundwork during the development and assessment of wildlife hazard management programs and other aviation stakeholders’ safety efforts to prevent aircraft accidents due to wildlife strikes. -51- Journal of Airline and Airport Management 10(2), 51-64 Originality/value: The current project contributes to the safety management of wildlife hazards in Brazil by conducting a comprehensive analysis of wildlife strike and aircraft operations data (2011-2018) in the 32 busiest Brazilian commercial airports. Keywords: Aviation safety, wildlife strikes in Brazil, wildlife hazard management program To cite this article: Mendonca, F. A. C., Keller, J., & Huang, C. (2020). An analysis of Wildlife Strikes to Aircraft in Brazil: 2011- 2018. Journal of Airline and Airport Management, 10(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3926/jairm.160 1. Introduction The aviation industry provides vital economic contributions to Brazil. According to the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), the number of air carrier operations at all commercial airports in Brazil declined by 11.6% from 2011 through 2018 (ANAC, 2019). Interestingly, the number of international commercial operations at these airports increased by approximately one percent during the same period. During 2017, the aviation industry, directly and indirectly, contributed approximately US$ 37.63 billion to the Brazilian gross domestic product (GDP) (Brazilian Airlines Union, 2018). Aviation generates more than 1.5 million jobs in Brazil, 65,000 of them are direct jobs. With demand slated to double until 2030, the economic contributions of aviation to the Brazilian GDP could increase to more than US$ 90 billion per year. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the aviation industry. Border closures, the ensuing economic crisis, and travel restrictions are among the many factors that have caused a significant decline in air travels all over the world. The number of passengers using the Brazilian airports had a 57% decrease in 2020 if compared to 2019 (Garbuno, 2020). Many Brazilian aviation professionals have been furloughed since March 2020. Nonetheless, the long-term outlookfor the aviation industry remains strong and positive. Some of the “fundamental factors influencing pilot demand prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic remain unchanged” (e.g., fleet growth) (Leontidis, 2020, p. 3). For example, there will be a need of around 16,000 pilots in South America until 2030, mostly in Brazil. Moreover, the recovery of Brazil’s air traffic has been more pronounced than other countries in Latin America. The two largest Brazilian air carriers have been steadily increasing their capacity (Clark, Parker, Sims, Beltranena, Pasupathi, Pherous et al., 2020). The Brazilian air carriers have expressed confidence in the demand for air travel in early 2021 (Walker, 2020). According to the International Air Transport Association (2019), the number of direct aviation jobs in Brazil could be higher than 1.4 million in the next 20 years. Wildlife strikes to aviation have become a serious safety and economic concern in Brazil. The Brazilian national wildlife strike database (NWSD) is managed by the Aeronautical Accident Investigation and Prevention Center (CENIPA) (Mendonca, Huang, Carney, & Johnson, 2018). A robust NWSD is vital for the evaluation of trends, the development and assessment of safety programs, and for providing the groundwork for national standards. Worldwide, mishaps due to wildlife strikes have resulted in the loss of 263 aircraft and more than 282 lives from 1998 through 2018 (Dolbeer, Begier, Miller, Weller & Anderson, 2019). In Brazil, two aircraft were damaged beyond repair, and at least five people killed as a result of wildlife strikes since 1962 (Oliveira, Silva, Santos & Novaes, 2017). Additionally, several pilots have been injured due to bird strikes. Globally, the direct costs of aircraft accidents and incidents due to wildlife strikes have been estimated to range from US$1.2 to US$1.35 billion (Anderson, Carpenter, Begier, Blackwell, DeVault & Shwiff, 2015). In Brazil, aircraft collisions with wildlife are projected to cost a minimum of US$ 65 million in direct, ancillary, and other indirect costs (CENIPA, 2017a). Several factors have contributed to this increasing safety issue in Brazil, including increased air traffic (ANAC, 2019a), previous inadequate government regulations and policies preventing hazardous wildlife attractants near airports, and wildlife adapting to urban and suburban environments (Araujo, Peres, Baccaro & Guerta, 2018; Mendonca et al., 2018; Novaes & Alvarez, 2014). -52- Journal of Airline and Airport Management 10(2), 51-64 Land use practices at (e.g., detention ponds) and around (e.g., solid waste landfills) the airport as well as habitats are fundamental factors determining the risk of wildlife strikes to aviation (Cleary & Dolbeer, 2005). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), for example, provides guidance materials regarding the construction or establishment of landfills (FAA, 2006) and on certain land uses (FAA, 2007) near public airports. Brazil has had an impressive population growth concentrated in few highly populated cities, such as Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre, and Recife (Eekeren, 2014). Due to inadequate and/or inexistent federal and state regulations and policies in the past (Oliveira, 2008; Mendonca, Keller & Schonhardt, 2019), there are still land-use practices (Bast, 2018; Bocchini, 2019) that sustain and/or attract hazardous wildlife to the airport environment. Nonetheless, operators of commercial airports are federally mandated and professionally obligated to take actions to prevent aircraft and wildlife collisions (ANAC, 2014). Empirical data have indicated that safety strategies can significantly reduce the number and rate of strikes as well as damaging strikes (DeFusco & Unangst, 2013; Dolbeer et al., 2019). Brazilian-based air carriers authorized to operate under the Brazilian Federal Aviation Regulation (BFAR) 121 are generally regional and large airlines and cargo operators conducting regularly scheduled air transport operations. The air cariers operating in accordance with the BFAR 121 are required to comply with a number of safety requirements and standards in order to ensure safe, secure, and sustainable air operations. The BFAR 139 requires operators of airports hosting supplemental, flag, domestic, and international operations governed by the BFAR 121 to hold a BFAR 139 certificate. The BFAR 139 standard is also applicable to airports receiving international air carrier commercial operations (ANAC, 2009). The BFAR 139 certificated airports are mandated to develop and implement a wildlife hazard management program (WHMP) to minimize the risk to aviation operations posed by hazardous wildlife on and around the airport. Moreover, the BFAR 164 (ANAC, 2014) provides the standards for the aforementioned airports while developing their WHMP. Certificated airports are also required to conduct an annual assessment of their WHMP to identify possible new wildlife hazards and/or the effectiveness of the current safety strategies, and to update the program as needed. Thirty-one out of the 32 airports investigated in the present study are expected to have developed and implemented a WHMP (ANAC, 2015).
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