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Transactions of Illinois :\cadelll\' of Scit'I\('es 5141 (1982), Volume 75. :3 and -t pp. 217-231 WHOLE AS RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: CHECKLIST OF 508 SPECIES ANALYZED FOR HYDROCARBON, OIL, POLYPHENOL, AND PROTEIN

Purchased by U. S. Dept. of PIgr; c. -fOi~ Off; c; a1 Use.

William B. Roth, 1. M. Cull, R. A. Buchanan, and M. O. Bagbyl Northern Regional Research Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 1815 North University Street Peoria, Illinois 61640

ABSTRACT Since 1974, a total of 508 species representing 80 families have been analyzed by our laboratory for hydrocarbon, oiL polyphenol, and protein contents. Of these species, 372 were from Illinois, 26 from Wisconsin, 24 from Georgia, 20 from , 10 or less from 12 other states, and 36 from foreign lands. Families receiving the greatest emphasis were Leguminosae, Compositae, GramiIieae, Labiatae, and Euphorbiaceae representing 97. 84. 42, 32, and 23 species. respectively.

INTRODUCTION Beginning in 1974, our search for potential multi-purpose crops for energy, food, feed, fiber, and strategic materials has concentrated on under-utilized plant species coll~cted from the wild. Petroleum shortages and the ensuing spiraling prices of crude oil and petroleum­ based materials have resulted in programs to study many alternative forms of energy (Ableson 1979). Renewable plant biomass is one of the principal resources with the potential to meet some of our energy, strategic material, and chemical needs. Our research has focused on evaluation of 508 whole plants as a source of hydrocarbon for chemical feedstocks. We have compiled this checklist primarily as an aid to scientists wanting to know which species have been analyzed at the Northern Regional Research Center. Numerical crop ratings assigned to these plants are an indicator of their chemical/botanical nature.

lChemist; Botanist; Chemist (retired); Chemist. Northern Agricultural Energy Center.

217 218

\IATERI:\.LS A.:\D .\IETIIODS Our research has been conducted on IllatUrt' whole plants from \'arious regions of the . \vith :372 species collected in Central Illinois. Plant saillpl('s were collected mainly from natural stands and air dried. \.!;round to pass a I-nllll perf(lrated screen. and paltitiOlwd into major rr,letions hy soln'nt extractioll I Bllchd accordin.1!: to fiber characteristics and c1wmi­ cal contents. Fibrous or weedy species judged qualitativ('I~' to have pott'nti'll lilr fiber, paper pulp. or hardboard are scored 1. while a score of 2 invicates succulent. pulpy. non-fibrous species. Apparent protein contents (Kjeldahl N x (j.25) exn'eding 14 percent score 1, and all others score 2. Oil and hydrocarbon contents are determined by step wise acetone extraction I{lllowed by c~'c1olH'xane or hexallt'. Subsequently. the acetone soluble Iraction is partitioned hetwel'n hexane/aqueous ethanol. The first hexane fraction is refl'rred to as hydrocarboll and the St'Cllnd as oil. These valnes are used to assi.gn scores ran.ging from 1 to -t. IIvdrocarllOn \'alut's exceeding 2 percent score 1. 1.2-2.0 percent score 2. 0.4-1.2 score :3. and lower than 0.4 percent score 4. Similarly. oil values exceeding .I.j percent score 1. 5-1:\ percent score 2, 2-.5 percent score :3. and less than 2 percent score 4.

DISCUSSION Numerical plant ratings are indicative of the plant's potential as hydrocarbon crops. Species scoring 11 or less are considerated either potential hydrocarhon or oil-prodUCing crops and receive fllrther attention in the lahoratory and from plant scientists (Buchanan et al 1978. 1979: Roth et al Hmo. I9,1.jll. For example. hydrocarbon and oil fractions occurring in sufficient quantities \vere examined hy thin-layer and gel permeation chromatography. inlrared spectroscopy. and IJC TRANSACTIONS OF TilE ILLINOiS AC.\DE\IY OF SCIENCE :219

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscop\' (Buchanan l't al 1979; Bagb~' l't al 19,,) L Swanson et al 1979l. In the following checklist each plant is listed by hunily. genus. species. collection site (state). numerical ratin,g. and common name. Analytical data filr the more promising species (rating of 11 or lower) have heen reported hy Buchanan et al 1978. 1979; and Roth et al 1980. 1981. Chemical and botanical data fiJr all species .' listed in this checklist are available li'om NRRC. Youcher specimens were prepared only from the Illinois and Wisconsin plants and deposited in our herbariuin. Samples submitted by U. S. collaborators were generally received as air-dried plant material. A list of these species was submitted to the USDA Plant Laboratory to have names contlrmed and authorities supplied.

CHECKLIST OF WHOLE PLANT (508 Species)

2 ------Location l Rating Common Name Aceraceae Acer Ilegundo L. IL 11 BOX ELDER A. platanoides L. IL II :\ORWAY \IAPLE A. saccharilllwi L. IL 10 S[LVER \lAPLE A. saccharulII \larsh. lL IZ SUGAR \IAPLE Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retro}lex/ls L. IL 1-1 P[G\VEED Celosia argentea L. [L 1:3 CARDE:\-ESC:\PE CELOSIA Froelichia }lorida/Ill (:"Jutl.1 \Ioq. lL I".) COTIONWEED F graci/is (Hook.) \lo'!. IL 13 COTIONWEED ,\nacardiaceae Rhus aromlltica Ail. IL 11 FRAGRANT snl.-\c R. aromatica .-\it .. var. IL. GA 11 arenaria (Greene) Fern, R. copal/ina L. GA II SH[NI:"IC Sl'\I.-\C R. glabra L. lL. GA 10. 10 S\lOOTH Sl'\I.-\C R. lauri/IO :"IutL CA .~ L.-\l'REL R, Ot-llta S. \Vats. .\Z II Sl'CAR Sl' \I.-\C Annonaceae Asimina tri/oba (L.) DUllal IL II CO\I\lO:\ P.-\\\·PAW Apocynaceae Apocynum ,mdrosaemifoliwn L. IL 10 SPREAl)l:"lC; DOC H.-\N E A, cannabi/wm L. IL II [:"I I)1.-\ N IIE\IP Trachelosperrnum jasmi/wides (Lind!.) Lem. TX II CONFEDEIHTE JAS\IINE Vinca minor L. IL 1-1 CO\l\ION PERI\\'IN KLE .\raceae Symplocarpus foetidus i,L.! :"IutL IL [Z SKl'NK CABB.-\GE Asclepiadaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. IL S BLU"iTLEAF \IILKWEED :\. hirtella (Pennell) \Voodson [L 10 GREEN \IILKWEED A. incarnata L. IL 10 SW\\IP \IILKWEED A, latifolia ITorr.} Ral'. TI 9 A sullicalltii Engelm. IL -, Sl'LLI\:\:\T'S \IILKWEED A. syriacll L. IL 9 CO\I\ION \IILKWEED A. tuberosll L. IL 9 Bl'TIERFLY WEED A, certicil/ata L. [L 9 \\'HORLED \IILKWEED CYllanchwn nigrum (L.l Per. [L 11 C. 1lI1ifarium (Scheelt') 220 \VIIOLE Pl..-\:"TS·\S RE:"E\\'.-\Bl.E E~EB(;Y RESOt'HCES

\Voods T:\ 1:2 \IILK\INE GO/wlo/J!ls gO/wear]!os I \\"alt.! Perrv IL 1:2 CLl \1 BIN(; \IILK\\'EED San:ostel1lma cynanchoides D"l'ne T\ 1-1 CLl\IBINC \1[LKWEED Balsaminaccae Impaticns wpensis \leerh. IL Iii JE\\"EL WEED Ol\ SI'OTIED TOl'CH-\IE-NOT I. pallida Nutt. IL 15 YELLOW JEWEL WEED Berberidaceae PodophyllulII pe/tatl/111 L. IL [".) \I:\Y .-\I'I'LE Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. IL 1-1 TRl'MI'ET CHEEI'ER Catalpa speciosa Warder IL II CIGAR-TREE Boraginaceae CynoglossulII offieinale L. IL 1:2 CO\1 \ION HOl'N Irs 1'0\;(;n: Buxaceae Simmondsia califomica (Link) Nutt. CA II JOJOBA Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa RaJ'. [L [6 PRICKLY I'E:\R c:\cn's O. enge/m

A. l'ulearis L. [L. CA 1:2. III CO\I \10:\ \Il'CWOHT Aster ericoides L. [L [;3 HE.-\TH ASTER .-\. laet'is L. [L II SMOOTH :\STER A. novae·aneliae L. [L 12 NEW ENCUND .\STER A. pi/usus Willd. [L 13 A . puniceus L. IL [.') SW\\IP ASTE.R A. slwrtii Lindl. IL 12 SHORT'S ASTER Bidens cernua L. IL 14 NODDING BEGGART[CKS B. laevis (L.I BSP. [L 14 S\IOOTH BEGGARTICKS Bo/tonia /atisquallla Gray. var. decurrens IL 15 (T. & G.) Fern. & Grise. Caca/ia atriplicifolia L. IL I; PALE [ND[AN PLANTA[N Carduus nutans L. \VI 9 \!USK THISTLE Centaurea maculosa Lam. WI 13 SPOTTED KNAPWEED C. vochinensis Bernh. W[ 13 KNAP\VEED Chrysopsis bakeri Greene IL 13 GOLDEN ASTER Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. AZ .~ RABBIT BRL'SH Cichorium intybus L. [L 12 CHICORY Cirsium a/tissimulll (L.) Spreng. IL 10 TALL THISTLE C. arvense \L.) Scop. IL II THISTLE C. disc%r \Muhl.l Spreng. [L 10 FIELD TH[STLE C. muticulll Michx. [L 14 SW\MP THISTLE C. vulgare (Savj) Tenore IL 1:2 BULL THISTLE Coreopsis palmata Nutt. IL 12 TICKSEED C. tripteris L. IL 12 TALL COREOPSIS Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. IL 1:2 FETID MARIGOLD Echinacea purpurea L. IL 12 PURPLE CONEFLOWER Ericameria laricifolia (Grav) Shinners .-\Z 15 Erigeron canadensis L. [L 13 CANADA FLEABANE Eupatorium altissimulll L. IL 10 TALL BONESET E. maculatulll L. [L 13 SWAMP JOE-HE WEE]) E. perfo/iatum L. [L 9 BONESET E. pllrpureum L. IL 12 E. rugosum Houtt. IL 12 WHITE SNAKEROOT E. serotinum Michx. IL 12 LATE BONESET Gnapha/ium obtusifo/ium L. IL 12 PEARLY EVERLASTING Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) DunaJ WI. NV 12. II GUM\VEED OR TARWEED He/enium autumnale L. IL II SNEEZEWEED Helianthus annuus L. IL 12 COMMON SL'NFLOWER H. divaricatus L. [L II WOODLAND SUNFLOWER H. giganteus L. IL II GIANT SUNFLOWER H. gmsseserratus t\lartens IL 10 SA\\TOOTH SUNFLOWER H. hirsutus RaJ'. var. trachyphyllus T. & G. [L 12 HAIRY SL'NFLOWER H. oceidentalis L. IL II WESTERN SUNFLOWER H. tubemsus L. IL. WA Iry 12 JERL'SALEM ARTICHOKE Heliopsis heliarlthoides (L.) Sweet IL 12 OXEYE Lactuca canadensis L. IL. GA II. II WILD LETTL'CE L. j/oridana (L.) Gaertn. IL 12 BLUE LETTVCE L. j/oridana (L.) Gaertn.. var. IL 12 BLL'E LETTL'CE \:\RIEn' villosa i]acq.) Cronq. L. sca riola L. IL 13 PRICKLY LETTUCE Parthenium argentatum Grav 8 8 GVAYVLE p. hy~terophorus L. FL 14 WH[TETOP P. integrifolium L. IL. WI 13. II WILD-QUININE Polymnia canadensis L. IL 12 LEAFCl'P Rudbeckia laciniata L. IL 12 YELLOW CONEFLO\VER R. sllbtomentosa Pursh IL 10 S\VEET CONEFLOWER Senecio g/abellus Poir. [L II SLITTER \VEED Si/phium integrifo/ium Michx. IL 10 ROSIN WEED S. laciniatum L. IL 10 COMPASS PLANT 222

S. /",riil/illtlllll L. IL II lTI' 1'1.:\'\'1' S. ("r"binthi/l(/(""11I1 Jac'!. IL III I'H.-\IH[E DOCK Solidll!!O aitissillll/ L. II, II TAI.1. COI.I)E,\HOI) S !!mmillitil/ia \L. I Salish. II, J() CHASS I.EW!':D COI.D!':'\HOI) S. l"an'7lt;'orthii Ulrr. &: A, Gray FL S EJ)[SO"S COLI)E'HOJ) S. Ilemomlis :\it. IL 1:2 I)n:ll's WEED COI.D!':'\I\()1) S. ohioellsis Riddell \\'1 lO 01110 COLDE' HOD S. rigida L. IL lO STIFF COLDENHOD S. speciosa NlItt. IL II SlIo\\'Y l;OLDE:\HOD S. "Imijil/ia ~llIhl. IL [I EL~1 LE,WED (;OLDE:\HOD SOllchus arl'ensis L. IL 10 FIELD SOW THISTLE S. olemaus L. IL II CO~I~ION SOW THISTLE Tagetes minuta L. IL 1-1 ~Il'STEH JOH:\ HE'RY T. . patula' L. IL I:3 FLORIST'S ~IARIGOLD Tragopog(JI! pmtellsis L. IL [2 (;OAT'S BEARD Vernonia altissima NlIlt. IL 10 IRON\\'EED \: fasciculata Michx. IN 10 IRO:\\VEED Xanthiw'; italiCflm Moretti IL n COCKU:BL'R Zinnia elegans Jacq. IL 1-1 C-\LIFORNI.-\ CIA'T ZI:\:\I.-\ ConvolvlIlaeeae Cvnl'olndus art'ensis L. IL 1-1 FIELD BI'DWEED C. japonicus Thllnb. IL 1-1 CREEPINC JEN'Y lponwea pll/u/umta I L.! G.r: W. M.. v. IL 1-1 \\'1 LD I'OT.-\TO \'1' E Cornac..ae Comus stolonifera ~licl1X, IL 1-1 RED OSIEH DOGWOOD Corvlae..ae C'ory/us americana Walt. IL HAZEL Crasslliaceae Sedum seiboldii Sweet IL 1-1 Sedum sp. IL 1,5 Cruciferae Barbarea l'lIl!!aris R. Br, IL 12 SPRI:\C CHESS Brassica nierll (L.i Koch IL 12 BUCK ~l L'SHHD B. oleracea L. var, hotrytis DC. IL 1-1 I'L'HI'LE CAL'LlFLOWEH Cramhe ahyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fries IL n C:RA~I1:lE Lepidium ell/npestr!' (L.I R. Br. IL n COW CHESS ,Vasturtium ojficina/e R. Hr. [L In \\'ATERCHESS

C IIreurhitaceae Cucurhita odfera (L.! Ald'. IL 1-1 CAR DE' ESCAPE COL'HD Sicyos angll/ai"s L. IL 15 HL'H CL'CL'~lHEH Cupressaceae Cupressus ari::;onica Greene AZ 1:2 .-\HIZO'A CYI'HESS juniperus osteospenna (ulrr,) Little UT 1:2 L'T.-\ H Jl':-'; IPER j. cirginiana L. IL II , RED CEIHR Cyperaeeae Cyperus sp, IL 15 SEDGE C, escllientus L. IL 1-1 YELLOW NL'TSEDGE Scirpus l'alidus VahL IL Bl'LRL'SH Dipsacaceae Dipsacus laciniatus L. IL 12 CL'T-LEAF TEASEL D. syll'estris Huds. IL 12 BLl'E TEASEL Elaeagnaceae Ela~agnus multiflora Thunh. IL 10 CHERRY ELAEAG:"L'S Ericaceae Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry AZ 12 TRANSACTIONS OF TlIE ILLINOIS :\<:.-\1)£\IY of S<'II'::\I:\':

:\.. IJlIIlt:clls. HBK . .-\Z 12 .'i.ylococclis hicol,>r '..;utt. C,\ 10 E uphorhial·t'ae " Act/It,pllt} l"irgillict/ L. IL I.) TIIHEE-SEEDED ~[EHC\'HY .·\Iclirites 1/Iollicct/1l11 ! u. Willd. FL 10 C,\'..;DLENl'T THEE .-\. triSpenllll Blall<:o FL 10 SOFT Ll' ~[I>.-\'..;C Clulil/ l/ffillis Sond. :3 1:2 Crotoll ~Il/Ildliloslis L.. \'ar. septelltrionl/lis IL 1:2 CROTON t\luell. Art:. Eliphorbia l/lltiSI/philitica Zucc. S 10 CAN DELILLA W,\X E. coroilata L. IL II FLo\VERING SPl'HCE E. cyparissias L. IL 1:2 CHHESS S1'l'RGE E. dentala Michx. IL 10 TOOTHED S1'lrHGE E. depallparata A. Rich. -I 12 E. eSlila L. \\'1 11 LEAFY Sl'l'RGE E. fllit'll Stapf FL Ii E. gelliClilatl/ Ort. FL 11 E. glyptospenlla Engelm. TX 13 COLONDR1NA E. heterophylla L. IL 11 1'.\INTED LE.\F E. lathyris L. CA 9 ~IOLE PLANT OR (;OPIlERWEED E. 11laclIIl/ta L. IL 1:3 SPOTTED Sl'l'RCE E. ml/rgirlllil/ 1'ursh IL 12 SNo\\·,ON,THE,t\[Ol''..;T\IN E. pulcherri11ll/ Willd. TX 10 POI '..;S ETT1.\ E. SIlpina Ral'. IL 1:3 PROSTRATE SPl'RC;E Pedill/Iltill/s sp. TX 11 SLIPPER Ricinus c011l11l1lnis L. '..;C 12 CASTOR BE.\'..; Sapiu11l carlllatu11l 1'ittier -; 10 Fagaceae Quercus imhricaria ~Iichx. IL 10 SHINCLE OAK Q. 1/Iacrocarpa Michx. IL 11 Bl'R OAK Q. 11larilalldicl/ ~Iueuchh. IL 12 BLACK 1.KK OAK Q. 11l1lehienhergii Engt'1m. IL 12 CHEST'..;l'T (HK Q. palustris M uenchh. IL 12 PIN o.U: Q. tllrhinella Greene AZ 12 SHRl'B LIVE OAK Garrvaceae G~rrya [['rightii 1(,rr. AZ 10 WRICHT SILKTASSEL Gramineae Agropyroll repells IL.! Beam'. IL 10 C)l'-\CK CRASS :\lldroPOgOTI gerardi Vitll1an C,\ 12 BIC BLl'ESTDI .-\. SCOPl/rilis t\1 ichx. IL. GA 11. 12 LITTLE BLl'ESTEt\1 CH.\SS .-\ristida oligalltlra ~Iichx. IL THHEE AWNED CH.-\SS Arwldo donax L. IL 12 C1.\:"T REED .-\cena satica L. WI 1-1 O.-\TS Bro11lUS inenllis Lens. IL 1-1 St\IOOTil HHO~[ E B. secalirll1s L. IL 1.5 CHESS Cenclrrus longispinus I Hack.! Fern. IL 15 SANDHl'R Dactylis glo11lerata L. IL 16 OHUI.-\HD (;R.-\SS Eclrilloch)oa crllsgalli IL. I Beau\'. IL [:3 B.-\HNYAHD C;HASS E. u:alteri ,1'urshl N'L,h IL 1.5 WALTEH'S BAH:"YARD CRASS Eleusine indica IL.) Gaertn. IL 1:3 COOSE CRASS Elymus canadensis. L. IL II WILD IWE Eriantlrl1s trinii I.Hack. l Hack. GA 13 Festuca anmdillacea Schreb. ~IO 11 FESCl' E ! KY-:31i F arundirlllcea Schreb. t\[O 11 FESCl'E ,KENHY) Hordellm jl1hat1111l L. IL 1.5 WILD BARLEY fl. clilgare L. \VI 12 BARLEY Hystrix patliia t\loench IL 15 BOTTLEBRl'SH CR.-\SS Leersia oryzoides !L.! Sw. IL 12 CllT CR.-\SS L. cirgillica Willd. IL 1-1 WHITE GR.-\SS Leptolo11la cogrllltllTll '. Schultes) Chase IL FALL WITCHGRASS 224

Miscanthus sinensis AT,,/erss. CA 1:2 ~TL.-\Ll.-\ Panicu11l eirgatlllTl L. IL 1:1 SWItUICH.-\SS Paspa/ulTI exa/tatulTI Pres!' CA 1:2 P quadrifariwll Lam. CA 1:2 Pennisetu11l a11lericanu11I I L.! K. Schum. CA I".) PE.-\RL \IILLET Phalaris anmdinacea L. IL 12 REED C.-\\'AHY CRASS P. canariensis L. IL 12 C-\N.-\RY CRASS Phrag11lites communis Trill. IL 15 HEED CRASS Setaria faberii Herrm. IL 13 CIANT FOXHIL 5. glauca (L.) Beauv. IL 15 YELLOW FOXTAIL 50rghastru11l nutans iL.l Nash IL 1.5 INDIAN CRASS Sorghum almum Pairodi CA 12 COLl'\IBl'S CRASS 5. bicolor (L.) Moench. CA 13 CRAIN SORCHl'\1 5. halepense (L.) Pers. GA II JOHNSON CRASS 5partina pectinata Link IL 1-4 CORD GRASS Trioda flaea (L.) Smyth forma cuprea (jacq. I Fosberg IL 1:3 Pl'HPLE TOP GRASS Tripsacum dactyloides L. IL 12 C.-\\1A GH.-\SS Triticum sp. IL 1-4 WHE.-\T STRAW Zea 7TUlyS L. IL. GA 12. I2 \!AIZE Guttiferae Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. IL 12 ST. JOHN'S WOHT Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. IL 12 SWEET Cli\1 Hippocastanaceae Aesculus hippocastanllm L. IL II HORSE CHESTNl'T Hydrophvllacelle Erydictyon tric}wcalyx :\. Heller var. lanatum jepson c.-\ IO Hydrophyllum drginianu11l L. IL II \'IRGINIA \\ATERLEAF juglandaceae juglans nigra L. IL II BLAC K WA LN l'T Labiatae Agastache nepetoides i L.) Ktzt'. IL II GIANT HYSSOP :\ scrophulariaefo/ia (Willd.1 Ktze. IL II Pl'RPLE CIANT HYSSOP Ajuga genevensis·L. IL 13 Bl'CLEWEED Glecho7TUl hederacea L. IL 15 GILL·OVER·THE·CROl'ND Hedeoma hispida Pursh IL 15 PENNYROYAL Lamium galeobdolon Cranz. IL II YELLOW ARCHANGEL L. 7TUlculatu11I L. WI 12 HENBIT Leonurus cardiaca L. IL II MOTHER\VORT Lycopus americanll'> Muh!. WI II WATER HOARHOUND MarrtlbiU11l l'ulgl1re L. IL 13 HOREHOl'ND M·elissa officinalis L. IL II LEMON BAL~I Jfent}w'lliopecuroides Hull IL 12 MINT ,\I. arvensis L. fonna glabra (Benth.) S. R. Stewart WI 11 Jf. areensis L. var. villosa (Benth.) S. R. Stewart WI 12 ,\of. piperita L. IL 13 PEPPERMINT Mentha sp. WI 12 MINT Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex. Lag. IL 1-4 LEMON BAL\I M. didyma L. IL 12 OSWEGO TEA M. fistu/osa L. IL. WI 11. 11 WILD BERGA\10T M. punctata L. IL II HORSE MINT Nepeta cataria L. IL II CATNIP Ocimum basilicum L. IL II PURPLE BASIL Physostegia virginiana (L.l Benth. NC 13 OBEDIENT PLANT Pnmella l'ulgaris L. \VI 1-4 SELFHEAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 22.5

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. IL. IN 10. lD MOUNTAIN MINT P virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson WI 12 Salcia officinalis L. var. tenuoir Alef. IL 13 SAGE Scutellaria lateriflora L. lL 13 SKULLCAP Stachys palustris L. IL. WI 13. 13 WOUNDWORT S. palustris L. var. hOTTWtricha Fern. IL 13 HEDGE NETTLE Teucrium canadense L. IL 10 AMERICAN GERMANDER T. occidentale Gray IL 13 GERMANDER Lauraceae Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees IL 10 SASSAFRAS Leguminosae Acacia sp. AZ 11 A. constricta Benth. AZ 11 WHITE THORN A. greggi A. Gray AZ 12 CAT'S CLAW .4.TTWrpha canescens Pursh IL 10 LEAD PLANT .4. . fruticosa L. IL 11 FALSE INDIGO Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. IL. WI 15. 13 HOG PEANUT Apios americana Medic. lL 14 GROUNDNUT Arachis hypogaea L. IL 14 PEANVT Astragalus americana (Hook.) Jones 5 11 MILK VETCH A. absurgens Pall. var. striatus Nutt. 5 11 MILK VETCH .4.. canadensis L. WI 13 MILK VETCH A. miser Doug. ex Hooker var. miser 5 14 Baptisia leucantha T. &. G. IL 12 WHITE INDIGO B. leucophaea Nutt. IL 13 CREAM \\!ILD INDIGO B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. OH 10 YELLOW WILD INDOGO Cal/iandra eriophylla Benth. AZ 10 FALSE MESQUITE Cassia didYTTWbotrya Fresen. 4 12 C. hebecarpa Fern. IL 12 PARTRIDGE PEA. WILD SENNA C. kirkii Oliv. 4 14 Coronilla varia L. IL 15 CRO\\!N VETCH C rotolaria incana L. GA 14 SHACKSH.-\CK C. juncea L. GA 13 SUNN HEMP . C. lasiocarpa Polh. 4 13 C. ochroleuca G. Don. GA 13 Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 5 10 SCOTCH BROOM Desmanthus il/inoensis (Michx.) Mac M. IL 11 PRAIRIE MIMOSA uesmodium canadense (L.J DC. IL 13 TICKSEED D cuspidatum (Muh!.) Loud IL. WI 11, 10 D. glutinoiUm (Muh!.) Wood IL. WI 12. 13 D. illinoense Gray IL 13 TICK PRE FOIL D. nicaraguense Oerst. ex Benth. G:\. 12 D. repandum (Vahll DC. 4 13 Droogmansia pteropus (Baker) De Wild. 4 12 Eriosema montanum Baker F. 4 12 Flemingia grahamiana Wight &Arn. 4 12 Gleditsia triacanthos L. IL 11 HONEY LOCVST Glycine ma:r (L.l Merr. IL 13 SOYBEAN Gymnocladus dioica (L.l Ie Koch IL 9 r.;:y COFFEE TREE Humularia drep

KiltschYII lIescllI/1l01l1l',widn i Bak"r' Dt' Wil & Da' il:n -1 1:2 K. IIfri{'(/1111 Endl. -1 1:2 K. 1;(dClIllll var. IWI/IIII1T!ii \ Dt'wild. 1 \ i'nle. .J 1:2 K. reclIrdfi,lill ilimb.' E \Vhitt' . -1 1:2 LlIlhyrus hYl!.rol'hillls 1hul>. -1 If) L. jlll'OlliclIS \Villd. 5 1".) \I.\HITI\lE I'E.\ L. IlIlifolills L. IL 15 I'EHE:'-iNI.\L I'E.\ L. oc/;roiellclIs Hook. 5 1-1 CHEA\l PEA L. 1'1I1llsiris L. WI 1-1 \lAHSH I'E.\ L. 1'1I1llsiris L. ,·ar. linearijolills Ser. \\'1 1-1 \lAHSH I'E.\ L. ce/wslls \ll1hl. WI 1-1 \'EI:"JY PEA Lesl'cc!c;;lI clIl'illllll \Iil'h\. IL 1:2 I3L'SH CLm'EH L. sirillill \Thllnl>.' H. & :\. IL 10 JAPA:'-iESE CLm'ER LolO/lOliis laxa El'kl. & Zt'vh. .J 1:3 Lollis comiclIlalis L. . IL 1:2 I3IHI)'S FOOT TREFOIL Lupillus arlwrcus Simms. 5 9 TREE LL'PI:"JE L. Iloolkalellsis Donn. 5 10 :"JOOT!.:A LL'PINE L. I'rillcei H. Harms .J 1:3 Macrolylolllll axillan' i E. \It'''t'rl Yt'nit'. .J 1:2 .\fetlica!!.o jidclIIlI L. IL 1:2 SIC!.:LE ALFALFA .\1 . lllpllii/Ill L. '). IL 1:3. II) BUC!.: \IEDIC M. salin/ L. IL 1:2 ALFALF.\ Me/ilolus 1Ilha Dt'sr. IL 11 WHITE SWEET CLm'EH ,\f. offici/Illlis i L.' Lam IL 1:2 YELLOW SWEET CLOVEH Oxylmpis sl'l/'llllelis D1lI1l:1. 5 1:2 CRAZY WEED Parkillsollia IIclIlealll L. AZ to JERL'S.\LE\I THORN PelaloslclIl/l1II clIndid/1II1 \Willd.1 \1ichx. IL 1:2 WHITE I'HAIHIE CLOn:H p. I'"rl'"re"lll IVt'n!.' Rnlb. IL 1:3 I'L'RI'I.E I'HAIHIE CLOVER PlllIseollls coccinclIs L. IL 1-1 SC.\HLET Hl':"J:"JER P. rllle-aris L IL 1:2 I'L'RI'LE HE.\N P. clIll!.aris L. IL 1:3 (;HEEN I3EA:'-i Phyllocarl'lIs SI'/lI'lllrio'llIlis j.f). Sill. ,FL II Pisflln Slllil'lI111 L. IL 17 (;ARDEN I'E.\ P. slllin/111 L. II. (,'; ..1,\1 EHICA:'-i \\'( >N DEH I'E.\ Pmsol'is j,zljf7ora DC. AZ II \1 ES<">L'ITE P. celuli/l{/ \Voolon .\Z 1:2 \'EIXET \IES<..ll'ITE Psorah'lI O/lO!>nlchis :"J lit!. IL II P. t/'ll/li{iortl I'lIr,h IL 1:3 SCL'HF PEA Pucmria lohllill !Willd.1 (>Iht· IL 1-1 h:l'DZl' \'INE Rohinill hisl'ida L. . II. Iii HHISTLY LOCl'ST R. I'sellllo'lIcllcia L. IL 11 BL.\Ch: LOCL'ST SlIlII/mea S/ll/lI/ll dal'tj.1 \I"rr IL III H.\IN THEE Seshania lIm!>iclI Hochs!. P\ SI,'lId. (;.\ 1:2 S. cIIllliahi/1lI I'oir. CA 1:2 SlmpllOslyles heleeolll (L. 1 Ell. IL 1.J WILD BE.\N Tephrosia drgillilllla (L.I I'prs. IL to (;OAT'S HL'E Trifuliulll hybric!ulll L. IL I".) .\LSI!.:E CLOVER T. pralense L. IL 1:2 RED CLO\'ER T. pmculllbe"s 1... IL I.J Lo\\' HOI' CLO\'ER T. repells L. IL 1,'; WIIITE CLO\'ER Vicia alllericllna \luhl. .j I.'; \'ETCH V. giganlea Hook. 5 l.j GIANT VETCH V. hirsu!a (1...) S. E Cra\' .j (,j TINY \'ETCH V. dllosa Roth . IL 1:2 HAIRY \'ETCH \Visleria sinensis Sweet IL 16 CHINESE WISTERIA TRANSACTIONS OF TilE ILLI:"OIS A<:ADE~IY OF S<:JE:"CE

Liliaceae Asparagus officilwlis L. IL II C.\HD I': N .\51'.\I\.\Cl'5 lIelllerocl/llis fu/w L. IL I.~ IHY LILLY POly.gOlll/tl/1/l hif/orulll i Walt.' Ell. IL 1:2 50LO~IO:"(5 SE.\L SlIli/l/cilll/ racelllOSI/ iL.) Desf. IL I".) F.\L5E SOLO\10N'S 5E.\L SlIlill/xdauca \Valt. IL I·'.) SAW HHI.\H S. herhacea L. IL 1:3 C.\HHION FHL'lT S. rotulldifiJiia L. IL 15 (;REENBHIA.H S. talll/wides L. var. hispida iMuhl.i Fern. IL 15 CAT BRIAR Ueularia perjil/iata L. IL 12 BELLWORT Lythraceae A11I11Iannia coccinea Rotth. IL 17 Cuphea viscosissilllo Jacq. IL 13 CL.HI~IY CL'PHEA Lysimachia nummulanl/ L. IL 1.5 ~1()NEYWORT Lythrtlm a1atulll Pursh IL 14 WINCED LOOSESTHIFE L. salicaria L. WI 1:3 SPIKED LOOSESTHIFE Malvaceae Abel11loschus esculelltus (L.) ~Ioench 6. GA 12. 12 OKI\.\ Abuti/on theophrasti ~Iedic. IL 11 \·ELYETLE.\F Althea rosea Cav. IL 12 HOLLYHOCK Hibiscus call1WhiTlus L. IL. IN. LA 13. 13. 13 KENAF H. cisplatinus St.-Hil. GA 12 OKI\.\ Il. lIlilitaris Cav. IL 12 H.\LBERD-LE.\\·ED ~IALLO\V Il. trimliulll L. IL 13 FLOWER-OF-AN-HOL'H .Vapael/ dioica L. IL 15 CLADE ~I.\LLOW Sida spinosa L. IL 12 PHICKLY \IALLOW

~Iellispermaceae .\tellispenlll/Ill canadense L. IL 13 ~IO()NSEED

~Ioraceae Ficus elastica Rox!>. TX 14 RUBBER PLANT F obtusifolia HBK. 7 14 F yop/mensis Desv. 7 13 "lac/ura pOIll~fera (Rar.) Schneid. IL II OSAGE ORANCE .\tOrtiS alba L. IL 11 WHITE ~Il'LBEHRY Nvctaginaceae 'Mi;abilis jalapa L. NC 13 FtWR-(YCL<.JCK .\t. nyctagillea (~Iichx.) ~Iac M. IL 13 \VILD FOL'R-()'CLOCK Oleaceae Fraxinus nigra Marsh. IL 12 BLACK ASH F americana L. IL 12 \VHITE .\SH F pennsyll'Unica ~Iarsh. IL 12 CREEN .\SH Syringa eu/gans L. IL 1:2 CO~I \ION LILAC Onagraceae Epilobiwn coloratulII Biehler IL 13 PL'HPLE LE.\F WILLOWEED Gaura biennis L. IL 11 CAL'RA Oenothera biennis L. IL 12 EYENINC PHI\IROSE O. rliombipetala Nutt. IL 13 EYENINC PHI\IHOSE Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta L. IL 13 YELLOW WOOD SORREL Paeoniaceae Paeonia lactif/ora Pall. IL Il GARDEN-ESCAPE PEO!"Y Papaveraceae Chelidoniulll majus L. IL 11 CELANDINE POPPY Phvtolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. IL 10 POKEWEED 228 \VHOLE PLANTS .AS H!;=NEWABLE ENERGY HESOl'RCES

Planlanaceae Plalltanus

Salix babylonica L. IL 10 \VEEPING WILLOW S. discolor Muhl. IL 13 LARGE PLiSSY WILLOW S interior Rowlee IL 14 SANDBAR WILLOW S. nigra Marsh. IL J.I BLACK WILLOW Salix sp. IL 15 WILLOW Saururaceae Saururus cernuus L. IL 16 LIZARD'S niL Saxifragaceae Ribes americanum Mill. IL 12 WILD BLACK CURRANT R. cynosbati L. IL 11 PRICKLY GOOSEBERRY Scrophulariaceae Linaria vulgaris Hill IL 13 BUTTER & EGGS }limulus ringens L. IL 14 MONKEY FLOWER Pedicularis palustris L. IL 15 SWAMP LOUSE\VORT Scrophularia marilandica L. IL 13 CARPENTER'S SQUARE Verbascum blattaria L. IL 12 MOTH MULLEIN V. thapsus L. IL 12 COMMON MULLEIN Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. IL 12 CULVER'S ROOT Simarubaceae A,ilanthus altissima (Mill,) Swingle IL 1I TREE OF HEAVEN Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt. IL 13 CALIFORNIA WONDER PEPPER Datura stramonium L. IL 11 JIMSON WEED Nicotiana tabacum L. IL 10 TOBACCO Physalis heterophylla Nees IL 13 CL-\MMY GROUND CHERRY P. virginiana Mill. IL 12 VIRGINIA GROUND CHERRY Solanum carolinense L. IL 13 HORSE NETTLE S. dulcamara L. IL 15 DEADLY NIGHTSHADE S. nigrum L. IL 12 BLACK NIGHTSHADE Tiliaceae Tilia americana L. IL 12 BASSWOOD Typhaceae Typha angustifalia L. IL 12 NARROW LEAVED CATTAIL T. latifalia L. IL 15 BROAD LEAVED CATTAIL Ulmaceae Ulmus rubra Muhl. IL 11 SLIPPERY ELM Umbelliferae Angelica atropurpurea L. IL 13 PURPLE ANGELICA Berula pusilla (Null.) Fern. IL 16 WILD CELERY Bifora radians Bieb. 9 9 Cicuta maculata L. IL 15 WATER HEMLOCK Conium maculatum L. IL 12 POISON HEMLOCK Daucus carota L. IL 15 QUEEN ANNE'S LACE Faeniculum vulgare Mill. IL 13 FENNEL Heracleum maximum Bartr. IL 13 COW PARSNIP Osmorhiza claytoni (M ichx.) C. B. Clarke IL 14 HAIRY SWEET CICELY Zizia aurea (L) WD. J. Koch IL 1I GOLDEN ALEXANDER cylindrica (L.) Sw. IL 13 FALSE NETTLE Urtica pracera Muhl. IL 12 TALL NETTLE Verbenaceae Lippia lanceolata Michx. IL 13 FOG FRUIT Verbena hastata L. IL BLUE VERVAIN V. stricta Vent. IL 13 HOARY VERY.-\IN V. urticifolia L. IL 12 WHITE VERY.-\IN 230 \VI!OLE PL":,\TS ,-\S RE:'\E\\',-\BI.E E:'\EIICY REsol'HCES

Vital't'at' \"ilis ril'aria \lidlX. II. 1-1 Zvgophvllal't'ae Larrca /ridcn/a/a I D(:.' (:ov. :\Z 1:2 CHESOTE BL'SI!

Nomt'ndaturt' in ",'Conlanl't' with Crav', \Ianual of Ilotam'. ~th Edition. !H70. D. ",n Nostraud Co. Horticnlturt' speci..s a('conling to I!o;tus Third. L. H. IX' E. Z. Bailev. 197(;. \Ia"\lillan I'uhlishinl( CO .. ln('.

'South Africa and Tanzania sampit's wert' ohtained from Raltt'dl Inc.. \ladison. WI.

~Spt'cit's without ratings art' ht'ing t'valuatt'd.

'South .-\frica.

'Tanzania.

"Vancouver. British Columhia.

fiPuerto Rico.

7Cana! Zone.

'Mt'xico.

"Plant W'L'l(rowU in Jal'ksonvillt'. IL from st't'd collt'l'kd in Yugoslavia. ACKNO\VLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the flJllowing collaborators and their staffs flJr collection and identification of samples flJr our evaluation. USDA. Plant T,Lxonomy Lahoratory, Beltsville, \1 D. USDA, Regional Plant Introduction Station. Experimcnt. GA. USDA. Suhtropical Horticulture Research Unit. \liami. FL. USDA, Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Arizona Stat<' Uni­ versity. Tempe, AZ. USDA, Northt,rtl Regional Research Center, Peori,r. IL. Arizona State University, Department of Chemical and Bio-Enginet'ring. Tempe. AZ. AID/ROCAP. APO. \.Iiami. FL. Also a special thanks to our colleagues Forest Long and Bliss Phillips flJr collecting samples and Dale Ehmkc and Bliss Phillips flJr analytical data.

LITERATURE CITED Abelson. P. H. 1979. Bioent'rl(v. Scit'nl'e :2()·I:II61. Bucnahan. R. A.. I. t\1. C'-IiI. E H. Okv. and C. R. Bussell. 1971l. Hnlrol'arhon and Ruhht'r Producing Crops: Evaluation of lIS. Plant·Specit's. Economic Botany 32.1:31-1-1.5: 1-16-1.53. Buchanan. R. A.. E H. Otev. C. R. Rnsst'll. and I. \1. Cull. 1978. Who!t' Plant Oils. Pott'ntial New Industrial Raw \latt'ri,;1s. Journal of tilt' Amt'rican Oil Cht'lllists' Societv .55191:657-66:2. Swanson. C. L.. R..-\. Buchanan. and E H. Otev. 1979. \Iolel'ular Wt'ights of Natural Ruhht'rs frolll Selected Tt'lllpt'ratt' Zone Plants. Journal of Api)lied Po!vmer Scit'nl't' 23:7-13-7-18. Buchanan. R. A.. C. L. Swanson. D. Wt'isleder. and I. \1. Cull. 1979. Gutta Producing Grasst's. Phvtochemistrv 18: lO69-lO7l. Buch~nan. R..-\: ;Im! E H. Otey. 1979. \Iulti-l'se ;Ind Hvdrol';Irhon Producing Crops in Adaptive Svstems for Food. \laterial and Energv Production. Biosourl't'S Dig..s! 11:)1: 176-:202. Bagb~~ \1. 0 .. R..-\. Buchanan. and E' H. Otey. 1911l. \lulli-l'st' Crops ;Ind Bot;InoChemil';Il Pro­ duction. Biomass .-\s A NonllJSsil Fuel Sourl't' .-\CS S"mpositull S..ries. \io. 1-1-1: 125- 1:36. TR.... NSACTIONS OF TilE ILLINOIS ACADEMY OF SUE"C!':

Roth. W. B.. Bo Ao Buchanan. I. \1. Cull. <: L. Swamon. an" \1. () Bat:ll\ 1').'Il. II "Irocarholl and Ruhher Produdng Crops: Eyalnation of :Jrd St't of IIlIl LS I'lanl Sp'-l"i,-s. I'n',,-nl<'d al :2hl Annual \Ieeling of Sodet\· 1;,1' Economic Bot.lIl\o IlIn,' IS· Is. Bioonllllt:ton. Indiana. ,lnpllhlisllt'dl. O , Both. W. Bo. I. \1. Cull. B• S. Phillips. C. L. S;\',;nsoIL and \1. () Bad,,'. 1'1·'1 \llIlli·h.. EIIt-rg\ > Potential from \Vhole Plant oil and IInlrocarhon :\nah ws of l.,-t:,ultinllSa,- I'lalils I',.",,-nl,-d at Joint \Ie..ling of American SoddY of PhartllaCOgnOs\ all" Sod..l\ ti,,. E"olll,n,il" Bol,nl\. Jllh 1:2-ls. BllSton. \lassae1ll1settso (Unpuhlish..dL