SYSTEMATICS OF ELATOSTEMA (URTICACEAE)

Julisasi Tri Hadiah

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

University of New South Wales

July 2007

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, A/Prof Paul Adam (University of New South Wales), Dr Barry Conn (NSW), and Dr Chris Quinn (NSW) for providing guidance and expert advice throughout my thesis, with a special thanks to Chris who continued supporting me even after his retirement.

I would especially like to thank Drs Dedy Darnaedi, (former Director Kebun Raya Indonesia) and Irawati (current Director) for giving me permission to study overseas and for their continuing support throughout this project. Likewise, I wish to thank Drs Tim Entwisle (Director Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney) and Brett Summerell (Director Plant Sciences and Public Programs, NSW) for generously allowing me full access to the facilities of their organisation.

I would also like to thank the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney and, particularly, those of the National Herbarium of New South Wales, who have provided assistance to ensure that my research on the systematics of Elatostema was successful. It has always been an enjoyable and excellent organisation in which to work. I have met many friendly people. Especially, I wish to thank Hannah McPherson, Lucy Nairn, Gillian Towler, Andrew Perkins and Nick Yee for their warm friendship, their help when moving to new homes, taking me to hospital when sick, for great weekends together, for having fun collecting orchids and learning about freshwater ecology, up to my knees in the freezing water of the Kangaroo River. They have always cheered me up when I needed it most and have helped me to feel at home in Australia.

I would like to give special thanks to Andrew Perkins and Margaret Heslewood for their introduction to molecular techniques and assistance in the laboratory. Margaret also provided additional sequences used in this project. Caroline Porter and Adam Marchant generously provided additional support in the molecular laboratory at NSW. Kathi Downs kindly inducted me into the processes and procedures of NSW. Louisa Murray assisted with the management of the loan herbarium material. Zonda Erskine kindly ensured the prompt processing of all loan material upon its arrival at NSW. I

v thank Miquel Garcia for helping me to understand the cataloguing system use in the library at NSW and for promptly obtaining important references that I was unable to locate. Thanks to Peter Hind for introducing me to the flora of the Sydney region and for making me feel welcome in Sydney. Lesley Elkan and Catherine Wardrop provided the excellent botanical illustrations and diagrams used in this thesis. Gary Chapple expertly re-formatted the various data matrices exported from PAUP* software into a more suitable format for inclusion in the Appendices.

And, to Andrew, thanks for the frequent cups of coffee; to Elizabeth and Chris, a special thanks for allowing me to take-over their computers for hours, days, in fact, for weeks at a time.

Esti Ariyanti (Kebun Raya Purwodadi), Barry Conn (NSW), Tjetjep Rayadi (Kebun Raya Bogor), Adjun, Rustandi, Nanang Suryana, (latter three Kebun Raya Cibodas) and Frank Zich (then Kebun Raya Eka Karya, Bali) provided field assistance and companionship on my various field work in Indonesia. Elizabeth Brown, Barry Conn, Andrew Perkins and David Orr and Bruce Casler (both Waimea Valley Audubon Center, Hawaii, USA) kindly provided additional collections for DNA analysis. Ruspandi (Kebun Raya Bogor) assisted with initial identification of field collections. I also thank the Cibodas staff for maintaining a living collection of wild-sourced material of Elatostema for this project and for future study. Dick Brummit, Petra Hoffman (both K), James Reveal (University of Maryland, USA), Nicholas Turland (MO), Peter Wilson (NSW) kindly provided informative comments on the nomenclature of the tribal names of the Urticaceae.

I am very grateful for the four-year funded AusAID scholarship, from 1999 until 2003. I wish to thank the staff of the Australian Development Scholarship (ADS) agency for making this possible.

I thank the Directors and staff of the following herbaria for access to their collections and/or for providing loan specimens: BO, BRI, CANB, GH, K, KRB, L, LAE, MEL, NSW and NY.

vi I am very indebted to Helen and Barry Conn for their continuous support throughout my time in Australia. They welcomed me into their home, provided mental and material support, and assisted me academically and personally during my study and especially during the writing phase of my thesis. They keep encouraging me to remain positive when it all seemed to be too hard and they helped me stay cheerful when I was feeling overwhelmed by what had to be completed. Sometimes I thought that I would not be able to put a smile on my face any more, but they always found a way to make me laugh through the hardest times. They introduced me to ‘NCIS’, ‘Life on Mars’, ‘House’, ‘Medium’, the new ‘Robin Hood’ and Rugby League. I shall never be able to repay them for everything they have done for me.

Finally, I would like to thank my beloved family, especially my husband Tansen, for their endless love and support, and for always believing in me.

vii viii ABSTRACT

Elatostema J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Urticaceae) is a taxonomically problematic genus of approximately 300 species that is widespread throughout the tropical, subtropical and sub-temperate regions of Africa through to SE Asia, Australasia to Polynesia. Morphological and molecular analyses were conducted to evaluate the infra-familial classification of the Urticaceae, to test the monophyly of Tribe Elatostemeae, to define generic limits of Elatostema and assess its relationship within the tribe, and to examine the current infrageneric grouping within Elatostema.

Phylogenetic analyses based on choloroplast DNA sequences of rbcL and trnL-F do not provide support for the monophyly of Urticaceae, because of the position of Poikilospermum (currently Cecropiaceae) within the tribe Urticeae. Although the status of Cecropiaceae is equivocal, there is support for the inclusion of this family in the Urticaceae, with Cecropia and Coussapoa (Cecropiaceae) having close affinities to the Boehmerieae and Parietarieae. The phylogenetic position of Myriocarpa is unresolved, but is excluded from the Boehmerieae, as currently classified. The Elatostemeae is paraphyletic with Pilea placed sister to the Urticeae.

Evaluation of the infrageneric classification of Elatostema, based on phylogenetic analyses of both morphological and molecular data (trn and ITS) does not support the current subgeneric classification as proposed by Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936). The analyses support two main infrageneric grouping: (1) a group consisting of Elatostema subg. Pellionia and Procris, and (2) a group consisting of the remaining members of Elatostema (including E. griffithianum – subg. Pellionia).

The molecular data are regarded as a more accurate estimate of the phylogeny than provided by morphology, with molecular data having a higher Rescaled Consistency Index on the most parsimonious trees, together with a much greater level of resolution and support than that of the morphological analyses.

ix x Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ...... i Originality Statement ...... iii Acknowledgements ...... v Abstract ...... ix Table of Contents ...... xi List of Figures ...... xix List of Tables...... xxiii

Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 The family Urticaceae...... 1 1.2 Rationale for project ...... 2 1.3 Objectives of project ...... 4

Chapter 2 Taxonomic history ...... 5 2.1. Taxonomic history of Urticaceae A.L.Juss. noms. cons...... 5 2.1.1. Early taxonomic history of family...... 5 2.1.2. Circumscription of tribes of Urticaceae...... 7 2.1.3. Modern taxonomic history of Urticaceae ...... 8 2.2. Phylogeny of Urticaceae ...... 9 2.3. Nomenclature of tribe Elatostemeae/Lecantheae/Procrideae...... 10 2.3.1. Justification for recognition of tribal names proposed by Gaudichaud ...... 11 2.4. Taxonomic history of Elatostema and related genera...... 13 2.5. Conclusion ...... 20

Chapter 3 Plant materials ...... 21 3.1 Introduction...... 21 3.2 Plant materials for morphological observation ...... 23 3.3 Plant materials for molecular study ...... 32

Chapter 4 Molecular data ...... 37 4.1 Introduction...... 37 4.1.1 Chloroplast data...... 38 4.1.2 Nuclear data...... 40 4.2 Material and methods...... 42

xi Table of Contents

4.2.1 Choice of regions...... 42 4.2.2 Outgroup choice ...... 43 4.2.3 Nested sampling ...... 44 4.2.4 DNA extraction and purification of DNA products...... 45 4.2.5 Gene amplification and purification of PCR products...... 45 4.2.6 DNA sequencing...... 46 4.3 Sequence alignment and insertions/deletions ...... 48

Chapter 5 Data analyses...... 51 5.1 Introduction...... 51 5.2 Analyses of data...... 53

Chapter 6 Preliminary molecular studies...... 59 6.1 Introduction...... 59 6.2 The rbcL database...... 59 6.3 The atpß-rbcL database ...... 60 6.4 The trn database ...... 63 6.5 Discussion...... 64 6.6 Conclusion ...... 69

Chapter 7 Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular data ...... 71 7.1 Introduction...... 71 7.2 The rbcL database...... 71 7.3 The trn database...... 76 7.4 Discussion...... 78 7.4.1 Status of tribes of Urticaceae...... 78 7.4.2 Status of Cecropiaceae sensu Berg (1978) ...... 78 7.5 Conclusion ...... 80

Chapter 8 Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data ...... 83 8.1 Introduction...... 83 8.2 The trn database ...... 83 8.3 The ITS database...... 84 8.4 Discussion...... 92 8.5 Conclusion ...... 97

xii Table of Contents

Chapter 9 Morphological data...... 99 9.1 Introduction...... 99 9.2 Morphological characters used by Robinson (1910) ...... 99 9.2.1 Inflorescence involucre – presence or absence...... 100 9.2.2 Pistillate flowers ...... 100 9.2.2.1 Perianth...... 100 9.2.2.2 Staminodes presence or absence (in pistillate flowers) ...... 102 9.2.2.3 Appendage of perianth (in pistillate flowers) ...... 102 9.3 Morphological characters used by Schröter and Winkler (1935) ...... 103 HABIT AND FORM ...... 103 9.3.1 Herbs, sub-shrubs and shrubs ...... 103 LEAF ...... 104 9.3.2 Phyllotaxy ...... 104 9.3.3 Anisophylly ...... 104 9.3.4 Leaf shape symmetry ...... 105 9.3.5 Leaf base symmetry ...... 105 9.3.6 Leaf venation ...... 105 9.3.7 Cystoliths ...... 106 9.3.8 Stipules ...... 107 INFLORESCENCE ...... 109 9.3.9 Form ...... 109 9.4 Data management ...... 112 9.5 Choice and definition of characters ...... 112 GENERAL HABIT AND FORM...... 113 9.5.1 Habit ...... 113 9.5.2 Form ...... 114 9.5.3 Epiphyte/hemi-epiphyte ...... 114 9.5.4 Sexuality ...... 115 VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS...... 115 INDUMENTUM...... 115 9.5.5 Branched hairs ...... 115 9.5.6 Stinging hairs ...... 115 LEAF CHARACTERS...... 116 9.5.7 Stipules ...... 116 9.5.8 Stipule attachment ...... 116 9.5.9 Stipule position ...... 116

xiii Table of Contents

9.5.10 Leaf arrangement ...... 117 9.5.11 Leaf petiole ...... 117 9.5.12 Leaf base ...... 118 9.5.13 Leaf lobbing ...... 119 9.5.14 Leaf margin ...... 119 9.5.15 Leaf margin indumentum ...... 119 9.5.16 Leaf apex ...... 119 9.5.17 Leaf texture/configuration ...... 120 9.5.18 Venation arrangement ...... 120 9.5.19 Venation symmetry ...... 120 9.5.20 Veins – basal secondary pair origin ...... 121 9.5.21 Veins – basal secondary pair distance ...... 121 9.5.22 Veins – secondary arrangement ...... 121 9.5.23 Leaf cystolith shape ...... 121 9.5.24 Leaf abaxial cystoliths venation ...... 121 9.5.25 Leaf abaxial cystoliths interstices ...... 122 9.5.26 Leaf adaxial cystoliths venation ...... 122 9.5.27 Leaf adaxial cystoliths interstices ...... 122 9.5.28 Leaf abaxial indumentum venation ...... 122 9.5.29 Leaf abaxial indumentum interstices ...... 122 9.5.30 Leaf adaxial indumentum venation ...... 122 9.5.31 Leaf adaxial indumentum interstices ...... 122 9.5.32 Nanophylls (small leaves) [presence or absence] ...... 122 REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS...... 123 9.5.33 Flower sexuality ...... 123 9.5.34 Male inflorescence ...... 123 9.5.35 Male inflorescence density ...... 123 9.5.36 Male inflorescence branch ...... 123 9.5.37 Male inflorescence type ...... 124 9.5.38 Male inflorescence involucral bracts ...... 124 9.5.39 Appendages ...... 124 9.5.40 Male inflorescence bract margin ...... 124 9.5.41 Male inflorescence order ...... 124 9.5.42 Male flower symmetry ...... 125 9.5.43 Male flower tepal number ...... 126 9.5.44 Male flower tepal fusion ...... 126 9.5.45 Male flower tepal appendage ...... 126

xiv Table of Contents

9.5.46 Male flower tepal indumentum ...... 126 9.5.47 Male flower stamen number ...... 126 9.5.48 Male flower staminal inflection in bud ...... 127 9.5.49 Male flower with rudimentary ovary ...... 127 9.5.50 Female inflorescence ...... 127 9.5.51 Female inflorescence branching ...... 127 9.5.52 Female inflorescence arrangement ...... 127 9.5.53 Female inflorescence type ...... 127 9.5.54 Female inflorescence involucral bracts ...... 128 9.5.55 Female inflorescence bracts appendage ...... 128 9.5.56 Female flower bract margin ...... 128 9.5.57 Female flower symmetry ...... 128 9.5.58 Female flower tepal number ...... 128 9.5.59 Female flower tepal comparative size ...... 128 9.5.60 Female flower tepal fusion ...... 129 9.5.61 Female flower staminode presence ...... 129 9.5.62 Female flower ovary ...... 129 9.5.63 Female flower style ...... 129 9.5.64 Female flowerstigma ...... 129 FRUIT...... 129 9.5.65 Achene covered by perianth or involucre ...... 129 9.5.66 Achene surface ...... 130 Non-overlapping (qualitative) characters converted from overlapping (quantitative) characters...... 130 9.5.67 Plant height (non-overlap) ...... 132 9.5.68 Leaf petiole length (non-overlap) ...... 134 9.5.69 Leaf lamina length (non-overlap): length of lamina, from base to apex ... 135 9.5.70 Leaf lamina width (non-overlap): width at broadest part of lamina ...... 136 9.5.71 Leaf lamina length:width ratio (non-overlap) ...... 137 9.5.72 Leaf lamina symmetry:width comparison on each side of midvein or central axis of macrophylls (normal leaf) ...... 138 9.5.73 Veins number (pairs; non-overlap) ...... 139 9.5.74 Male flower tepal length (non-overlap) ...... 140

Chapter 10 Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data ...... 141 10.1 Introduction...... 141 10.2 Results...... 141

xv Table of Contents

10.3 Discussion...... 151 10.3.1 Overview...... 151 10.3.2 Evaluation of infrageneric groupings...... 151 10.3.2.1 Subgeneric classification of Schröter and Winkler ...... 151 10.4 Conclusion ...... 152

Chapter 11 Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological and molecular data...... 157 11.1 Introduction...... 157 11.2 Narrow analysis with no missing data ...... 158 11.3 Broader analysis with missing data ...... 161

Chapter 12 Conclusion ...... 177 12.1 Summary...... 177 12.2 Future work...... 178 12.2.1 Increased infrageneric sampling ...... 178 12.2.2 Phylogenetic position of Pilea ...... 179 12.2.3 Evaluation of morphological characters...... 179 12.2.3.1 Morphological variation...... 179 12.2.3.2 Continued assessment of morphology...... 180 12.2.4 Increased tribal sampling ...... 180

References ...... 183

Appendices:...... 209 1. Protocols for DNA extraction ...... 210 2. Protocols for DNA purification (Gilmour et al. 1993)...... 212 3. Protocols for PCR ...... 214 4. Protocols for PCR products purification using CONCERTTM Rapid PCR Purification System ...... 215 5. rbcL database ...... 216 6. atpß-rbcL database...... 250 7. trn database ...... 259 8. ITS database ...... 329 9. Morphological characters used in the project ...... 357 10. Morphological database ...... 361 11. Combined morphological and molecular database: Narrow analysis ...... 365

xvi Table of Contents

12. Combined morphological and molecular database: Broader analysis ...... 377 13. Species descriptions of Elatostema and Procris, including illustrations and photographs...... 421 14. Reprint of Telopea 10(1): 235–246 ...... 461

xvii List of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Generalised distribution map of the Urticaceae ...... 1

Figure 1.2 Generalised distribution map of Elatostema ...... 4

Figure 4.1 A schematic diagram of the rbcL gene of cpDNA showing the

approximate position and direction of primers used in this study...... 39

Figure 4.2 A schematic diagram of the atpß and rbcL genes with the intergenic

spacer in between...... 39

Figure 4.3 A schematic diagram of the non-coding trnL-F region of the cpDNA. .40

Figure 4.4 A schematic diagram of a nuclear 18-26S ribosomal DNA repeat,

showing the position of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)...... 42

Figure 6.1 Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees of 374 steps

found from heuristic search of the rbcL data...... 62

Figure 6.2 Strict consensus of the 10 equally parsimonious trees of 191 steps

found from 100 replicates of heuristic search of the atpß-rbcL spacer

data set ...... 63

Figure 6.3 Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees of 663 steps

found from 100 replicates of heuristic search of the trn data set with

random taxon addition...... 66

Figure 7.1 Strict consensus of four equally parsimonious trees of 469 steps

found from heuristic search of the rbcL data...... 74

Figure 7.2 Majority rule tree generated from heuristic search of the rbcL data...... 75

Figure 7.3 Strict consensus tree of the trn data generated from heuristic search ....77

Figure 8.1 Strict consensus tree of the trn data generated from heuristic search ....86

Figure 8.2 Majority rule tree generated from heuristic search of the trn data ...... 87

xix List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Summary of morphological characters used by Schröter and Winkler (1936, pp. 1 and 2) to distinguish subgenera of genus Elatostema ...... 18 Table 2.2 Summary of morphological characters used by Wang (in Wang and Chen 1979; Wang 1980a) to distinguish sections within the genus Elatostema ...... 19 Table 3.1 List of voucher specimens used in this study ...... 24 Table 3.2 List of voucher specimens used for DNA extracts and GenBank numbers for sequences...... 33 Table 4.1 List of primers used in this project for PCR (P, 20 μM) and sequencing (S, 0.8 μM) ...... 47 Table 9.1 Summary of taxonomically useful inflorescence characters based on usage by Schröter and Winkler ...... 111

xxiii List of Tables

xxiv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The family Urticaceae Urticaceae is a medium-sized family consisting of about 45 genera and 1,000 species (Friis 1993). The family is widely distributed throughout the world, from the tropics to temperate regions with the centre of generic diversity being in tropical Asia (Friis 1993) (Figure 1.1). This family includes stinging trees (Dendrocnide), stinging shrubs (Laportea) and stinging nettles (Urtica). However, contrary to popular belief, the majority of species in other genera are not stinging (a few examples include: Boehmeria, Elatostema, Oreocnide, Parietaria, Pilea and Procris). Several species are used as sources of food, for example, Urtica (Pieroni 2001) and Pilea (P. microphylla (L.) Liebm. in Cuba, refer Wezel and Bender 2003). Pilea melastomoides Wedd. is a common aromatic vegetable eaten in West Java (pers. obs).

Fibres from species of Boehmeria, Debregeasia, Urtica and Girardinia have been used for textiles and string. The main fibre in economic use is extracted from Boehmeria nivea Gaudich. (Baillon 1874; Carter 1910; Friis 1993; Heywood 1993), which is widely cultivated in SE Asia, China, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Mexico and other tropical countries (Carter 1910). This species is also grown as a source of nutritious green feed for animals (cattle, pigs and poultry) (FAO 2006).

Figure 1.1. Generalised distribution map of the Urticaceae (coloured dark blue).

1 Chapter 1. Introduction

Several species are cultivated as ornamentals, particularly in SE Asia (Boehmeria, Elatostema, Pilea and Soleirolia; Gilman 1999a, 1999b) often for their variegated foliage (Friis 1993).

Many urticaceous species are used in traditional medicine because of the various important chemical constituents. For example, Urtica dioica L. is traditionally used for the treatment of cancer in Turkey (Akbay et al. 2003) and for treatment of hypertensive cardiovascular problems in oriental Morocco, of which the direct cardiovascular action was evaluated by Tesai et al. (2002). The reported properties and traditional uses of Urtica pilulifera L. in Palestine include: aphrodisiac; diuretic; with fresh young leaves eaten to treat kidney stones and infections; rheumatism; and treatment of female sterility and bleeding (Abu- Rabia 2005). In Polynesia, an extract from the leaves of Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew is used to ameliorate the pain from stonefish spine poisoning (McClathey 2002). Anti- inflammatory and analgesic dose-related activities have been observed for Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. (Badilla et al. 1999); antioxidant activity has been discovered in selected traditionally used Iranian medicinal plant species including Urtica dioica (Pourmorad et al. 2006). Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew is recorded as an ethnoveterinary species that is used for urinary problems of ruminants in Trinidad and Tobago (Lans 2001). Species of Elatostema and Procris are used as a shampoo in Java and Bali (Indonesia) (pers. obs.). Several urticaceous species are also used in traditional Chinese medicine (Chen et al. 2003), for example, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. extract is used to promote hair growth (NuLivScience 2006); Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier f. & H.Schroet. and Pilea plataniflora C.H.Wright have liver protection properties (Jiangsu New Medical College, without date); Urtica dioica seed and Parietaria judaica L. herb are used to relieve chronic renal failure (Yarnell and Abascal 2007).

1.2. Rationale for Project Since the family Urticaceae is one of the prioritised taxa for the current Flora Malesiana project, there is an urgent requirement to document the taxa of this family for the region. This research project is a part of an international multidisciplinary research project studying the systematics of the Urticaceae for the botanical region known as Malesia. This region includes the countries of the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, and Papua New Guinea. One of the genera identified as requiring urgent taxonomic

2 Chapter 1. Introduction investigation is Elatostema, even though the taxonomy of many other Urticaceae genera are also inadequately known.

Elatostema is a very large genus that is considered to consist of approximately 300 herbaceous and sub-shrubby species (Friis 1993) that are characterised by having female flowers arranged on a flattened discoid or lobed receptacle. However, the International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2004+) lists 755 names for the genus, including 23 sectional and serial names (sensu Wang 1980a), as well as 58 varieties. The taxonomic status of many of these names is uncertain, largely because many of the significant herbarium collections, such as type material, were destroyed by allied bombing during the Second World War and the various early taxonomic concepts were based on few collections. Therefore, the systematics of the genus is very confusing, such that it is not possible to identify many species with confidence. Furthermore, the inadequacy of the many of the species concepts applied to this genus means that the systematics of Elatostema is very poorly known. Since the circumscription of many species is problematic, little is known about the distribution, and hence, biogeography of this genus.

Since it was first described by Forster and Forster (1776), the taxonomic circumscription of the genus and infrageneric taxa has been problematic. Furthermore, the taxonomic distinctness of the related taxa, Elatostematoides, Pellionia and Procris has continued to be problematic. There are 17 published names of Elatostematoides, 163 of Pellionia (including three sections and six series sensu Wang 1980b) and 131 of Procris (IPNI 2004+). The status of many of the names, hence taxon concepts, in all of these taxa, including Elatostema, requires thorough re-assessment.

The first and most complete account of the taxonomy of Elatostema was provided by Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936). They included species of the genus that were classified in the subgenera Elatostematoides, Pellionia and Weddellia. Unfortunately, they did not publish a taxonomic account of subgenus Elatostema. The lack of an account of the latter subgenus, together with the loss of much of the authenticated herbarium material that they examined, has made it difficult to evaluate the taxonomic concepts applied by them and other researchers. Furthermore, there has been no further general treatment on this genus, only some works of local or restricted geographic coverage, for example, Elatostema in

3 Chapter 1. Introduction

China (Wang 1980a), Elatostema of Taiwan (Yang et al. 1995), and Elatostema of Mt. Kinabalu (Beaman 2000).

Elatostema is widely distributed throughout the tropical, subtropical and sub-temperate regions from the west to east coast of Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, through Sri Lanka, southern India, tropical Himalaya, Bangladesh, Myanmar to South-East Asia, Micronesia, then throughout Papuasia, to eastern Australia, New Caledonia, northern New Zealand, and Polynesia. It also occurs in subtropical and sub-temperate regions of China, Taiwan and Japan (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2. Generalised distribution map of Elatostema (coloured dark blue)

1.3. Objectives of project Within an overall Malesian framework, the objectives of this research project are: 1. To evaluate the infra-familial classification of the Urticaceae; 2. To test the monophyly of Tribe Elatostemeae, in which the genus Elatostema belongs; 3. To define the generic limits of Elatostema and assess its relationship within the tribe; 4. To examine the current infra-generic grouping within Elatostema.

4 Chapter 2. TAXONOMIC HISTORY

2.1. Taxonomic history of Urticaceae A.L.Juss. nom. cons. 2.1.1. Early Taxonomic History of Family Antoine Laurent de Jussieu was a distinguished botanist who proposed a natural classification of flowering plants, based on multiple characters to define groups, in his publication, Genera plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi … (Jussieu 1789). He was professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes from 1770 until 1826 (Stafleu and Cowan 1979) and his herbarium (P-JU) is held at Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, in Paris (France) (Holmgren and Holmgren 1998+). He grouped Elatostema J.R.Forst. and G.Forst., Boehmeria Jacq., Procris Commers., Urtica L., Forsskaolea L. (as ‘Forskalea’1), and Parietaria L., together with Cannabis L., Cecropia L., Artocarpus J.R.Forst. and G.Forst., Morus L., Pteranthus Forsk., Humulus L., and Theligonum L. under the family name Urticaceae (as ‘Ordo III. [group] II. Urticæ’) (Jussieu 1789). According to the ‘International Code of Botanical Nomenclature,’ the family name Urticaceae is attributed to Jussieu (ICBN 2006). He circumscribed this group as having flowers arranged on separate, commonly many-flowered receptacles, or arranged in a capitate involucre of bracts (hence, flowers crowded), or flowers distinct and scattered. Gaudichaud (1830) revised the family (as ‘La famille des urticées’, ibid. p. 491) and classified the genera into five infrafamilial tribes or subfamilies (as ‘tribus ou sous-families’, loc. cit.). He defined the Urticaceae sensu stricto (as ‘Urticées vraies’, loc. cit.) as characterised by rectified ovules, initially attached at both ends, and with reversed and straight embryos. Within his ‘Urticées vraies’ grouping, he classified the genera into the following ‘subdivisions’: Boehmériées, Élatostémées, Forskaliées, Pariétariées, Urérées and Cécropiées (loc. cit.). In this paper, he later referred to these subdivisions using the currently accepted format for tribal names (namely, with the ‘-eae’ suffix) and provided descriptions of each subdivision and each genus within the Boehmerieæ,

1 Many orthographic variants of this genus name (namely, Forsskaolea) and the tribal name Forsskaoleeae occur in the literature, refer Friis and Wilmot-Dear (1988) and Friis (1993). However, both of these publications misspell the tribal name as ‘Forsskaoleae’ with an additional orthographic variant in Friis (1993, p. 628), namely ‘Forsskaolea.’

5 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Elatostemeæ, Forsskaoleeae (as ‘Forskalieæ’), Parietarieæ, Urticeae2 (as ‘Urereæ’), and Cecropiaeæ (ibid., pp. 493–506). The Elatostemeae sensu Gaudichaud consists of five genera: Elatostema, Sciophila3 (= Procris; refer Endlicher 1836), Pellionia, Langeveldia4 (listed as = Elatostema acuminata Brongn.) (IPNI 2004+), and Dubrueilia (listed as = Pilea) (IPNI 2004+); Urereæ: Urtica, Urera, Fleurya, Laportea and Girardinia; Boehmerieæ: Boehmeria, Procris5 and Neraudia; Parietarieæ: Parietaria, Gesnouinia, Freirea, Thaumuria, Pouzolzia, Rousselia and Soleirolia; Forsskaoleeae: Forsskaolea, Droguetia and Australina; and Cecropieæ: Cecropia and Coussapoa. Gaudichaud’s remaining un-named four ‘tribes or subfamilies’ are now regarded as belonging to plant families other than the Urticaceae.

The next major contribution to our understanding of the taxonomy of the Urticaceae was made by Weddell (1854, 1856, 1857, 1869). He followed the then new nomenclatural convention of referring to families using the ‘–aceæ’ suffix, for groupings that had previously been referred to as tribes (with the ‘-eæ’ suffix), following Endlicher (1833, 1837) who was the first author to apply the name ‘Urticaceae’ to the family. However, although he used the ‘-aceae’ suffix and was referring to what we would now regard as the family Urticaceae, he included it under his Order 94 (as ‘Ordo XCIV’). As mentioned above, in accordance with the first grouping of urticaceous genera, the concept of the name ‘Urticaceae’ is based on Jussieu’s (1789) concept, as a conserved name, with Urtica L. as the type (Greuter et al. 2000). Weddell (1854) recognised five tribes, namely, Boehmerieæ, Forsskaoleeae (as ‘Forskahleæ’), Elatostemeae (as ‘Lecantheæ’), Parietarieæ and Urticeae (as ‘Urereæ’). He excluded Cecropieæ from this family, without indicating the taxonomic status of this group. Much later, Berg (1978) raised the taxonomic status of this group to that of family, namely, Cecropiaceae.

2 Urereae corrected to Urticeae according to article 19.4 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 2006) because the genus Urtica was first published by Linnaeus (1753, 1754), whereas Urera was published later by Gaudichaud (1830), giving the tribal name Urticeae priority over Urereae (refer Friis 1989). 3 Sciophila is a later homonym of Sciophila Wibel (Liliaceae). 4 Gaudichaud (1830, pp. 494 and 495) described the new monotypic genus Langeveldia based on Procris acuminata Poiret, which had already been transferred to Elatostema acuminatum by other authors. However, the currently accepted authority for this latter species name is A.T. Brongniart. Therefore, the nomenclatural and taxonomic status of the combination from P. acuminata Poiret to Elatostema is unclear. 5 Although Gaudichaud (1830, p. 499) recognised Procris as a taxonomic entity, he did not formally recognise it at generic rank, but rather, he included it as a subdivision of Boehmeria.

6 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Baillon (1874) was the first to circumscribe the family Urticaceae in the narrower sense that is currently applied. He characterised it as having simple stipulate leaves; usually unisexual flowers arranged in definite cymes, with perianth reduced; male flowers with androecia of equal length (‘isostemonous’) or unequal length (‘meiostemonous’), with a rudimentary pistil; female flowers having a unicarpellary gynoecium; ovule solitary, ascending or suberect, orthotropus or suborthotropus; and fruit indehiscent.

2.1.2. Circumscription of Tribes of Urticaceae Weddell (1854, 1856, 1869) was the first to circumscribe the tribes of the family using the ‘-eae’ suffix for the tribal names, even though Gaudichaud (1830) first recognised these groupings (as ‘subdivisions’). Weddell characterised these tribes as follows (mostly based on Weddell 1854):

Boehmerieae monoecious or dioecious; having sub-opposite leaves, rarely in threes; stinging hairs absent; male flowers 4- or 5-partite; female flowers with perianth tubular and therefore fused, but then very short to indistinct, or free, 2–4- dentate or not toothed; with ovary adnate or coherent with perianth; stigma varying from filiform, spathulate to discoid-subpeltate, rarely capitate-penicillate.

Elatostemeae (initially as ‘Lecantheæ,’ later as ‘Procrideæ’ – refer Section 2.3 for further discussion of the tribal name) monoecious or dioecious; leaves opposite, rarely in fours, or alternate (by abortion of one leaf of the pair); stinging hairs absent; male flowers 4- or 5-partite; female flower with perianth free, usually 3–5- partite, with each perianth parts equal or unequal, rarely almost absent; ovary free; stigma mostly penicillate.

Forsskaoleeae (as ‘Forskahleae’) monoecious or polygamous; leaves sub-opposite; hairs sometimes hardened and spine-like, but are not stinging; flowers reduced often involucral-like; female flower with perianth tubular or often absent; ovary free or adnate to perianth; stigma filiform or sub-capitate.

7 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Parietarieae monoecious or polygamous; leaves always alternate and leaf margin entire; stinging hairs absent; inflorescences (at least the female inflorescences) with two to many herbaceous bracts that form an involucre; male flowers 4-partite; female flowers with perianth tubular or free, and 2–4-dentate or 4-partite; ovary free; stigma capitate-penicillate or filiform.

Urticeae (as ‘Urereæ’) monoecious or dioecious; leaves alternate or opposite; stinging hairs present; male flowers 4–5-partite; female flowers with perianth free, rarely tubular, mostly 4-partite or 4-lobed, rarely 2-lobed to 2-partite; ovary free; stigma mostly penicillate.

Baillon (1874) recognised five series within the family which appear to resemble the tribes of Weddell (1869) but at the lower rank of series. However, he renamed Urereae to Urticeae (the currently accepted name for this tribe, refer Friis 1993).

2.1.3. Modern taxonomic history of Urticaceae The taxa circumscribed in the Urticaceae, Moraceae and Cecropiaceae have been commonly regarded as very closely related to each other and have been united into one group by various authors, from Gaudichaud (1830) until Bentham and Hooker (1883). However, Weddell (1854, 1856, 1869), Engler (1894) and all recent taxonomists have recognised these three groups as distinct families. Weddell’s final treatment (Weddell 1869) has remained remarkably unchallenged, being widely followed and supported by later researchers (for example, Berg 1977, 1989; Friis 1989, 1993). Berg (1977, 1989) provides an over-view of the macro-morphological characters that are useful for distinguishing the families with the Order Urticales. Based on these data, he developed several tentative phylogenetic hypotheses for and within the Order. Although his focus was at the ordinal level, Berg provided important clarification of several morphological features (for example, inflorescence structures, perianth, androecium, gynoecium and fruits) that are relevant for understanding relationships within the family Urticaceae. Friis (1989, 1993) provided the most recent detailed comparison of morphological features of the Urticaceae at the familial, infrafamilial, and generic levels. He briefly discussed ordinal relationships based on previous classical taxonomic approaches. His work

8 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

provided broad support for and acceptance of Weddell’s classification of the family and tribes; however, without explanation, he re-applied the name ‘Lecantheae’ for the tribe Elatostemeae, rather than Procrideae (as proposed by Weddell 1869).

Friis (1989) characterised the family as having flowers with a basal ovary and stamens that are elastically and simultaneously reflexing. He circumscribed the tribes as follows:

Elatostemeae (as ‘Lecantheae’) as having staminodes that eject the mature achenes; opposite leaves that are anisophyllous or one leaf of the pair (the nanophyll) being strongly reduced or absent; stipules intrapetiolar and fused; and with cystoliths uniformly linear.

Urticeae was characterised by the presence of stinging hairs.

However, he questioned the distinctiveness of the other three tribes (namely, Boehmerieae, Parietarieae and Forsskaoleeae), and suggested further work may lead to a taxonomic rearrangement at the tribal level (Friis 1989). Friis (1989, 1993) rejected the subtribal groupings within the Boehmerieæ that were proposed by Weddell (1854, 1856, 1869). He concluded that these subtribes were taxonomically not useful. Friis (1989) maintained the familial distinctness of the Cecropiaceae as proposed by Berg (1978; also refer Kubitzki 1993), with the following genera included in this latter family: Cecropia, Coussapoa, Musanga, Myrianthus, Poikilospermum and Pourouma.

2.2. Phylogeny of Urticaceae Recent phylogenetic studies involving the Urticaceae have concentrated on ordinal relationships. The circumscription of the Urticales has been relatively stable since the mid 1800s when Weddell (1856) included Artocarpeæ, Cannabineæ, Moreæ, Ulmaceæ and Urticaceæ in the order. This classification was used by Dahlgren (1989), Thorne (1992) and Takhtajan (1997). Cronquist (1968, 1981) united Urticaceae with Moraceae, Cannabaceae, Ulmaceae and Barbeyaceae largely based on the single ovule, stipules

9 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

usually present, nodes tri- or multilacunar, flowers clustered and perianth usually much reduced in size.

The recent reconstructed higher-level phylogenies of Chase et al. (1993), using the DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL, support the monophyly of the Urticales with Cannabaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Urticaceae included. However, subsequent analyses including additional loci (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998; Soltis et al. 2000; Savolainen et al. 2000; Stevens 2001+) and non-molecular data (Judd et al. 1999) have shown this group to be nested with the Rosales. All of these modern authors, using morphological and molecular characters, consider Cannabaceae (including Celtidaceae; Stevens 2001+), Cecropiaceae, Moraceae and Ulmaceae to be the closest families to Urticaceae.

Sytsma et al. (2002) provided information on the family concepts and inter- and intrafamilial relationships within the Urticales based on chloroplast DNA sequences, namely, rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF. Their work supported the monophyly of Moraceae, Urticaceae (including Cecropiaceae), and Cannabaceae (including Celtidaceae; Stevens 2001+); although support for the latter family is not as strong as support for the former two families. In their work, the Ulmaceae was sister to the above Urticalean families. Hadiah et al. (2003) also supported the monophyly of the Urticaceae based on chloroplast DNA. This latter paper is discussed further (refer Chapter 6).

Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Urticaceae using morphological data (Beaman 2000, Fig. 3-3), as part of a study of Elatostema from Mt Kinabalu (Malaysia), provided support for the monophyly of Elatostemeae (as ‘Lecantheae’) and Urticeae, but suggested that the Boehmerieae is polyphyletic.

2.3. Nomenclature of Tribe Elatostemeae/Lecantheae/ Procrideae Weddell (1854, 1856, 1869) consistently circumscribed the tribes within the Urticaceae. He raised the ‘subdivisions’ of Gaudichaud (1830), while maintaining the same names as used by the latter author, to the rank of tribe for the following: Urticeae (as ‘Urereæ’), Boehmerieæ, Parietarieæ and Forsskaoleeae (as ‘Forskahleæ,’ rather than

10 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

‘Forskalieæ’ as used by Gaudichaud 1830, p. 504). However, it is unclear why he created the tribal name Lecantheæ for the ‘subdivision’ Elatostemeae as first used by Gaudichaud (ibid. p. 493). This change in the tribal name occurred when he published the newly described genus Lecanthus (Weddell 1854). Furthermore, he provided no explanation when he changed the tribal name Lecantheæ to Procrideæ (Weddell 1856). In this latter publication, Weddell added the following three genera: Procris A.L.Juss., Achudemia Blume, and Nanocnide Blume, and transferred Touchardia to Boehmerieae. Whether the addition of the genus Procris to this tribe influenced Weddell to give preference to the name Procrideae is unclear. Furthermore, it is unclear why Weddell did not adopt Gaudichaud’s usage of the name Elatostemeae (Gaudichaud 1830). Later publications accepted Weddell’s proposal to use the tribal name Procrideae (for example, Richardson 1978). Weddell’s final taxonomic concept of the family was that it consisted of the tribes: Boehmerieae, Elatostemeae (as ‘Procrideae’), Forsskaoleeae, Parietarieae and Urticeae (as ‘Urereae’) (Weddell 1869).

Friis (1993) referred to the Elatostemeae as ‘Lecantheae,’ as originally proposed by Weddell (1854), and included the following seven genera; namely, Sarcopilea, Meniscogyne, Elatostema, Procris, Petelotiella, Pilea and Lecanthus.

2.3.1. Justification for recognition of tribal names proposed by Gaudichaud Gaudichaud (1830) specifically stated that he subdivided the Urticaceae into ‘tribes or subfamilies’ (ibid., p. 491). However, his ‘five’ higher level subdivisions were published without a clear indication of rank (referred to as ‘tribes or subfamilies’); they are here regarded as probably referable to the modern taxonomic concept of subfamily. It could be concluded that names proposed by Gaudichaud at both ranks (tribes or subfamilies) are validly published according to article 34.2 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 2006). Both ranks may be validly published by a single description or diagnosis, thus dealing with Gaudichaud’s apparent ‘indecision.’ However, since Gaudichaud did not provide names for higher level ‘subdivisions,’ here presumed as subfamilies, they are not validly published. Gaudichaud’s next level of ‘subdivision’ is here regarded as representing tribes. Although the French suffix (namely, ‘-ées’) often infers tribal

11 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History rank, it has frequently been used to represent other ranks. Irrespective of this, these names have no legal status because names that are published with a non-Latin termination are not validly published, according to articles 6 and 12.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 2006). However, in the third paragraph of the footnote ‘I’ (Gaudichaud 1830, p. 495), he states, in reference to presence of cystoliths, ‘On les retrouve dans presque toutes les autres tribus’ (line 1) and ‘plante anomale de la tribu des pariétariées’ (line 4). Therefore, I believe that this is a clear indication that all 15 subdivisions within Gaudichaud’s five higher level subdivisions, and specifically, the six subdivisions within his ‘Urticées vraies’ grouping, are tribes. Gaudichaud clearly regarded these taxa as tribes because he later formally described them using names with the ‘-eae’ suffix, according to article 19.3 (ICBN 2006). Furthermore, Weddell (1856, p. 170) clearly recognised all of these ‘Urticées vraies’ taxa (sensu Gaudichaud) as tribes because he accepted all of the ‘tribal’ names, except for Elatostemeae. Although the first line of the following quote is unclear, Weddell (loc. cit.) definitely recognised Gaudichaud’s ‘Elatostemeae’ and his ‘Lecantheae’ as having equivalent rank when he reduced them to the synonymy of ‘Trib. II Procrideæ’: ‘Urticæ, Procridis et Parietariæ spec. Auct. Elatostemeæ Gaudich., Bot Voy. Uran, 496 [1830, p. 493] Lecantheæ Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, I, 174 [1854]’ Since article 11.3 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 2006) recommends ‘For any taxon from family to genus inclusive, the correct name is the earliest legitimate one with the same rank …’ this would support the acceptance of the name ‘Elatostemeae’ in preference to any of the later tribal names applied to this taxon.

‘Index Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium’ (Reveal 2003) attributes the authorship of Boehmerieae, Elatostemeae, Forsskaoleeae, Parietarieae and Urereae to Gaudichaud.

It is here proposed that the 15 subdivisions of Gaudichaud (1830), within his five higher level subdivisions should be regarded as validly published tribes. With respect to the Urticaceae (‘Urticées vraies’ grouping sensu Gaudichaud), the six tribes described by Gaudichaud should be recognised as the correct names for these

12 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Urticaceous tribes with him as the author. With respect to the correct name of the tribe previously referred to as Elatostemeae, Lecantheae or Procrideae, it is here proposed that the correct name for this tribe should be Elatostemeae as first recognised by Gaudichaud (1830). The taxa included in his tribe Cecropieæ are currently regarded as belonging to the separate family Cecropiaceae (Berg 1978, Kubitzki 1993), but Sytsma et al. (2002) suggest that these taxa should be included in the Urticaceae.

2.4. Taxonomic history of Elatostema and related genera The discussion of the taxonomic history provided here is arranged in themes and within each theme is discussed in chronological order.

Elatostema was first described by J.R. Forster and G. Forster (1776). However, their generic description includes features of what is now regarded as the separate genus Procris. In the protologue of Elatostema, the species Elatostema pedunculatum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. and E. sessile J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. were described. Elatostema pedunculatum was circumscribed as having flowers with 5 stamens (‘pentandrum’), whereas the flowers of E. sessile have 4-stamens (‘tetrandrum’). The former species was later transferred to the genus Procris (Weddell 1856; Robinson 1910) based on the 5-staminate flowers, whereas the latter remained in Elatostema, here based on the condition of four stamens per flower. Robinson (1910) suggested that the generic name Procris should be synonymised with Elatostema, which had nomenclatural priority. However, Robinson (op. cit.) and Schröter and Winkler (1935) concluded that this would cause serious nomenclatural confusion so they retained Procris as a separate genus.

Weddell (1854, 1856) recognised 60 species of Elatostema and eight species of Pellionia most of which were newly described. Hallier (1896) described a further seven new species of Elatostema, and recognised the first subgeneric classification within the genus, namely, subgenus Elatostema (as ‘Euelatostema’), subg. Pellionia and subg. Procris (hence, reducing the latter two genera to infrageneric status).

13 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Robinson researched the systematics of the Urticaceae of the Philippines (Robinson, 1910, 1911a-c). He re-instated Pellionia and Procris to generic level, concluding that Hallier (1896) had confused two different problems, namely, “whether there are three such genera [Elatostema, Pellionia and Procris] with well defined limits, and whether the limits assigned to them by Weddell and others are correct” (Robinson 1910, pp. 497, 498). He concluded that “these three genera are unusually distinct for the family and readily recognizable almost at a glance” (ibid. p. 498) and he recognised and published the additional new genus Elatostematoides (Robinson 1910). This new genus was typified by Elatostematoides manillense (Wedd) C.B.Rob. (basionym: Elatostema manillense Wedd.). Robinson (loc. cit.) recognised five species of Elatostematoides as occurring in the Philippines, of which two were described as new. He also transferred a further eight non-Filipino species of Elatostema to Elatostematoides.

Robinson (1911c) concluded that flower merosity was a reliable character for distinguishing species of Elatostema. He described an additional new species of Elatostematoides and recognised 20 species of Elatostema (of which five were new) from the Philippines. Ridley (1916) recognised 10 species of Elatostema from Indonesian Papua (then Dutch New Guinea), including five new species, and three species of Pellionia, two of which were new. Neither of these two workers recognised any subgeneric divisions within Elatostema.

Winkler (1922) followed Hallier’s subgeneric division of the genus (Hallier 1896) into three subgenera, namely subgenus Elatostema, subg. Pellionia and subg. Procris, when he published his work on the Urticaceae of Papuasia6. He recognised 57 species of Elatostema, 38 of which were new.

Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936) published the first attempt at a complete account of Elatostema. They modified the subgeneric division of previous workers (Hallier 1896; Winkler 1922) and proposed four subgenera, namely, subg. Pellionia, subg. Elatostematoides, subg. Weddellia and subg. Elatostema (as ‘Euelatostema’) (refer Table 2.1). This division was primarily based on the nature of the leaves, stipules, inflorescence and the presence and form of the receptacle. They recognised Procris as a

6 The region of Papuasia includes Indonesian Papua, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands (excluding Santa Cruz) (Womersley 1978)

14 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

separate genus based on distinct morphological differences. However, they did not provide further details.

Schröter (1938) regarded Procris as distinct from Elatostema by having male (staminate) flowers always arranged in glomerules that are cymosely arranged, and female (pistillate) flowers that are inserted on a fleshy receptacle but not enclosed in an involucre of bracts, or at most, with a shortly projecting rim of bracts, whereas Elatostema has both male and female flowers enclosed in an involucre of bracts and the receptacle of female flowers is not fleshy.

Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936) published a taxonomic account of subgenus Pellionia, subg. Elatostematoides and subg. Weddellia. They included a brief description of each subgenus, including subg. Elatostema (as ‘Euelatostema’) and described 106 species from the first three subgenera, including 33 new species. Unfortunately, they did not publish a taxonomic account of subgenus Elatostema.

Since Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936), there has been no further general treatment on this genus. Friis (1989, 1993) made no comment on the subgeneric classification. There have been several works of local or restricted geographic coverage; for example, Elatostema occurring in mainland China (Wang 1980a, Qi et al. 2003); in Taiwan (Yang et al. 1995); and Beaman’s study of species from Mt. Kinabalu (Beaman 2000, 2001; Beaman and Cellinese 2004). Each of these studies added several new species. Of these studies, Wang (1980a) rejected the subgeneric classification of Schröter and Winkler (loc. cit.). He proposed an infrageneric classification of Sections and Series based on morphology. At the sectional level, he recognised section Androsyce, sect. Elatostema, sect. Laevisperma, sect. Pellionioides and sect. Weddellia (as ‘Weddelia’)7. A summary of the morphological characters used by Wang (Wang and Chen 1979; Wang 1980a) is presented in Table 2.2 (see below). Wang and Chen (1979, p. 107) describe the receptacle of the female inflorescence of Elatostema section Elatostema as ‘Inflorescentiae feminae receptaculo paro majusculove instructae.’ The use of ‘paro’ is unclear. It could be referring to either:

7 Wang, in Wang and Chen (1979) incorrectly spelt Elatostema subgenus Weddellia H.Schroet. as Elatostema subg. Weddelia H. Schröter and so carried this error forward into his spelling of Elatostema sect. Weddelia (H. Schröter) W.T. Wang. This error should be corrected to Elatostema sect. Weddellia (H.Schroet.) W.T.Wang. This orthographic error also requires correcting in IPNI (2004+).

15 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

(1) ‘par’ meaning equal, hence that the ‘female receptacle being equal to or slightly larger than [the male receptacle].’ However, the expected ablative form of ‘par’ would be ‘par’, ‘pari’ or ‘pare’ (Crane 2006); or (2) since the Chinese description of this Section by Wang and Chen (1979, p. 107) uses the Chinese character = small, then ‘par’ is here regarded as a typographical error for ‘parvo’ meaning smaller, hence describing the ‘female receptacle as being smaller or slightly larger than the male receptacle.

Wang (1980a) used similar morphological characters to those of Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936) to define the sections (refer Table 2.2). However, these features have not been consistently recorded for each section. Therefore, it is difficult to compare his classification to that of Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936). Wang used leaf venation, inflorescence and achenes characteristics, but he did not assess the presence or absence of nanophylls. He also did not evaluate other features of the stipules, nor did he consider flower merosity or perianth of female flowers in his sectional classification. All of these characters were regarded as important in Schröter and Winkler’s subgeneric classification. Wang (1980a) accepted, with some modifications, Schröter and Winkler’s circumscription of subgenus Elatostema and subg. Weddellia (as ‘Weddelia’), but classified them at sectional rank. He transferred some species from Schröter and Winkler’s subg. Elatostema into his section Weddellia (for example, Elatostema acuminatum Brongn., E. hookerianum Wedd., E. stipulosum), apparently based on a re-interpretation of the morphology of these species. As defined by Wang (1980a), Elatostema sect. Pellionioides is endemic to China and consists of nine species; section Androsyce consists of two species, namely E. brachyodontum (Hand.- Mazz.) W.T.Wang and E. ficoides Wedd., with the latter species transferred from subgenus Elatostema (sensu Schröter and Winkler 1935); and section Laevisperma (transferred from Pellionia sect. Laevisperma Hatus.) is monotypic, containing E. obtusum Wedd. only.

Wang (1980b) recognised Pellionia as a distinct genus and this taxonomic concept has been followed by later Chinese workers (for example, Qi et al. 2003). Whether or not he recognised the genus Elatostematoides is not known because he did not consider this taxon as it does not occur in China.

16 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Based on a subset of the same morphological characters used to characterise sections, Wang (1980a) subdivided the section Pellionioides into three series, namely Brevipedunculata, Laxicymosa and Oblongifolia; sect. Weddellia into seven series, namely Acuminata, Parva, Attenuata, Salvinioida, Stipulosa, Crenata and Involucrata; sect. Elatostema into five series, namely Cuspidata, Dissecta, Petelotiana, Nanchuaneasia and Albopilosa. However, he did not recognise series within section Laevisperma and section Androsyce. Lin and Duan (in press) proposed an additional series for section Elatostema (namely, ser. Albopilosoides) that is characterised by leaves with penninerved venation and dentate margin, plus by both male and female inflorescences being long-pedunculate. The series classification of Wang (1980a), and as expanded by Lin and Duan (in press), is not considered further in this thesis because species of Elatostema that belong to these series have not been included in this project. The recent ‘Flora of China’ account of Elatostema by Qi et al. (2003) does not follow the series classification of the genus by Wang (1980a).

Beaman (2000, 2001) carried out a cladistic analysis of species from Mt Kinabalu based on morphological characters. He found no support for the subgeneric arrangement of Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936). He concluded that subgenus Elatostema s. str. (sensu Schröter and Winkler 1935, 1936) is a monophyletic group, but neither subgenus Pellionia nor subg. Elatostematoides (as circumscribed by previous researchers) are monophyletic, although only a few steps (that is, two and four steps, respectively) were needed to make them monophyletic on his data. He concluded that the latter two subgenera should be included within Elatostema, and should not be recognised as separate genera as proposed by Robinson (1910). Beaman did not include species from subgenus Weddellia in his study. However, the limited dataset of Beaman (2000, 2001), with only 24 taxa included, limits the usefulness of his review of the taxonomic status of the subgeneric divisions of Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936).

17 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Elatostematoides Pellionia Weddellia Elatostema

Habit Always woody at base Herbaceous or woody at base Herbaceous Mostly herbaceous Leaf venation Totally semi-pinnate or pinnate at Mainly pinnate, rarely semi- or sub- Semi- or sub-pinnate Mainly sub-pinnate throughout, or sub- distal –¼ pinnate pinnate at base & pinnate at distal ½–. Rarely totally pinnate throughout Nanophylls Mostly present, often very small Mostly present, often very small (0.5- Always present Absent few mm) Stipules Both stipules of macrophyll and Both approximately equal in length, Both equal in length. Always Rarely equal in length. Macrophylls with nanophyll approximately equal in when nanophylls absent, then transparent and membranous stipules significantly smaller than length macrophylls with smaller stipules than stipules in position of absent nanophyll ones in position of absent nanophyll Inflorescence receptacle Receptacles absent Receptacles absent Receptacles present Receptacles present, broad and disk- shape Inflorescence Often ± long pedunculate, loose Mostly long pedunculate, loose cyme, Mainly sessile sessile, sometimes pedunculate (Schröter cyme, or sessile, loose capitulum rarely sessile, loose capitulum & Winkler 1935, p. 18)

Inflorescence Sessile capitulum; outer bracts Sessile or stalked capitulum, rarely Sessile; outer bracts broad, ± Sessile, sometimes pedunculate (Schröter small, not enclosing inflorescence loose cyme; outer bracts small, not enclosing inflorescence & Winkler 1935, p. 18); outer bracts enclosing inflorescence broad, enclosing ± entire inflorescence

Merosity of flowers Both & : 5- Both & : 5-; very rarely 4- : 5- : 4-, rarely 5- : 3-, very rarely 4- : mostly 3-, very rarely 4- or 5- Perianth of flowers ± same length as mature ovary; same length as the mature ovary; Strongly reduced, tiny Very reduced, tiny, or absent keeled, never long-horned almost always long-horned

Fruits ± broadly ovoid, laterally slightly ± broadly ovoid, laterally slightly ± slender ellipsoidal, laterally slender ellipsoidal, laterally very slightly flattened, mostly smooth flattened, red or yellow striped or slightly flattened, mostly with flattened, mostly with longitudinal ridges covered with rough warts longitudinal ridges

Table 2.1 Summary of morphological characters used by Schröter and Winkler (1936, pp. 1 and 2) to distinguish subgenera of genus Elatostema. Note: characters in bold represent the principal character states emphasised by Schröter and Winkler (1936).

18 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

Androsyce Elatostema Laevisperma Pellionioides Weddellia Male () inflorescence not branched not branched not branched cymose, 2- or 3-branched not branched receptacle initially pyriform, later very often conspicuously inconspicuous absent small, often spreading disc-like inconspicuous, not disc- like bracts spirally arranged involucre commonly present present absent present peduncle long-pedunculate flower number few Female () receptacle [conspicuous] smaller than [conspicuous] smaller or inconspicuous slightly developed slightly developed, [ receptacle] slightly larger than [ not disc-like receptacle] 8; [disc-like] bracts 2 peduncle sessile flower number many 1 (-2) many many achene size small small large small small achene surface longitudinally ribbed longitudinally ribbed smooth Smooth or longitudinally longitudinally ribbed ribbed leaf venation penninerved 3-nerved, semi 3- 3-nerved semi 3-plinerved, 3-nerved, semi 3- plinerved, 3-plinerved, penninerved plinerved, penninerved penninerved

Table 2.2 Summary of morphological characters used by Wang (in Wang and Chen 1979; Wang 1980a) to distinguish sections within the genus Elatostema

8 Refer text (see below) for discussion of the description of the female receptacle for Elatostema Section Elatostema, sensu Wang and Chen (1979), and Wang (1980a).

19 Chapter 2. Taxonomic History

2.5. Conclusion

As part of the overall aims of this thesis, as outlined in the introductory chapter, it is important to evaluate previous infrafamilial classifications based on similar morphological features, as well as on molecular data. The various interpretations of several morphological features, together with the associated weighting of these differing features, has resulted in different tribal, generic and infrageneric circumscriptions. The primary focus of this study is to investigate tribal, generic, infrageneric and specific relationships based on morphological and molecular data sets, based primarily on species from the Australian and Malesian geographical regions. Since there is considerable nomenclatural confusion and inadequate taxonomic clarity throughout much of the Urticaceae, but, with greatest relevance here, particularly within the genera of the Elatostemeae, the need for improved generic and infrageneric taxonomic resolution is urgently required so that the systematics of this group can be more fully understood.

20 Chapter 3. PLANT MATERIALS

3.1. Introduction Scoring of morphology is for individual species, but unlike the sequence data, this is not mostly based on a single specimen. Instead, a number of representative specimens are selected for which the widest range of character information (vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages) is available, and which gave the broadest geographic and ecological coverage of the recorded species distribution. Variation in character states within this aggregate scoring for species is recorded as polymorphisms. However, in a few instances, only one specimen was used when it was not possible to confidently group it with other herbarium collections. Therefore, in such instances, the morphology is necessarily drawn from that single specimen (as listed in Table 3.1).

The scoring of the outgroups present some problems. The molecular data are based on one or more representative species for each genus or higher order taxon included in the analysis, each again being based on a single specimen. Each outgroup species will carry its own particular set of morphological apomorphies that are not characteristic of the genus or higher order taxon as a whole, along with a number of plesiomorphies that are characteristic of that taxon. Hence scoring an outgroup using a single representative species will result in some misleading character state polarities. An alternative approach would be to score the morphological variation within a wide range of species within each outgroup. However, this approach is not without its own problems. a) If all the alternate states are scored as for the ingroups, it will introduce a high level of polymorphism into the data for the outgroups, rendering a clear polarities extremely unlikely. b) Any attempt to reduce this polymorphism by second-guessing the course of morphological evolution within each outgroup, so that only the hypothesised plesiomorphies were scored, would introduce a source of error. The analysis of Styphelieae (Powell et al. 1997) used this approach, and resulted in the distinction between the tribes Oligarrheneae and Styphelieae being obscured. Such an approach could only be justified if it was based on a full analysis of

21 Chapter 3. Plant materials

the outgroups. Further, such a morphological analysis is unlikely to produce a strong resolution of relationships among the outgroups unless it is also based on complementary molecular data. c) Finally, the above approaches would introduce a degree of non-comparability between the molecular and non-molecular data, which would bear on a combined analysis.

Since a full analysis, as in (b), is beyond the scope of this project, and since it could not be completed within the time constraints, the first approach of scoring a selection of specimens for the same species for which molecular data are available will be adopted. In most cases, more than one species has been included for each outgroup so as to more adequately represent the morphological diversity within the group. This should reduce the problem of false polarities to at least some extent. When these data are combined with the molecular data in a single analysis, the lower levels of homoplasy, higher numbers of informative characters and hence the stronger phylogenetic signal in the latter dataset should dominate the analysis and correct most of the false polarities in the morphological dataset. For this reason, I will place greater reliance on the combined analysis when drawing conclusions about the directions of evolution in morphological characters.

The plant materials used for this study were specimens obtained from field work as well as from herbarium materials held at the following herbaria: BO, BRI, CANB, GH, K, KRB1, L, LAE, MEL, NSW and NY. Authorities for all binomials used in this study are to be found in table 3.1. Since one of the major centres of diversity for the family and Elatostema is the Malesian region, many of the species used in the various phylogenetic analyses were from this region. Furthermore, financial limitations made it impossible to sample from other regions. Plant materials were collected from field work in Jawa, Bali, Sumatera, Sulawesi (Indonesia), and New South Wales (Australia) (including from Wilson River, Lord Howe Island and some living collections cultivated at Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney). The voucher specimens collected for this study for both morphological observation and DNA extracts (silica gel preserved) are listed in Table 3.1 below and are all held at the National Herbarium

1 The herbarium of Kebun Raya Bogor (Indonesia) is here referred to as KRB because it has not assigned an official ‘Index Herbariorum’ acronym.

22 Chapter 3. Plant materials of New South Wales (NSW), with replicate material lodged at other herbaria, as cited (Table 3.1).

3.2. Plant materials for morphological observation Specimens representing species from different tribes of Urticaceae (sensu Gaudichaud 1830) were included in the analyses as potential outgroups for this study: namely Pilea microphylla Liebm., P. nummulariifolia Wedd., Procris insularis H.Schroet., P. frutescens Blume, P. wightiana Wall. (tribe Elatostemeae); Boehmeria calophleba C.Moore & F.Muell., B. macrophylla Hornem., Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. (tribe Boehmerieae); Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew, D. stimulans (L.f.) Chew, Urtica dioica L., U. urens L. (tribe Urticeae) and Parietaria judaica L. (tribe Parietarieae).

Eight new species of Elatostema from Mt. Kinabalu published by Beaman and Celinese (2004) were included in the phylogenetic analyses using the morphological data derived from the published descriptions because replicate herbarium material was not available. These species were E. auriculatifolium, E. bullatum, E. dallasense, E. flavovirens, E. maraiparaiense, E. pinnativenium, E. purpurascens and E. serpentinicola. An extra seven species of Procris were also included using measurements made by Ariyanti (2004), namely P. anfracta (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm., P. archboldiana A.C.Sm., P. goepeliana (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm., P. pedunculata Wedd., P. reticulatovenosa (Hallier f.) H.Schroet., P. ruhlandii H.Schroet. and P. urdanetensis Elmer.

23 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Boehmeria calophleba C.Moore & F.Muell. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, Bed 1g, J.T. Hadiah 393, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW601970) (CULTIVATED – wild source unknown) Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, Bed 65i. Grid 8i5l, J.T. Hadiah 394, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW601974 and NSW602045) (CULTIVATED – wild source unknown) Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, air terjun Lembah Anai, B.J. Conn 4394, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 14 Jun 2001 (NSW489755) Dendrocnide stimulans (L.f.) Chew INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Cibodas, outside Kebun Paku, B.J.Conn 4441, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 28 Jun 2001 (NSW 489752) Dorstenia sp. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Bogor, Bostin XI.B.XIX, B.J. Conn 5090 & J.T. Hadiah, 06 Jun 2005 (NSW 719857) (CULTIVATED – wild source Malay Peninsula) Elatostema acuminatum Brongn. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM3.5, J.T. Hadiah 153, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431889); Kebun Raya Cibodas, Jalan Akar, track above the mosque, J.T. Hadiah 163, 26 Aug 1998 (NSW431888); Kabupaten Bogor, Gunung Bunder waterfall, J.T. Hadiah 249, 28 Sep 1998 (NSW431487) Elatostema backeri H.Schroet. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Cibodas, Track to Air terjun Cibodas, J.T. Hadiah 142, 24 Aug 1998 (NSW431833); Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM1, J.T. Hadiah 145–147, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431838, NSW431835 and NSW431837) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Padang, Kecamatan Bung Tekap, Air terjun Jembatan Sarang Lebah, J.T. Hadiah 457, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 23 Jun 2001 (NSW477492); Painan, Koto Baru, Air terjun Bayang Sani, B.J. Conn 4433, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 24 Jun 2001 (NSW477502)

Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study, arranged alphabetically according to species, then geographically according to region, then alphabetically according to Collector’s name and numerically according to collector’s number.

24 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Elatostema beccarii H.Schroet. PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe: 1 km (by road) N of Hobu Village, E of Sankwep River, B.J. Conn 5009, E.A. Brown & K.M. Fazang, 10 Nov 2004 (NSW 709327); B.J. Conn 5010, E.A. Brown & K.M. Fazang, 10 Nov 2004 (NSW 709328) Elatostema curtisii (Ridley) H.Schroet. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Kotanopan, Botung, Air terjun Sempuran Harimau, J.T. Hadiah 427, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 16 Jun 2001 (NSW477480) Elatostema grande (Wedd.) P.S.Green AUSTRALIA, NSW, Lord Howe Island: Smoking Track Ridge, on track to Goat House, E.A. Brown 2000/20, 8 Jun 2000 (NSW444499) Elatostema griffithianum Hallier f. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Halimun National Park, river below Gunung Botol camp, J.T. Hadiah 351, 04 Dec 1998 (NSW431519) Elatostema heyneanum (Wedd.) Hallier f. INDIA: Coimbatore, C.E.C. Fischer 1952, 30 May 1910 (K); Nilghiri [Nilgiri Hills], H. Schröter s.n., without date [at least 1935] (K) SINGAPORE: Botanic Gardens, J. & M.S. Clemens 22425, 1929 (A) Elatostema integrifolium (D.Don) Wedd.2 AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, Arc - Grid b2, J.T. Hadiah 396, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW601972) (CULTIVATED – ex PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe, 25 km W of Bulolo, G. Fensom 60, 10 Aug 1990) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Air terjun Sikulikap, Desa Mejuah-juah, Kabupaten Karo, J.T. Hadiah 456, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 21 Jun 2001 (NSW477043) INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM3. J.T. Hadiah 152, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431931) INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Timur: Nongkojajar, Air Terjun Rambut Moyo, J.T. Hadiah 224, 13 Sep 1998 (NSW431924); Batu, Kutukan Sindi, Air terjun Cangar, J.T. Hadiah 242, 15 Sep 1998 (NSW431463) Elatostema kinabaluense Gibbs INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Padang, Kecamatan Bung Tekap, Air terjun Jembatan Sarang Lebah, J.T. Hadiah 459, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 23 Jun 2001 (NSW477501)

2 The International Plant Name Index (IPNI 2004+) incorrectly lists Elatostema integrifolium as a synonym of E. sesquifolium (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk. However, the basionym of E. integrifolium, namely, Procris integrifolia D.Don was published between 26 January – 1 February 1825 (Don 1825), whereas the basionym of E. sesquifolium, namely, Procris sesquifolia Reinw. ex Blume was published between 12 June – 2 July 1825 (Blume 1825). Refer Stafleu and Cowan (1976, 1979) for discussion of publication dates. Note, the taxonomic distinctness of E. sesquifolium from E. integrifolium has not been evaluated in this study.

25 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Elatostema latifolium Blume ANDAMAN ISLANDS: King 448, Jun 1885 [not 1884 as cited in Schröter & Winkler 1936] (K) THAILAND: Tapli, C.B. Kloss 6777, without date (K); Tasan, C.B. Kloss 7055, without date (K) MALAYSIA, Johore: Gunung Panti, H.N. Ridley 4161, 1892 (K) MALAYSIA, Penang: Baluk Polo Road, C. Curtis 682, Feb 1886 (K) Elatostema lineolatum Wight. BHUTAN, Samchi: 1 km below Kamji, Phuntsholing, A.J.C. Grierson & D.G. Long 861, 6 May 1979 (K); Tamangdhanra Forest, Samchi, A.J.C. Grierson & D.G. Long 3296, 28 Feb 1982 (K) INDIA, East Bengal: Assam, Between Apa Tani valley and camp I, Cox and Hutchison 382, 15 Apr 1965 (K) THAILAND: Tasau, C.B. Kloss 6976, 5 Nov 1919 (K) MALAYSIA, Malay Peninsula: Gentings, Saw L.-G. FRI34288, 20 Mar 1987 (K) Elatostema macrophyllum Brongn. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, air terjun Lembah Anai, B.J. Conn 4397, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 14 Jun 2001 (NSW 477317) INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Curug Sawer, Warung Loa Wana Wisata Curug Nangka, J.T. Hadiah 252, 29 Sep 1998 (NSW431394); Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM2, J.T. Hadiah 148, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431875) INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Timur: Kabupaten Malang, Batu, Cangar Hotspring, J.T. Hadiah 245, 15 Sep 1998 (NSW431464) PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe: Manggak-ngone, 4 km E of Wagau B.J. Conn 5038 et al., 13 Nov 2004 (NSW 709416) Elatostema manillense Wedd. PHILIPPINES, Alabat: Alabat Island, M. Ramos & G. Edaño BS48254, Sep–Oct 1926 (NY) PHILIPPINES, Batanes: Batan Island, Mt Iraya, M RamosBS80185, May 1930 (NY); M. Ramos BS80242, Jun–Jul 1930 (NY) PHILIPPINES, Luzon: Nueva Ecÿa, Mt Carabalio, Anonymous 3540, Mar 1886 (K); Rizal, Mt Angilog, A. Loher 6915, Mar 1906 (K) PHILIPPINES, Mindanao: Agusan River, E.D. Merrill 7283, Oct 1910 (NY)

Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

26 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Elatostema novoguineense Warb. PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe: Manggak-ngone, 4 km E of Wagau B.J. Conn 5039 et al., 13 Nov 2004 (NSW 709417) Elatostema paludosum Miq. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kabupaten Bogor Curug Sawer, Warung Loa Wana Wisata Curug Nangka, J.T. Hadiah 252, 29 Sep 1998 (NSW431394); Kabupaten Bogor, Ciapus, Curug Luhur, J.T. Hadiah 256, 29 Sep 1998 (NSW431397) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Kabupaten Asahan, a waterfall on road side of Jalan Sigura-gura towards Sigura-gura, c. 184 km from Pematang Siantar via Kisaran, B.J. Conn 4412, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 19 Jun 2001 (NSW477465) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Painan, Koto Baru, Air terjun Bayang Sani, B.J. Conn 4434, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 24 Jun 2001 (NSW477419) Elatostema papillosum Wedd. BHUTAN: Shongar Ghu valley below Zimgaon, A.J.C. Grierson & D.G, Long 2459, 4 Jul 1979 (K) INDIA, Tamilnadu: Kodaikanal, Dindigul, K.M. Matthew RHT40552, 24 Jul 1984 (K) BANGLADESH, East Bengal: Khalia, Griffith 4552, 1803–1804 (K) BANGLADESH, East Bengal: Chittagong, J.L. Lister s.n., 1876 (K) Elatostema parvum Blume ex Miq. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM3.5 J.T. Hadiah 154, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431922) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Kabupaten Karo, Desa Mejuah-juah, Air terjun Sikulikap, J.T. Hadiah 452, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 21 Jun 2001 (NSW477147) Elatostema pedunculosum Miq. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: ‘KM 1’ sign, Kawah Ratu, Wana Wisata Gunung Bunder, J.T. Hadiah 247, 28 Sep 1998 (NSW431388); Mount Halimun National Park, Pasir Banteng, J.T. Hadiah 312, 27 Nov 1998 (NSW431382) Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier f. & H.Schroet. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Hutan Wisata Sibolangit, J.T. Hadiah 445, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 21 Jun 2001 (NSW 477186) Elatostema reticulatum Wedd. AUSTRALIA, NSW, North Coast: Wilson River Flora Reserve, Mt Boss State Forest, NW of Wauchope, A.J. Perkins 2000/01, 2000 (NSW745196)

Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

27 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Elatostema rostratum (Blume) Hassk. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Cibodas, Track to air terjun Cibodas, J.T. Hadiah 141, 24 Aug 1998 (NSW431851); J.T. Hadiah 143, 24 Aug 1998 (NSW431852); J.T. Hadiah 144, 24 Aug 1998 (NSW431854); Gunung Halimun National Park, Cikaniki, J.T. Hadiah 365, 29 Jan 1999 (NSW431544) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Kabupaten Asahan, c. 180 km from Pematang Siantar towards air terjun Sigura- gura via Kisaran, J.T. Hadiah 453, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 19 Jun 2001 (NSW489411); Kabupaten Karo, Desa Mejuah-juah, Air terjun Sikulikap J.T. Hadiah 455, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 21 Jun 2001 (NSW477138) Elatostema sessile J.R.Forst. & G. Forst. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM2, J.T. Hadiah 148, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431875); Warung Loa Wana Wisata Curug Nangka, Curug Sawer, J.T. Hadiah 253, 29 Sep 1998 (NSW431459) INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Air terjun Sipiso-piso, J.T. Hadiah 441, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 20 Jun 2001 (NSW 477041); Kabupaten Karo, Desa Mejuah-juah, Air terjun Sikulikap, J.T. Hadiah 453, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 21 Jun 2001 (NSW477146) AUSTRALIA, NSW, CENTRAL COAST: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Bed 65b, J.T. Hadiah 392, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW746172) (CULTIVATED – Wild Source unknown) Elatostema sinuatum (Blume) Hassk. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Bogor, Bostin XI.B.XIX, B.J. Conn 5087 & J.T. Hadiah, 06 Jun 2005 (NSW 719854) Elatostema stipitatum Wedd. AUSTRALIA, NSW, North Coast: Wilson River Flora Reserve, Mt Boss State Forest, NW of Wauchope, A.J. Perkins 2000/02, 2000 (NSW745197) Elatostema strigosum Hassk. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Air terjun Cibeureum, J.T. Hadiah 159, 26 Aug 1998 (NSW431877) INDONESIA, BALI: Gitgit Village, Air terjun Banjar Ampanan, near the hotspring, J.T. Hadiah 207, 09 Sep 1998 (NSW431880) Elatostema strigosum Hassk. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: 18 km from main road Prapat - Pematang Siantar towards Tongging, J.T. Hadiah 439, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 20 Jun 2001 (NSW477036); Kabupaten Karo, Desa Mejuah-juah, Air terjun Sikulikap, J.T. Hadiah 448, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 21 Jun 2001 (NSW477179) INDONESIA, BALI: Kebun Raya Eka Karya, track through the Cyathea Park to the Ethnobotany Building, J.T. Hadiah 178, 07 Sep 1998 (NSW431883)

Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

28 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Elatostema tsoongii (Merr.) H.Schroet. CHINA, Hainan: Pak Shik Ling, Ku Tung Village, Lei, C.I. 1028, without date (K) CHINA, Yunnan: Szemoe, A. Henry 12112, without date (K) Elatostema urvilleanum Brongn. INDONESIA, SUMATERA Sumatera Barat: Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, air terjun Lembah Anai, B.J. Conn 4398, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 14 Jun 2001 (NSW 477137) Elatostema velutinicaule H.Winkl. INDONESIA, BALI: Batukau Nature Reserve, Bukit Tapak, J.T. Hadiah 183, 07 Sep 1998 (NSW431919); Kebun Raya Eka Karya, pathway to Teratai Bang Temple, J.T. Hadiah 185, 07 Sep 1998 (NSW 431879) Elatostema vitatum Hallier f. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Bogor, Bostin XI.B.XIX, B.J. Conn 5089 & J.T. Hadiah, 06 Jun 2005 (NSW719856) (CULTIVATED – wild source ex Aceh, Indonesia) Elatostema sp. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: 18 km from main road Prapat - Pematang Siantar towards Tongging, J.T. Hadiah 438, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 20 Jun 2001 (NSW477032) Elatostema sp. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Utara: Air terjun Sipiso-piso, J.T. Hadiah 441, B.J. Conn & E.E. Ariyanti, 20 Jun 2001 (NSW477041) Elatostema sp. INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Jambi: Bangko, Kecamatan Muara Siau, Air terjun Sigirincing, Dusun Tuo, B.J. Conn 4379, J.T. Hadiah & E.E. Ariyanti, 11 Jun 2001 (NSW477040) Elatostema sp. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Telaga Biru, track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM15, J.T. Hadiah 157, 25 Aug 1998 (NSW431872) Elatostema sp. INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Garut, Talegong, Sukamulya village, Kampung Pasir Hayam, Hutan Lindung Himalaya 1, Yuzammi 399068, 12 Feb 1999 (NSW 746173) Elatostema sp. PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe: Manggak-ngone, 4 km E of Wagau, B.J. Conn 5027 et al., 13 Nov 2004 (NSW 709392) Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Bed 65b, J.T. Hadiah 395, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW601971) (CULTIVATED – wild source unknown) Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

29 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Parietaria judaica L. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: 13 Baldwin Street, Erskineville, B.J. Conn 4468 & E.A. Brown, 19 Sep 2002 (NSW 494981) Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, outside the Central Depot, J.T. Hadiah 398, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW718533) Pilea nummulariifolia Wedd. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, J.T. Hadiah 389, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW601969) (CULTIVATED – wild source unknown) Poikilospermum sp. ‘Woolliams547’3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, HAWAII: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, D. Orr s.n., Jul 2005 (NSW 719905) (CULTIVATED – wild source PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Central: Musgrave River, 58 km from University of Papua New Guinea, K.R. Woolliams 547,08 Aug 1975 (NSW719928) Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. MALAYSIA, Pahang: Air terjun Jeriau, Raub, Fraser's Hill, J.T. Hadiah 478, Y.C. Chan & S. Farihan, 22 Feb 2006 (NSW743451, NSW 805666) INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Kebun Raya Bogor, Bostin XI.B.XIX, B.J. Conn 5086 & J.T. Hadiah, 06 Jun 2005 (NSW 719850) (CULTIVATED – wild source ex Singapore); Procris frutescens Blume INDONESIA, SUMATERA, Sumatera Barat: Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, air terjun Lembah Anai, E.E. Ariyanti 5, J.T. Hadiah & B.J. Conn, 14 Jun 2001 (NSW477528); Bonjol, Desa Lurah Berangin, 5 km from the Equator Monument at Desa Ganggo Mudia Sumatera Utara, E.E. Ariyanti 6 & 7, J.T. Hadiah & B.J. Conn, 15 Jun 2001 (NSW477530, NSW477538, respectively); Air terjun (waterfall) Sempuran Harimau, Botung, Kotanopan, E.E. Ariyanti 8, J.T. Hadiah & B.J. Conn, 16 Jun 2001 (NSW477543) INDONESIA, JAWA, Jawa Barat: Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park, track to Air terjun Cibeureum, HM2, J.T. Hadiah 149, 05 Aug 1998 (NSW431871); Kebun Raya Cibodas, Jalan Akar, track above the mosque, B.J. Conn 4472, E.E. Ariyanti, D. Mudiana, A.R. Gumilang & Ajun, 18 Feb 2003 (NSW601852); INDONESIA, SULAWESI, Sulawesi Selatan: Road between Wotu and Danau Poso, Hendrian 115, G. Argent & M. Mendum, 20 Feb 2000 (E); Enrekang, Rantemario above Rantelemo, Hendrian 246, G. Argent & M. Mendum, 05 Mar 2000 (E); Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

3 This specimen is here regarded as either an unknown species of Elatostema subg. Pellionia or a species of Procris. It was incorrectly identified by Sytsma et al. (2002) as Poikilospermum and hence, incorrectly listed in GenBank. This taxon is referred to as Elatostema sp. AF500362 in later chapters of this thesis.

30 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Procris insularis H.Schroet. AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Arc (Grid f8), J.T. Hadiah 390, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW718388) (CULTIVATED – SEYCHELLES, La Reserve, Mahé, A. Hay 8018, 11 Oct 1992, NSW4180139) SEYCHELLES: Mahé, H.J. Thomasset & J.S. Gardiner s.n., 25 Feb 1909 (K); Congo Rouge, Mahé, P. Procter 4075, Jul 1970 (K); H.J. Schleiben 11803, 20 Oct 1970 (K) Procris pedunculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Wedd. INDONESIA, SULAWESI, Sulawesi Utara: Desa Duasaudara, c. 17 km N of Girian, on road to Cagar Alam Dua Bersaudara, Tangkoko-Batuangus-Duasudara Reserve, Bitung Utara, B.J. Conn 4476, E.E. Ariyanti & D. Mudiana, 21 Feb 2003 (NSW601915); Patokaan Forest Reserve, N of Desa Patokaan, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Kecamatan Dimembe, B.J. Conn 4476, F. Dien, E.E. Ariyanti & D. Mudiana, 22 Feb 2003 (NSW602010); INDONESIA, SULAWESI, Sulawesi Selatan: Pemandian Tilanga, Desa Sarirah, Kecamatan Makale, Kabupaten Tana Toraja, B.J. Conn 4568, E.E. Ariyanti & D. Mudiana, 03 Mar 2003 (NSW603291); NEW CALEDONIA, Province Sud: Col des Roussettes, road from Bourail to Houailou. K.L. Wilson 7185a, 26 Mar 1987 (NSW196480); USA, Hawaii: Waimea Valley Audubon Center, Anonymous 82P842, Jul 2005 (Waimea) (CULTIVATED – wild source unknown) Procris ruhlandii H.Schroet. INDONESIA, BALI: Kebun Raya Eka Karya, Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, E.E. Ariyanti 19 & 22, 10 Aug 2001 (NSW484912, NSW484917, respectively); Gunung Batu Kau, Bedugul, Dilmy 917, 17 Mar 1964 (L0485411); Batukau Nature Reserve, Bukit Tapak, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 123 et al., 24 Jun 1958 (K)

Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

31 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Procris wightiana Wall. JAPAN: Sekimon-Yama, Hahajima, Ogasawara Islands, G. Murata 534, H. Tabata, K. Tsuchiya & K. Takada, 13 Jul 1975 (L0485389) THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, J.E. Vidal 5172B, 26 Sep 1971 (L0485610) SRI LANKA, Central: Kandy, Between upper limits of Pattiyagama and Loonecondara Estates, F.R. Fosberg 57952, 22 Oct 1978 (L0485392, NY) AUSTRALIA, NSW, Central Coast: Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, J.T. Hadiah 397, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW601973) (CULTIVATED – CHINA, Yunnan, 12 km NE of Mangshi in the Shui Yuan Ling Valley, B.J. Wallace 768/90, Nov 1990, NSW4005489) Urtica dioica L. AUSTRALIA, NSW Central Coast: Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Herb Garden, Grid 5, J.T. Hadiah 391, 21 Jun 2000 (NSW 745164) (CULTIVATED – wild source unknown, NSW4096425) Urtica urens L. AUSTRALIA, NSW Central Coast: 116 Bronzewing Street, Tahmoor, B.M. Wiecek s.n., 20 Sep 2002 (NSW722989)

Table 3.1. List of voucher specimens used in this study (Continued)

3.3. Plant materials for molecular study Fresh leaf materials, particularly from young shoots, were cleaned and stored in airtight plastic bags with silica gel in the field, and then stored in the freezer at -20ºC.

A total of 38 taxa of Urticaceae were sampled for molecular work in this study and are listed in Table 3.2. Of these, 23 taxa (comprising 52 specimens) were species of Elatostema and 15 were species of other urticaceous genera. For more sampling of taxa, particularly above the genus level, my molecular data sets were supplemented by sequences available on GenBank (as indicated in Table 3.2).

32 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Taxa Voucher No. rbcL atpBrbcL trn region ITS CANNABACEAE sensu Stevens (2001+) Cannabis sativa AJ390068 AJ390367 Celtis iguanaea AY488673 Celtis sinensis D86309 Celtis yunnanensis L12638 Humulus lupulus AB033889 - intron AB033890 – spacer CECROPIACEAE Cecropia palmate AF501615 Coussapoa ovalifolia AF501616 Poikilospermum suaveolens Conn 4468 “Poikilospermum sp.”4 Woolliams547 AF500362 AF501617

MORACEAE Dorstenia mannii AF501604 “D. psilurus”5 AJ390066 D. psilurus AF390365 Dorstenia sp. Conn 5090 Ficus benjamina AF501605 F. pretoriae AJ390067 Morus alba D86319 “M. alba”6 L01933 M. rubra U06812 Streblus pendulinus AF501609

ROSACEAE Prunus persica AF206813

Table 3.2. List of voucher specimens used for DNA extracts and GenBank numbers for sequences. Classification of Urticaceae follows Friis 1989, 1993. When there is no voucher cited, the sequences were obtained from GenBank. When there is a ‘check’ mark () instead of a GenBank number, the sequences produced in this study have not been lodged in GenBank yet. Further details on voucher specimens are given in Table 3.1 above.

4 Refer footnote 2 5 The rbcL sequence of Dorstenia psilurus AJ390066 (obtained from GenBank) proved to be a sequence of from amongst the Rhamnaceae, based on a BLAST search (Hadiah et al. 2003) (also refer Section 6.2). 6 The rbcL sequence of Morus alba L01933 (from GenBank) proved to be a sequence from amongst a group of Prunus taxa, based on a BLAST search (Hadiah et al. 2003) (also refer Section 6.2).

33 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Taxa Voucher No. rbcL atpBrbcL trn region ITS URTICAEAE Boehmerieae Boehmeria biloba AJ390069 AJ390371 B. calophleba Hadiah 393 AY208700 AY208723 B. grandis AF500354 B. macrophylla Hadiah 394 AY208701 AY208722 B. nivea AJ235801 B. nivea AF062005 B. nivea AF501610 Cypholophus aff. trapula DQ179365 Myriocarpa longipes Hadiah 395 AY208705 AY208720 AY208724

Elatostemeae Elatostema - Elatostemoides Elatostema integrifolium Hadiah 152 E. integrifolium Hadiah 224 AY208742 E. integrifolium Hadiah 242 AY208741 E. integrifolium Hadiah 396 E. integrifolium Hadiah 456 E. rostratum Hadiah 141 AY208714 E. rostratum Hadiah 143 E. rostratum Hadiah 144 AY208743 E. rostratum Hadiah 365 E. rostratum Hadiah 455 Elatostema - Elatostema Elatostema acuminatum Hadiah 153 E. acuminatum Hadiah 163 AY208710 AY208745 E. acuminatum Hadiah 249 AY208702 AY208711 AY208744 E. grande Brown 2000/20 E. kinabaluense Hadiah 459 E. macrophyllum Conn 4397 E. macrophyllum Conn 5038 E. macrophyllum Hadiah 245 AY208739 E. novoguineense Conn 5039 E. paludosum Hadiah 252 E. paludosum Hadiah 256 AY208740 E. paludosum Conn 4412 E. paludosum Conn 4434 E. pedunculosum Hadiah 312 AY208738 E. reticulatum Perkins 00/01 AY208708 AY208737 E. sessile Hadiah 253 E. sessile Hadiah 392 E. sessile Hadiah 441 E. sessile Hadiah 453 E. stipitatum Perkins 00/02 AY208709 AY208736 E. urvilleanum Conn 4398 E. velutinicaule Hadiah 183 AY208713 E. velutinicaule Hadiah 185

Table 3.2. List of voucher specimens for DNA extracts and GenBank numbers for sequences used in this study (Continued)

34 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Taxa Voucher No. rbcL atpBrbcL trn region ITS Elatostema - Pellionia Elatostema curtisii Hadiah 427 AY208731 E. griffithianum Hadiah 351 AY208732 E. repens Hadiah 445 AY208730 E. sinuatum Conn 5087 Pellionia daveauana7 AF500358 AF501612 Elatostema - Weddellia Elatostema backeri Conn 4433 E. backeri Hadiah 142 E. backeri Hadiah 145 E. backeri Hadiah 146 E. backeri Hadiah 147 E. backeri Hadiah 457 E. parvum Hadiah 154 AY208703 AY208712 AY208733 E. parvum Hadiah 452 E. strigosum Hadiah 159 AY208717 AY208735 E. strigosum Hadiah 178 AY208715 AY208734 E. strigosum Hadiah 207 AY208716 E. strigosum Hadiah 439 E. strigosum Hadiah 448 E. vittatum Conn 5089 unidentified Elatostema sp. Hadiah 438 Elatostema sp. Hadiah 441 Elatostema sp. Conn 4379 Elatostema sp. Conn 5027 Elatostema sp. Yuzammi399068 Pilea Pilea craspedodroma AY756275 Pilea depressa AF500359 AF501613 Pilea jayaensis AY756274 Pilea johnsii AY756276 Pilea microphylla Hadiah 398 AY208726 Pilea nummulariifolia Hadiah 389 AY208721 AY208727 Pilea pumila AF206811 Procris Procris frutescens Hadiah 149 AY208704 AY208718 AY208728 Procris insularis Hadiah 390 AY208706 AY208719 AY208729 Procris pedunculata 82P842 Procris ruhlandii Ariyanti 19 Procris wightiana Hadiah 397

Parietarieae Parietaria judaica Conn 4468 Parietaria pensylvanica AF501611

Table 3.2. List of voucher specimens for DNA extracts and GenBank numbers for sequences used in this study (Continued)

7 Pellionia daveauana N.E.Br. is a synonymy for Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier f. & H.Schroet. (Schröter and Winkler 1935, p. 25-26), therefore this particular GenBank accession is referred to as E. repens in later chapters of this thesis.

35 Chapter 3. Plant materials

Taxa Voucher No. rbcL atpBrbcL trn region ITS Urticeae Dendrocnide sinuata Conn 4394 D. stimulans Conn 4441 Hesperocnide tenella AF500355 Laportea canadensis AF500356 Urera glabra AF500360 AF501614 Urera laciniata DQ179367 Urtica dioica Hadiah 391 AY208707 AY208725 Urtica dioica AF500361 Urtica urens Wiecek s.n., NSW722989

Table 3.2. List of voucher specimens for DNA extracts and GenBank numbers for sequences used in this study (Continued)

36 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

Chapter 4. MOLECULAR DATA

4.1. Introduction The overall aims of this thesis are to test the monophyly of the tribe Elatostemeae and the genus Elatostema, and to evaluate the relationships within Urticaceae, Elatostemeae and within Elatostema, in particular. The rapidly increasing use of molecular techniques has focused attention on the advantages and disadvantages of molecular versus morphological evidence (Donoghue and Sanderson 1992). I have followed a “two-step process” (sensu Sytsma et al. 1991) in which trees based on molecular data are used to interpret the evolution of morphological features. The study of the precise arrangement of the four nucleotides, adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine, within homologous regions of the DNA enables the comparison of morphologically diverse taxa generally more easily than morphologically based comparisons because the characters have a wider domain and homologies are more readily recognised. Although molecular data are known to be subject to convergence and parallelism similar to morphological data, there are vastly more molecular characters available and their interpretation is generally easier (Judd et al. 1999). However, the increased number of characters does not automatically add evidential weight and statistical power to phylogenetic inferences. Although, it appears that more characters (per taxon) generally results in higher level of confidence as measured by the bootstrap (Sanderson 1989). However, the ratio of phylogenetically uninformative (constant or autapomorphic) characters to potentially informative ones has typically been very high in molecular data (Donoghue and Sanderson 1992). Phylogenetic studies of the Saururaceae indicate that discrepancy occurs between morphological and molecular analyses and even among molecular results from different genomes (Wanke et al. 2007). Furthermore, most of the variation between sequences is cryptic, in that it is not expressed in the phenotype, either because of the degenerate nature of the DNA code or because, the function of the gene product is not affected by the change in amino-acid sequence (Alvarez and Wendel 2003). Hence, the molecular characters are not subjected to the same level of selective pressures that drive much of the parallelism and convergence in morphological characters. Consequently, molecular data are widely used for generating phylogenetic hypotheses.

37 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

4.1.1. Chloroplast data Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the most widely studied plant genome (Soltis and Soltis 1998; Shaw et al. 2005 and 2007), rivalled recently by nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences (Álvarez and Wendel 2003). The circular chloroplast genome of angiosperms is quite small, ranging from 120 to 200 kilobase pairs (kb) long, and consists of a small and a large single copy region that are separated from each other by two identical regions known as the ‘inverted repeats’ (Judd et al. 1999, Soltis and Soltis 1998). Since there are many copies of cpDNA and they are relatively robust, because of their circular structure, it is usually relatively easy to extract and analyse (Clegg and Zurawski 1992). Paralogy (gene duplication) is not a problem with cpDNA as most genes on the chloroplast exist as single copies (Olmstead and Palmer 1994). Other advantages of using chloroplast sequences to reconstruct evolutionary history is that they are only maternally inherited within angiosperms (Judd et al. 1999), having a non-reticulate evolutionary pattern, so that their history is easier to reconstruct than that of a typical nuclear gene (Doyle 1993).

The rbcL gene was initially the most studied gene of cpDNA (Albach et al. 2001, Chase et al. 1993, Muasya et al. 2001, Palumbi 1996, Soltis et al. 1990, Shaw et al. 2005). This gene is located in the large single copy region of the chloroplast genome and encodes the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) (Soltis and Soltis 1998) (Figure 4.1). It is usually 1,428, 1,431 or 1,434 base pairs (bp) long and has been preferred for inferring phylogenetic relationship at the family level and above (Soltis and Soltis 1998). Since this gene is under strong selection for functional efficiency of the gene product, it shows a quite low rate of change, which takes place mostly at the third codon position, and contains very few insertion/deletions (indels), all of which are multiples of 3 bp in order not to affect the reading frame within the gene.

38 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

rbcL 1 861F 381F

rbcL

497R rbcL 2

Figure 4.1. A schematic diagram of the rbcL gene of cpDNA showing the approximate position and direction of primers used in this study (as indicated by the arrows) with the primers names below the arrows (as listed in Table 4.1).

Subsequent researchers began to explore additional gene sequence, one of which was atpß (Hoot et al. 1995, Jensen et al. 1995, Wolf 1997). The atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer is a non-coding region in cpDNA and is located between the 3’ ends of the atpß and rbcL genes (Figure 4.2). Although it is approximately 900 bp long, the length may vary considerably due to the presence of indels. These indels are very numerous and may be phylogenetically informative (Soltis and Soltis 1998). Given that most of this spacer is non-functional (apart from a few very short promoter regions; Crayn and Quinn 2000), the rate of change in sequence is much higher than in rbcL and indels of any length are tolerated. Golenberg et al. (1993) suggested that this region is good for inferring relationships within and between genera.

377F 2603F atpß rbcL

2604R 2607R 520R

Figure 4.2. A schematic diagram of the atpß and rbcL genes with the intergenic spacer in between. Arrows indicate the approximate position and direction of primers used in this study with the primers names below the arrows (as listed in Table 4.1).

39 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

Another widely used non-coding region of cpDNA includes the trnL-F intergenic spacer plus the nearby trnL intron (Figure 4.3), and also has potential in inferring phylogenetic relationships at the generic level (Gielly at al. 1996, Gielly and Taberlet 1994a, 1994b, Taberlet et al. 1991). This region, which for simplicity is henceforth referred to as trn, is relatively small: the trnL intron is approximately 350–600 bp and the trnL-F spacer approximately 120–350 bp (Soltis and Soltis 1998). It evolves about three times faster than rbcL and hence contains more information than that longer gene (Soltis and Soltis 1998). Being non-coding, indels are again frequent and often informative of relationships.

CalTabF

A50272F A49855F

intron spacer trnL (UAA) trnL (UAA) trnF (GAA) 5 exon 3 exon gene

A50272R B49317R

Figure 4.3. A schematic diagram of the non-coding trnL-F region of the cpDNA. Arrows indicate the approximate position and direction of primers used in this study with the primers names below the arrows (as listed in Table 4.1).

4.1.2. Nuclear data The nuclear genome (nDNA) complements cpDNA for phylogeny reconstruction, allowing events such as introgression and hybridisation to be investigated. However, nDNA is much larger and more complex than cpDNA with many repeats of regions and large amounts of non-coding sequence. Ribosomal genes consist of the small subunit (18S) and large subunit (26S) genes. These are separated by a smaller (5.8S) gene. The entire set of genes is transcribed as a single unit. There are short internal transcribed spacers (ITS) between these three genes (refer Figure 4.4). There are many paralogous copies of this set of three ribosomal genes arranged in tandem, with the different sets separated by an untranscribed intergenic spacer region (IGS).

40 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

The ITS region of the nDNA evolves rapidly and, therefore, is often used to resolve relationships between species and closely related genera (Soltis and Soltis 1998). It also contains a high frequency of mostly very short indels (Soltis and Soltis 1998). However, the existence of multiple copies of ITS within the nucleus may present problems in sequence generation and interpretation, since each copy may evolve differently. In such cases it is necessary to separate out the various copies using cloning techniques so that each copy may be sequenced separately. Fortunately, in many cases it has been found that all copies of ITS are identical because of the process of concerted evolution (Wendel and Doyle 1998). It is necessary, however, to be alert to the possibility of different paralogous copies when sequencing ITS. This results in frequent polymorphisms arising in the sequence. No such evidence has been detected in this study, leading me to believe that concerted evolution is regularly maintaining uniformity of sequence within the ITS region of Urticaceae and its relatives. Therefore, cloning was not done in this thesis. It is possible that single but different paralogous copies may selectively amplify in different taxa, in which case no polymorphism would be evident. One way to detect this type of problem would be to check the branch lengths on the resultant trees and compare with cpDNA trees for the same taxa. Taxa with abnormally long branch length in the ITS analysis relative to the trn analysis would be suspect, especially if the placement of those taxa differs between ITS and trn trees.

41 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

MKT56 F ITS-E2F 1830F ITS1 ITS2 ETS 18S 5.8S 26S

ITS-E1R MKT57R 307R

Figure 4.4. A schematic diagram of a nuclear 18-26S ribosomal DNA repeat, showing the position of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS). Arrows indicate the approximate position and direction of primers used in this study with the primers names below the arrows (as listed in Table 4.1).

4.2. Materials and methods 4.2.1. Choice of regions Three regions of the chloroplast genome (rbcL gene, atpß-rbcL and trn) and one region of the nuclear genome (ITS) were selected for this study. The rbcL gene was chosen to test the monophyly of the family because previous work proved that this region is quite conservative (Clegg 1993). Previous work on this gene provided some monophyly in the Urticales, such as Chase et al. (1993), Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998), Savolainen et al. (2000), Soltis et al. (2000). Furthermore, there are many sequences available in GenBank for Urticaceae (approximately 28 sequences), and also for representatives of several of the related families (32 sequences of other closely related families).

The rbcL gene, however, often provides poor resolution of relationships between closely related genera (Gielly and Taberlet 1994a). Therefore, two potentially more informative regions of cpDNA were chosen to examine relationships within the family, namely the atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer (in GenBank there are six sequences for Cannabaceae; 175 for Rosales), and the trn region (including trnL- F intergenic spacer, trnL intron and intervening trnL exon; refer Figure 4.3) (in GenBank there are eight sequences for Urticaceae; 12 other closely related families).

42 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

Since rbcL and trnL–F have been used to evaluate relationships within the Urticalean rosids and the related Rhamnaceae (for example, Sytsma et al. (2002), Richardson et al. 2000, respectively), it was decided that these two genes would be suitable data source for the phylogenetic study of familial and infra-familial relationship in this thesis. The ITS region of the nuclear genome is more variable than the former regions of cpDNA, and was chosen to examine relationships between species of Elatostema (in GenBank there are 93 sequences for Urticaceae, 89 of which were sequences for Pilea; 396 other closely related families). Monro (2006) used ITS (and trnL–F) to evaluate the phylogeny of 88 species of Pilea (Elatostemeae), a closely related genus to Elatostema. Therefore, it was decided that this region was probably suitable for revealing relationships within the genus Elatostema.

4.2.2. Outgroup choice Since Chase et al. (1993, figures 11B & 16), Soltis et al. (2000, figure 7A, p. 408) and Sytsma et al. (2002, figure 2b) concluded that the Urticaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae and Ulmacaeae (= Celtidaceae sensu Soltis et al. 2000, figure 7, as used in this thesis; Cannabaceae sensu Stevens 2001+) form a strongly supported clade, species from the latter three families have been used for outgroup comparison in the rbcL analysis. This analysis was used to test the monophyly of Urticaceae.

Outgroup choice for each of the other three data sets (namely, atpß-rbcL, trnL–F and ITS) was based on the result of the above rbcL analysis.

Myriocarpa longipes (currently regarded as a member of Boehmerieae), was chosen for outgroup comparison in the analysis of atpß-rbcL data since the rbcL analyses showed that this taxon is sister to the ingroup Elatostemeae plus Urticeae and one member of Cecropiaceae (namely, Poikilospermum suaveolens).

Analyses of the trn sequences for Urticaceae were rooted using the related sister family Cannabaceae (sensu Stevens 2001+; which includes Celtidaceae sensu Chase et al. 1993). The Cannabaceae is sister to the Moraceae and Urticaceae

43 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

(Chase et al. 1993). The taxa included in the outgroup were Celtis iguanaea, Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus (all Cannabaceae sensu Stevens 2001+). The Cecropiaceae (sensu Berg 1978) was included in the ingroup because of the anomalous position of Poikilospermum within the Urticeae (based on my rbcL analysis). Another closely related Moraceae is also included in the analyses for the following reasons. Even though Moraceae is distinct from Urticaceae and clearly closely related (Chase et al. 1993; Soltis et al. 2000), the relationship between the two families is unclear. Based on Chase et al. (1993), the Cannabaceae is sister to the closely related Urticaceae and Moraceae. Based on Soltis et al. (2000), however, the Urticaceae is sister to Moraceae and Cannabaceae (sensu Stevens 2001+). Therefore, the Moraceae was also included in the ingroup so that the relationship between the former two families could be revealed.

Dorstenia sp. (Moraceae) was used to root the analyses of ITS data to estimate infrageneric relationships in Elatostema because ITS sequence of this taxon was available. It was considered to be a suitable outgroup to Elatostema sensu lato that was not too remote, thus avoiding potential alignment problems.

The narrow analysis of the combined morphological and molecular data (with no missing data) was rooted using Elatostema sinuatum because the taxon was placed sister to the remaining species in the data set based on the trnL-F and ITS analyses. Whereas Cannabaceae (sensu Stevens 2001+) was used to root the broader analyses of the combined morphological and molecular data (with missing data – refer Chapter 11.3 for explanation of this dataset) with the same reason as for the trnL-F analyses explained above.

4.2.3. Nested Sampling The phylogeny of Elatostema and the family Urticaceae was investigated using a nested sampling approach. The results from the rbcL analysis were used to select the taxa to be used for the analysis of the phylogeny within the Urticaceae (ingroup) using trn data, and to select the outgroup for this analysis. Then based on the trn analysis, the study of the phylogeny of Elatostema was initially based

44 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

on an analysis of atpB-rbcL data and, subsequently, ITS data. The outgroup for the latter two analyses was selected from the trn analysis. This nested sampling approach was used because it was an effective use of the limited time and resources available with the study period.

4.2.4. DNA extraction and purification of DNA product DNA was extracted from 0.2-0.25 g silica gel dried leaves using the protocols as presented in Appendix 1. The genomic DNA was then purified using the protocol by Gilmour et al. (1993) as described in Appendix 2.

4.2.5. Gene amplification and purification of PCR product The four regions were amplified using an FTS-4000 Thermal Sequencer (Corbett Research, Mortlake NSW) and the protocols given in Appendix 3. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using 20 μM of the primers as listed in Table 4.1. The reaction was programmed for 35 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec. denaturation, 55°C for 30 sec. annealing, 72°C for 1 min. extension, followed by 72°C for 4 min. final extension. The PCR products were electrophoresed on an agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and observed under UV to check the bands.

The rbcL gene was amplified using universal primers rbcL 1 F (forward primer) and rbcL 2 R (reverse primer) (refer to Table 4.1). The atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer was amplified using the same protocol and employing primers 377 F and 520 R. The trn region was amplified using the primers pairs CALTabF (A. Perkins, NSW, unpublished) or A50272 F (Taberlet et al. 1991) with B49317 R (Taberlet et al. 1991). The primers used in most cases for amplification of ITS were 1830F (Nickrent et al. 1994) and 307R (Soltis and Kuzoff 1995). For some samples that did not work with these two primers, MKT56 and MKT57 (Thomson et al. 1995) were used. More details on the primers used in this study are listed in Table 4.1.

All the PCR products were then purified using CONCERT™ Rapid PCR Purification System following the protocol provided by the manufacturer (see Appendix 4 for details).

45 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

4.2.6. DNA sequencing The cleaned PCR products were auto-sequenced using ABI PRISM 377 Genetic Analyzer with a dye-terminator method. The sequencing was done by SUPAMAC (Sydney University Prince Alfred Macromolecular Analysis Centre), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW.

A 16 μl mixture of clean PCR product and primer was prepared for sequencing with a composition that differed depending on how bright/strong the product was. Normally, the composition was 8 μl clean DNA + 8 μl primer.

The concentration of primers used for DNA sequencing was 0.8 μM. The primers used for sequencing are given in Table 4.1.

46 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

Region Use/ Primer 5' 3' sequences Reference direction rbcL P/F rbcL 1 GGGATTTATGTCACC Gadek P., unpublished ACAAACAGA P/R rbcL 2 GATCTCCTTCCATACT Gadek P., unpublished TCACAAGC S/F 381 GCAGTTATTGACAGA Gadek P., unpublished CAAAGAAATCATGGT S/R 497 ACCATGATTCTTCTGC Gadek P., unpublished CTATCAATAACTGC S/F 861 TGGACCACTGTTTGG Gadek P., unpublished ACCGA atpß- P,S/F 377 GTGGAAACCCCGGGA Golenberg et al. (1993) rbcL CGAGAAGTAGT P/R 520 AAATACGTTACCCAC O’Brien et. al. (2000) AATGGAAGTAAATAT S/F 2603 TCTATCATTCTAGATA Crayn (1997) ATCCCAT S/R 2604 ATGGGATTATCTAGA Crayn (1997) ATGATAGA S/R 2607 ACTCGGAATGCTGCT Crayn (1997) AAGA P, S/F CalTabF GTCCTCTGCTCTACCA Perkins A., unpublished trnL-F ACTG P, S/F A50272 ATTTGAACTGGTGAC Taberlet et al. (1991) ACGAG

P, S/R B49317 CGAAATCGGTAGACG Taberlet et al. (1991) CTACG

Table 4.1. List of primers used in this project for PCR (P, 20 μM) and sequencing (S, 0.8 μM); F, forward; R, reverse.

47 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

Region Use/ Primer 5' 3' sequences Reference direction S/R AdTabB AGAGTCCCATTCTACA Briggs et al. (2000) 2 TGTC S/F A49855 GGGGATAGAGGGACT Taberlet et al. (1991) TGAAC ITS P, S/F 18S 1830 AACAAGGTTTCCGTA Nickrent et al. (1994) GGTGA P, S/R 26S 307 TTGGGCTGCATTCCCA Soltis and Kuzoff (1995) P, S/F MKT56 GTAGGTGAACCTGCG Thomson et al. (1995) GAAGGATCATT P, S/R MKT57 GTTTCTTTTCCTCCGC Thomson et al. (1995) T S/R ITS-E1 GCTACGTTCTTCATCG (used in this project) ATGC S/F ITS-E2 GCATCGATGAAGAAC (used in this project) GTAGC

Table 4.1. List of primers used in this project (Continued)

4.3. Sequence alignment and insertions/deletions The DNA sequences for each region were edited and aligned using Sequencher 3.1.1. (Gene Codes Corp., Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan) with subsequent manual adjustment, and sometimes with CLUSTALX for initial alignment. The edited and aligned sequences were then viewed in MacClade Version 4.03 (Maddison & Maddison 2001) to assist with the positioning of segments affected by insertion/deletion mutations (indels). Indels were manually positioned so as to best conform with the indel types recognised by Golenberg et al. (1993) after examination of any relationship with surrounding sequence. Where they were informative of relationships, indels were coded according to the ‘simple’ scheme of Simmons and Ochoterena (2000) and added as extra characters to the database. Indels of different lengths were treated as resulting from separate mutational events. Deleted segments were treated as missing data in the analyses.

48 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

Sequences of non coding regions such as introns and spacers often yield many indels, thus the use of indels in phylogenetic analyses is recommended (Freudenstein and Chase 2001). Their analyses of the mitochondrial nad1b-c intron sequences in Orchidaceae showed that the best result was obtained by using a combination of both indels and base substitution characters. Their study also showed that the indels have less homoplasy and more synapomorphy than the base substitution characters (Freudenstein and Chase 2001).

Indels are also often used on the phylogenetic study of eucaryotes as the inclusion of indels in the analyses can improve the resolution (Bapteste and Philippe 2002). However, based on the indels analyses of the enolase and impdh genes of the Trichomonads, the authors suggested that indels often show homoplasy due to recombination and convergences and can be misleading (Bapteste and Philippe 2002). Hence, it is important to assess the degree of support offered to the topology by each of the indels characters and the substitutions characters alone, so as to detect any conflicts that may occur between the two data forms.

49 Chapter 4.Molecular Data

50 Chapter 5. Data Analyses

Chapter 5. DATA ANALYSES 5.1. Introduction Some methods on phylogenetic reconstruction such as distance, maximum likelihood (ML), and parsimony methods, have been contrasted by many authors (for example, Doyle and Davis 1998). All methods begin with the assumption of the homology of the characters scored in the database. The parsimony method of cladistics treats characters individually and provides one or more hypotheses of synapomorphy for each from which relationships between taxa (or sequences) are reconstructed using the individual synapomorphic character-states at each level. Each synapomorphy is used once and only once.

Analyses of simulated data have shown that parsimony methods converge on the correct topology provided that taxon sampling is adequate and rates of evolution do not vary greatly between lineages (Doyle and Davis 1998). One weakness of parsimony is its susceptibility to “long branch attraction”, where taxa with no close relatives tend to be placed together on the tree. This is particularly relevant to analyses of molecular data, where the numbers of accumulated homoplasies on long branches may become considerable. Hence, the adequacy of taxon sampling needs to be taken into account when interpreting gene trees.

Parsimony assumes homogeneity of rates of state change across the matrix. This is particularly important with molecular data. The existence of lineages with elevated rates of change of bases will produce groups on much longer branches, and this will affect the accuracy of phylogeny estimation. Examination of branch lengths is therefore one way of checking for this assumption.

Distance methods treat whole datasets (sequences), with each character contributing to the average value for each taxon. Relationships are constructed on overall similarity, using both synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies. All characters contribute to the similarity estimate at each point in the tree. To investigate the distribution of individual characters, however, it would be necessary to map them on the distance tree, and this would require a method such as parsimony using assumptions of a minimum number of state changes having occurred on the tree

51 Chapter 5. Data Analyses

(Farris 1983). UPGMA and neighbor joining are clustering methods for which distance measures are appropriate similarity assessments to populate the input similarity matrix. The UPGMA is the simplest method of tree construction that was originally developed for constructing taxonomic phenograms. However, it can also be used to construct phylogenetic trees if the rates of evolution are approximately constant among the different lineages. UPGMA employs a sequential clustering algorithm, in which local topological relationships are identified in order of similarity, and the phylogenetic tree is built in a stepwise manner.

In Maximum Likelihood, every character, whether synapomorphic, autapomorphic or constant, contributes to the likelihood estimate for a tree (Doyle and Davis 1998), leading some authors, such as Swofford et al. (1996), to view it as more powerful than parsimony. The likelihoods are based on the overall frequencies of the various changes of base in the data. But like distance methods, there is no concept of character-state homology in ML which is comparable to that in parsimony (Doyle and Davis 1998). ML provides a probability statement, whereas cladistic parsimony offers a homology hypothesis. However, because of the different natures of the individual characters in non-molecular (morphological) data, separate probabilities of state changes cannot be calculated for each character, and hence ML methods are not applicable. For this reason, and because of my particular interest in character evolution within the Urticaceae, parsimony methods have been adopted for all analyses. For comparative purposes, however, and also because of low resolution in the non-molecular database under parsimony analysis, distance methods have also been applied to the non-molecular data. Although distance methods do not provide any phylogenetic information, it was used in this study to show levels of morphological similarity between taxa. It was assumed that the lack of phylogenetic resolution of morphological data was not caused by poor coding or inadequate sampling. Since the morphological characters have been based largely on those used in classical systematic treatments and more recent phylogenetic studies, it is believed that the data set used here is appropriate.

The above phylogenetic inference methods select a single ‘best’ tree, either by using some optimality criterion or by a clustering algorithm, with levels of uncertainty assessed by a subsequent procedure (Larget and Simon 1999). In contrast, the more

52 Chapter 5. Data Analyses recently used Bayesian inference approach (Yang and Rannala 1997; Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001; Huelsenbeck et al. 2003) is based on the posterior probability of parameters to estimate the phylogeny. Since the posterior probability cannot be calculated analytically, Larget and Simon (1999) introduced the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to estimate posterior probabilities of phylogenies.

This method of phylogenetic reconstruction always provides higher support values than bootstrap (Rannala and Yang 1996; Whittingham et al. 2002). However, although Bayesian inference is becoming popular, the support for the resulting clade is typically higher than obtained by bootstrap or jackknife techniques (Rannala and Yang 1996; Simmons et al. 2204; Whittingham et al. 2002). This over-estimate of support tends to unduly influence the interpretation of the strength of the resulting clades. Therefore, Simmons et al. (2004) suggest that bootstrap and jackknife analyses are more preferable than Bayesian.

Although Lewis (2001) concluded that Bayesian analyses can be used for inferring phylogeny using morphological data, and Nylander et al. (2004) used Bayesian for combined molecular and morphological data, this type of analysis was not used here because of the genetic basis for changes in morphological data is unknown and more complicated than for molecular data which is the frequency of change of base pairs.

5.2. Analyses of data

The morphological data were analysed using PAUP* Version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). Heuristic searches were performed to find the most parsimonious (MP) trees using tree bisection reconnection (TBR) branch-swapping and a parsimony optimality criterion using the MULPARS option, with all characters equally weighted. Branch lengths for trees were calculated using the ACCTRAN (accelerated transformation optimisation) option in PAUP*. In order to detect multiple islands of MP trees, multiple replicate analyses using random taxon addition were conducted. Databases containing molecular data were subjected to at least 500 replicates, whereas 100 replicates was considered adequate for the morphological database because of its much smaller size. Since more than one MP tree was often obtained from the heuristic searches, a strict consensus tree was constructed to summarise the features common to

53 Chapter 5. Data Analyses all MP trees. When the strict consensus tree was poorly resolved, a majority-rule consensus tree was calculated to show all groups that appear in 50% or more of the MP trees, since it may be useful to know whether a clade1 appears in most trees, even when it does not occur in all of them.

When heuristic searches could not be completed within available computer memory because of low resolution in the database, the analysis was done with branch- swapping restricted to a maximum of 100 trees in each replicate, while increasing the number of replicates in order to adequately explore the tree space. This technique is a variant of that used by Catalán et al. (1997) who saved a maximum of 2 trees per replicate.

Combinability of different datasets was investigated using the incongruence-length difference test (Mickevich and Farris 1981; Farris et al. 1994) implemented as the ‘partition-homogeneity test’ in PAUP*, with uninformative characters deleted. Although found to be useful in this study, Darlu and Lecointre (2002) concluded that the incongruence-length difference test has only limited power to detect incongruence caused by differences in the evolutionary conditions or in the tree topology, except when numerous characters are present and the substitution rate is homogeneous from site to site.

The equally weighted morphological data were also analysed using the clustering technique of ‘Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Averages’ (UPGMA) (Sneath and Sokal 1973). This is a simple ‘bottom-up’ data clustering method used for the estimation of the pattern of relationships. The UPGMA clustering technique locates the cell in the comparison matrix with the smallest values, with the height of the branch for this junction of two taxa being one-half the value of this cell. Then, the comparison matrix is progressively reduced by combining cells. The process is repeated on the reduced comparison matrix, resulting in a smaller matrix with each cycle, thus the process is referred to as a ‘bottom-up’ process. When the matrix is completely reduced, the calculation is finished. UPGMA is generally not considered a good algorithm for construction of phylogenetic trees as it relies on the rates of

1 A clade is a monophyletic group that shares a unique most recent common ancestor.

54 Chapter 5. Data Analyses evolution (that is, rates of character changes) among different lineages being approximately equal (Saitou and Nei 1987).

An optimal relationship tree may be obtained by using the Neighbor-joining method (Saitou and Nei 1987), which is also a ‘bottom-up’ statistic that is based on evolutionary distance data. This statistic assumes the minimum-evolution or maximum parsimony criterion for reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. With this statistic, the tree is constructed in a step-wise manner. Although neighbor-joining may not find the true tree topology with least total branch length it usually finds a tree that is quite close to the optimal tree (Saitou and Nei 1987; Gascuel and Steel 2006). The main virtue of neighbor-joining is its efficiency in finding the closest approximation to the optimal tree (Saitou and Nei 1987). Furthermore, it can be used on very large data sets for which other means of phylogenetic analysis may be computationally prohibitive. Unlike UPGMA, neighbor-joining does not assume that all lineages evolve at the same rate. An outgroup was used to root the neighbor-joining tree because, in itself, the neighbor-joining method produces an unrooted tree.

Parsimony analyses minimise the number of parallel characters changes and reversals. If there are many of these homoplasious characters, then it is possible that resultant phylogenetic trees are artefacts of the selected characters. In such situations, minor changes in characters would produce different trees. However, this is only likely to be a problem if the homoplasious characters vastly out-numbered the homologous ones. Several estimates of character congruence (data robustness) with the resultant trees are available for assessing support for phylogenetic trees. In this study, the following measures have been used.

The Consistency Index (CI) is a commonly used statistic that summarises the fit of character data (hence, measures the level of homoplasy) to phylogenetic trees (Kluge and Farris 1969). It is a simple ratio of the minimum number of character changes possible divided by the number actually required (total number of ‘steps’) on the tree (Judd et al. 1999). However, uninformative characters (autapomorphies) will increase the value of CI since they will fit any tree perfectly. In this study, CI was applied to cladistic analyses only. It is not applicable for the UPGMA analysis, because it is based on similarities. The Retention Index (RI) is also calculated because it removes

55 Chapter 5. Data Analyses the affects arising from autapomorphies and measures synapomorphies (i.e., those changes actually grouping taxa and hence informative of relationships). The higher the RI value, the more informative the database is of relationships. Farris (1989) proposed the Rescaled Consistency Index (RC), the third statistic used here, being the product of the Consistency Index and the Retention Index (Farris 1989, 1990). That is, RC is the ratio of the difference between the number of steps in a completely unresolved tree and the number of steps needed in the most parsimonious explanation of character state distributions on the actual tree, and the difference between completely unresolved tree and the minimum number of steps required to explain all character states as single origin event, times the ratio of character state distributions on the actual tree and the single origin event. Therefore, uninformative characters do not influence the calculation of RI (Farris 1989).

The relative ‘strengths’ of the clades in the most parsimonious trees can be assessed by several techniques. First, the branch length, measured by the number of state- changes arising on the branch, gives some measure of its strength. However, many of the changes on some branches may be homoplasies that also arise on other nearby branches, whereas another branch of the same length may carry the origins of mostly unique synapomorphies.

A statistical estimate of branch strength (node support) is given by a bootstrap analysis of the data matrix (Felsenstein 1985, Farris 1985), using multiple replicates of full heuristic searching. It is based on the bootstrap method of Efron (1979), where the characters are randomly deleted and replaced by duplication of randomly selected remaining characters to return the database to its original size. The value assigned to a group is based on the frequency of that group appearing in the strict consensus trees derived from all the replicates. The advantage of the bootstrap method over analytical method is its great simplicity - it is straightforward to apply the bootstrap to derive estimates of standard errors and confidence intervals for complex estimators of complex parameters of the distribution. However, Hills and Bull (1993) suggest that the bootstrap method is genetically biased, but Efron et al. (1996) conclude that, at least to a first order of statistical accuracy, Felsenstein's method provides a reasonable first approximation to the actual confidence levels of the observed clades. The disadvantage of this technique is that while (under some conditions) it is

56 Chapter 5. Data Analyses asymptotically consistent, it does not provide general finite sample guarantees, and has a tendency to be over-estimate support (Hills and Bull 1993).

Bootstrap analyses were conducted in PAUP*, with uninformative characters deleted. Arbitrarily, I here regard a group as very strongly supported if the bootstrap value is at least 95%, that is, the group is present in 95% or more of the replicates; less than 95% but more than 80% is considered as moderate support; lower values above 50% are viewed as weak support for a group; and less than 50% as no support. These groupings were chosen so that the previous work on these taxa by myself and others (namely Hadiah et al. 2003) could be more readily compared (in the latter paper >95% = very robust support; >80% <95% = good support; >50% <80% = weak support; <50% = no support). However, the level of support appears to be arbitrarily classified by other authors (for example, Chase et al. 2000 regard 85-100% = strong support; 75-84% = moderate support; 50-74% = weak support).

When bootstrap analyses failed to finish within the computational resources of available computers, support values were estimated using fast jackknife in PAUP*. In this technique, characters are deleted at random without replacement and a high number of replicates are used to generate starting trees but no branch-swapping is done (Lanyon 1985). Simulation studies (for example, using Monte Carlo computer simulations, Garland et al. 1999) indicate jackknife values are less sensitive (less biased) than those of bootstrap. Farris et al. (1996) recommend simply doing "parsimony jackknifing" largely because of the speed at which this technique can handle large data sets and recognise groupings compared to bootstrap techniques. Character deletion per replicate was set at 33% and at least 10,000 replicates were performed in each Jackknife analysis.

A decay analysis (Donoghue et al. 1992) was also performed to assess support for clades in terms of the number of additional steps above the length of the most parsimonious tree at which each clade collapsed. A command file was constructed in MacClade 4.0 using one of the MP trees and executed in PAUP*. Decay values were preferred for the morphological data because of its small size and the non- comparability of characters, which suggested that deletion and substitution of characters was not justifiable. One serious shortcoming of decay analysis is that the

57 Chapter 5. Data Analyses number of trees that need to be saved and examined can be much larger than the capacities of hardware and software available (Morgan 1997). However, this did not prove to be a problem in this study.

Previous weighting methods have often assumed that homoplasy indicates unreliability, but this assumption does not seem to hold for large molecular data matrices (Farris 2001). Reliability can also be assessed by ‘support weighting’, which measures the degree to which the changes in a character are concentrated in the supported branches of a tree. Parsimony jackknife re-sampling was used to generate randomly selected suites of initial weights in successive support weighting, and this provided an assessment of the stability of successive weighting results. This method was used to assess the relative ‘strengths’ of clades resulting from heuristic searches of morphological data because the bootstrap method took an excessively long time to complete, beyond the available computational time available for my study. Although a neighbor-joining analysis was also used (results not presented here), it gave similar levels of support to that of parsimony jackknifing. However, jackknifing proved to be a quicker assessment of the strength of support for various groups, as suggested by Farris et al. (1996).

58 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

Chapter 6. PRELIMINARY MOLECULAR STUDIES

6.1. Introduction Although molecular data have become more commonly and widely used nowadays, there are no rules for determining which particular genomes or regions should be used. Sequence divergence in cpDNA can vary greatly between species of different genera (Gielly and Taberlet 1994b), so that it is impossible to predict whether a particular sequence will evolve at a sufficient rate to provide enough resolution at a certain taxonomic level, or alternatively may evolve too rapidly so that it becomes saturated with base changes. Therefore, a preliminary study was carried out, as recommended by Gielly et al. (1996), to establish the most suitable molecular regions to be used for estimating the phylogenetic relationships between a sample of taxa selected from Elatostema, other genera in Elatostemeae, other members of the Urticaceae and some related outgroup families.

In order to find the most appropriate regions in a preliminary study, an ideal approach is by generating a taxonomically equivalent matrix for a number of candidate regions, and then comparing the results of the resultant analyses. Financial limitations in this case, however, have made it impossible to sample from more regions. Therefore, in this study, the rbcL gene was chosen to test the monophyly of the family and tribes, and the trn and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacers, that are potentially more informative than rbcL (refer Section 4.1.1), were chosen to evaluate their usefulness in estimating relationships within the family Urticaceae. Since this study (in this particular chapter) is a preliminary study, Jackknife analysis was applied to get a fast result to estimate branch support .

6.2. The rbcL database The rbcL database comprised of 11 ingroup taxa (six genera), three of which were added from GenBank (namely, Boehmeria biloba, B. nivea and Pilea pumila), and eight outgroup taxa (four families, six genera), all from Genbank (refer Table 3.2). The analysis included a total of 1346 aligned positions. There were 226 variable positions (16.8%), of which 140 were parsimony informative (10.4%). Missing data constituted 6.5% of the database, with Ficus pretoriae being the taxon with the most

59 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies missing data (33%). Initial heuristic search gave a topology that did not accord with the family level relationships (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998; Chase et al. 1993; Soltis et al. 2000; Savolainen et al. 2000; Stevens 2001+) and cast doubt on the identity of two of the sequences obtained from GenBank: Morus alba L01933 and Dorstenia psilurus AJ390066. Therefore, a BLAST search was carried out (NCBI November 2002) to check the identity of these doubtful sequences. The result showed that the former sequence was placed among a group of Prunus sequences (Rosaceae), and the latter among Rhamnaceae. A further outgroup sequence belonging to Prunus persica (Table 3.2) was obtained from GenBank and added to the data set, and the analysis repeated using the two Rosaceae sequences as root.

Heuristic searching with 100 replicates of random taxon addition found a single island of two trees of 374 steps, with CI = 0.61 excluding uninformative characters, RI = 0.71, and RC = 0.50. The strict consensus tree is shown in Figure 6.1 with the names of misidentied taxa enclosed by inverted commas. There is strong support (95% jackknife) for a sister relationship between Urticaceae and the clade comprising Moraceae and Cannabaceae. Therefore, this analysis recovers a monophyletic Urticales, based on the limited taxon sample used here, The two sequences of each of Elatostema and Procris are strongly grouped (jackknife support 97%), as are the four sequences of Boehmeria (94% support), and there is 82% support for the monophyly of Urticaceae. Pilea pumila is placed sister to Urtica dioica (89% support) rather than with the other genera of the tribe Elatostemeae: Elatostema and Procris. Myriocarpa longipes of the Boehmerieae is placed closer to all four of the above genera (79% support) than to the Boehmeria clade.

6.3. The atpß-rbcL database The atpß-rbcL database consisted of 13 sequences representing 10 species of Elatostemeae (Elatostema, Procris and Pilea), and one Boehmerieae (sensu Friis 1993), namely Myriocarpa longipes, which was used to root the analysis. Alignment required numerous indels ranging from 1-69 bp. The analysis included a total of 962 aligned positions, of which 168 bases were variable characters (17.5%) and 84 bases (8.7%) were potentially informative. Six potentially informative indels ranging from

60 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

1-10 bp were scored (sequence present/absent) and added to the database as additional characters. Missing data constituted 14.9% of the data set.

The strict consensus of ten most parsimonious trees of 191 steps from a single island, found from 100 replicates of heuristic search (CI = 0.92 excluding uninformative characters, RI = 0.95, RC = 0.91), is shown in Figure 6.2. The distributions of all six informative indels, labelled ‘a–f’, have been mapped on the tree; all have one unique origin. Both Elatostema and Procris are very strongly supported as monophyletic groups since both clades received 100% jackknife support and also are supported by three and two indels, respectively. In addition, there is 95% support for a sister relationship between them.

61 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

Prunus persica Rosaceae "Morus alba" L01933

"Dorstenia psilurus" – (Rhamnaceae)

Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae Celtis sinensis

Morus rubra

68 Ficus pretoriae Moraceae Morus alba D86319

Boehmeria nivea

60 Boehmeria biloba 94 Boehmeria macrophylla Boehmerieae

Boehmeria calophleba 82 Myriocarpa longipes

79 89 Urtica dioica – Urticeae Urticaceae Pilea pumila 52 Elatostema acuminatum

Elatostema parvum Elatostemeae

Procris frutescens

Procris insularis

Figure 6.1. Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees of 374 steps found from heuristic search of the rbcL data. CI = 0.61 excluding uninformative characters; RI = 0.71; RC = 0.50. Thick branches received >95% jackknife support; other jackknife values >50% shown above the clades (reproduced from Hadiah et al. 2003).

62 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

91 E. reticulatum

E. stipitatum

E. acuminatum 163

E. acuminatum 249

91 E. velutinicaule 86 E. strigosum 178 f a d E. strigosum 207

b E. strigosum 159 Elatostemeae

E. rostratum

E. parvum

ce Procris frutescens

Procris insularis

Pilea nummulariifolia

Myriocarpa longipes Boehmeriaeae

Figure 6.2. Strict consensus of the 10 equally parsimonious trees of 191 steps found from 100 replicates of heuristic search of the atpß-rbcL spacer data set; CI = 0.92 excluding uninformative characters; RI = 0.95; RC = 0.91. Thick branches received 95 % jackknife support; other jackknife support values > 50% shown above the branches. Distributions of indels a-f are mapped on the tree. E. = Elatostema (reproduced from Hadiah et al. 2003).

6.4. The trn database The trn database comprised of 24 sequences representing 13 species of Elatostema and eight other species of Urticaceae. Sequences of two outgroup species, namely Humulus lupulus and Cannabis sativa (both Cannabaceae), were taken from GenBank. A total of 1108 aligned positions, comprising 582 bp of the trnL intron, 50 bp of the trnL exon, and 449 bp of the trnL-F intergenic spacer (the last 4 bp of the spacer were omitted), were included in the analyses. Alignment of the trn data set

63 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies required numerous indels involving from 1-101 bp. There were 431 (38.9%) variable positions, 258 of which (23.3%) were potentially informative. Missing characters constituted 16.2% of data, with the taxon having the highest proportion of missing data being Cannabis sativa (39.6%). Thirty one potentially informative indels, ranging from 1-51 bp, were scored as sequence present or absent and added to the database.

Heuristic searching with 100 replicates of random taxon addition found a single island of two equally parsimonious trees of 663 steps, CI = 0.73 excluding uninformative characters, RI = 0.85, RC = 0.69. The strict consensus of these trees is shown in Figure 6.3. The distributions of informative indels have also been mapped on this cladogram. The species pairs representing Boehmeria, Pilea and Procris are each strongly grouped (100%). Elatostema appears paraphyletic, with E. curtisii and E. repens placed sister to Procris with 99% support, whereas the remaining members of Elatostema constitute a very robust clade (100%). There is moderate support (91%) for a sister relationship between these two clades. Once again, Urtica dioica is placed sister to Pilea, but jackknife support for this relationship is weak (54%).

6.5. Discussion The analysis of the rbcL data, which places all Urticaceae within a clade that is sister to the five taxa belonging to the other two families of the order Urticales (sensu Stevens 2001+; rather than Cronquist (1981) who placed Celtis in the Ulmaceae). Therefore, rbcL data provides support for the concept of the family Urticaceae and this confirms the conclusion of Sytsma et al. (2002) that the Urticaceae is monophyletic. The ingroup clade, which comprises 11 sequences drawn from six genera and three of the five tribes, receives 82% jackknife support. However, the current tribal arrangement receives no support. In both Figures 6.1 and 6.3, the Elatostemeae (Elatostema, Pilea and Procris) and Boehmerieae (Boehmeria and Myriocarpa) are polyphyletic. Constraint analyses of the trn dataset revealed that an extra 15 steps are required over and above the most parsimonious tree to render the Elatostemeae monophyletic, and a total of 31 extra steps are needed to make both Boehmerieae and Elatostemeae monophyletic. It can be concluded, therefore, that there is considerable strength in these data to reject the present tribal arrangement of

64 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies these genera. The grouping of Pilea with Urtica, however, which is apparent in both analyses, may well be an artefact of the low taxon sampling (refer Chapter 5). It is only weakly supported on the trn data (54%), and both genera are on very long terminal branches (data not presented here).

The atpß-rbcL region provides good resolution of relationships within the family. The analysis of atpB-rbcL data shows congruence with the analyses of other regions, especially regarding the ‘Procris-Elatostema’ clade, and there is 95% jackknife support for a sister relationship between them. The work on this region, however, was discontinued because some polyA/T regions appeared to be a problem, and the trn region sequenced more readily. Therefore, this latter region is used for more sampling in preference to atpB-rbcL.

The monophyly of Boehmeria, Pilea and Procris received high levels of jackknife support in all analyses where more than one species of each genus was included, but the more extensive sampling of Elatostema in the trn analysis revealed it to be paraphyletic with respect to Procris. Support for the grouping of Elatostema curtisii and E. repens with Procris is very robust (99%).

65 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

2 18 20 Humulus lupulus Cannabaceae 14 19 21 Cannabis sativa Boehmeria macrophylla Boehmerieae 15 30 Boehmeria calophleba Myriocarpa longipes 22 13 Procris frutescens 89 X Procris 19 Procris insularis 58 E. curtisii Pellionia E. repens 1 22 E. griffithianum 11 X 91 E. parvum – Weddellia 81 E. integrifolium 242 10 85 Elatostematoides 17 3 29 E. integrifolium 224 22 E. rostratum 31 E. strigosum 26 94 6 5 E. strigosum 7 88 E. stipitatum 8 25 53 E. reticulatum 55 E. macrophyllum Elatostema Elatostemeae E. paludosum 4 12 E. pedunculosum 58 E. acuminatum 249 E. acuminatum 163 9 16 27 24 Pilea microphylla 54 13 22 28 Pilea nummulariifolia 24 Urtica dioica – Urticeae 23 26

Figure 6.3. Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees of 663 steps found from 100 replicates of heuristic search of the trn data set with random taxon addition; CI = 0.73 excluding uninformative characters; RI = 0.85; RC = 0.69. Thick branches received 95% jackknife support; other values >50% shown above the branches. Distributions of the 31 scored indels have been mapped on the tree: single bar indicates unique origin; double bar indicates homoplasy; ‘X’ indicates reversal. ‘E.’ indicates Elatostema. Infrageneric classification (Schröter and Winkler 1935) applied on the tree: green lines = subg. Pellionia; mauve lines = subg. Elatostematoides; gold lines = subg. Weddellia; blue lines = subg. Elatostema; red lines = a currently separated genus Procris (reproduced from Hadiah et al. 2003).

66 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

Support for the ‘Elatostema-Procris’ clade is strong in all three data sets. The placement of the latter genus within Elatostema in the trn analysis, supports the broader concept of Elatostema adopted by Hallier (1896) and Winkler (1922). An alternative conclusion is that the current circumscription of Procris should be extended such that this group could be maintained as a separate genus. It is clear from Figure 6.3 that even as a subgenus, the limits of Procris need to be extended to include further species (eg. Elatostema curtisii and E. repens) currently assigned to Elatostema subgenus Pellionia. The robust grouping (100%) of E. griffithianum (subg. Pellionia) with species of subgenera Elatostema, Elatostematoides and Weddellia indicates that the morphological basis for the recognition of subgenus Pellionia (Schröter and Winkler 1935, 1936) (or as a distinct genus – as classified by Weddell 1856, Robinson 1910, Friis 1989), at least, is not supported by the molecular data. Beaman (2000, 2001), using morphological features, also concluded that subgenus Pellionia was not distinct from the other subgenera. Furthermore, the current circumscriptions of the first three subgenera are also not supported by these preliminary molecular data. However, there is moderate support (jackknife 85%) for the monophylly of subg. Elatostematoides.

The distributions of each of the 31 indels in trn were mapped on Figure 6.3. Overwhelmingly, the distributions of indels are congruent with the estimate of the phylogeny obtained primarily from the substitution data, and they can be seen to support many of the clades: e.g. both species of Pilea are characterised by four unique indels (9, 16, 27, 28) and another two (13, 22) that also arise on other lineages (Figure 6.3). All six of the informative indels in atpß-rbcL required only a single origin when their distributions were mapped on the strict consensus tree (Figure 6.2), and only three of the 31 informative indels (13, 22, 24) in the trn region required more than one origin (Figure 6.3). Two of these (indels 13, 24) involved the gain or loss of a single base pair from non-coding regions. Multiple origins of such indels in intergenic spacers have been frequently observed (e.g. Golenberg et al. 1993, Lowrey et al. 2001). Indels 19 and 22 required reversals (Figure 6.3), but resolution of the trichotomy so that Elatostema parvum diverged after E. griffithianum would remove the need for the reversal in the latter case. The outgroup (Cannabaceae) differ from

67 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies the ingroup by six indels (2, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21), although indel 19 (a 6 bp insertion) has been subsequently lost in both species of Procris. This case of homoplasy (reversal or parallel origins) is interesting, since the indel is not a duplication of adjacent sequence, a type that has been observed to be common in spacer regions (Golenberg et al. 1993, Kelchner and Clark 1997). It is possible that secondary structure of the trnLF spacer region may be responsible for the loss of the inserted region in its entirety, although there was no evidence of complementary segments of sequence on either side of the insertion which might promote the formation of a loop (Kelchner and Wendel 1996).

Sequences for all three regions could be confidently aligned across the family. Both the trn and rbcL data sets could be rooted outside the family, and yielded good resolution of generic relationships. The latter, however, provided only low levels of variability: e.g. the uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence between Elatostema acuminatum and E. parvum was only 0.7%. As a result, jackknife support for clades was often relatively low even in this small taxon set. It is concluded that this region of the chloroplast genome is insufficiently variable to provide robust resolution of relationships within the genus. The trn region provided the highest proportion of variable characters: the uncorrected pairwise divergence between E. acuminatum and E. parvum was 5.1%. Hence, this is the most promising of the three regions trialled here for resolving interspecific relationships within Elatostema. Even within this region, however, relationships were not fully resolved in a very limited taxon sample (Figure 6.3), and pairwise divergences between species are frequently very low: e.g. 0.02% for E. reticulatum cf. E. stipitatum, 0.04% for E. rostratum cf. E. integrifolium. It therefore appears that robust resolution of species relationships within the genus will require a more variable region of DNA.

Finally, the recognition of the misidentification of two of the outgroup sequences highlights the caution that must be exercised about the authenticity of sequences lodged in GenBank and the importance of including voucher details when sequences are lodged. In this case no voucher was provided by either author.

68 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

6.6. Conclusion The preliminary phylogenetic analysis based on rbcL sequences showed good resolution on the relationship above family level, and provided support for the monophyly of the Urticaceae but not for the tribe Elatostemeae. However, the apparent polyphyletic nature of the tribe may be an artefact of low taxon sampling, particularly in the Urticeae. Therefore, the work on this particular region of the cpDNA was continued with more sampling of taxa within Urticaceae and other related families (refer Chapter 7).

The preliminary analyses of the rbcL and trn data sets showed that although Boehmeria is monophyletic, the tribe Boehmerieae is polyphyletic with the tribal position of Myriocarpa uncertain. This conclusion supports that of earlier researchers, namely Datwyler and Weiblen (2004); Monro (2006); Sytsma et al. (2002). The genus Elatostema, a member of the Elatostemeae, has been shown to be paraphyletic, having the segregate genus Procris embedded within it. The preliminary analyses of infrageneric relationships within Elatostema do not support the recognition of the current infrageneric classification (Schröter and Winkler 1935), particularly subgenus Pellionia. A larger sample of taxa was therefore investigated using trn data, to seek further resolution of infrageneric relationships within Elatostema (refer Chapter 8).

The sequencing of the atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer proved to be problematic due to long poly-A/T sequences, and was discontinued. A more variable region of the nDNA, namely ITS, was chosen for a more intensive study of relationships within Elatostema to complement the broader trn database (refer Chapter 8).

69 Chapter 6. Preliminary molecular studies

70 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

Chapter 7. INFRA-FAMILIAL PHYLOGENY OF URTICACEAE USING MOLECULAR DATA

7.1. Introduction Additional taxa were sequenced for rbcL and trn regions than used in the preliminary analyses. These data were added to the preliminary databases for these regions so that a more representative range of taxa was included.

7.2. The rbcL database The rbcL data for 34 species of the Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Moraceae and Urticaceae were included in the database. A total of 25 sequences of Urticaceae, representing 23 taxa, and one sequence of Poikilospermum (Cecropiaceae), were obtained. Taxa from the tribes Boehmerieae, Elatostemeae, Parietarieae and Urticeae were represented in the data set (Appendix 5). The data included the following sequences from GenBank: Boehmeria biloba, B. nivea and B. grandis (all Boehmerieae); Elatostema repens, Elatostema sp., Pilea depressa and P. pumila (all Elatostemeae); Parietaria sylvanica (Parietarieae); Hesperocnide tenella, Laportea canadensis, Urera glabra and Urtica dioica (all Urticeae); and eight sequences for taxa from potential outgroups, namely, Cannabis sativa, Celtis sinensis, and C. yunnanensis (all Cannabaceae); Cecropia palmata (Cecropiaceae); Dorstenia psilurus, Ficus pretoriae, Morus alba and M. rubra (all Moraceae). There was no alignment problems with the sequences obtained from GenBank. A total of 1346 aligned positions were included in the analyses, of which 300 (22.3%) were variable and 175 (13%) parsimony informative.

Heuristic search with 500 replicates of random taxon addition found one island of four most parsimonious trees of 469 steps with RI = 0.69, and RC = 0.35. The strict consensus tree is shown in Figure 7.1. Cecropia palmata (Cecropiaceae) is sister to the Urticaceae (clade A), but with Poikilospermum suaveolens (Cecropiaceae) nested within this latter clade. Therefore, the Cecropiaceae is polyphyletic. Parietaria species (Parietarieae) are sister to Boehmeria (Boehmerieae), and together these two

71 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data genera form a moderately supported clade B (bootstrap 81%, decay = +5), which is sister to the remaining members of the ingroup.

There is a moderate support (bootstrap 87%, decay = +6) for a close relationship between Cecropia palmata (Cecropiaceae) and Urticaceae (clade A), but there is weak support for the relationship between the Cecropia lineage and clades B and C (bootstrap <50%, +2 steps decay). This reinforces the closeness of the two families in that it is not really certain that clades B and C are closer to each other than to Cecropia. The Elatostema–Procris clade (clade D) is strongly supported (bootstrap 99% decay = +5), but there is weak support (bootstrap 69%, decay = +1) for the placement of Pilea species closer to Urticeae (clade E) than to other representatives of the Elatostemeae in clade D. Within the Urticeae, the Urtica–Hesperocnide clade and the Dendrocnide sinuata–D. stimulans clade both receive 100% bootstrap support and high decay values.

Myriocarpa longipes (Boehmerieae) belongs to a strongly supported clade C (bootstrap 97%, decay = +6) comprising Elatostemeae, Urticeae and Poikilospermum suaveolens (Cecropiaceae). Myriocarpa longipes is resolved as a separate lineage from the two major constituent clades labelled D and E, but the relationship between all three of these lineages is very weakly supported (bootstrap 51%, decay = +1).

Within clade D, Procris species, together with Elatostema sp. AF500362 (previously identified as Poikilospermum sp., Cecropiaceae, in GenBank based on voucher ‘Woolliams 547’ – Sytsma et. al. 2002) and Elatostema repens (both Elatostemeae) form a strongly supported subclade (bootstrap 96%, decay = +3) that is sister to a moderately supported Elatostema subclade (bootstrap 94%, decay = +3) containing the remaining species of the genus. Clade E, which receives only weak support (bootstrap 69%, decay = +1), consist of members of the tribe Urticeae (Dendrocnide, Hesperocnide, Laportea, Urera, Urtica) together with Poikilospermum suaveolens (Cecropiaceae) and representatives of Pilea (Elatostemeae). Hence, the rbcL data provide strong support for Myriocarpa longipes being closer to the representatives of Urticeae and Elatostemeae than to Boehmeria.

72 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

The majority rule tree generated from the MP trees from the heuristic search is shown in Figure 7.2. This is identical with the strict consensus tree (Figure 7.1) because there is no resolution of the polytomies found in the latter. However, several weakly supported clades on Figure 7.1 were shown to appear in 100% of the MP trees, for example clade E that placed Pilea sister to the Urticeae clade (including Poikilospermum suaveolens), and even clades with no support, such as clade A (Urticaceae) and Elatostemeae-Urticeae clade.

73 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

87 Urtica dioica +3 Urtica dioica AF500361 Urtica urens 56 +19 Hesperocnide tenella AF500355 +2 Urticeae Dendrocnide sinuata 79 +11 Dendrocnide stimulans +3 E 82 Poikilospermum suaveolens Cecropiaceae 69 +8 Urera glabra AF500360 +6 +1 Laportea canadensis AF500356 Pilea pumila +11 Pilea depressa AF500359 Procris frutescens +1 80 +4 Procris insularis +3 Elatostemeae C D Elatostema sp. AF500362 +3 Elatostema repens AF500358 Urticaceae +6 +5 Elatostema acuminatum +3 Elatostema parvum Myriocarpa longipes A Boehmeria nivea AJ235801 +2 Boehmeria biloba AJ390069 76 +6 Boehmeria nivea AF062005 Boehmerieae +2 86 Boehmeria macrophylla 87 B +10 Boehmeria grandis AF500354 81 +4 +6 Boehmeria calophleba +5 Parietaria judaica Parietarieae +4 Parietaria pensylvanica AF500357 Cecropia palmata AF061196 Cecropiaceae 75 Celtis yunnanensis Cannabaceae 84 +4 Morus alba +4 Dorstenia psilurus Moraceae 74 Morus rubra +4 Ficus pretoriae 56 Celtis sinensis Cannabaceae +1 Cannabis sativa

Figure 7.1. Strict consensus of four equally parsimonious trees of 469 steps found from heuristic search of the rbcL data. Uninformative characters excluded, 500 replicates, RI = 0.69, RC = 0.35. Thick branches received at least 95% bootstrap support, other bootstrap values >50% shown above the clades. Decay values are cited below the clades (in blue). Numbers following a taxon name are GenBank numbers. Tribal classification sensu Gaudichaud (1830) applied on the cladogram: green lines = Elatostemeae; mauve lines = Parietarieae; blue lines = Boehmerieae; red lines = Urticeae. A–E are clades as referred to in the text.

74 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

100 Urtica dioica

100 Urtica dioica AF500361 Urtica urens 100 Hesperocnide tenella AF500355 Urticeae 100 Dendrocnide sinuata 100 Dendrocnide stimulans E 100 Poikilospermum suaveolens Cecropiaceae 100 100 Urera glabra AF500360 Laportea canadensis AF500356 100 Pilea pumila Pilea depressa AF500359 100 100 Procris frutescens 100 Procris insularis C 100 Elatostemeae 100 D Elatostema sp. AF500362

100 Elatostema repens AF500358 Urticaceae 100 Elatostema acuminatum Elatostema parvum A Myriocarpa longipes 100 Boehmeria nivea AJ235801 100 Boehmeria biloba AJ390069 100 Boehmeria nivea AF062005 Boehmerieae 100 Boehmeria macrophylla B Boehmeria grandis AF500354 100 Boehmeria calophleba 100 Parietaria judaica Parietarieae Parietaria pensylvanica AF500357 100 Cecropia palmata AF061196 Cecropiaceae 100 Celtis yunnanensis Cannabaceae 100 100 Morus alba

Dorstenia psilurus Moraceae 100 Morus rubra Ficus pretoriae 100 Celtis sinensis Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa

Figure 7.2. Majority rule tree generated from heuristic search of the rbcL data, with percentages of trees having the same clades are cited above the clades. Thick branches received at least 95% bootstrap support. Different colours of the lines represent the tribal classification (refer Figure 7.1). A–E are clades referred to in the text. Numbers following a taxon name are GenBank numbers.

75 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

7.3. The trn database A total of 75 sequences for the trn region, representing some 55 species of Cecropiaceae, Moraceae and Urticaceae, were aligned to form a database of 1394 bp. This comprised 55 sequences of Elatostemeae (42 samples of Elatostema, 7 samples of Procris, and 6 species of Pilea), 10 species from the Boehmerieae, Parietarieae and Urticeae (Urticaceae) and one species of Dorstenia (Moraceae) (Appendix 7). Of these, 20 sequences were obtained from GenBank, particularly for representatives of genera other than Elatostema.

In all, 684 (49%) characters were variable and 432 (31%) were parsimony informative. Heuristic searching with 500 replicates of random taxon addition swapping on only 200 trees per replicate yielded 105,200 MP trees of 1100 steps (RI = 0.86, RC = 0.52); the strict consensus is presented in Figure 7.3. Bootstrap analyses could not be completed within available memory, so a fast jackknife analysis was used to estimate branch support. Decay analyses revealed that two branches on the initial consensus tree decayed at 1100 steps, indicating that even with 500 replicates, the search had not found all rearrangements of the shortest tree. Hence, those branches decaying at 1100 steps were reduced to polytomies. Cecropia palmata and Coussapoa ovalifolia (both Cecropiaceae) form a strongly supported clade (jackknife value 91%, decay = +4 steps). This group is sister to a very strongly supported clade (jackknife 99%, decay = +15) that includes the Boehmerieae (excluding Myriocarpa) and Parietarieae. Together, these taxa form a moderately supported clade (clade B, jackknife 89%, decay = +8) that is sister to the strongly supported Urticeae– Elatostemeae clade, including Myriocarpa longipes (C; jackknife 95%, decay = +16). This clade comprises a polytomy of four lineages: Elatostema (Elatostemeae – clade D, see Figure 8.1), Myriocarpa longipes (Boehmerieae), Pilea (Elatostemeae), and Urticeae. The Pilea clade is very strongly supported (jackknife 100%, decay = +37) but the Urticeae clade (jackknife 77%, decay = +3) and Elatostemeae clade (excluding Pilea) (clade D: jackknife 66%, decay = +1) both receive only weak support.

76 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

66

+1 D

93 Pilea jayaensis AY756274 C 100 +4 Pilea johnsii AY756276 95 +13 100 Pilea craspedodroma AY756275 +16 99 Pilea depressa AF501613 Elatostemeae +37 100 +7 Pilea nummulariifolia +9 Pilea microphylla

100 Urera glabra AF501614 77 A +15 Urera laciniata DQ179367 Urticeae +3 Urtica dioica 94 Myriocarpa longipes +12 Boehmeria biloba AJ390371 100 Boehmeria macrophylla Boehmerieae 76 +11 Cypholopus aff. trapula DQ179365 80 +3 Boehmeria nivea AF501610 99 +6 99 Boehmeria calophleba +15 B Parietaria pensylvanica AF501611 Parietarieae +14 89 91 Cecropia palmata AF501615 +8 Cecropiaceae +4 Coussapoa ovalifolia AF501616

100 Dorstenia sp. 100 +12 Dorstenia psilurus AJ390365 96 +12 Dorstenia manniiAF501604 Moraceae Ficus benjamina AF501605 +8 Streblus pendulinus AF501609

Cannabis sativa AJ390367 Humulus lupulus AB033889 90 Cannabaceae Celtis iguanaea AY488673

Figure 7.3. Strict consensus tree of the trn data generated from heuristic search 500 replicates, tree length 1100 steps, RI=0.86, RC=0.52. Thick branches received at least 95% fast jackknife support, other jackknife values shown above clades. Decay values are cited below clades (in blue). Numbers following a taxon name are GenBank numbers. Tribal classification sensu Gaudichaud (1830) for Urticaceae applied on the cladogram: green lines = Elatostemeae; mauve lines = Parietarieae; blue lines = Boehmerieae; red lines = Urticeae. A–C, clades as referred to in the text; D, a clade consisting of species of Elatostema and Procris that is discussed in Chapter 8.

77 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

7.4. Discussion Given the limited taxonomic overlap of these two databases, only18 taxa in common of the 30-32 taxa in the separate databases, it was decided not to conduct a combined analysis.

7.4.1. Status of tribes of Urticaceae The position of Pilea as sister to Urticeae (Figures 6.1, 6.3, 7.1 and 7.2), rather than within Elatostemeae (sensu Friis 1993), renders the latter tribe polyphyletic. Therefore, the current inclusion of this genus in the Elatostemeae, as originally proposed by Weddell (1854) (as ‘Lecantheae’) and widely accepted by later workers, is not supported. This is in agreement with the results of Sytsma et al. (2002), who found Pilea to be embedded in Urticeae and placed sister to Laportea. More sampling of Elatostema for rbcL data reveals that the genus is also paraphyletic, having the representatives of Procris embedded within it (Figures 7.1, 7.2: clade D). Together these two genera form a very strongly supported clade (99%, +9).

The relationship of Myriocarpa longipes with the Elatostemeae–Urticeae clade (clade C, Figures 7.1, 7.2), does not support the inclusion of this taxon within the Boehmerieae (sensu Friis 1993). However, the sister relationship of Boehmeria and Parietaria is in agreement with the findings of Sytsma et al. (2002, figure 2B) of a close relationships between the two genera.

7.4.2. Status of Cecropiaceae sensu Berg (1978) In their broad analysis of urticalean rosids based on rbcL data, Sytsma et al. (2002) found that Poikilospermum, a member of Cecropiaceae sensu Berg (1978), was placed sister to Pellionia (= Elatostema pro parte), in tribe Elatostemeae. This conclusion conflicts with my analysis, in which Poikilospermum suaveolens was placed sister to Urera glabra in Urticeae (Figures 7.1, 7.2). However, as noted in the footnote 2 (Chapter 3, Plant materials), the specimen of Poikilospermum sp. (AF500362) used by Sytsma et al. (2002) was incorrectly identified and is most likely an unknown species of Elatostema subg. Pellionia

78 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

(based on inflorescence structure) (refer Figures 7.1 and 7.2, Elatostema sp. AF500362) that is grouped with the other representatives of Procris (Figures 7.1, 7.2). Therefore, this analysis accords with the results obtained by Sytsma et al. (2002) for this taxon.

Cecropia palmata was also embedded within the Urticaceae and placed sister to Boehmeria and Parietaria in the analysis of Sytsma et al. (2002). These placements led those authors to conclude that Cecropiaceae is polyphyletic with regard of the position of Poikilospermum within the Urticeae, and therefore should be submerged within Urticaceae. The sequence of Cecropia palmata (AF061196) used by Sytsma et al. (2002) was included in my analysis in order to test the position of the species on a larger taxon sample of Urticaceae, and also to test the placement of Poikilospermum suaveolens within the Cecropiaceae. In Figures 7.1 and 7.2, it can be clearly seen that Cecropia palmata is sister to Urticaceae, and is not placed within clade B (cf. Sytsma et al. 2002). There is moderate support (bootstrap 87%, decay = +10 steps) (Figure 7.1), for the relationship of Cecropia to Urticaceae, and no support (bootstrap <50%, decay = +2) for its distinctiveness from the family; the actual order of divergence of clade B and the Cecropia lineage could easily be reversed. Hence the analysis demonstrates a very close relationship between Cecropia and Urticaceae, but the actual placement of the genus with respect to members of Urticaceae is equivocal. The analysis of the more informative trn data (Figure 7.3), with the inclusion of Coussapoa ovalifolia, placed both taxa in a moderately supported lineage sister to the Boehmerieae and Parietarieae (clade B, Figure 7.3). This latter placement is again congruent with the placement of Cecropia in the combined analysis of Sytsma et al. (2002).

The results of my rbcL analysis show that Poikilospermum suaveolens is nested within the Urticeae (Urticaceae). It displays no close relationship with Cecropia palmata on the rbcL data (Figures 7.1, 7.2), and there is no support for the genus being a member of the Cecropiaceae. The status of the genus Poikilospermum within the Urticaceae has been a point of major disagreement. It was first included in the Urticaceae by Miquel (1863), and this had been widely followed by later authors, for example, Baillon (1874), Engler (1894), and Weddell (1869).

79 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

Likewise, Chew (1963) revised the genus as a member of Urticaceae. Hutchinson (1967) placed the genus within the Moraceae, but as a separate subfamily Conocephaloideae. However, when Berg (1978) raised the Cecropieæ (sensu Gaudichaud 1830) to family status, he included Poikilospermum. Later Berg (1989) admitted that it had some characters in common with Urticaceae, namely, the elongated ‘urticaceous’ cystoliths, similar wood anatomy to Urera (Urticeae; refer next paragraph), and similar inflorescences to those of Debregeasia (Boehmerieae). The higher-level classification systems developed by Cronquist (1988), Dahlgren (1989) and Takhtajan (1997) all recognised the new family and the position of this genus within it. Friis (1989, 1993) also excluded Poikilospermum from his account of the Urticaceae.

Based on research of wood and leaf anatomy, Bonsen and ter Welle (1984) suggested that Poikilospermum should be placed within Urticaceae, close to Nothocnide (Boehmerieae) because both have unlignified bands of axial parenchyma within their secondary growth. They also suggested that it possibly has a close relationship with Dendrocnide (which has more strongly developed unlignified bands) and Urera (as supported by rbcL data, Figures 7.1, 7.2), as they all share dimorphic wood fibres that are also regarded as a specialised feature. Similarly, Bigalke (1933) noted the similarities between Poikilospermum and members of the tribes Urticeae and Elatostemeae, in that they all have elongated cystoliths and do not have hooked hairs on the leaves.

7.5. Conclusion Phylogenetic analysis of the Urticales based on a larger set of rbcL and trn sequences showed congruence with the result of the preliminary analyses of the rbcL gene with smaller sampling, and also with the earlier analysis by Sytsma et al. (2002). My analysis shows good resolution on the relationships within the Urticaceae, and provides support for the monophyly of the family provided Poikilospermum (currently assigned to a separate family Cecropiaceae, refer Berg 1978), is placed within the family. However, there is no support for the monophyly of the tribe Elatostemeae nor for the Boehmerieae, as also shown by the preliminary analyses. The weakly supported sister relationship of Pilea with the Urticeae (including Poikilospermum)

80 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data requires further investigation. However, based on these data, there is no support for Pilea being placed in the Elatostemeae. The genus Elatostema is paraphyletic, having the segregate genus Procris embedded within it. Although Boehmeria is monophyletic, the tribe Boehmerieae is polyphyletic with respect to the placement of Myriocarpa.

Although the taxonomic status of Cecropiaceae sensu Berg (1978) has not been fully evaluated in this study, Poikilospermum should be included in the Urticaceae, as suggested by this study that it belongs to the Urticeae. The status of the family Cecropiaceae is under challenge from these analyses. The analysis of rbcL data shows Cecropia to have a very close relationship to the Urticaceae and the analysis of trn data shows Cecropia and Coussapoa (both Cecropiaceae) to be embedded within the Urticaceae (with moderate support: bootstrap 89%; decay value = +8), as found by Sytsma et al. (2002). It appears that it should be more properly accorded tribal status within Urticaceae, re-instating Cecropiaeæ as originally suggested by Gaudichaud (1830). The tribe would be characteristed by woody dioecious plants, with leaves spirally arranged, petiolate; stipules fused, usually fully amplexicaul; inflorescences pedunculate, digiate cluster of spikes enveloped by a caducous spathe; staminate flowers with 2–4 free or fused tepals, stamens 1–4, straight in bud, pollen diporate (Erdtman 1952; de Ruiter 1976); pistillate flowers with perianth tubular and 2–4- lobed or 2–4-toothed, ovary superior, stigma 1, ovule (sub)orthotropous, basal or sub- basal; fruits with endocarp crustaceous or woody.

Although the relationships of genera within the Urticeae have not been evaluated in detail, based on rbcL data, Dendrocnide is a distinct genus from Laportea. Dendrocnide is sister to the Hesperocnide-Urtica clade (with weak support: 56% bootstrap; decay value = +2)(Figure 7.1), whereas Laportea is sister to Urera, but with no support (bootstrap <50%; decay value = +6). These results support the opinion of Chew (1969a, 1969b), rather than Weddell’s (1869) conclusion that the two genera are congeneric. They are, however, contrary to the conclusion of Chew (1965) that Urera is more closely related to Dendrocnide than to Laportea.

Friis (1993) hypothesised that there are three evolutionary lines in the Urticaceae, namely, the (1) Boehmerieae–Parietarieae–Forsskaoleeae, (2) Elatostemeae and (3)

81 Chapter 7. Infra-famial phylogeny of Urticaceae using molecular Data

Urticeae. Although members of the Forsskaoleeae have not been included in this thesis, the identification of these three clades, B, D and E in Figure 7.1, does lend support to this hypothesis. However, based on rbcL and trn data, Pilea is closer to the Urticeae (with only weak support: bootstrap 69%; decay value = +1) than to the Elatostemeae.

82 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

Chapter 8. PHYLOGENY OF ELATOSTEMA USING MOLECULAR DATA

8.1. Introduction

The relationship of species within the genus Elatostema are here evaluated using trn and ITS data. Multiple sampling for some taxa was used for several reasons. Sometimes there was sufficient morphological variation between samples, of what would otherwise appear to be the same taxon, that additional plants were analysed to determine the relevance of this variation in determining species limits. In other situations, the important diagnostic morphological features were absent from the collected specimens. Therefore, the identification of these samples was not possible. Finally, the taxonomy of the genus is unclear because the circumscriptions of many species are relatively imprecise and/or are based on a small number of specimens. Since the original descriptions frequently do not include all the morphological variation that is present in natural populations, the identity of several species can be problematic.

The trn analyses discussed in this chapter are part of the same analyses discussed in the previous chapter (Chapter 7) on infra-familial phylogeny of the family Urticaceae. The ITS analyses were performed to test the relationship between species within the genus Elatostema that remained unresolved on the trn-based analyses.

8.2. The trn database The trn database includes 49 samples consisting of 42 species or species groups of Elatostema, and seven species of Procris. The strength of branches, hence support of clades, on the strict consensus (Figure 8.1) and majority rule (Figure 8.2) trees was estimated using a fast jackknife analysis because a bootstrap analysis could not be completed within available computer memory.

The trn analysis provided very weak support for the Elatostemeae clade (excluding Pilea) (clade D – jackknife 66%, decay value = +1). Furthermore, the analysis resulted in a polytomy of three lineages: Elatostema vittatum (Elatostema subg. Elatostematoides), clade E and clade F. Hence, the relationship between these latter

83 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data two clades and E. vittatum is unresolved (Figure 8.1). The genus Elatostema is paraphyletic, having the segregate genus Procris nested within clade D, being placed together with some members of Elatostema subgenus Pellionia in the smaller clade E (Figures 8.1, 8.2). Clade E is moderately well-supported (jackknife 83%, decay = +3), whereas clade F is strongly supported (jackknife 98%, decay = +8).

Elatostema griffithianum (subg. Pellionia) is not included in clade E with other members of the subgenus, but rather, is sister to the remaining Elatostema species included in clade F (Figures 8.1, 8.2). Elatostema parvum is sister to the strongly supported clade G (jackknife 99%, decay = +8), which comprises all the remaining taxa included in clade F. It should be noted that the order of divergence of these two early lineages in clade F (namely, E. griffithianum and E. parvum) receives no support (jackknife 54%, decay = +1). There is little resolution of relationships within clade G, and what is resolved is very weak, mostly collapsing at +1 or +2 steps and mostly having less than 80% jackknife support (except for the subclade that includes E. backeri, E. strigosum and E. grande – jackknife 86%). Clade G includes members of Elatostema subg. Elatostema, subg. Elatostematoides, and subg. Weddellia (Figures 8.1, 8.2). The type of the genus, Elatostema sessile, is included in this clade.

The majority rule tree (Figure 8.2) provides some additional information on the possible relationship between taxa of the various polytomies of the strict consensus tree (Figure 8.1). Elatostema velutinicaule is included in the E. backeri–E. strigosum– E. grande clade in 99% of the trees (Figure 8.2), whereas, it remains part of the terminal polytomy of the strict consensus tree (Figure 8.1). In 53% of the trees (Figure 8.2), E. macrophyllum, E. paludosum, E. pedunculosum and E. beccarii are included in a clade with E. sessile, E. reticulatum and E. stipitatum. These relationships were tested using the more variable ITS data (Section 8.3).

8.3. The ITS database Alignment of sequences of Elatostema with those at or beyond the limits of the genus was highly problematic. The sequences became saturated with substitutions in some regions, such that there was no apparent alignment that gave an overall increase in shared bases, and hence substantiated the homology of the sequences. This was particularly pronounced in some sizeable regions of ITS1, although, because of functional constraints, alignment of the 5.8S locus was still possible. Some regions of 84 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

ITS2 were also possible. However the alignment of some of the more distant taxa (for example, E. sinuatum and Procris spp.) are less reliable. Some species in Elatostema subgenus Pellionia and Procris were impossible to align because their sequences were more derived. Alignment of the outgroup taxon, Dorstenia sp., was particularly difficult, so that the topology at the base of the tree is likely to be less reliable. However, exclusion of this outgroup and rooting on E. sinuatum did not significantly alter the topology within Elatostema (refer chapter 11).

Sequences were obtained from 53 samples of Elatostema plus one Dorstenia sp. (Moraceae) that was used to root the analyses. The aligned database comprised of

85 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

E. acuminatum 153 73 E. acuminatum 249 +3 E. acuminatum 163 E. backeri 142 E. backeri 145 E. backeri 146 E. backeri 147 E. backeri Cn4433 86 E. strigosum 207 E. strigosum 159 +2 E. strigosum 178 E. grande E. sp.399068 Elatostema sp.157 51 E. integrifolium 224 +1 E. integrifolium 396 E. integrifolium 242 E. integrifolium 152 59 E. rostratum 143 G +1 E. rostratum 144 E. rostratum 141 E. rostratum 365 +8 75 E. reticulatum +1 E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum 245 54 E. paludosum 252 +1 E. paludosum 256 F E. paludosum Cn4434 E. pedunculosum 312 E. sessile 392 +8 73 E. sessile 453 E. sp.441 E. velutinicaule 183 E. beccarii Cn5010 E. parvum 154 +8 E. parvum 452 D E. griffithianum 351 66 E. curtisii 427 +6 E. sinuatum Cn5087 +1 Procris frutescens 53 51 Procris pedunculata E 55 +1 Procris insularis 52 +2 Procris ruhlandii 83 +2 94 E. sp. AF501617 E. sp.Woolliams547 +3 +3 Procris wightiana 397 E. repens 445 +5 E. repens AF501612 C E. vittatum Cn5089 +16

Unresolved Myriocarpa longipes, Pilea clade and the Urticeae clade – Figure 7.3

Figure 8.1. Strict consensus tree of the trn data generated from heuristic search with 500 replicates of random taxon addition with swapping on only 200 trees per replicate; tree length 1100 steps, RI=0.86, RC=0.52. Thick branches received at least 95% jackknife support. Decay values are cited below the clades (in blue). Numbers following a taxon name are either voucher or GenBank numbers. Infrageneric classification of Elatostema sensu Schröter and Winkler (1935) is shown in colour: Elatostema, Elatostematoides, Pellionia, Weddellia. Taxa in ‘black’ are unassigned. Tree attaches to Figure 7.3 at C; D–G, clades as referred to in text.

86 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

50 E. backeri 142 E. backeri 145 100 E. backeri 146 100 E. backeri 147 E. sp. 157 E. strigosum 207 100 100 E. strigosum 159 E. strigosum 178 100 E. backeri Cn4433 99 E. sp.399068 E. grande E. velutinicaule 183 E. macrophyllum 245 75 E. paludosum 252 58 E. paludosum 256 51 E. paludosum Cn4434 62 E. beccarii Cn5010 58 100 E. reticulatum E. stipitatum G 53 E. pedunculosum 312 E. sessile 392 100 88 E. sessile 453 E. sp. 441 100 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolium 396 100 E. rostratum 141 E. rostratum 143 100 E. integrifolium 242 59 100 E. rostratum 144 E. integrifolium 152 E. rostratum 365 F 100 E. acuminatum 153 100 100 E. acuminatum 249 E. acuminatum 163 100 E. parvum 154 E. parvum 452 E. griffithianum 351 Procris frutescens 149 100 100 100 Procris pedunculata 100 Procris insularis 390 100 Procris ruhlandii D 100 100 E. sp.AF501617 E. sp.Woolliams547 100 E 100 Procris wightiana 397 100 E. curtisii 427 100 E. sinuatum Cn5087 100 E. repens 445 E. repens AF501612 C E. vittatum Cn5089

Unresolved Myriocarpa longipes, Pilea clade and the Urticeae clade – Figure 7.3

Figure 8.2. Majority rule tree generated from heuristic search of the trn data, with percentages of trees having the same clades are cited above the clades. Numbers following a taxon name are either voucher or GenBank numbers. Tree attaches to Figure 7.3 at C; D-G, clades as referred to in the text.

87 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

1090 bp and mainly consisted of Elatostema species placed within Clade G on the trn analysis (Figures 8.1, 8.2). Elatostema sinuatum, representing clade E (Figures 8.1, 8.2), was also included. In total, 199 characters (18.27%) were parsimony informative and 401 (36.79%) were variable.

Heuristic search with 500 replicates of random taxon addition swapping on only 200 trees per replicate found one island of 684 MP trees of 1063 steps (RI = 0.88, RC = 0.56). The strength of branches, and hence support of clades, on the strict consensus (Figure 8.3) and majority rule (Figure 8.4) trees was estimated using a bootstrap analysis with 500 replicates.

This analysis is much more informative of specific relationships within Elatostema than the analysis of the trn data (Figures 8.1, 8.2). In particular, relationships within clade G in Figure 8.1 are mostly resolved in Figure 8.3. There are also more clades that are strongly supported (bootstrap >95%) in Figure 8.3.

A total of 44 indels were scored as additional characters in this analysis. Indels were overwhelmingly single base deletions or insertions, but a number involved 2 or 3 bp, and a few were much longer; the longest was 37 bp. When all but the indel characters were removed, RC = 0.57. This shows there was no conflict between the base substitution data and the indel data, the latter fitting the MP trees at least as well as the former.

A number of single species lineages are the first to diverge with clade F (Figure 8.3), forming a grade at the base of the tree, and there is moderate to very strong support for their order of divergence: Elatostema sinuatum (subgenus Pellionia; 100% bootstrap, +11 decay); E. parvum (subg. Weddellia 94% bootstrap, +11 decay); then clade G (Figure 8.3) with E. griffithianum (subg. Pellionia; 100%, +26); Elatostema pedunculosum (subg. Elatostema; 94%, +9); and E. acuminatum (subg. Elatostema; 80%, +5). Within the remaining taxa of clade G, three main clades are recognised, H, I and J. These received moderate to very strong support (respectively 100%, +11; 92%, +6; and 100%, +64), and there is considerable support (88%, +6) for the last two being sister groups.

Clade H (Figure 8.3) consists of a strong subclade (99%, decay = +7) comprising E. sessile (subg. Elatostema – the type species) and an unidentified specimen referred to

88 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data as Elatostema sp. 441, that is sister to a well-supported clade (96%, +4) that includes E. beccarii and E. rostratum (both subg. Elatostematoides) and E. integrifolium (subg. Elatostema). However, many of the multiple samples of these species form an unresolved polytomy, which may indicate that they are either the same species or at least belong to very closely related taxa.

89 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

E. griffithianum 351 E. pedunculosum 312 G 82 E. acuminatum 153 100 94 +1 E. acuminatum 249 E. acuminatum 163 +11 +27 E. rostratum 141 69 E. beccarii Cn5009 100 +1 E. integrifolium 396 +26 100 E. integrifolium 456 E. integrfolium 224 +8 E. integrifolium 242 96 E. rostratum 143 60 E. rostratum 144 +4 94 H +1 E. integrifolium 152 +9 100 100 E. rostratum 365 +11 +7 E. rostratum 455 E. sessile 453 99 E. sessile 392 +7 E. sessile 253 E. sp. 441 100 E. stipitatum 60 +22 E. reticulatum +1 100 E. novoguineense Cn5039 80 +15 E. sp. Cn5027 +5 I 61 E. paludosum 252 F 58 92 +1 E. paludosum 256 +1 100 +6 E. paludosum Cn4434 99 68 E. sp.438 +11 E. paludosum Cn4412 +5 +1 94 E. macrophyllum Cn4397 +4 E. macrophyllum 245 E. macrophyllum Cn5038 88 E. strigosum 159 +6 84 E. strigosum 448 +2 E. strigosum 439 64 E. grande +1 E. backeri 457 J 100 E. kinabaluense 459 68 E. backeri Cn4433 100 +11 +1 E. urvilleanum Cn4398 +17 +64 80 E. strigosum 207 +1 90 E. velutinicaule 185 +2 E. strigosum 178 E. backeri 146 64 E. backeri 147 +1 64 E. backeri 142 67 +1 E. backeri 145 +1 E. sp.157 E. sp.399068 E. sp.Cn4379 100 E .parvum 154 +41 E. parvum 452 E. sinuatum Cn5087 Dorstenia sp.Cn5090

Figure 8.3. Strict consensus tree of the ITS data generated from heuristic search 500 replicates, one island of 684 trees at 1063 steps, RI=0.88, RC=0.56. Thick branches received at least 95% bootstrap support. Decay values are cited below the clades (in blue). Numbers following a taxon name are either voucher or GenBank numbers. Infrageneric classification of Elatostema sensu Schröter and Winkler (1935) is shown by coloured lines and taxon names: Elatostema, Elatostematoides, Pellionia, Weddellia, unassigned in black. G–J, clades as referred to in text. 90 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

E. griffithianum 351 E. pedunculosum 312 100 E. acuminatum 153 100 100 E. acuminatum 249 E. acuminatum 163 E. rostratum 141 100 E. beccarii Cn5009 100 E. integrifoilum 396 58 89 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolium 242 100 E. rostratum 143 100 E. rostratum 144 100 E. integrifolium 152 100 E. integrifolium 456 100 E. rostratum 365 100 E. rostratum 455 E. sessile 453 100 E. sessile 392 67 E. sessile 253 E. sp. 441 100 E. stipitatum 100 E. reticulatum 100 E. novoguineense Cn5039 100 E. sp. Cn5027 100 E. paludosum 252 I 100 100 E. paludosum 256 F 100 E. paludosum Cn4434 100 100 E. sp. 438 E. paludosum Cn4412 100 E. macrophyllum Cn4397 E. macrophyllum 245 100 E. macrophyllum C5038 E. strigosum 159 100 E. strigosum 448 67 E. strigosum 439 J 100 E. grande E. backeri 457 100 100 E. kinabaluense 459 100 E. backeri Cn4433 E. urvilleana Cn4398 100 E. strigosum 207 100 E. velutinicaule 185 67 E. strigosum 178 E. backeri 146 100 E. backeri 147 100 E. backeri 142 100 E. backeri 145 Elatostema sp.157 E. sp.399068 Elatostema sp.Cn4379 100 E. parvum 154 E. parvum 452 E. sinuatum Cn5087 Dorstenia sp.Cn5090

Figure 8.4. Majority rule tree generated from heuristic search of the ITS data, with percentages of trees having the same clades are cited above the clades. Numbers following a taxon name are either voucher or GenBank numbers.

91 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

The moderately supported clade I (92%, +6) consists of three well supported species groups: E. stipitatum plus E. reticulatum (100%, + 22); E. novoguineense plus an unknown species, Elatostema sp. Cn5027 (100%, +15); and E. paludosum, E. macrophyllum and Elatostema sp. 438 (94%, +4).

The highly robust Clade J (100%, +64) includes all five samples of E. strigosum, and the single sample of four other species, all assigned to subg. Elatostema, as well as all six samples of E. backeri (subg. Weddellia). Apart from the strong subclade comprising E. urvilleanum, E. kinabaluense and two samples identified as E. backeri, which received 100% bootstrap support and +11 steps decay, the rest of the internal topology of the clade is very weakly supported.

Again, the majority rule tree from the ITS analysis (Figure 8.4) provided some additional information on possible relationships between taxa of the various polytomies of the strict consensus tree (Figure 8.3), although relationships between many terminal taxa remained unresolved.

8.4. Discussion

Although several more species of Elatostema were included in the above analyses than were in the trn analyses, the genus Elatostema remained paraphyletic with Procris nested within it (Clade E, Figures 8.1, 8.2), placed together with members of Elatostema subgenus Pellionia. This ‘Procris–Elatostema subg. Pellionia’ subclade is moderately supported with 83% jackknife and +3 decay values. Hence, these analyses support the broader concept of Elatostema adopted by Hallier (1896) and Winkler (1922), who both included Procris within Elatostema and recognised the former taxon as Elatostema subg. Procris. Within clade E (Figure 8.1), the Procris subclade is poorly resolved with only weak support (jackknife 52%, decay +2) and an unknown species of Elatostema subg. Pellionia1 is included within this clade. Therefore, it is clear from these results that even as a subgenus, the circumscription of Procris needs to be extended to include at least some species currently assigned to Elatostema subg. Pellionia.

1 Some notes on the particular voucher specimens of this taxon, namely, Elatostema sp. AF501617 and E. sp. Woolliams 547, are provided in Chapters 3 and 7. 92 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

The robust grouping (jackknife 100%, decay +8) of E. griffithianum (subg. Pellionia) with species of subgenera Elatostema, Elatostematoides and Weddellia (clade F, Figures 8.1, 8.2) indicates that the morphological basis for the recognition of Pellionia as a subgenus (Schröter and Winkler 1935, 1936), or as a distinct genus as proposed by Weddell (1856), Robinson (1910), Friis (1989), Wang and Chen (1979) and Qi, et al. (2003), is not supported by these molecular data.

The ITS topology indicates that several of the species concepts (for example, E. backerii, E. rostratum, E. strigosum) used are polyphyletic. Three accessions of E. rostratum (141, 143, 144) are closer to E. beccarii and E. integrifolium than they are to accessions 365 and 455 of E. rostratum. This receives very strong support (>95%). Two explanations seem possible. First, the identification to species level is erroneous. Second, paralogous copies of ITS have been sequenced. These alternatives remain to be explored.

The ITS analyses provided better resolution of relationships within Elatostema (Figures 8.3, 8.4) compared to that of the trn data (Figures 8.1, 8.2) because there was greater sequence divergence in this region. It is noteworthy that the order of divergence of the E. parvum and E. griffithianum lineages is reversed in Figure 8.3 compared with Figure 8.1, and that there was good support for the order in Figure 8.3, whereas there was no support for the order in Figure 8.1. This illustrates clearly the more informative nature of the ITS data at this lower taxonomic level.

The ITS data (Figures 8.3, 8.4) also do not support the infrageneric classification of Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936), except for subg. Elatostematoides, there is strong support for its monophyly (bootstrap 96%, decay = +4, occurs in 100% of the trees). However, the inability to align ITS sequences for all species of Procris and for most species of Elatostema subg. Pellionia, is unfortunate because a comparison can not be made between the ITS and trn analyses for these taxa. Some members of subg. Pellionia are grouped together with Procris based on trn data (clade E, Figures 8.1, 8.2), whereas E. griffithianum (also subg. Pellionia), is placed sister to the remaining members of Elatostema. Although a similar comparison can not be made with the ITS data, E. griffithianum and E. sinuatum (both subg. Pellionia) do not form a monophyletic group (Figures 8.3, 8.4). Members of subgenus Elatostematoides and subg. Weddellia are nested within subg. Elatostema (clade G, Figures 8.1, 8.2; within

93 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data clade G: excluding E. griffithianum, Figures 8.3, 8.4) with many unresolved branches. Therefore, the current circumscription of these taxa is not supported by these molecular data.

It can be assumed that Elatostema consists of two main infrageneric groups, namely, the ‘Elatostema’ group (clade F, Figure 8.1; clade F, Figure 8.3) that includes members of subg. Elatostema, Elatostematoides and Weddellia, and the ‘Procris– Pellionia’ group (clade E, Figure 8.1). The trn data weakly supports these two groups (jackknife 66%, decay = +1), whereas ITS data provides strong support (bootstrap 100%, decay = + 11).

An examination of Figures 8.5 and 8.6, which show the amount of change on branches, reveals that there are no significant differences in the placement of species in the two analyses that might indicate the presence of a sequence from a paralogous locus in either case. Such a locus might also be likely to place a species on a much longer branch in one analysis compared with another, because of the non-homology of the compared sequences. All taxa which are on particularly long terminal branches in one tree (for example, E. acuminatum and E. pedunculosum, Figure 8.5) are also on long branches in Figure 8.6. This again is evidence against the presence of paralogous loci in the molecular datasets.

94 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

Boehmeria macrophylla Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Poikilospermum lanceolatum Urera lacinata Urera glabra Discocnide sp. Urtica dioica Lecanthus peduncularis Pilea tripartite Pilea longicaulis Pilea basicordata Pilea craspedodroma Pilea jayaensis Pilea johnsii Pilea microphylla Pilea depressa Pilea nummularifolia Pilea mexicana Pilea dauciodora Pilea plataniflora E. curtisii E. sinuatum var. sinuatum Poikilospermum ‘Woolliams’ 547 Poikilospermum ‘Woolliams’ 1651 Procris ruhlandii Procris frutescens Procris peduncularis Procris insularis Procris wightiana Pellonia daveauana E. repens E. griffithianum E. sessile E. pedunculosum E. rostratum E. integrifolium E. backeri E. acuminatum E. macrophyllum E. paludosum E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. parvum Myriocarpa longipes 10 changes

Figure 8.5. Phylogram (branch lengths proportional to amount of change) of one of the MP trees found from the parsimony analysis of the equally weighted trn data. All generic names are written in full, except ‘E’ = Elatostema 95 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

E. griffithianum 351 E. pedunculosum 312 E. acuminatum 153 E. acuminatum 249 E. acuminatum 163 E. rostratum 141 E. beccarii Cn5009 E. integrifolium 396 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolium 242 E. rostratum 144 E. integrifolium 152 E. integrifolium 456 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum.365 E. rostratum 455 E. sessile 453 E. sessile 392 E. sessile 253 E. sp. 441 E. stipitatum A2 E. reticulatum A1 E. novoguineense Cn5039 E. sp. Cn5027 E. paludosum 252 E. nigrescens 256 E. paludosum Cn4434 E. sp. 438 E .paludosum Cn4412 E. macrophyllum Cn4397 E. macrophyllum 245 E. macrophyllum Cn5038 E. strigosum 159 E. backeri 146 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 142 E. backeri 145 E. sp. 157 E. sp. 399068 E. sp. Cn4379 E. strigosum 448 E. strigosum 439 E. grande B1 E. backeri 457 E. kinabaluense 459 E. backeri Cn4433 E. urvilleana Cn4398 E. strigosum 207 E. velutinicaule185 E. strigosum 178 E. parvum 154 E. parvum 452 E. sinuatum Cn5087

10 changes

Figure 8.6. Phylogram (branch lengths proportional to amount of change) of one of the MP trees found from the parsimony analysis of the equally weighted ITS data.

96 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

8.5. Conclusion

Both trn and ITS analyses do not support the current infrageneric classification of Elatostema sensu Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936). These analyses suggest two main groupings within the genus: a group that includes some members of Elatostema subgenus Pellionia and species of Procris, and a group that includes E. griffithianum (subg. Pellionia) and the remaining members of Elatostema.

Further work on another region, probably the ETS region, that is relatively more variable than ITS, may provide better resolution of relationships within Elatostema. This should be carried out with more terminal taxa providing a wider representation of the four subgenera, particularly of the subg. Elatostematoides, subg. Pellionia and subg. Weddellia. To overcome the alignment difficulties in using ITS to investigate the relationship between Procris and subg. Pellionia, a separate alignment of these sequences should be made and subjected to analysis. Another complementary approach would be to obtain trn data for additional species of Procris and subgenus Pellionia, as well as other closely related species of Elatostema, so as to expand the trn analysis for this group. The possibility that some of the lack of resolution results from conflict between the signal from different paralogous copies of ITS would require cloning of the material before sequencing. This should be attempted on a selection of accessions of species that appear paraphyletic in the ITS analyses.

97 Chapter 8. Phylogeny of Elatostema using molecular data

98 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Chapter 9. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS

9.1. Introduction The morphological characters used in this study for phylogenetic analysis and for the preparation of plant descriptions have, in part, been based on the morphological features used by previous researchers. Several features have been re-interpreted in this thesis so that they can be scored more consistently than is possible for many of the more subjectively defined character states used by previous researchers (for example, venation patterns). Characters that have not been used by previous workers have been included in the analyses (for example, the form of the nanophyll). Also, multi-metric over-lapping characters (that is, characters defined by dimensions) have been included by conversion to non-overlapping or minimal over-lapping characters states. The morphological characters used in this study were scored for all DNA voucher collections, and also on other herbarium specimens held at NSW and on loan from other herbaria (refer Table 3.1). One to five specimens of each species were selected to cover the morphological variation within the species. Morphological observation, particularly of floral characters, was carried out using a binocular light microscope.

The following discussion presents a summary of the morphological characters used previously by the two main researchers of the genus Elatostema, namely, Robinson (1910) (refer section 9.2) and Schröter and Winkler (1935) (refer section 9.3). Although these researchers, especially the latter, provided a detailed description of many morphological characters, only those that I have included in my study are summarised here. The last two sections of this chapter explain the management of morphological data (section 9.3) and provide a description of the morphological characters measured in this study (section 9.4).

9.2. Morphological Characters Used By Robinson (1910)

The first discussion of the taxonomic importance of morphological characters in Elatostema (s. lat.) was provided by Robinson (1910). His account described the morphological characters used for establishing the genus Elatostematoides, as distinct from Elatostema, Procris and Pellionia, with several new species described for Elatostema and Elatostematoides. He also discussed the taxonomic usefulness of some characters at the

99 Chapter 9. Morphology characters family level. Robinson specifically provided detailed discussion on the nature of the inflorescence and pistillate flowers to differentiate species of Elatostema, Elatostematoides, Procris and Pellionia.

9.2.1. Inflorescence involucre – presence or absence  Involucre present and enclosing flowers – in species of Elatostema (inflorescence condensed), both the staminate and pistillate flowers are enclosed in an involucre of bracts (Figures 9.1b and 9.1d) (refer Schröter and Winkler 1935; figures 19–24)  Involucre absent – the pistillate inflorescence of Pellionia is a compact cluster of female flowers (hence, inflorescence condensed), whereas the staminate inflorescence is always openly paniculate (Qi et al. 2003; figures 120, 124, 126); neither staminate nor pistillate flowers are arranged on receptacles surrounded by bracts. The pistillate flowers of the genus Procris are arranged on a fleshy receptacle that lacks involucre bracts (Figure 9.1a). The staminate flowers of Procris are clustered in glomerules and these clusters are arranged in an openly branched paniculate inflorescence (Ariyanti 2004).

9.2.2. Pistillate flowers Robinson (1910) regarded several features of the pistillate flowers as diagnostically important. These include: 9.2.2.1. Perianth He concluded that merosity of the perianth of pistillate flowers was taxonomically useful for distinguishing the following four taxa (at generic level) – Elatostema, Elatostematoides, Pellionia and Procris:  3-partite: he concluded that this character state was characteristic of Elatostema, although 2- and 4-partite perianth flowers also appear to be present in otherwise 3-partite flowered inflorescences. However, it would appear that Robinson confused staminodes with perianth because the perianth is very reduced or absent in all species of Elatostema s. str. (Schröter and Winkler 1935); whereas staminodes are present (loc. cit.).

100 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Contrary to this, Robinson erroneously concluded that staminodes are “probably not found … in any species [of Elatostema]” (ibid., p. 499).  4- or 5-partite: reported as characteristic of Pellionia, with perianth as long as the ovary.  3- or 4-partite: Procris: deeply parted and widely spreading, as long as the ovary or shorter.  5-partite: described as characteristic of Elatostematoides.

Figure 9.1 Inflorescence characters. a. pistillate flowers of Procris ruhlandii inserted into a fleshy receptacle (after Ariyanti 2004); b. involucrate bracts enclosing staminate flowers of Elatostema sesquifolium (redrawn from Schröter and Winkler 1935, figure 21); c. compartmentalised female inflorescence of Elatostema sessile (redrawn from Schröter and Winkler 1935, figure 30) – upper view; d. female inflorescence of Elatostema sp. (subg. Elatostema) showing receptacle and bracts – dorsal view (redrawn from Schröter and Winkler 1935, figure 24)

101 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Although he later re-stated the usefulness of this character (Robinson 1911c), it is difficult to understand how to apply the above feature because of the over-lapping nature of the character-states defined by him (refer above). For example, since the perianth of Pellionia is 4- or 5-partite, these character states make it indistinguishable with some species of Procris and Elatostematoides. However, perianth merosity has been included in my dataset to test its usefulness in defining taxon relationships.

9.2.2.2. Staminodes presence or absence (in pistillate flowers)  Staminodes absent: as mentioned above, Robinson erroneously concluded that staminodes are absent in both Elatostema s. str. and Procris. Contrary to Robinson, Elatostema (pers. obs.; Schröter and Winkler 1935, p. 20) and Procris (Ariyanti 2004) both have staminodes in pistillate flowers.  Staminodes present: Robinson reported that species of Elatostematoides have very short staminodes.

Robinson did not mention the presence or absence of staminodes in Pellionia. The presence or absence of staminodes in pistillate flowers is not useful for distinguishing the genera discussed by Robinson. However, this character is taxonomically useful, at a tribal level, for distinguishing the Elatostemeae from all other genera in the family. The pistillate flowers of all genera of Elatostemeae have staminodes, whereas all other genera have pistillate flowers that lack staminodes (Friis 1993).

9.2.2.3. Appendage of perianth (in pistillate flowers)  Appendage absent: characteristic of Procris. He also reported that in Elatostematoides the perianth is very shortly acuminate and hence, the perianth lacks an appendage.  Appendage present: In Pellionia, the perianth is as long as the ovary and it has a long appendage (‘spur’) inserted just below the apex of the perianth. This appendage is as long as the perianth.

102 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Robinson did not comment on the presence or absence of a perianth appendage in Elatostema (s. str.).

9.3. Morphological Characters Used By Schröter And Winkler (1935)

Schröter and Winkler (1935) provided a more comprehensive discussion of morphological characters they regarded as taxonomically useful for understanding the genus Elatostema and for distinguishing the four subgenera, namely subgenus Elatostema, subg. Elatostematoides, subg. Pellionia, and subg. Weddellia. The morphological characters used by them included features of habit, phyllotaxy, leaf and venation characteristics, indumentum and cystoliths, and reproductive features (including inflorescence structure, floral and fruiting characteristics). Although promoting the usefulness of these characters, they recognised that the taxonomic circumscription of these four subgenera was often unclear.

The characters and character states discussed by Schröter and Winkler (1935) include:

HABIT AND FORM 9.3.1. Herbs, Sub-shrubs and Shrubs Members of Elatostema are mostly herbs or sub-shrubs, rarely shrubs. The majority of taxa of the subgenus Weddellia and subg. Elatostema are fleshy herbs, whereas many of the species of subg. Pellionia and subg. Elatostematoides have more sclenchymatous cells in the stem during later growth stages. Therefore, some of these species appear slightly ‘woody’. For example, in subg. Pellionia there are numerous herbaceous species, like E. sinuatum, E. filicinum and E. repens, but there are also many shrubs or sub-shrubs1. The members of subg. Elatostematoides consists only of sub-shrubs. However, do precise definition of each category was provided by these authors.

1 Note: Schröter and Winkler (1935) did not provide examples of species of subgenus Pellionia that are sub- shrubs or shrubs.

103 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Leaf 9.3.2. Phyllotaxy Schröter and Winkler (loc. cit.) described the phyllotaxy of Elatostema as opposite, decussate, similar to other members of the family. However, since one leaf of the leaf- pair at each node is much reduced compared to the other leaf, this gives the appearance of an alternate/spiral arrangement. The form of the nanophylls is relatively consistent throughout the genus but has not been used as a taxonomic character by previous researchers.

9.3.3. Anisophylly The leaf-pairs at each node are characteristically very unequal in size in the genus Elatostema such that the foliage appears strongly anisophyllous. This anisophylly is also present in other Urticaceous genera, including Pilea. Schröter and Winkler (1935) considered the presence or absence of the nanophyll and its shape as useful taxonomic characters. In subgenus Weddellia, all species have shortly petiolate, small leaves (nanophylls), whereas many species in the remaining subgenera lack nanophylls. In species of subg. Elatostema, they (ibid., p. 3) mentioned only three species that have nanophylls (namely, E. bulbiferum, E. ambiguum and E. burmanicum). Sessile, minute, more or less linear and readily caducous nanophylls are found in a few species of subg. Elatostematoides (for example, a few species of the Elatostema rostratum group). Finally, some species in subg. Pellionia have relatively large, green leaf-like nanophylls (for example, E. sinuatum, E. raapii and E. filicinum), some other species have minute nanophylls (for example, E. variolaminosum and E. hallieri), whereas the remaining species lack nanophylls. When the nanophyll is absent, the macrophylls2 are spirally arranged (alternate).

It is interesting that Weddell (1856) stated that the nanophylls of subgenus Elatostema are reduced so much that they are absent; however, contrary to this, he recorded the presence of nanophylls for E. acuminatum (subg. Elatostema). Goebel (1928) observed

2 The normal larger leaves that occur in Elatostema are here referred to macrophylls to distinguish them from the much smaller nanophylls inserted at the same nodes. The normal leaves that are characteristic of all other Urticacean taxa, irrespective of size, are also referred to as macrophylls.

104 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

‘rudimentary leaves’ (nanophylls) on newly germinated plants of E. sessile (type species of genus), that became fused with the stipule during later stages of growth.

9.3.4. Leaf shape symmetry The form of the large leaf varies from obovate, elliptic, narrowly ovate to ovate or rarely roundish. The width of the lamina of each side of the central axis (from midvein to margin), is unequal.

9.3.5. Leaf base symmetry Usually the base of the broader side exceeds the length of the narrower side, occasionally the base is slightly cordate (for example, E. hastatum and E. reticulatum) to more fully cordate (rounded on both sides) (for example, E. griffithianum). They described E. peltifolium and E. viride as two species with profoundly cordate (shield- like) leaves with basal lobes over-lapping (ibid., p. 6).

9.3.6. Leaf venation Robinson (1910) concluded that it was not possible to categorize the venation patterns found in Elatostema because they were too variable. However, Schröter and Winkler (1935) believed that venation patterns were useful taxonomically and the variability was relatively small. They recognised the following five venation types (Figure 9.2):

TYPE I 3-plinerved (major secondary veins are inserted near base of lamina and converge near apex). Pilea is characterised by Type I and the modified condition exemplified by Type II venations patterns (below). TYPE II 3-plinerved with distal part of lamina venation pinnate (as for Type I, the major secondary veins are inserted near base of lamina, but in distal third they are replaced by pinnate venation). Neither Type I nor Type II is found in Elatostema. TYPE III semi-pinnately nerved (Type III is another modification of Type I, with the two basal secondary veins (lateral to mid-vein) unequal in length and direction. Only one vein extends to the apex. The other vein is much shorter, directed more towards the margin, and has

105 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

more secondary veins (lateral to mid-vein) on that side. This type of venation is found in subgenus Elatostematoides and in some species of Pellionia) TYPE IV semi-pinnately to sub-pinnately nerved (with five subclasses) (This Type includes a series of modifications from Type III, namely from a subtle modification of the semi-pinnate venation pattern of Type III to sub-pinnately nerved state of Type IVe3 TYPE V pinnately nerved (with both sides of the central vein being equally pinnate). This Type is found in a few species of Pilea, in many species of Pellionia and all Procris species, plus a few species of Elatostema s. str. (for example, E. macrophyllum and E. rugosum).

In his work on the systematics of Chinese species of Elatostema,Wang (1980) simplified the Schröter & Winkler (1935) classification of venation patterns (Figure 9.3). He recognised four characters states, namely, 3-nerved (a); semi- 3-plinerved (b); 3-plinerved (c) and penninerved (d). The difficulties with this classification system is that the character states are somewhat confusing and, to a certain extent, overlapping. Therefore, the application of these states is problematic.

9.3.7. Cystoliths Cystoliths are present in all species of the Urticaceae (Bigalke 1933, Scott 1941, Boufford 2006) and their form and distribution have been found to be taxonomically useful for distinguishing infrafamilial groups, even if only as secondary characters that may only be taxonomically useful when viewed in combination with other features. Although the function of these cystoliths is unclear, minute crystals appear in the vacuoles of certain meristematic cells and become fused into one composite structure (Scott 1941). Within the lithocyst, the cystolith is surrounded by a cytoplasmic sheath which is connected by radiating strands anchored to the plasmodesmata of the cell wall. The characteristic protuberances of the cystolith are laid down within these strands. The characteristic outline of cystoliths is determined by the direction of the cytoplasmic

3 Note: The incorrect labelling of the venation types of Type IV, namely as ‘Typ IVa,’ ‘IVb,’ ‘IVd’, ‘IVe,’ with ‘IVe’ repeated is a typographical error in Schröter and Winkler (1935, p. 54). ‘IVc’ is missing from the legend and figure, but is described in the text (ibid., p. 8) as semi-pinnately nerved basally with distal third pinnately nerved (presumably on both side). This would appear to be a very minor variant of Type IVd. which is described as having the distal half pinnately nerved.

106 Chapter 9. Morphology characters strands of the protoplast (Scott 1941). Within the large genus Elatostema, they are, at least, superficially relatively homogeneous. A detailed study of the taxonomic usefulness of cystoliths within Elatostema has not been included in this study; however, additional research is recommended.

9.3.8. Stipules In Elatostema, the stipules are usually membranous, occasionally somewhat fleshy, and usually glabrous. They mostly vary from narrowly ovate (lanceolate) to almost linear (often referred to as linear-lanceolate), initially often shorter than mature stipules. Some large leafed species (for example, E. nemorosum, E. fagifolium and E. smilacinum) have large stipules 30–50 mm long. Elatostema sinuatum and related species possess short to minute stipules 1–2 mm long (on the large leaf). Stipules are usually present in the distal nodes even when they have been lost from older nodes.

107 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Figure 9.2. Venation types redrawn from Schröter and Winkler (1935: Figures 3-11). a = type I, 3- plinerved; b = type II, 3-plinerved with distal part of lamina venation pinnate; c = type III, semi-pinnately nerved; d = type IVa, semi-pinnately nerved (apex pinnately nerved); e = type IVb, semi-pinnately nerved (upper pinnately nerved); f = type IVd, semi-pinnately nerved (upper medium pinnately nerved); g = type IVe, sub-pinnately nerved; h = type IVe, sub- pinnately nerved; i = type V, pinnately nerved

108 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Figure 9.3. Classification of venation types as used by Wang (1980); figures redrawn from Wang (ibid., p. 3). ‘a–d’ referred to in the text.

INFLORESCENCE The basic inflorescence structure of Urticaceae is cymose, either dichasial or monochasial (Golenkin 1894; Bernbeck 1932). Schröter and Winkler (1935) placed considerable taxonomic importance on the various types of inflorescence exhibited by the members of the tribe Elatostemeae.

9.3.9. Form Schröter and Winkler (loc. cit.) regarded the arrangement of flowers as a very important character for delimiting subgenera of Elatostema. The inflorescences vary from relatively loosely arranged clusters of flowers (for example, as found in subg. Elatostematoides and subg. Pellionia) to more crowded inflorescences (for example, E. velutinum and E. undulatum). The inflorescence of the former group lacks an involucre, whereas the latter group has a slightly developed involucre of bracts. They summarised the stages of inflorescence initiation, arrangement and subsequent development (ibid. figures 12–17). For example, inflorescences vary from being inserted in both the axil of the nanophyll and the corresponding large leaf (in some species of subg. Elatostematoides and subg. Weddellia), whereas in other species, the inflorescence is only inserted in the axil of large leaves (many species of subg. Elatostema and subg. Pellionia.

109 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

The male inflorescences is ‘divided’ into a series of compartments with the underlying cymose arrangement maintained (Weddell 1856). This compartmentalisation, also present in female inflorescences, is illustrated by Schröter and Winkler (ibid., figures 17, 29 and 30) (redrawn in Figure 9.1c). Although these researchers regarded the female inflorescence of Elatostema vittatum as compartmentalised (refer their figure 17), in my study, these would be scored as not compartmentalised (hence, scored as ‘unordered’) because the compartmentalisation is so indistinct and easily misinterpreted.

Schröter and Winkler (1935) discussed and illustrated (ibid., figures 18–28) the extent of fusion between outer bracts and between inner bracts. However, the degree of fusion of these involucral bracts has not been used in my study because it proved difficult to consistently measure this feature.

Schröter and Winkler summarised the taxonomic usefulness of these and other inflorescence characteristics, for distinguishing between subgenera of Elatostema, as well as between Pilea and Procris (ibid., p. 17). Their concluding remarks on taxonomically useful inflorescence characters are here restated (refer Table 9.1 below).

110 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Characters Pilea Elatostematoides Pellionia Elatostema Weddellia Procris

Male inflorescence

Form ± loose slightly crowded or ± slightly crowded or ± crowded crowded loose loose loose Shape openly slightly head-like or slightly head-like or head-like (when slightly fused), or ± disc- openly branched openly branched openly branched disc-shaped (when mostly fused), shaped branched or concave (as in E. ficoides) Receptacle absent absent absent (except slightly present present absent developed in E. velutinum and E. undulatum)

Female inflorescence

Form ± loose crowded ± slightly crowded or ± crowded crowded crowded loose Shape openly slightly head-like slightly head-like or head-like (when slightly fused), or ± disc- globular branched openly branched disc-shaped (when mostly fused), shaped or concave (as in E. ficoides) Receptacle absent absent absent (except to a lower present, distinct (except E. present present extend in E. velutinum and bulbiferum, E. ambiguum, E. E. undulatum) umbellatum have no receptacles)

Table 9.1. Summary of taxonomically useful inflorescence characters based on usage by Schröter and Winkler (1935, p. 17 pro. parte).

111 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

As for several other morphological characters that Schröter & Winkler (1935) regarded as taxonomically useful, none of their inflorescence features uniquely describe any of the taxa listed in Table 9.1. There is considerable overlap between the character states of most characters used to distinguish these taxa.

9.4. DATA MANAGEMENT Measurement of morphological characters were recorded and managed in DeltaAccess version 1.9 (Hagedorn 2005) that can export the data in DELTA-format. These DELTA files were then converted into NEXUS formatted files using the NDE software (Page 2001). This NEXUS Data Editor for Windows enabled these data to be loaded directly into PAUP* Version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) for phylogenetic analyses. Species descriptions were generated using DeltaAccess software (Hagedorn 2005) and have been included to clarify the taxonomic concepts used in this thesis. This is important because the nomenclatural concepts of several taxa are unclear because of the lack of extant type material and inadequate original circumscriptions.

9.5. CHOICE AND DEFINITION OF CHARACTERS Morphological coverage in this study was primarily based on the work by Schröter and Winkler (1935) to test the subgeneric classification of Elatostema and to understand the relationship within Elatostema s. l. The morphological characters recorded were used for analytical purposes and for the preparation of taxon descriptions, particularly for the descriptions of species of Elatostema and Procris (Appendix 12). The main reason for using morphological characters was for an analysis of the phylogeny of infrageneric groupings within Elatostema. However, some of these characters have been used to ‘map’ character evolution at the tribal level for comparison with molecular trees. The choice of characters was based, in part, on the results of previous work on Elatostema (s. lat.) and, to a lesser extent, on other members of the Urticaceae, so that the infrageneric classification of Elatostema could be evaluated. Since more than one character state might be present for a taxon, for any particular character, multiple scores were allowed.

112 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

GENERAL HABIT AND FORM Four morphological characters describe the habit and form of the taxa included in this study.

9.5.1. Habit This character is described as having the following three character states: 0. herb (or subshrub) 1. shrub 2. tree

0. herb (or subshrub) – An ‘herb’ is here defined as a plant that has little or no secondary (woody) tissue. All species of Elatostema and, in fact, all species within the currently circumscribed tribe Elatostemeae, are herbaceous. Frequently, plants within the Elatostemeae are often strongly fleshy, for example, Elatostema macrophyllum Brongn. and Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm., whereas, several of the other species develop a somewhat rigid, non-fleshy (slightly woody) stem, particularly with age (for example, Elatostema rostratum Hassk. and Procris pedunculata (J.R.Forst. and G.Forst.) Wedd.). This latter habit type is here referred to as a subshrub. Therefore, the definition of ‘herb’ is equivalent to ‘Herbaceous Phanerophytic herb’ (sensu Raunkiaer, as cited in Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois, 1967), where ‘subshrub’ is equivalent to ‘Phanerophytic Shrubs’ (sensu Raunkiaer, loc. cit.). However, in this thesis, the distinction between the more fleshy herbs and the slightly suffruticose ones is not recognised because some species tend to become less fleshy (hence, more ‘woody’) with age.

1. shrub – a ‘shrub’ is here defined as a woody plant with a short and/or indistinct stem (primary axis), and usually with branches persisting almost to base of stem. If only one stem present then diameter of stem is less than 10 cm and overall height of plant is less than 10 m. Species that are regarded as shrubs include the species of Boehmeria (for example, Boehmeria nivea Gaudich.), Debregeasia and Procris that have been included in this analysis. Here the term ‘shrub’ includes ‘normal-sized’, ‘tall’ and ‘giant shrubs’ of Raunkiaer (Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois 1957, p.

113 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

59), but with the maximum height of the latter group restricted to 10 metres, rather than being defined as greater than 2 m.

2. tree – a ‘tree’ is defined as a woody plant with a distinct, single stem that is usually unbranched near the base, with trunk diameter at least 10 cm and height at least 10 m. Only a few members of the Urticaceae are trees, for example, Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew and D. stimulans (L.f.) Chew. In the outgroup, Celtis paniculata and C. sinensis are trees.

9.5.2. Form: This character describes the growth form of the plants and consists of the following four character states: 0. self-supporting (erect/suberect) 1. creeping

0. self-supporting (erect/suberect) – refers to erect or suberect plants with sufficiently strong primary axes (stems) to support the plant in an erect position. All species of shrubs and trees that have been included in this analysis are more or less self-supporting. Most species of Elatostema are also self-supporting. (for example, E. acuminatum, E. macrophyllum, E. paludosum, E. reticulatum).

1. creeping – refers to plants that grow against the substrate, using the substrate for support without attaching to it. Some species (for example E. curtisii and E. stipitatum) are sometime erect or suberect, whereas on other occasions they exhibit a creeping form. However, E. repens and E. parvum are always ‘creeping.’

9.5.3. Epiphyte/hemi-epiphyte: This character describes the specialised life-form of plants that usually grow on another plant for support and hence, grow above the ground. The plants are recorded as either: 0. not epiphytic (terrestrial) 1. epiphytic

The species of Procris are recorded as epiphytes. Since some species that are epiphytic

114 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

may grow as terrestrial herbs rooted in the soil, hemi-epiphytes are included in the definition of this character and are scored as ‘epiphytic’. Likewise, lithophytes are also scored as ‘epiphytic.’

9.5.4. Sexuality: This character records the sexuality of the species and has the following two character states: For plants with unisexual flowers – 0. monoecious – male and female flowers on the same plant (for example, species of Boehmeria and Elatostema. 1. dioecious – male and female flowers on separate plants (for example, Humulus lupulus and Dendrocnide stimulans)

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS INDUMENTUM The following two types of specialised hairs are recorded: 9.5.5. Branched hairs: The presence or absence of branched hairs, anywhere on the plant, is recorded as: 0. absent 1. present

Branched hairs occur in Debregeasia squamata and Debregeasia velutina. Although all species of Elatostema lack branched hairs, many have simple, unbranched hairs on the stem and/or leaf, including the petiole (refer below for a description of the leaf indumentum characters used in this study).

9.5.6. Stinging hairs The literature on the morphology and toxicology of stinging hairs has been reviewed in detail by Thurston and Lersten (1969), with additional detail from electron microscopy provided by Marty (1968) and Thurston (1974). The generalised structure of a stinging hair consists of a single elongate, tapering cell with a slightly swollen apex, inserted on basal multicellular tissue (Pollard and Briggs 1984, figure 1). Stinging hairs are characteristic of species of the tribe Urticeae (for example, species of Urtica and

115 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

Dendrocnide).

This character is recorded as: 0. absent 1. present

LEAF CHARACTERS 9.5.7. Stipules: The stipules are recorded as either: 0. caducous – although the stipules are present on young branchlets, they fall off when mature 1. persistent – stipules do not fall off when mature This character is not always easy to record because during the preparation of dried herbarium materials, stipules that would otherwise persist may be dislodged.

9.5.8. Stipule attachment: The stipules are either: 0. free 1. connate Stipule free = each pair of stipules in one leaf axil are free, not fused with stipules in opposite leaf axil (Note: when leaves are alternate, then stipules recorded as free) Stipules connate = the pair of stipules in one leaf axil are fused with stipules in opposite leaf axil This feature does not record whether or not the stipules at the base of each leaf are free or fused.

9.5.9. Stipule position: The stipules are either inserted: 0. lateral (interpetiolar) 1. axillary (intrapetiolar) The stipules of Elatostema are all inserted in the axil of both leaf pairs, even when the nanophylls are very much reduced. In fact, Friis (1993) described all members of the Elatostemeae as having fused, intrapetiolar stipules. These two characters (sections

116 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.8 and 9.5.9) are well-illustrated in Elatostema repens (see Appendix 12).

9.5.10. Leaf arrangement: This character describes the arrangement of the leaves (both nanophylls and macrophylls, when present) on the primary axis as: 0. opposite – the leaves are inserted in pairs on the same node 1. subopposite – the insertion of each pair of leaves is slightly off-set from each other, such that they are not truly opposite 2. alternate – when only one leaf is inserted at each node

The phyllotaxy of Elatostema is consistently opposite; however, one leaf of the pair is very much reduced in size (nanophyll) so that the more obvious macrophylls (normal leaves) may appear to be spirally arranged (alternate) (see below for explanation on nanophyll presence or absence – section 9.5.32).

9.5.11. Leaf petiole: This character describes whether or not the leaf lamina is petiolate or sessile. It is recorded as: 0. sessile – when petiole is absent and lamina is attached directly to branchlet or, as is found in some species with relatively large leaves, the petiole 2 mm long, the lamina is also considered sessile compared to the proportion of the lamina size. When petiole is up to 2 mm long, the lamina tends to appear sessile upon casual observation. It has also been observed that species with sessile leaves may also have very shortly petiolate laminas on the same plant. 1. petiolate – when petiole > 2 mm long and lamina is distinctly stalked (petiolate).

117 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.12. Leaf base: The base of the leaf lamina is said to be equal when the two parts of leaf base have the same size and shape, and meet at one point. The leaf base is unequal (oblique) when the two parts of leaf base have different size and/or shape and are not inserted at the same position. All Elatostema species have an oblique leaf base (Figure 9.4 B).

This character is recorded as either: 0. unequal 1. equal

B

C A

Figure 9.4. Some of the characteristics of the genus Elatostema: A. presence of a nanophyll (red arrow); B. an oblique leaf base (blue arrows); C. sessile crowded female inflorescence in large leaf axil only (yellow arrows) (Elatostema vittatum).

118 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.13. Leaf lobing: 0. not lobed 1. lobed This feature considers the presence or absence of lobes on the leaf lamina. The condition of whether the actual margin is entire or toothed (refer next character) is not assessed in this character. Unlike teeth that are more or less pointed distally, lobes are projections of the lamina that have more or less rounded at their apices. The leaves of Elatostema and Procris are not lobed.

9.5.14. Leaf margin: This character is recorded as having one of three-states, namely: 0. entire – when the margin is entire throughout; margin forming a smooth line or arc without noticeable projections or indentations (Figure 9.4) 1. toothed – when the margin is toothed throughout; margin having teeth (projections) with pointed apices, indented with less than one quarter of the distance to the midveins or long axis of leaf 2. half entire, half toothed – when more or less lower half of margin is entire, whereas about half of the more distal margin is toothed

9.5.15. Leaf margin indumentum: 0. glabrous 1. hairy This character records the presence or absence of hairs along the leaf margin. Some species of Elatostema have leaves with a hairy margin, such as E. backeri and E. parvum, whereas others have no hairs on the margin, such as E. acuminatum and E. repens.

9.5.16. Leaf apex: The leaf apex terminology is based on Hickey (1979). This character is recorded as either: 0. acute – when the margin is straight to convex, forming a terminal angle of 45º- 90º 1. acuminate – when margin tapers gradually to a protracted point, forming a

119 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

terminal angle of less than 45º

9.5.17. Leaf texture/configuration: 0. rugose –leaf surface is deeply grooved over the network of secondary and tertiary veins, sometimes tending to appear somewhat bullate. For example Elatostema paludosum, E. integrifolium, E. rugosum 1. not rugose (smooth)

9.5.18. Venation arrangement: The venation architectural terminology is based on Hickey (1979) and three character states were required to categorise the venation types present. These types are: 0. pinnate – single primary vein (midvein) reaching to apex, with secondary veins arising from primary vein and directed towards margin 1. actinodromous – two or more primary veins diverging radially from a single point towards leaf margin 2. acrodromous – two or more primary and/or strongly developed secondary veins running in convergent arches towards leaf apex.

9.5.19. Venation symmetry This character is recorded as one of the following three venation types: 0. both secondary veins of the basal pair directed towards apex (or almost so) 1. both secondary veins of the basal pair directed towards margin (or almost so) 2. one of the secondary veins of the basal pair directed towards apex (or almost so), the other directed towards margin (or almost so)

The venation symmetry of all secondary veins is similar for any particular taxon. However, the extent of symmetry of some secondary vein-pairs may vary slightly throughout the length of the lamina. Therefore, to improve the consistency of assessing the degree of symmetry of the lamina’s venation, only the basal secondary vein-pair has been considered. It has been found that the symmetry of the basal pair of secondary veins is consistent with that of the more distal secondary veins. Both character states ‘0’ and ‘1’ record different forms of symmetry, whereas, character state ‘2’ represents

120 Chapter 9. Morphology characters asymmetrical venation.

9.5.20. Veins - basal secondary pair origin: This character is recorded as either: 0. secondary vein pair arises at or near base of primary vein ( 2 mm above base) 1. secondary vein pair arises above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base)

9.5.21. Veins - basal secondary pair distance: This character is recorded as either: 0. basal pair of secondary veins arises together from same position or within 2 mm of each other. 1. basal pair of secondary veins arises from different positions, at least more than 2 mm apart.

9.5.22. Veins - secondary arrangement: This character is recorded as one of the following three possibilities: 0. all secondary veins joined to next distal secondary vein 1. all secondary veins directed to margin or almost so, not joined up 2. some secondary veins directed to margin, others joining up

9.5.23. Leaf cystolith shape: This character records the shape of cystoliths that occur on the leaf and is recorded as either: 0. punctiform 1. linear

9.5.24. Leaf abaxial cystoliths venation: 0. absent 1. on primary and secondary veins

Cystoliths may also be present on the tertiary veins of both surfaces.

121 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.25. Leaf abaxial cystoliths interstices: 0. absent 1. on interstices

9.5.26. Leaf adaxial cystoliths venation: 0. absent 1. on primary and secondary veins

9.5.27. Leaf adaxial cystoliths interstices: 0. absent 1. on interstices

9.5.28. Leaf abaxial indumentum venation: 0. absent 1. on primary, secondary and tertiary veins

9.5.29. Leaf abaxial indumentum interstices: 0. absent 1. on interstices

9.5.30. Leaf adaxial indumentum venation: 0. absent 1. on primary, secondary and tertiary veins

9.5.31. Leaf adaxial indumentum interstices: 0. absent 1. on interstices

9.5.32. Nanophyll (small leaves) [presence or absence]: The phyllotaxy of Elatostema and Procris is opposite or sub-opposite. However, one leaf of the pair (the nanophyll) is significantly reduced in size compared to the normal

122 Chapter 9. Morphology characters leaf (the macrophyll) (Figure 9.4 A). This anisophyllous condition is characteristic of Elatostema. When the nanophyll is undeveloped and hence, absent, the phyllotaxy of the remaining macrophylls (normal leaves) appears to be alternate.

In this study, nanophyll is considered as ‘absent’ when either the nanophyll is undeveloped (completely missing), or caducous as the plant grows. The nanophyll is considered ‘present’ when all or at least some of the nanophylls are persistent on the mature plant. This character is recorded as:

0. absent 1. present

REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS

9.5.33. Flower sexuality: 0. unisexual 1. bisexual

9.5.34. Male inflorescence: 0. sessile (or sub-sessile) 1. pedunculate (distinctly so) Since it is difficult to distinguish between sub-sessile and sessile male inflorescences and both states may occur on the same plant, these two apparently separate conditions are scored as one.

9.5.35. Male inflorescence density: 0. condensed 1. open

9.5.36. Male inflorescence branch: 0. branched 1. unbranched

123 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.37. Male inflorescence type: 0. head-like (condensed) 1. discoid (condensed) 2. paniculate (open) 3. racemose (usually open) 4. spike-like (condensed or open)

9.5.38. Male inflorescence involucral bracts: 0. absent 1. present

9.5.39. Appendages: An appendage is an extension of the apex of the perianth (tepal) (or apex of bract) that starts from just below the apex. Appendages often occur on the bracts of the inflorescence, and the flower perianth of Elatostema. The male flowers of E. curtisii have extremely long appendages, which are as long as or longer than the tepals (Figure 9.5); whereas E. acuminatum has only a raised bump on the tepal.

The appendage is considered to be ‘absent’ from the bracts of the inflorescence, or the perianth, when there is no obvious extension, or only a raised bump that occurs just below the apex or along the mid vein of the bract or perianth as a sub-apical extension.

A plant is considered to have a short appendage when the flower has an appendage which is less than 0.25 times length of perianth; a long appendage when length of the appendage is 0.25 – 0.5 times length of perianth; and a very long appendage when length of the appendage is more than 0.5 times length of perianth.

9.5.40. Male inflorescence bract margin: 0. glabrous 1. hairy

9.5.41. Male inflorescence order: 0. unordered

124 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

1. distinctly ordered into compartments As discussed above, the surface of the cymose inflorescences may be distinctly ‘divided’ into a series of compartments by transverse ‘furrows’ (as illustrated in Schröter and Winkler (1935, figures 17, 29 and 30) (refer Figure 9.1c). The compartmentalisation of male and female inflorescences was also discussed at the beginning of this chapter (refer ‘INFLORESCENCE Section 9.3.9 Form’).

Figure 9.5. Male inflorescence of Elatostema curtisii showing long appendages that extend

from the tip of tepals (indicated by the red arrow).

9.5.42. Male flower symmetry: 0. actinomorphic 1. zygomorphic

The male flowers of several taxa are actinomorphic (for example, all species of Elatostema and Procris).

125 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.43. Male flower tepal number: 0. one 1. two 2. three 3. four 4. five

9.5.44. Male flower tepal fusion: 0. free 1. connate (at least in basal half)

9.5.45. Male flower tepal appendage: 0. absent (or slightly raised bump) 1. short (less than 0.25 times length of tepal) 2. long (0.25-0.5 times length of tepal) 3. very long (more than 0.5 times length of tepal) Since the detention of the presence of a slightly raised bump is difficult, the scoring of this character state is problematic. Therefore, it is treated as part of the ‘absent’ category.

9.5.46. Male flower tepal indumentum: 0. glabrous 1. hairy

9.5.47. Male flower stamen number: 0. one 1. two 2. three 3. four 4. five

126 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.48. Male flower staminal inflection in bud: 0. inflexed 1. erect

All species of the Urticaceae sensu stricto have stamens that are inflexed in bud, whereas in Cecropiaceae, the stamens are straight or sometimes inflexed in bud and then straightening gradually, not explosively (refer Poikilospermum) (Berg 1978; Kubitzki 1993).

9.5.49. Male flower with rudimentary ovary: This character records the presence or absence of the pistillode, as either: 0. absent 1. present

9.5.50. Female inflorescence: 0. sessile 1. pedunculate

9.5.51. Female inflorescence branching: 0. unbranched 1. branched

9.5.52. Female inflorescence arrangement: 0. open 1. condensed (refer Figure 9.4 C)

9.5.53. Female inflorescence type: 0. head-like (condensed) 1. discoid (condensed) 2. paniculate (open) 3. racemose (usually open) 4. spike-like (condensed or open)

127 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.54. Female inflorescence involucral bracts: 0. absent 1. present

9.5.55. Female inflorescence bracts appendage: 0. absent 1. present

9.5.56. Female flower bract margin: 0. glabrous 1. hairy

9.5.57. Female flower symmetry: 0. actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric) 1. zygomorphic

Female flowers of some species of Elatostema are zygomorphic (for example, Elatostema acuminatum, E. griffithianum and E. scabrum), whereas others are actinomorphic (for example, Elatostema rostratum and E. sinuatum).

9.5.58. Female flower tepal number: 0. zero (or tepals minute) 1. one 2. two 3. three 4. four 5. five 6. six

9.5.59. Female flower tepal comparative size: 0. equal: when all tepals in one flower have same size 1. unequal: when the tepals in one flower have distinctly different sizes

128 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.60. Female flower tepal fusion: 0. free 1. connate (at least in part)

9.5.61. Female flower staminode presence: 0. absent 1. present, inflexed 2. present, not inflexed

In the pistillate flowers of Elatostema, Lecanthus and Pilea, the staminodes have inflexed filaments (Berg 1989; Friis 1993).

9.5.62. Female flower ovary: 0. straight 1. oblique

9.5.63. Female flower style: 0. absent – hence stigma sessile 1. present

9.5.64. Female flower stigma: 0. capitate 1. penicillate 2. peltate 3. oblong, filiform to linear

FRUIT 9.5.65. Achene covered by perianth or involucre: 0. not enclosed (or only partly so) 1. enclosed (or almost fully so)

129 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.66. Achene surface: 0. smooth 1. ribbed 2. dimpled

Non-Overlapping (Qualitative) Characters Converted From Overlapping (Quantitative) Characters:

The success of a phylogenetic analysis depends upon the discovery of character sets that provide accurate information (Davies et al. 1998). PAUP* Version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) was employed for phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. However, the program excludes quantitative (overlapping) characters, even though these may be useful in defining genera or species. There is an implicit assumption in phylogenetic analysis that characters states must be discrete (Pimentel and Riggins 1987; Rae 1998) but the recognition of distinct character states in overlapping data is frequently difficult. The use of characters derived from overlapping morphometric data in cladistic analysis can be used (Ariyanti and Conn 2005). However, the transformation of such data into discrete, non-overlapping states has been controversial. One concern with coding overlapping data into discrete, non-overlapping states is that this may result in an unacceptable level of data distortion (Chappill 1989). However, Thiele and Ladiges (1988), Thiele (1993), and Ariyanti and Conn (2005) maintain that morphometric data can provide useful information in phylogenetic analyses.

Thiele (1993) introduced a gap-weighting method for coding overlapping morphometric data that gives proportional weighting to different types of characters. In this procedure, the population means for each character are ordered by magnitude, then the data for each is standardised by range. Thiele (1993) suggested that the data should be separated into ten to 32 character states. The major limitation with the gap weighting conversion of overlapping data to discrete non-overlapping character states is that a large number of states are produce. Therefore the results are difficult to interpret because this technique results in many character states. For example, it may not be possible to interpret the many morphological state changes when mapped on a

130 Chapter 9. Morphology characters molecular tree. Furthermore, gap weighting may not provide more resolution than divergence coding, as found by Ariyanti and Conn (2005). However, Garcia-Cruz and Sosa (2006) concluded that the Gap weighting method recovered the highest number of informative characters. Other coding techniques include gap-coding (Mickevich and Johnson (1976) and simple-gap coding (Almeida and Bisby 1984). In the former technique, for each character, the means for all taxa are ordered and states are recognised when the means differ by at least one standard deviation. The simple-gap method, here referred to as divergence coding is discussed below (see next paragraph). Garcia-Cruz and Sosa (2006) also evaluated coding using analysis of variance-multiple range test analysis and an arbitary coding method for converting overlapping characters to non-overlapping states.

The following characters with overlapping character states were converted to non- overlapping values using the divergence coding technique (Almeida and Bisby 1984): plant height, petiole length, lamina length, lamina width, lamina length to width ratio, lamina asymmetry, leaf vein pairs, and male tepal length. However, stipule length was not used because species with non-persistent stipules usually loose their stipules while they are young and these are frequently smaller than, and hence, not comparable with the older, persistent stipules of other species. Divergence coding uses box plots (or ‘box-and-whisker’ plot sensu Tukey 1977) to represent the median, 1st quartile and 3rd quartile values to separate overlapping data into non-overlapping character states. A box plot provides a simple graphical summary of a set of data. It shows a measure of central location (the median), two measures of dispersion (the range and inter-quartile range), the skewness (from the orientation of the median relative to the quartiles) and potential outliers (marked individually). The whiskers, or lines extending from the box, indicate the range of values within 1.5 X inter-quartile range (Wilkinson et al., 1992). The quantitative (over-lapping) character states, listed above, were converted to values of “0” or “1”, or “0”, “1” or “2” (Plant Height) to eliminate or, at least, minimise the degree of over-lap between these codified character states. The character states were divided into two or three non-overlapping states by placing the inter-quartile range of each character, for each taxon, into a single discrete state. Occasionally, characters of some taxa could not be assigned to a single discrete character state by using this method. These taxa were recorded as having more than one character states for those

131 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

features. Five collections of each taxon were used to generate the box plots based on minimum and maximum values of each over-lapping character.

The box plots (Figures 9.6–7.13) show the distribution of the data for the above over- lapping characters. The horizontal line (inside the ‘box’) is the median. The vertical ends of the ‘box’ illustrate the 1st and 3rd quartiles (Wilkinson et al., 1992, used the term the upper hinges (25th percentile) and the lower hinges (75th percentile) for 1st quartile and 3rd quartile). The 1st quartile is the median of the data values less than the median of the total data values for each character, whereas the 3rd quartile is the median of the values greater than the median for the total. The lines extending from the ‘box’ indicate the range of values within 1.5 X interquartile range (Wilkinson et al., 1992).

9.5.67. Plant height (non-overlap): Figure 9.6 The plant height measurements were based on personal field observations, herbarium notes provided by botanical collectors or, less frequently, the measurement of the herbarium specimen when the whole plant was represented by the collection. More commonly, a combination of these data sources was used. 0. less than 1 m 1. 1–4 m 2. more than 4 m

132 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

25.00 Plant height (m)

Q1 min Median 20.00 max Q2

15.00 plant height

10.00

5.00 4

1 0.00 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 taxa

Figure 9.6. Plant height (in m): Q1 = 1st quartile (mm); min ratio = Minimum ratio (mm); Median (mm); max ratio = Maximum ratio (mm); Q2 = 2nd quartile (mm); Green horizontal lines (at plant width = 1 and 4) separates plant height less than 1 m (0), plant height between 1–4 m (1) and plant height more than 4 m (2); Taxa 1–49 = 1, Boehmeria calophleba; 2, B. macrophylla; 3, Cannabis sativa; 4, Celtis sinensis; 5, Dendrocnide sinuata; 6, Dendrocnide stimulans; 7, Elatostema acuminatum; 8, E. backeri; 9, E. curtisii; 10, E. grande; 11, E. griffithianum; 12, E. heyneanum; 13, E. kinabaluense; 14, E. latifolium; 15, E. lineolatum; 16, E. macrophyllum; 17, E. manillense; 18, E. paludosum; 19, E. papillosum; 20, E. parvum; 21, E. pedunculosum; 22, E. repens; 23, E. reticulatum; 24, E. rostratum; 25, E. integrifolium; 26, E. sessile; 27, E. sinuatum; 28, Elatostema sp.; 29, E. stipitatum; 30, E. strigosum; 31, E. tsoongii; 32, E. urvilleanum; 33, E. velutinicaule; 34, Humulus lupulus; 35, Parietaria judaica; 36, Myriocarpa longipes; 37, Pilea microphylla; 38, P. nummulariifolia; 39, Procris anfracta; 40, P. archboldiana; 41, P. frutescens; 42, P. goepeliana; 43, P. insularis; 44, P. pedunculata; 45, P. reticulatovenosa; 46, P. ruhlandii; 47, P. urdanetensis; 48, P. wightiana; 49, Urtica dioica

133 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.68. Leaf petiole length (non-overlap): Figure 9.7 0. 0 (absent)–11 mm 1. 11–41 mm 2. longer than 41 mm

Petiole length (mm)

200

180

160

140

120 Q1 min 100 Median max

petiole length 80 Q2

60

40 41

20 11 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 taxa

Figures 9.7. Petiole length (in mm). Green horizontal lines (at petiole length = 11 and 41 mm) separates leaves with petiole less than 11 mm long (0), leaves with petiole between 11–41 mm long (1) and leaves with petiole more than 41 mm long (2); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

134 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.69. Leaf lamina length (non-overlap): length of lamina, from base to apex: Figure 9.8 0. less than 50 mm 1. more than 50 mm

lamina length (mm)

450

400

350

300

Q1 250 min Median 200 max lamina length Q2 150

100

50

0 1 3 5 79 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 taxa

Figures 9.8. Leaf lamina length (in mm). Green horizontal line (at lamina length = 50 mm) separates leaves with lamina length less than 50 mm (0 – below line) and lamina length more than 50 mm (1 – above line); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

135 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.70. Leaf lamina width (non-overlap): width at broadest part of lamina: Figure 9.9 0. less than 60 mm 1. more than 60 mm

Lamina width

200

180

160

140

Q1 120 min 100 Median max 80 Q2 lamina width lamina width 60

40

20

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 taxa

Figures 9.9. Leaf lamina width (in mm). Green horizontal line (at lamina width = 60 mm) separates leaves with lamina width less than 60 mm (0 – below line) and leaves with lamina width more than 60 mm (1 – above line); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

136 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.71. Leaf lamina length:width ratio (non-overlap): Figure 9.10 0. less than two 1. more than two

Lamina L/W ratio

10

9

8

7

6 Q1 min

L/W ratio 5 Median max 4 Q2

3

2

1

0 1 3 5 7 911 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 taxa

Figure 9.10. Leaf lamina length:width ratio of macrophylls (normal leaf). Green horizontal line (at width ratio = 2) separates leaves with length less than twice width (0 – below line) and leaves with length more than twice width (1 – above line); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

137 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.72. Leaf lamina symmetry: width comparison on each side of midvein or central axis of macrophylls (normal leaf): Figure 9.11 This character compares the width of the lamina on each side of central axis (often mid vein). The comparison is made in the central one-third of the lamina. It is recorded as either: 0. unequal 1. equal Leaves are regarded as having an asymmetric lamina (hence, unequal) if the width of broadest side is at least 1.34 times the width of narrowest side. It can be seen that several of the genera sampled here have species with asymmetrical leaves. Leaves with equally symmetric laminas (equal) have a ‘width’ ratio of less than 1.34.

2.5 Leaf lamina symmetry Q1 min ratio Median max ratio 2.0 Q2

1.5 1.34 width ratio of lamina width ratio 1.0

0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748 taxa

Figure 9.11. Leaf lamina symmetry. Green horizontal line (at width ratio = 1.34) separates symmetric leaves (0 – below line) and asymmetric leaves (1 – above line); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

Anisophylly (refer Character 9.3.2) and leaf lamina asymmetry are frequently associated (Dengler 1999). Leaf asymmetry is often present in the Urticaceae; in some species it is

138 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

subtle, whereas in others the leaf lamina is distinctly asymmetric. All species of Elatostema are characterised by having strongly asymmetric (unequal) leaf laminas.

9.5.73. Veins number (pairs; non-overlap), or vein number in the wider lamina when it is unequal. Therefore, the number of veins is not always in pairs. Figure 9.12 0. less than nine 1. more than nine

Vein pairs

25.00

20.00

Q1 15.00 min vein pairs Median max 10.00 Q2

5.00

0.00

1 3 57 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 taxa

Figure 9.12. Vein number: vein pairs on each side of midvein or central axis of macrophylls (normal leaf). Legend: Green horizontal line (at width ratio=9) separates symmetric leaves (0 – below line) and asymmetric leaves (1 – above line); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

139 Chapter 9. Morphology characters

9.5.74. Male flower tepal length (non-overlap): Figure 9.13 0. less than 1.8 mm 1. more than 1.8 mm

Male tepal length (mm)

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00 Q1 5.00 min Median 4.00 max

tepal length (mm) tepal length Q2 3.00

2.00 1.8 1.00

0.00 1 3 5 79 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 taxa

Figure 9.13. Male flower tepal length (in mm). Green horizontal line (at width ratio = 1.8) separates male flowers with tepal length less than 1.8 mm (0 – below line) and male flowers with tepal length more than 1.8 mm (1 – above line); Legend and taxa as listed in Figure 9.6

140 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

Chapter 10. PHYLOGENY OF ELATOSTEMA USING MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

10.1. Introduction The identification and infrageneric classification of Elatostema has traditionally been based on morphological characteristics (for example, Schröter and Winkler 1935;

Wang 1980a, 1980b; and Weddell 1854, 1865, 1857, 1869). The aim of the analyses presented here is to evaluate how informative these characters are phylogenetically.

Whereas all characters are assigned equal weights in most analyses, many authors have assigned different weights to some characters at times. The bases of weighting may be because some characters are considered more complex or less variable. An element of personal bias can creep into this process. It is preferable that weighting decisions be based on an ‘objective criterion’ (Judd et al. 1999). One approach is to conduct an initial analysis with all characters equally weighted. Those characters showing the least homoplasy on the MP trees may then be assigned an increase importance on the basis that they are more informative of relationship. The weighting used is often proportional to the CI or RC of the characters on the initial MP trees.

This approach has been criticised as being circular: it assumes that the initial tree was close to the real phylogeny. If the initial tree was erroneous, weighting those characters supporting it will simply reinforce the erroneous tree. For this reason, weighting of characters on this basis may not be justified. A second basis for weighting is knowledge of the underlying basis of the characters. For example, the weighting of transversions over transitions in molecular data because transitions are known to occur more frequently and to be more easily reversed. Because we have no

141 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data understanding of the genetic basis of these morphological characters, there is no basis for this type of weighting in this analysis.

10.2. Results The 76 characters previously defined in Section 9.5 were scored for 55 taxa. Ten uninformative characters were deleted prior to analysis. Heuristic searches were performed with branch-swapping restricted to 100 trees per replicate and 1000 replicates of random taxon addition were employed. All characters were equally weighted. This found 13,189 MP trees of 390 steps (RI = 0.63, RC = 0.15). The two species of Boehmeria were used to root the trees. Since bootstrap values were less than 50% (interpreted as no support for all resultant clades), only decay values are provided.

The strict consensus tree (Figure 10.1) is characterised by a large polytomy containing all but one of the ingroup terminal taxa. However, the tribe Elatostemeae is monophyletic, with all species of Pilea, Elatostema and Procris grouped together, and the clade receives considerable character support (decay +3). Pilea nummulariifolia is resolved as sister to the remaining taxa in the tribe (decay = +2). This refutes the monophyly of Pilea, since P. microphylla is closer to members of Elatostema and Procris than it is to P. nummulariifolia. Neither of the other two genera appears monophyletic, although the analysis does not refute monophyly in either case. However, apart from P. reticulatovenosa, the remainder of Procris spp. are placed within a clade (P1; decay = +1) indicating they may be more closely related to each other than to Elatostema. However, a decay value of +1 is not very meaningful. There are two other clades of Elatostema species: clade E1 contains seven species from the Mt. Kinabalu area of Sabah and receives some support (decay +2); the second clade (E2) includes E. latifolium plus E. tsoongii and decays at +1 step. Relationships between these three clades and the remaining members of the tribe are unresolved. Hence there is no support from the morphological database for any of the generic groupings within Elatostemeae. Pilea appears polyphyletic, but this estimate of relationships does not refute the monophyly of either Elatostema or Procris.

142 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

Within the non-Elatostemeae taxa, Dendrocnide sinuata and D. stimulans form a strongly supported clade (decay = +7) with Urtica dioica sister to these two species (decay = +1). Myriocarpa longipes (Boehmerieae) is sister to this latter clade, rather than being placed with the two species of Boehmeria. Urticeae appears polyphyletic because Urtica urens is placed closer to Elatostemeae than to the DendrocnideUrtica dioica clade. Parietaria judaica (Parietarieae) is placed closer to the Urtica urens plus Elatostemeae clade than to any of the representatives of Boehmerieae.

The majority rule tree (Figure 10.2) provides additional information on potential relationships between species, with more species grouped into clades (new clades indicated by grey lines). As in the strict consensus tree, the Elatostemeae is monophyletic, with Pilea nummulariifolia sister to all other members of the tribe, and there is some suggestion that Elatostema velutinicaule is the next taxon to diverge (in 68% of trees). Procris reticulatovenosa is sister to clade P1 in 55% of trees, suggesting that may in fact be monophyletic. Elatostema curtisii and E. sinuatum are grouped with all of Procris in 94% of MP trees, as they were also in the trn analysis (Figure 8.1); and there is a suggestion (in 80% of MP trees) that several other members of Elatostema (including clade E4) plus Pilea microphylla are close to this whole group.

A new cluster of Elatostema species (clade E2) is present in 57% of trees. It is interesting to note that this includes several species that were grouped on the ITS analysis (Fig. 8.3): Elatostema rostratum and E. sessile are grouped in 90% of trees, and these were both placed within clade J on the ITS data; all but one of the remaining members, E. backeri, E. strigosum, E. urvilleanum and Elatostema sp. 399068, were place in clade H on the ITS data.

Other suggested groupings are between E. acuminatum and E. integrifolium (in 74% of MP trees), and the link between clade E1 and E. macrophyllum and E. paludosum (in 62% of trees).

Based on overall morphological similarity, the UPGMA dendrogram (Figure 10.3) recognises two major clusters (A and B). Cluster A contains the E1 clade in Figure

143 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

10.1 together with its associated species in Figure 10.2 plus E. papillosum, which together constitute subcluster D2. Subcluster D1 comprises all the species in clade E2 in Figure 10.2 plus four other species. Cluster B contains the E3, E4, P1 and P3 clades in Figures 10.1 and 10.2, and shows a close similarity to clade P4 in Figure 10.2, containing all the taxa in the latter and just two addition species, E. kinabaluensis and E. lineolatum,

The UPGMA analysis (Figure 10.3) clusters Pilea nummulariifolia with species of the Boehmerieae, Urtica and Parietaria judaica. Urtica urens is clustered with the latter species rather than with U. dioica or Dendrocnide. Myriocarpa longipes is clustered with species of Boehmeria rather than with Dendrocnide–Urtica dioica (Urticeae) as suggested by the parsimony analysis (Figure 10.1). Hence the UPGMA analysis supports the current circumscription of Boehmerieae (based on species included in this study), but does not support the Urticeae.

The same data matrix was weighted according to Consistency Index (CI) values on one of the MP trees from the unweighted analysis and subjected to a heuristic parsimony analysis to reduce the influence of characters that show marked homoplasy. Hence, characters with higher CI values were given preference over those with lower values, which may reveal relationships between species that have been obscured by the ‘noise’ introduced by characters that are not informative of relationships at this level.

144 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

+1 Procris anfracta +1 Procris archboldiana P2 Procris goepeliana Procris insularis +1 Procris wightiana Procris frutescens P1 Procris pedunculata Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis +1 E. bullatum +1 E. purpurascens +1 E. serpentinicola +2 E. flavovirens E. dallasense E1 E. maraiparaiense E. pinnativenium +1 E. latifolium E. tsoongii E4 E. acuminatum E. velutinicaule E. curtisii E. grande E. griffithianum E. heyneanum +2 E. lineolatum E. manillense E. papillosum. E. pedunculosum Elatostemeae E. repens E. reticulatum E. sinuatum E. sp. 399068 E. kinabaluense E. urvilleanum E. strigosum +3 E. backeri E. paludosum E. integrifolium E. macrophyllum E. parvum E. rostratum +1 E. sessile E. stipitatum Pilea microphylla +1 Procris reticulatovenosa E. auriculatifolium Pilea nummulariifolia +2 Urtica urens Parietaria judaica +7 Dendrocnide sinuata +1 Dendrocnide stimulans +1 Urtica dioica Myriocarpa longipes +2 Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla

Figure 10.1. Strict consensus tree obtained from a heuristic search with 1000 replicates of the equally weighted morphological dataset; tree length = 390 steps; RI = 0. 63; RC = 0.14 coloured lines indicate the clades referred to in text: blue lines = Elatostema bullatum clade (E1), pale blue lines = E. latifolium–E. tsoongii clade (E4), red lines = Procris p.p.maj. clade (P4). Decay values are cited above the lines.

145 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

Morphology 13198 trees @ 390 steps RI=0.63 RC=0.14

100 Procris anfracta 100 Procris archboldiana P2 52 Procris goepeliana 76 Procris wightiana 100 Procris frutescens P1 P3 P4 70 Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis 55 Procris insularis Procris pedunculata 94 Procris reticulatovenosa 66 E. curtisii E. sinuatum 66 88 E. heyneanum E. auriculatifolium 76 E. manillense 76 E. repens 80 54 Pilea microphylla E. griffithianum 100 E. latifolium E. tsoongii E4 100 E. bullatum 100 E. purpurascens 100 62 E. serpentinicola 59 E. flavovirens E1 100 E. pinnativenium E. maraiparaiense 62 E. dallasense 62 E. paludosum E. macrophyllum 90 E. rostratum 68 61 E. sessile 56 E. strigosum 57 86 E. backeri E2 E. parvum 66 E. sp. 399068 E. urvilleanum 74 E. acuminatum E3 100 E. integrifolium E. grande E. lineolatum E. papillosum. 100 E. pedunculosum E. reticulatum E. kinabaluense 100 E. stipitatum E. velutinicaule 100 Pilea nummulariifolia Urtica urens Parietaria judaica 100 Dendrocnide sinuata 100 Dendrocnide stimulans 100 100 Urtica dioica Myriocarpa longipes Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla

Figure 10.2. Majority rule tree, equally weighted morphological dataset; percentage of MP trees supporting each node is given above the line; grey lines = new clades formed on this cladogram that were not resolved on strict consensus tree (Figure 10.1); other coloured lines refer to clades recognised in strict consensus tree (refer Figure 10.1 for explanation)

146 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

The strict consensus tree of the CI weighted analysis is shown in Figures 10.4. The analysis was conducted with branch-swapping limited to a maximum of 200 trees per replicate, with 100 random taxon addition replicates, and found 16 trees of 89 steps (RI = 0.69, RC = 0.22) The strict consensus tree (Figures 10.4) shows much better resolution of relationships between species than Figure 10.1. Again, the Elatostemeae is monophyletic with Pilea nummulariifolia sister to the remainder of the tribe, and E. velutinicaule is the next to diverge. Above this node there are two main clades labelled A and B (Figure 10.4). Within clade A there are two terminal subclades that together show a striking similarity to clade A in Figure 10.3. The upper subclade is very similar to clade D1 of Figure 10.3 (containing all but two of the species placed within the latter) and also to clade E1 in Figure 10.2 (containing all members of the latter plus two additional species, E. pendulosum and E. stipitatum). The lower subclade comprises clade E1 in Figure 10.1 plus E. macrophyllum, and also bears a close similarity to clade D2 in Figure 10.3. Likewise, clade B also shows some similarity to clade B in Figure 10.3, as well as to some elements in Figures 10.1 and 10.2. All species of Procris are grouped within the terminal polytomy, with Procris reticulatovenosa nested among the members of the Procris pro parte majore clade (P1 of Figures 10.13), and clade P4 is sister to this, as in Figures 10.3 and 10.2. All the remaining eight taxa that attach to the base of the Procris clade in Figure 10.2 are attached at the base of clade A in Figure 10.4, and are also placed within clade B in Figure 10.3. Hence there is considerable similarity in the estimates of relationships within the ingroup taxa from both methods of analysis. Tribe Urticeae is polyphyletic in the weighted analysis, with Urtica urens placed outside the Urticeae clade and closer to the Elatostemeae, as also shown in the parsimony analysis of the equally weighted data set (Figures 10.1, 10.2). However, Myriocarpa longipes (Boehmerieae) is nested within the main Urticeae clade, sister to Dendrocnide (Figure 10.4), whereas it is placed sister to the clade in the equally weighted analysis (Figures 10.1, 10.2). Hence neither analysis provides support for the inclusion of Myriocarpa longipes in Boehmerieae.

147 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

Procris pedunculata Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis Procris insularis Procris wightiana Procris frutescens P1 Procris anfracta Procris archboldiana Procris goepeliana E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris reticulatovenosa E. acuminatum E. integrifolium E. lineolatum E. kinabaluense B E. latifolium E. tsoongii E4 E. manillense E. heyneanum E. repens Pilea microphylla E. griffithianum Elatostemeae E. auriculatifolium E. strigosum (pro parte majore) E. sessile E. rostratum E. backeri E. parvum E. urvilleanum E. grande D1 E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. pedunculosum E. velutinicaule E. sp. 399068 E. bullatum A E. flavovirens E. pinnativenium E. purpurascens E1 E. dallasense E. serpentinicola D2 E. maraiparaiense E. papillosum E paludosum E macrophyllum Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla Boehmerieae Myriocarpa longipes Parietaria judaica Parietarieae Urtica urens Urtica dioica Urticeae Pilea nummulariifolia Elatostemeae Dendrocnide sinuata Dendrocnide stimulans Urticeae

Figure 10.3. UPGMA tree of equally weighted morphological dataset (refer Figure 10.1 for further details); coloured lines and text are used to make it easier to distinguish the tribal groupings sensu Gaudichaud (1830) and Friis (1993). A, B, D1 and D2 = clades as referred to in text.

148 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

E. backeri E. parvum E3 E. reticulatum E. strigosum E. sessile E. rostratum E. pedunculosum E. stipitatum E. sp. 399068 E. urvilleanum E2 E. bullatum E. purpurascens E. serpentinicola * E. flavovirens E1 E. dallasense E. maraiparaiense E. pinnativenium E. macrophyllum E. papillosum E. grande E. integrifolium E. paludosum A E. acuminatum E. lineolatum E. kinabaluense Procris wightiana Procris anfracta Procris archboldiana Procris goepeliana Elatostemeae Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis P1 Procris reticulatovenosa Procris frutescens Procris pedunculata Procris insularis E curtisii E. sinuatum P4 E. heyneanum E. auriculatifolium E. manillense E. latifolium E. tsoongii E4 B E. griffithianum E. repens Pilea microphylla E. velutinicaule Pilea nummulariifolia Urtica urens Parietaria judaica Dendrocnide sinuata Dendrocnide stimulans Myriocarpa longipes Urtica dioica Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla

Figure 10.4. Strict consensus of 15 MP trees obtained from heuristic searching of the CI weighted morphological dataset; tree length = 89; RI = 0.69; RC = 0.22; coloured lines indicate clades that are also formed on the strict consensus of the equally weighted data (Figure 10.1); labelled clades as referred to in the text.

149 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

E. papillosum E. pedunculosum E. lineolatum E. acuminatum E. paludosum E. integrifolium E. macrophyllum E. bullatum E. purpurascens E. serpentinicola E. flavovirens E. pinnativenium E. maraiparaiense E. dallasense E. grande E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. kinabaluense E. rostratum E. sessile E. strigosum E. backeri E. parvum E. sp. 399068 E. urvilleanum E. velutinicaule Procris anfracta Procris archboldiana Procris goepeliana Procris wightiana Procris frutescens Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis Procris pedunculata Procris insularis E curtisii E. sinuatum Procris reticulatovenosa E. heyneanum E. auriculatifolium E. manillense E. latifolium E. tsoongii E. griffithianum E. repens Pilea microphylla Pilea nummulariifolia Urtica urens Parietaria judaica Dendrocnide sinuata Dendrocnide stimulans Urtica dioica Myriocarpa longipes 5 changes Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla

Figure 10.5. Phylogram (branch lengths proportional to amount of change) of one of the MP trees of 13,189 trees found from the parsimony analysis of the equally weighted morphological dataset.

150 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

10.3. Discussion

10.3.1. Overview The low level of decay support for the clades within the equally weighted strict consensus tree indicates the weakness of the traditionally used morphological characters for indicating evolutionary affinities (Figure 10.1). Even though many of the branches occur in all trees (100%), both in the majority rule tree from the equally weighted analysis (Figure 10.2) and the strict consensus tree from the CI weighted analysis (Figure 10.4), most of these branches are only supported by one or two character changes as shown in the phylogram of one of the MP trees from the equally weighted analysis (Figure 10.5).

10.3.2. Evaluation of infrageneric groupings

10.3.2.1. Subgeneric classification of Schröter and Winkler

The previous subgeneric classification of Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936)1 is mapped onto the strict consensus trees of equally weighted morphological analysis (Figure 10.6) and the CI weighted analysis (Figure 10.7). Procris, a taxon recognised as a distinct genus by Schröter and Winkler (loc. cit.), but reduced to infrageneric rank by others (for example, Hallier 1896 and Winkler 1922), has been included here for comparison. The lack of resolution in Figure 10.6 means that there is little information relevant to the subgeneric concepts. All but one representative of Procris are grouped in clade P1, but the representatives of subg. Elatostema, Elatostematoides (for example, E. rostratum, E. vitatum and E. manillense), Pellionia (E. auriculatifolium) and Weddellia (for example, E. backeri and E. parvum) are placed within the large polytomy. Hence the analysis neither supports nor refutes Schröter and Winkler’s groupings. In Figure 10.7 all representatives of Procris are placed within clade P1, and all representatives of subg. Pellionia attach as a grade below P1 within clade B (along with two species from other subgenera). The two representatives of subg. Elatostematoides are widely separated within

1 The following species, E. auriculatifolium, E. bullatum, E. dallasense, E. flavovirens, E. maraiparaiense, E. pinnativenium, E. purpurescens, E. serpentinicola have been here assigned to subgenera based on an examination of the descriptions provided in the protologue (Beaman and Cellinese 2004). Herbarium material was not available for study.

151 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

both clades A (E. rostratum) and B (E. manillense); there is no evidence of them being close relatives. Three species of subg. Weddellia (E. backeri, E. parvum and E. papillosum) are placed within clade A, whereas E. auriculatifolium is placed in clade B. Only two of these species (E. backeri and E. parvum) are grouped together, and these appear to be more closely related to species of subg. Elatostema than to the other species of subg. Weddellia. All members of subg. Elatostema are placed within clade A, except for E. velutinicaule which is sister to all other species of Elatostema–Procris, hence sister to clades A and B, with members of both subg. Elatostematoides (pro parte) and subg. Weddellia (pro parte), as defined by Schröter and Winkler, embedded within this clade (Figure 10.7).

Finally, the inclusion of Pilea microphylla within the representatives of Elatostema, plus Procris, in all analyses of the morphological data (Figures 10.14) makes Pilea polyphyletic. However, its placement as sister to the remaining species of clade B (in Figures 10.7), suggests that formal recognition of clades A and B as infrageneric groups within Elatostema is not supported. The placement of E. velutinicaule as sister to both clades A and B also supports this conclusion.

10.4. Conclusion

Parsimony analysis of the equally weighted morphological dataset provided very little resolution of relationships within Elatostema-Procris. The fit of the data to the resultant MP trees was very low (RC = 0.14), indicating a very high level of homoplasy in many of the characters. More resolution was produced in the majority rule tree, but these can only be viewed as suggested groupings requiring further testing. Parsimony analysis with weighting according to the CI on an equally weighted MP tree greatly improved the resolution (Figure 10.4). There was considerable similarity between the groupings obtained using UPGMA analysis (Figure 10.3) and the equally weighted parsimony analysis (Figures 10.1 and 10.2). It is concluded that this consistency of groupings indicates the existence of some phylogenetic signal in the data, although this is weak and mostly obscured in the unweighted parsimony analysis.

152 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

Based on the morphological data analysed in this thesis, there is no support for the subgeneric classification of Elatostema by Schröter and Winkler (1935). As discussed in Chapter 2, the infrageneric classification of Elatostema by Wang (1980), into sections and series, has not been considered in detail in this thesis. However, since Wang (1980) more or less maintained the same taxonomic concepts as Schröter and Winkler’s infrageneric classification, but regarded their subgenera as sections, there is no support for his sections Elatostema or Weddellia. Since the monophyly of Elatostema subg. Pellionia is not supported in these analyses, the recognition of this taxon, but as the distinct genus Pellionia, is also not supported by the morphological data used here. Therefore, at least in part, there is no support for the sectional and generic classification of these above taxa as defined by Wang (1980). Furthermore, there is no support, based on these characters, for the recognition of Procris as a distinct genus from Elatostema.

153 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

+1 Procris anfracta +1 Procris archboldiana P2 Procris goepeliana Procris insularis Procris wightiana Procris frutescens P1 Procris pedunculata Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis +1 E. bullatum +1 E. purpurascens +1 E. serpentinicola +2 E. flavovirens E. dallasense E1 E. maraiparaiense E. pinnativenium +1 E. latifolium E. tsoongii E4 E. acuminatum E. velutinicaule E. curtisii E. grande E. griffithianum E. heyneanum E. lineolatum E. manillense E. papillosum. E. pedunculosum Elatostemeae E. repens E. reticulatum E. sinuatum E. sp. 399068 E. kinabaluense E. urvilleanum E. strigosum +2 E. backeri E. paludosum E. integrifolium E. macrophyllum E. parvum E. rostratum +3 E. sessile E. stipitatum Pilea microphylla +1 Procris reticulatovenosa E. auriculatifolium Pilea nummulariifolia +2 Urtica urens Parietaria judaica +6 Dendrocnide sinuata +1 Dendrocnide stimulans +1 Urtica dioica Myriocarpa longipes +2 Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla

Figure 10.6. Subgeneric classification (Schröter and Winkler 1935, 1936) mapped on the strict consensus tree of equally weighted morphological dataset. Pink lines = subg. Pellionia; gold lines = subg. Elatostematoides; blue lines = subg. Weddellia; green lines = subg. Elatostema; narrow black line = not assigned to subgenus; red lines = a currently separated genus Procris. Decay values are cited above lines.

154 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

E. backeri E. parvum E3 E. reticulatum E. strigosum E. sessile E. rostratum E. pedunculosum E. stipitatum E. sp. 399068 E. urvilleanum E2 E. bullatum E. purpurascens E. serpentinicola * E. flavovirens E1 E. dallasense E. maraiparaiense E. pinnativenium E. macrophyllum E. papillosum E. grande E. integrifolium E. paludosum A E. acuminatum E. lineolatum E. kinabaluense Procris wightiana Procris anfracta Procris archboldiana Elatostemeae Procris goepeliana Procris ruhlandii Procris urdanetensis P1 Procris reticulatovenosa Procris frutescens Procris pedunculata Procris insularis E curtisii E. sinuatum P4 E. heyneanum E. auriculatifolium E. manillense E. latifolium E. tsoongii E4 B E. griffithianum E. repens Pilea microphylla E. velutinicaule Pilea nummulariifolia Urtica urens Parietaria judaica Dendrocnide sinuata Dendrocnide stimulans Myriocarpa longipes Urtica dioica Boehmeria calophleba Boehmeria macrophylla

Figure 10.7. Subgeneric classification (sensu Schröter and Winkler 1935, 1936) mapped on the strict consensus tree of CI weighted morphological dataset. Details of coloured lines are given in Figure 10.6.

155 Chapter 10. Phylogeny of Elatostema using morphological data

156 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

Chapter 11. PHYLOGENY OF ELATOSTEMA USING COMBINED MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA 11.1. Introduction There are various approaches to assessing whether different datasets can be combined in a single analysis. The first is to assess the topology produced in the separate analyses. Does each dataset produce approximately the same sets of relationships? Are there conflicting relationships that indicate the phylogenetic signal in each set is different? This approach is difficult to apply in this case. The taxon sets for ITS and trn are not complementary because a nested analytic approach was undertaken, using different genes to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of taxa at different hierarchical levels. As a result there are only 25 terminal taxa in common between the two molecular datasets. Hence, it is difficult to directly compare the two topologies. Further, the fact that trn is much less variable than ITS within Elatostema contributes to significant differences in the topologies: a lack of resolution in trn compared with good resolution in ITS. As a result, the combinability of the different datasets was tested by a partition homogeneity test. The value for the comparison of the trn and ITS data was P = 0.08. Hence, there is no significant difference in the phylogenetic signals in the two sets of data and they can be combined in a single analysis. The morphological database included only 16 of these taxa.

A partition homogeneity test of the combined molecular data against the morphological data gave a value of P = 0.01, which indicated a highly significant difference between the phylogenetic signals in these two forms of data. Hence there is significant conflict between the morphological and molecular data. Separate tests of the morphological data against the ITS data and the trn data gave a similar result (P = 0.01 in each case). Regardless of these low values, the morphological data were combined with the total molecular data for the 16 taxon set in a single analysis in order to evaluate the effect this has on the phylogenetic signal. Of course, the conflict between these data sources means that the estimate of relationships will not be improved by adding the morphological data. It may be instructive, however, to

157 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

investigate changes in resolution and reductions in support for some clades that is expected to result from the conflict in phylogenetic signal.

11.2. Narrow analysis with no missing data The combined analyses included 2560 characters (uninformative characters were excluded from the analyses) for the 16 taxa for which all three data sets were available. Heuristic search with 500 replicates of random taxon addition of the unweighted data found one MP tree of 826 steps with RI = 0.70 and RC = 0.45. Based on the results from the trn and ITS analyses (Figures 8.1 and 8.3), Elatostema sinuatum (subg. Pellionia) was chosen to root the analysis. The strict consensus of the MP trees is given in Figure 11.1. The topology in this figure agrees closely with that obtained from the ITS analysis (Figures 8.3). Clade D and the E. grandeE. sp. 399 068 clade in Figure 11.1 are equivalent to clades H and J, respectively, in Figure 8.3; the E. reticulatumE. macrophyllum clade in Figure 11.1 is equivalent to clade I in Figure 8.3; the remaining taxa in Figure 11.1 diverge in the same order as in Figure 8.3. There is moderate to very strong bootstrap support for all branches in the tree.

The distributions of the states of the individual morphological characters on the consensus tree were then examined in MacClade in order to identify any morphological synapomorphies for clades.

Lack of cystoliths on the venation of the abaxial surface of leaves (character 24: state 0) and the caducous nanophylls (32:0) are synapomorphies for the clade that includes E. griffithianum and more terminal species (clade A). However, both of these characters show reversals, with nanophylls persistent in E. acuminatum (as an autapomorphy – 32:1), and with cystoliths present on the venation of the abaxial leaf surface of clade C (24:1). The discoid-shaped female inflorescence (52:1) has evolved twice, once as an autapomorphy in E. parvum and as a synapomorphy for the species in Clade B. All other species in this data set have head-like female inflorescences (52:0). The E. backeri–E. sp. 399068 clade (E) has the presumed derived condition of basal secondary veins originating at or near the base of the leaf lamina (20:0), with

158 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

this state also present as an autapomorphy in E. acuminatum. The origin of basal secondary vein-pairs in all other taxa is above the base of the leaf lamina (20:1). The E. rostratum–E. integrifolium clade (F) is characterised by having hairs on veins of the adaxial surface of leaves (30:1), which is also an autapomorphy for E. grande. Otherwise, all other taxa have the adaxial surface of leaves lacking hairs on the veins (30:0), which is here presumed to be a less-derived condition. The E. stipitatum– E. reticulatum clade (G) is defined by having pedunculate male inflorescences (34:1), whereas all other species have sessile male inflorescences. The E. paludosum–E. macrophyllum clade (H) has petiolate leaves (11:1) and this character state also occurs as an autapomorphy for E. griffithianum. The other species have sessile leaves (11:0).

Very few morphological synapomorphies have been identified when mapped onto this combined morphological plus molecular tree (Figure 11.1) and there is marked homoplasy in nearly all morphological characters even in this very restricted taxon set. When all unambiguous state-changes were mapped on the tree, several branches carried only one or two character-changes in the morphological database, and others carried none. Although of no interest for understanding phylogenetic relationships, the number of character-changes (autapomorphies) on the terminal branches showed that some species were distinguished from their nearest relative by no unambiguous state- changes in this database (for example, Elatostema strigosum, E. rostratum, E. sessile and E. macrophyllum), whereas others are distinguished by many such changes (for example, eight unique changes on the lineage leading to E. sp. 399068, and six unique changes on that leading to E. integrifolium). There may be differences in other characters that have not been included in this database. However, these differences in the amount of change on terminal branches may be a reflection of the differences in phenetic distance between related taxa. Therefore, those species characterised by many character changes on the terminal branch may be morphologically more distinct compared to others species within the same clade.

159 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

E. sp. 399068 E ll 20 E. backeri 88 (1->0)

E. strigosum

ll E. grande C 94 30(0->1) X E. reticulatum 24 G (1->0) l 34 (0->1) E. stipitatum ll 52 26(0->1) ll E. paludosum B (0->1) H 71(0->1) ll 11 (0->1) E. macrophyllum

E. integrifolium F 87 ll 30(0->1) D E. rostratum ll 71(0->1) E. sessile

32 ll X ll E. acuminatum A (1->0) 20(1->0) 32(0->1) 71(0->1) l l 24 E. pedunculosum (1->0)

ll E. griffithianum 11(0->1)

E. sinuatum.

ll ll E. parvum 26(0->1) 52(0->1)

Figure 11.1. Distribution of some morphological character-changes mapped on strict consensus tree of equally weighted combined data. Character number: change from one state to another (for example, 32:0->1); single bars indicate unique origin, double bars indicate parallelism, cross indicates reversal. A–H, clades discussed in the text. Character numbers and states defined in Chapter 9 and listed in Appendix 5. Thick branches received at least 95% bootstrap support, other bootstrap values (greater than 50%) are shown in blue above the clades

160 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

The morphological data set was designed to maximise the potential distinction between outgroup and ingroup taxa, and to test the systematic usefulness (i.e., phylogenetic informativeness) of characters used in constructing the current infrageneric groupings within Elatostema (sensu lato). However, the small number of taxa (16) that have complete morphological, ITS and trn data resulted in greatly reduced phylogenetic information being gained from this comparison. Furthermore, the lack of outgroup taxa resulted in the exclusion of characters and/or character- states that were potentially phylogenetically informative at the wider taxonomic level. Likewise, the remaining taxa did not adequately represent the full range of infrageneric groups that have been recognised in Elatostema by previous authors. This was because trn had been deemed insufficiently variable within Elatostema to justify sequencing it for many samples. Since outgroup taxa and a wider sample of species of Elatostema are included in one or other of the separate sequence databases, an expanded combined database was constructed with a larger taxon set, treating the data as missing in the analysis where necessary (see Section 11.3, below).

A comparison of the degree of fit of morphological characters onto one of MP trees from the morphological analysis (Figure 10.1; RC = 0.14) with the fit of these data to one of the MP trees from the combined analysis (RC = 0.14) reveals that the morphological data fits both sets of trees equally poorly. In each case the level of homoplasy in morphological characters is very high, indicating that many of these characters are poor indicators of affinity.

11.3. Broader analysis with missing data A set of 56 terminal taxa was selected based largely on the availability of morphological data, with minimal repeat sampling of species but provided a wide representation of outgroups. The expanded combined database (morphology plus ITS plus trn) comprised 2484 characters, of which 779 (30.4%) were parsimony informative. Morphological data were missing for 20 (mostly outgroup) terminal taxa; trn data were missing for 3 taxa; ITS data were missing for 28 taxa (non-Elatostema).

161 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

These constituted 26.2% of the total database; other missing data plus gaps brought the total treated as missing to 43.9%. Concerns about the adverse effects of using missing data often determine which characters and taxa are included in phylogenetic analyses (Wiens 2005). In general, there is a preference to avoid missing data. However, the sampling of genes and taxa for a given group of organisms is still uncommon (Sanderson and Driskell 2003). Often the ‘true’ phylogeny of taxa with incomplete data sets cannot be found (Wiens 2005, and references therein). Taxa with highly incomplete data can result in reduced phylogenetic signal. Huelsenbeck (1991) concluded that the proportion of missing data (compared to complete data) increased the amount of ambiguity of resolved characters at each node. However, there is little evidence to support the exclusion of taxa based simply on the proportion of missing data (Wiens 2005). Secondly, whether or not the addition of incomplete taxa will actually improve the estimate of relationships for more complete taxa (Sanderson and Driskell 2003) has been raised as a concern. This is based on the concern that there are too few characters to accurately place them on the tree (Wiens 2003). However, the critical factor determining their placement appears to be the characters which are present rather than the ones that are absent (Wiens 2005).

Heuristic searching with 500 replicates of random taxon addition found one island of 120 MP trees of 2054 steps (RC = 0.47, RI = 0.81). The strict consensus of the MP trees is shown in Figure 11.2. When the morphological database was superimposed on one of the MP trees from this analysis, the value of RC obtained was 0.13. This compares with an RC = 0.14 for these data on an MP tree from either the morphological analysis or the small combined analysis, indicating that these data fit the estimated phylogeny from this combined analysis no better. The level of homoplasy in the morphological characters is very high, and compares very unfavourably with the fit of the molecular data on one of the MP trees from this combined analysis, RC = 0.54.

The changes of state in the morphological characters were then examined on the strict consensus of this combined analysis using MacClade (Figure 11.2–11.10).

162 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

Woodiness (1:1, 1:2) (Figure 11.2) has evolved on three separate occasions, twice as trees (Dendrocnide sinuata and Myriocarpa longipes) and once as woody shrubs (Boehmeria species). However, the creeping habit (2:1), which is confined to the herbaceous condition, has arisen on numerous occasions and is not phylogenetically informative.

Stinging hairs (7:1) is a unique synapomorphy for the Urticeae (Figure 11.3). Sessile leaves (11:0) are a synapomorphy for Elatostemeae, excluding Pilea, but with three reversals in Procris sensu stricto, E. griffithianum and the E. paludosum–E. macrophyllum clade (Figure 11.4). Broader leaves (70:0) has evolved once as a synapomorphy for Urticeae–Elatostemeae and Myriocarpa longipes, with a single reversal to the pleisomorphic condition of narrower leaves (70:1) as a synapomorphy for species of Elatostema and Procris. Leaves with unequal laminas (73:0; Figure 11.2) is a synapomorphy for Elatostema sensu stricto (excluding the Elatostema– Procris clade), with two reversals to the pleisomorphic condition of equal (73:1) for E. integrifolium, E. sessile and E. rostratum clade, and for E. paludosum. The oblique

163 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus Celtis iguanaea AY488673

X

73:1 X

73:0

habit herb (or sub-shrub) shrub tree

Figure 11.2 Morphological characters 1 and 73 mapped onto the combined strict consensus tree. Woodiness is summarised as states shrub plus tree (coloured). Change from equal to unequal (symmetric to asymmetric) leaf lamina (character 73: 1->0) marked by bar; reversals to symmetric (equal) leaf lamina are indicated by cross.

164 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

leaf base (12:0, Figure 11.3) is a synapomorphy for Elatostema sensu lato, including Procris.

Two venation characters that are useful for species identification, venation symmetry (character 19) and venation arrangement (18) are not phylogenetically informative because the character-states of both have evolved on several occasions. For example, asymmetric venation (19:0) has evolved on at least three separate occasions, with at least two subsequent reversals to the symmetrical state (19:1). Within the Elatostema sensu lato group of species, pinnate venation (18:0) has evolved three times: (1) in the Elatostema–Procris clade (excluding E. repens); (2) in a clade consisting of E. velutinicaule, E. reticulatum, E. stipitatum, E. paludosum and E. macrophyllum; and (3) in the terminal branch of E. grande. There are three origins for acrodromous venation (18:2), namely the Boehmerieae-Parietarieae clade and the terminal branches of E. pedunculosum and Pilea nummulariifolia. The origin of actinomorphic venation (18:1) is equivocal because of missing data for several taxa, particularly among the outgroup.

Basal secondary vein-pairs arising above the leaf base (20:1) is a synapomorphy for the Elatostemeae (excluding the polymorphic Pilea clade) (Figure 11.5). A separate origin of this character-state occurs on the terminal branch to Parietaria. However, there are three reversals to the plesiomorphic condition of the basal secondary vein- pairs arising at the leaf base (20:0): in a clade consisting of E. backeri, Elatostema sp.157 and Elatostema sp.399068, and on the terminal branches to E. velutinicaule and E. kinabaluense. A similar pattern of character evolution is seen on the origin of the basal secondary vein-pairs (character 21: arising from one point or from different points).

Many of the morphological characters are so variable that they can not be used for defining infrageneric groupings within Elatostema. However, several characters appear useful in defining smaller clades. For example, the presence of cystoliths on the primary and secondary veins of the adaxial surface (26:1) has evolved on several separate occasions (Figure 11.6). It is a synapomorphy for the Urticeae, for two

165 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

subclades of Elatostema, and for the Procris clade. It has also arisen on three other occasions as autapomorphies for three species.

Male inflorescence involucral bracts are present (38:1) as a synapomorphy for Elatostema sensu stricto with two reversals at the terminal branch to E. velutinicaule and E. griffithianum (38:0). The presence of appendages on male inflorescence bracts (39:1) is a synapomorphy for Elatostema sensu stricto (excluding E. parvum), but there are four reversals to 39:0 within the clade (Figure 11.7).

166 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus Celtis iguanaea AY488673

12:1

stinging hairs absent present

Figure 11.3 Stinging hairs (7) and oblique leaf bases (12) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree. Stinging hairs present (coloured); change to oblique leaf base indicated by bar.

167 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

The numbers of tepals (43) and stamens (46) in male flowers change from the plesiomorphic state of four to five at the base of the Elatostema-Procris clade (43:4, 46:4), but E. reticulatum and E. rostratum lineages shows a reversal to four (43:3, 46:4). Since male flowers were not examined for E. acuminatum, E. integrifolium and E. sessile, the position of these reversals is not known, for example, for tepal number (refer Figure 11.8).

The presence of a tepal appendage in male flowers (45:1,2,3) has evolved three times within the Elatostema sensu stricto clade, with one reversal to the plesiomorphic state (45:0) at the clade containing E. macrophyllum and E. paludosum. The Pilea and Procris clades are polymorphic, having appendages present on Pilea nummulariifolia and E. curtisii, respectively; whereas, it is absent on the remaining members of the clade.

Although the internal node at the base of the Elatostema sensu stricto is equivocal due to missing data, it appears likely that discoid female inflorescences (53:1) are a synapomorphy for this clade. There are at least two reversals to 53:0 in E. velutinicaule and E. griffithianum. The Elatostema-Procris clade maintains a headlike female inflorescence, the plesiomorphic state (53:0). With respect to Elatostema and Procris, the presence/absence of female inflorescence involucral bracts (54) has a similar pattern of character evolution to that found in character 53.

The plesiomorphic state of the number of female tepals (58) is unknown because of missing data for outgroup taxa. However, it is possible that the loss of tepals (58:0) is a synapomorphy for Elatostema sensu stricto, with the exception of E. griffithianum, which has five tepals (58:5) and is a parallel development with the Elatostema- Procris clade.

Equal sized tepals in the female flowers (59:0) have evolved twice: once in the Boehmerieae-Parietarieae clade and once in the Elatostema-Procris clade (although the state is unknown in E. repens because female flowers have not been examined).

168 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus Celtis iguanaea AY488673

leaf petiole sessile (or petiole petiolate

Figure 11.4 Presence of petiole (11) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 11:0 = petiole absent; 11:1 = petiole present,

169 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data

Perianth not enclosing the achene (65:0) is found in Elatostema sensu stricto, and hence this is a synapomorphy for that clade. However, it has also arisen at least once more within the Pilea clade (Figure 11.9). Since most of the outgroup taxa were not examined for this character, the evolution of this character outside the ElatostemaProcris clade is equivocal.

The evolution of the ribbed achene state (66:1) is difficult to interpret because of the large amount of missing data. However, it may represent a synapomorphy for Elatostema sensu stricto, with the possibility of requiring only a single origin. Within this clade, however, E. griffithianum has a dimpled achene (66:2) and a clade consisting of E. reticulatum, E. stipitatum, E. paludosum and E, macrophyllum, has smooth achenes (66:0), which represents a reversal. Dimpled achenes (66:2) occur in four isolated taxa, namely Boehmeria macrophylla, Elatostema acuminatum, E. griffithianum and Procris frutescens, and so represent four specialised autapomorphies (Figure 11.10). The achene surface needs to be examined for more taxa so that the origin and character states changes can be more accurately mapped onto the cladogram.

Based on this assessment of the morphological characters used in this study, most are extremely variable and do not appear to be useful for circumscribing infrageneric groups. However, some morphological characters may be useful for defining some smaller clades, whereas other features may be a response to micro-environmental pressures and so less informative of relationships and more useful in defining individual species.

170 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data a AY488673 Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus Celtis iguanae

veins - basal secondary pair origin arises at the base of primary vein arises above the base of primary vein equivocal

Figure 11.5. Basal secondary vein pairs arising above base of primary veins or at base of primary veins (20) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 20:0 = arises above base; 20:1 = arises at base,

171 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus Celtis iguanaea AY488673

leaf adaxial cystoliths venation absent on primary and secondary veins equivocal

Figure 11.6. Presence of cystoliths on venation of adaxial leaf surface (26) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 26:0 = absent; 26:1 = on primary and secondary veins,

172 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus Celtis iguanaea AY488673

male inflorescence bracts appendage absent present equivocal

Figure 11.7. Presence of appendages on male inflorescence bracts (39) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 39:0 = absent; 39:1 = present.

173 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data uanaea AY488673 AY488673 uanaea g Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus i Celtis

male flower tepal number three four five polymorphic equivocal

Figure 11.8. Tepal number in male flowers (43) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 43:0 = tepals absent (or minute); 43:1 = 1, 43:2 = 2; 43:3 = 3, 43:4 = 4; 43:5 = 5.

174 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data uanaea AY488673 AY488673 uanaea g Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus i Celtis

achene covered by perianth or involucre not enclosed (or only partly so enclosed (or almost so) equivocal

Figure 11.9. Perianth covering achene (64) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 64:0 = perianth not covering achene; 64:1 = achene enclosed (or almost so) by perianth.

175 Chapter 11. Phylogeny of Elatostema using combined morphological & molecular data Boehmeria biloba AJ3990371 Boehmeria biloba Boehmeria macrophylla AF501610 Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria calophleba Parietaria AF501615 palmata Cecropia ovalifolia Coussapoa sinuata Dendrocnide dioica Urtica AF501614 glabra Urera DQ179367 laciniata Urera 153 E. acuminatum 163 E. acuminatum E. grande 178 E. strigosum E. kinabuense E. irvilleanum 207 E. strigosum 399068 E. sp. 148 E. backeri 147 E. backeri 157 E. sp. E. strigosum E. velutinicaule E. reticulatum E. stipitatum E. macrophyllum Cn4434 E. paludosum 252 E. paludosum 242 E. integrifolium 224 E. integrifolum 141 E. rostratum 143 E. rostratum E. sessile 441 E. sp. E. pedunculosum E. griffithianum E. parvum E. curtisii E. sinuatum Procris insularis frustescens Procris wightiana Procris E. repens AF501613 Pilea depressa Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea microphylla longipes Myriocarpa sp. Dorstenia AJ390365 psilurus Dorstenia AF501604 mannii Dorstenia AF501605 Ficus benjamina AF501609 pendulinus Streblus AJ390367 sativa Cannabis 90 AB033889 lupulus Humulus AY488673 iguanaea Celtis

achene surface smooth ribbed dimpled equivocal

Figure 11.10. Achene surface (65) mapped on to the combined strict consensus tree, with character states 65:0 = smooth; 65:1 = ribbed; 65:2 = dimpled,

176 Chapter 12. Conclusion

Chapter 12. CONCLUDING REMARKS

12.1. Summary

Phylogenetic analyses based on rbcL and trn sequences provided support for the monophyly of Urticaceae provided Poikilospermum (currently Cecropiaceae) is included in the family, within the Urticeae. The analyses also showed that Cecropia and Coussapoa (Cecropiaceae) should be included in the Urticaceae, probably as a tribe, close to the Boehmerieae-Parietarieae group. The affinities of the other three genera currently included in Cecropiaceae have not been evaluated in this thesis. Boehmerieae was shown to be polyphyletic with respect to the position of Myriocarpa. This result supports the conclusions of Friis (1993), Monro (2006) and Sytsma et al. (2002). However, since only one species of Myriocarpa has been included in the analyses, the inclusion of other species of this genus may clarify the relationship between the Boehmerieae and Myriocarpa. Elatostemeae was shown to be polyphyletic with Pilea placed sister to the Urticeae (including Poikilospermum). Therefore, either Pilea should be excluded from Elatostemeae or alternatively, the two tribes (Elatostemeae and Urticeae) should be grouped together to form a single more natural group tribe. Hence, this study has identified two evolutionary lineages within Urticaceae: (1) a group including Boehmerieae and Parietarieae (possibly also including Cecropiaceae), and (2) a group including Elatostemeae and Urticeae. However, the limited sample of Pilea species limits the confidence by which any decision on the phylogeny of this genus can be made. Since the Forsskaoleeae was not represented in this study, it is not possible to infer the phylogenetic position of this tribe.

Evaluation of the infrageneric classification of Elatostema, based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS (nuclear DNA) and trn (chloroplast DNA) sequences do not support the current subgeneric classification as proposed by Schröter and Winkler (1935, 1936). Furthermore, this result suggests that, at least in part, the sectional classification of Wang (1980a, 1980b) may not be supported. Likewise, analyses using morphological data and analyses using combined molecular and morphological data also fail to support these infrageneric classifications. While both these sets of molecular data appear to be quite informative of phylogenetic relationships within the

177 Chapter 12. Conclusion family and the ITS data in particular are quite informative of relationships within Elatostema, many of the morphological characters, including those that have been used to define infrageneric groups, show a high level of homoplasy and are poor indicators of affinity at this level. Characters found to show promise as indicators of affinity include presence of stinging hairs (character 7), oblique leaf bases (12) and perianth covering the achene (66). Others deserving further investigation are sessile leaves (11), shape of female inflorescence (53), loss of tepals in the female flower (58), achene surface (67), and leaf width (70).

Although the relationship of taxa within Elatostema (s. lat.) is largely unresolved, the analyses support two main infrageneric groupings: one that includes Procris together with species of Elatostema subgenus Pellionia; and a second that includes species of subg. Elatostema, subg. Elatostematoides, subg. Weddellia and one further species, E. griffithianum (currently assigned to Elatostema subg. Pellionia).

Given the much higher value of Rescaled Consistency Index of the molecular data on the most parsimonious trees, and the much greater resolution and levels of support in those analyses, than were obtained in the morphological analyses, the molecular analyses must be seen as providing a more accurate estimate of the phylogeny.

12.2. Future work

12.2.1. Increased infrageneric sampling

It has not been possible to evaluate the phylogeny of the sectional and series classification of Elatostema as proposed by Wang and Chen (1979) and Wang (1980a, 1980b), because Chinese taxa that have been grouped into this sectional/serial system, were not available for analysis. Future research into the infrageneric classification of the genus should include representatives of these groups. Along with a broader sample of species of Elatostema (sensu lato), including Pellionia and Procris, augmentation of the molecular database by sequences from a highly variable region, such as the nuclear encoded external transcribed spacer (ETS), will be required to provide sufficient resolution of phylogenetic relationships within this group. To overcome the alignment difficulties met with using ITS sequences, additional species of Procris and

178 Chapter 12. Conclusion subgenus Pellionia, and perhaps other subgenera of Elatostema, should be analysed using trn data to resolve the relationship between these groups, followed by analyses of separate alignments of ITS and ETS data for subsets of taxa. These analyses should provide additional information on the relationships within Elatostema (s. lat.) that were not possible to estimate because of the alignment difficulties.

12.2.2. Phylogenetic position of Pilea

The unexpected placement position of Pilea outside Elatostemeae requires further investigation. An increase in the number of species sampled for both morphological and molecular analyses should clarify the position of this genus within the Urticaceae. In particular, the work of Monro (2006) who investigated the phylogeny of Pilea using a large number of species, found that Lecanthus peduncularis is sister to the genus (both being members of Elatostemeae).

12.2.3. Evaluation of morphological characters

12.2.3.1. Morphological variation

The amount of morphological variation expressed by living populations of Elatostema (including Procris) is very incompletely known. Only a few species of Elatostema have been observed as large populations in the field. Very few plants of Procris have been studied in the field. Therefore, further work needs to be done to understand morphological variations in the field so that the delimitation of species, based on morphological characters, can be done more confidently. In particular, there is a need for more field observations and collections of fertile material that could be used to augment existing herbarium collections, many of which are sterile. Furthermore, there is a need to study the ratio of male to female plants within a population for many species because several are only known from collections of one sex. The knowledge resulting from both of these field activities is needed to document natural populations more adequately. This should be followed by study of the variation within and between populations using clustering and ordination

179 Chapter 12. Conclusion

techniques, so as to clarify species concepts. Only then will we be in a position to properly sample the natural variation in further molecular analyses to estimate phylogenetic relationships. With the absence of a significant amount of type material and frequently an inadequate protologue, there is an urgent need for continued field studies so that reliable species circumscriptions can be defined.

12.2.3.2. Continued assessment of morphology As a part of understanding morphological variation in living plants, there is a need to evaluate several morphological characters so that taxonomically useful character states can be defined with more confidence. For example, the surface of the achene is defined as smooth, ribbed or dimpled; however, it is not known if the smooth condition is only found in immature achenes or if the ribbed/dimpled conditions are an artefact of the herbarium preparation process. The degree of persistence of the nanophylls has been difficult to evaluate because they are almost certainly damaged during the collecting and/or processing of specimens. The size of stipules appears to vary throughout the age of the plant. Since stipules are frequently soon lost from herbarium material, a study of living material would be useful for quantifying the features of stipules that might be useful for distinguishing different species and for understanding phylogenetic relationships. Detailed anatomical and/or scanning electron microscopy would be expected to reveal a significant number of additional morphological characters that may assist in our understanding of phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, detailed cellular or SEM studies could be expected to assist in testing hypotheses of homology for existing characters and their character states.

12.2.4. Increased tribal sampling

The unexpected relationships between several taxa of different tribes suggest that increased sampling of a number of tribes is needed in order to test tribal concepts and obtain a more complete understanding of higher level phylogenetic relationships within the Urticaceae. For example, the position of Myriocarpa outside the Boehmerieae should be evaluated by the inclusion of additional species

180 Chapter 12. Conclusion of this genus. Furthermore, the low level of sampling of the Parietarieae and absence of Forsskaoleeae make it impossible to infer the evolutionary history or to test the monophyly of these tribes.

181 Chapter 12. Conclusion

182 References

REFERENCES

Albach D.C., Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E. and Olmstead R.G. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of asterids based on sequences of four genes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82(2): 162–212

Abu-Asab M.S. and Cantino P.D. 1987. Phylogenetic implications of leaf anatomy in subtribe Melittidinae (Labiatae) and related taxa. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 68(1): 1–34

Arbu-Rabia A. 2005. Herbs as a food and medicine source in Oalestine. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 6: 404–407

Akbay P., Basaran A.A., Undeger U., Basaran N. 2003. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of flavonoid glycosides from Urtica dioica L. Phytotherapy Research 17(1): 34–37

Allen B.M. 1964. Descriptions of the Malayan species of Laportea. The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 10(1): 361–370

Almeida M.T. and Bisby F.A. 1984. A simple method for establishing taxonomic characters from measurement data. Taxon 33(3): 405–409.

Álvarez I. and Wendel J.F. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 417–434.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998. An Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531–553

Ariyanti E.E. 2004. Systematic studies of Procris (Urticaceae). (unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia), 142 pp

Ariyanti E.E. and Conn B.J. 2005. Phylogeny of Procris (Urticaceae) using Gap- Weighting Techniques, pp. 106–122. In Tuen A.A and Das I (Eds), Wallace

183 References

Sarawak – 150 years later. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, 228 pp.

Backer C.A. and Bakhuizen van den Brink R.C. 1965. Flora of Java. Volume 2. N.V.P. Noordhoff: Groningen

Badilla B., Mora G., Lapa A.J. and Emim J.A.S. 1999. Anti-inflammatory activity of Urera baccifera (Urticaceae) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Revista de Biología Tropical 47(3): (http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0 034-77441999000300008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en) (viewed 21 March 2007)

Baillon H. 1874. The natural history of plants. Volume 3, pp. 497–538. L. Reeve & Co.: London

Bapteste E. and Philippe H. 2002. The potential value of indels as phylogenetic markers: position of Trichomonads as a case study. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (6): 972-977

Beaman R.S. 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography of Elatostema (Urticaceae) from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. (unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Florida, USA), 264 pp

Beaman R.S. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of Elatostema (Urticaceae) from Mount Kinabalu. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 4: 71–93

Beaman R.S. and Cellinese N. 2004. Eight new species and a new name in the genus Elatostema (Urticaceae) on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Blumea 49(1): 135–144

Bentham G. and Hooker J.D. 1883. Genera Plantarum. Volume 3, part 1. L. Reeve & Co.: London, 1883 pp

184 References

Berg C.C. 1977. Urticales, their differentiation and systematic position. Plant Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 1: 349–374

Berg C.C. 1978. Cecropiaceae, A new family of the Urticales. Taxon 27: 39–44

Berg C.C. 1989. Systematics and phylogeny of the Urticales, pp. 193–220. In Crane P.R. and Blackmore S. (Eds), Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelideae, 2: ‘Higher’ Hamamelideae. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 40B, Clarendon Press: Oxford

Bernbeck F. 1932. Vergleichende Morphologie der Urticaceen- und Moraceen- infloreszenzen. Botanische Abhandlungen 19: 1–100

Bigalke H. 1933. Die blattspodogramme der Urticaceae und ihre verwendbarkeit für die systematik. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 21(1): 1–58

Blume C.L. 1825. Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië. Lands Drukkerij: Batavia, 1169 pp

Bonsen K.J. and ter Welle B.J.H. 1983. Comparative wood and leaf anatomy of the Cecropiaceae (Urticales). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 4e serie (5), Section B, Adansonia (2): 151–177

Bonsen K.J. and ter Welle B.J.H. 1984. Systematic wood anatomy and affinities of the Urticaceae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 105: 49–71

Boufford D.E. 2006. Urticaceae. Flora of North America, volume 3. (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10931) (viewed 30 January 2007)

Briggs B.G., Marchant A.D., Gilmour S. and Porter C.L. 2000. A molecular phylogeny of Restionaceae and allies, pp. 661–671. In Wilson K.L. and Morrison D.A. (Eds) Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, 738 pp

185 References

Catalán P., Kellogg E.A., Olmstead R.G. 1997. Phylogeny of Poaceae subfamily Pooideae based on Chloroplast ndhF gene sequences.

Carter H.A. 1910. Ramie (Rhea), China grass, the new textile fibre, all about it. The Technical Publishing Co. Ltd.: London, 140 pp

Chappill J.A. 1989. Quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 5(1): 217–234.

Chase M.W., Soltis D.E., Olmstead R.G., Morgan D., Les D.H., Mishler B.D., Duvall M.R., Price R.A., Hills H G., Qiu Y., Kron K.A., Rettig J.H., Conti E., Palmer J.D., Manhart J.R., Sytsma K.J., Michaels H.J., Kress W.J., Karol K.G., Clark W.D., Hedren M., Gaut B.S., Jansen R.K., Kim K., Wimpee C.F., Smith JF., Furnier G.R., Strauss S.H., Xiang Q., Plunkett G.M., Soltis P.S., Swensen S.M., Williams S.E., Gadek P.A., Quinn C.J., Eguiarte L.E., Golenberg E., Learn Jr. G.H., Graham S.W., Barrett S.C.H., Dayanandan S., and Albert V.A. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(3): 528– 580

Chase M.W., de Bruijn A.Y., Cox A.V., Reeves G., Rudall P.J., Johnson M.A.T. and Eguiarte L.E. 2000. Phylogenetics of Asphodelaceae (Asparagales): an analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences. Annals of Botany 86: 935–951

Chen J., Lin Q., Friis I., Wilmot-Dear C.M. and Monro A.K. 2003. Urticaceae. Flora of China vol. 5: 76-189. (http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume05/Urticaceae.pdf) (viewed: 3 Jan 2008)

Chew W.L. 1963. A revision of the genus Poikilospermum (Urticaceae). The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 20(1): 1–103

186 References

Chew W.L. 1965. Laportea and allied genera (Urticaceae). The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 21(2): 195-208

Chew W.L. 1969a. A monograph of Dendrocnide (Urticaceae). The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 25(1): 1–104

Chew W.L. 1969b. A monograph of Laportea (Urticaceae). The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 25(1): 111–178

Chew W.L. 1989. Urticaceae, pp. 68–93. In George, A.S. (Ed.) Flora of Australia Volume 3: Hamamelidales to Casuarinales. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, 219 pp

Clegg M.T. 1993. Chloroplast gene sequences and the study of plant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90: 363–367

Clegg M.T. and Zurawski G. 1992. Chloroplast DNA and the study of plant phylogeny: present status and future prospects. In Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E. and Doyle J.J. (Eds), Molecular Systematics of Plants. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Collinson M.E. 1989. The fossil history of the Moraceae, Urticaceae (including Cecropiaceae), and Cannabaceae. In The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 40B: Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. Volume 2: Higher Hamamelidae, pp. 319–339

Crane G.R. (Ed.) 2006. Perseus Digital Library Project. Tufts University: Medford. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (viewed 23 March 2007)

Crayn D.M. 1997. Molecular systematics of Epacridaceae. (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia), 211 pp.

187 References

Crayn D.M. and Quinn C.J. 2000. The evolution of the atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer in the Epacrids (Ericales) and its systematic and evolutionary implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16(2): 238–252

Cronquist A. 1968. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. Nelson: London

Cronquist A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press: New York

Cronquist A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. 2nd edition. The New York Botanical Garden: New York

Dahlgren, G. 1989. An updated Angiosperm classification. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 100: 197–203

Darlu P. and Lecointre G. 2002. When does the incongruence length difference test fail? Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 432–437

Datwyler S.L. and Weiblen G.D. 2004. On the origin of the fig: phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 767–777

Davies J.I., Simmons M.P., Stevenson D.W. and Wendel J.A. 1998. Data decisiveness, data quality, and incongruence in phylogenetic analysis: an example from the monocotyledons using mitochondrial atpA sequences. Systematic Biology 47: 282–310

Dengler N.G. 1999. Anisophylly and dorsiventral shoot symmetry. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (6 Supplement): S67–S80

Don, D. 1825. Prodromus florae nepalensis, … J. Gale: London, 256 pp

188 References

Donoghue M.D., Olmstead R.G., Smith J.F. and Palmer J.D. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of Dipsicales based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 333–345

Donoghue M.J. and Sanderson M.J. 1992. The suitability of molecular and morphological evidence in reconstructing plant phylogeny, pp. 340–368. In Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E. and Doyle J.J. (Eds), Molecular Systematics of Plants. Chapman and Hall: New York

Doyle J.J. 1993. DNA, phylogeny and the flowering of plant systematics. BioScience 43: 380–389

Doyle J.J. and Doyle J.L. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11–15

Doyle J.J. and Davis J.I. 1998. Homology in molecular phylogenetics: a parsimony perspective, pp. 101-131. In Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S. and Doyle J.J. (Eds), Molecular Systematics of Plants II DNA sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group: Boston

Efron B. 1979. Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics 7: 1–26

Efron B., Halloran E. and Holmes S. 1996. Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 93: 7085–7090

Ellenberg H. and Mueller-Dombois, D. 1967. A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Berichte des Geobotanischen Institute der Eidg. Techn. Hochschule Stiffung Rubel, Heft. 37: 56–73.

Endlicher S.F.L. 1833. Prodromus florae Norfolkicae. Friedrich Beck: Wein, 100 pp

189 References

Endlicher S.F.L. 1836. Bemerkungen umber die Flora der Sudseeinseln. Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte, Wien I: 165, No. 879

Endlicher S.F.L. 1837. Juliflorae. Ordo XCIV. Urticaceae, pp. 282–285. Genera Plantarum secundum Ordines Naturales. Vindobonae: Wein

Engler A. 1894. Urticaceae. In Engler A. and Prantl K. (Eds) Die natürlichen pflanzen familien 3(1): 98–118. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig

Erdtman G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperms. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 539 pp.

Eriksson T. 1998. Auto DecayTM (Version 4.0). Department of Botany, University of Stockholm: Sweden

FAO 2006. Boehmeria nivea: White ramie, in Animal Feed Resources Information. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org/ AG/aGA/AGAP/ FRG/AFRIS/Data/361.HTM) (viewed: 22 February 2007)

Farris J.S. 1983. The logical basis of phylogenetic analysis, pp. 7–36. In Platnick N.I. and Funk V.A. (Eds), Advances in Cladistics. Volume 2. Columbia University press: New York

Farris J. S. 1985. Distance data revisited. Cladistics 1: 67–85

Farris J.S. 1989. The retention index and homoplasy excess. Systematic Zoology 38(4): 406–407

Farris J.S. 1990. The retention index and homoplasy excess. Systematic Zoology 38: 406–407

Farris J.S. 2001. Support Weighting. Cladistics 17: 389–394

190 References

Farris J.S., Albert, V.A., Källersjö, M., Lipscomb D. and Kluge A.G. 1996. Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 12: 99–124

Farris J.S., Kluge A.G. and Bult G. 1994. Permutations. Cladistics 11: 211–218

Felsentein J.1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39(4): 783–791

Forster J.R and Forster G. 1776. Characteres generum plantarum, p. 105, pl. 53, B. White, T. Cadell & P. Elmsly: London

Freudenstein J.V. and Chase M.W. 2001. Analysis of mitochondrial nad1b-c intron sequences in Orchidaceae: utility and coding of length-change characters. Systematic Botany 26 (3): 643-657

Friis I. 1988. Distribution patterns and biological observations in the Urticaceae of sub-saharan Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarenes, pp. 527–542. In Goldblatt P. and Lowry P.P. (Eds) Modern systematics studies in African botany. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 25, Missouri Botanical Gardens, 710 pp

Friis I. 1989. The Urticaceae: a systematic review, pp. 285–308. In The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 40B: Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. Volume 2: Higher Hamamelidae

Friis I. 1993. Urticaceae, pp. 612 – 630. In Kubitzki K., Rohwer J.G. and Bittrich V. (Eds). The families and genera of vascular plants II, flowering plants – dicotyledones. Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families. Springer- Verlag: Berlin, 653 pp

Friis I. and Immelman K.L. 2001. Flora of Southern Africa, volume 9, part: Urticaceae. National Botanical Institute: Pretoria

191 References

Friis I. and Wilmot-Dear C.M. 1988. A revision of the tribe Forsskaoleae (Urticaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 8: 25–58

Garcia-Cruz J. and Sosa V. 2006. Coding quantitative character data for phylogenetic analysis: a comparison of five methods. Systematic Biology 31(2): 302–309

Garland T. Jr., Midford P.E. and Ives A.R. 1999. An introduction to phylogenetically based statistical methods, with a new method for confidence intervals on ancestral values. American Zoology 39: 374–388

Gascuel O. and Steel M. 2006. Neighbor-joining revealed. Molecular Biology Evolution 23(11): 1997–2000

Gaudichaud C. 1830. Botanique, part 12. In Freycinet H.L.C. de (Ed.) Voyage autour du monde… executé sur les corvettes de S. M. l’Uranie et la Physiciene, pp. 465–522 and plates 111–120. Pilet-Ainé: Paris

Gielly L. and Taberlet P. 1994a. The use of chloroplast DNA to resolve plant phylogenies: noncoding versus rbcL sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11(5):769–777

Gielly L. and Taberlet P. 1994b. Chloroplast DNA polymorphism at the intrageneric level: implications for the establishment of plant phylogenies. C.R. Academy of Science. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences 317: 685–692

Gielly L., Yong-Ming, Y, Küpfer, P. and Taberlet, P. 1996. Phylogenetic use of noncoding regions in the genus Gentiana L.: Chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron versus nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5(8): 460–466

Gilman E.F. 1999a. Pilea cadierei. Fact Sheet FPS-478. University of Florida. http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/PILCADA.PDF (viewed 20 March 2007)

192 References

Gilman E.F. 1999b. Pilea microphylla. Fact Sheet FPS-479. University of Florida. http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/PILMICA.PDF (viewed 20 March 2007)

Gilmour S., Weston P.H. and Thomson J.A. 1993. A simple, rapid, inexpensive and widely applicable technique for purifying plant DNA. Australian Systematic Botany 6: 139–148

Goebel K.v. 1928. Organographie der Pflanzen insbesondere der Archegoniaten und Samenpflanzen, edition 3, umgearb. Auffl., I: Allegemeine Organographie, Fischer: Jena, 642 pp

Golenberg E.M., Clegg M.T., Durbin M.L. Doebley J. and Ma D.P. 1993. Evolution of a non coding region of the chloroplast genome. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 52–64

Golenkin M. 1894. Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Infloreszenzen der Urticaceen und Moraceen. Flora 78: 97–132

Greuter W., McNeill J., Barrie F.R., Burdet H.-M., Demoulin V., Filgueiras T.S., Nicholson D.H., Silva P.C., Skog J.E., Trehane P., Turland N.J. and Hawksworth D.L. 2000. Appendix IIB. Nomina Familiarum Bryophytorum et Spermatophytorum Conservanda. E. Spermatophyta. In International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code) (http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/ nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm) (viewed 1 Mar 2007)

Hadiah J.T., Quinn C.J. and Conn B.J. 2003. Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data. Telopea 10(1): 235–246

Hagedorn G. 2005 (30 March). DeltaAccess a SQL interface to DELTA, the Description Language for Taxonomy, implemented in Microsoft Access 97,

193 References

2000, and 2002 (=XP). http://www.diversityworkbench.net/OldModels/ Descriptions/index.html (viewed 26 March 2007)

Hallier H. 1896. Neue und bemerkenswerte pflanzen aus dem malaiisch-papuanischen inselmeer. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 13: 276–326.

Heywood V. H. 1993. Flowering plants of the world. Batsford: London, 335 pp

Hickey L.J. 1979. A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves, pp. 25–39. In Metcalfe C.R. and Chalk L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons 2nd edition. Volume 1: Systematic anatomy of leaf and stem, with a brief history of the subject

Hillis D. and Bull J. 1993. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42: 182– 192

Hillis D.M., Moritz C. and Mable B.K. (Eds). 1996. Molecular Systematics 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, Massachusetts, 655 pp

Holmgren P.K. and Holmgren N.H. 1998+. Index Herbariorum. New York Botanical Garden. http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/ IndexHerbariorum.asp (viewed 25 February 2007)

Hoot S.B., Culham A. and Crane P.R. 1995. The utility of atpß gene sequences in resolving phylogenetic relationships: comparison with rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences in the Lardizabalaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 194–208.

Huelsenbeck J.P.1991. When are fossils better than extant taxa in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Zoology 40: 458–469

Huelsenbeck J.P. and Ronquist F. 2001. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17 (8): 754–755

194 References

Huelsenbeck J.P., Ronquist F. and Hall B. 2003. MrBayes: A program for the Bayesian inference of phylogeny. University of Rochester: New York

Hunt N. 2006. Boxplots in Excel. http://www.mis.coventry.ac.uk/~nhunt/box plot.htm (viewed 8 April 2007)

Hutchinson J. 1967. The genera of flowering plants (Angiospermae): Dicotyledones volume 2. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 659 pp

ICBN. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. http://www.ibot.sav.sk/karolx/ kod/0000Viennatitle.htm (viewed 25 February 2007)

IPNI. 2004+. The International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/index.html (viewed 22 March 2007)

Jensen U., Hoot S.B., Johansson J.T. and Kosuge K. 1995. Systematics and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae – a revised family concept on the basis of molecular data. Plant Systematics and Evolution Supplement 9: 273–280.

Jiangsu New Medical College (without date). A Survey of Chinese Herbs and Others with Liver Protection Activities. Traditional Chinese Medicine Dictionary (Vols 1–3). http://www.cmjournal.org/content/supplementary/1749-8546-2-5- s1.doc (viewed: 3 Jan 2008)

Judd W.S., Champbell C.S., Kellog E.A. and Stevens P.F. 1999. Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Massachusetts, 464 pp

Jussieu A.L. 1789. Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita, …, pp. 400–407. Herissant and Barrois: Paris

195 References

Kelchner S.A. and Clark L.G. 1997. Molecular evolution and phylogenetic utility of the chloroplast rpl16 intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8: 385–397

Kelchner S.A. and Wendel J.F. 1996. Hairpins create minute inversions in non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Current Genetics 30: 295–262

Kluge A.G. and Farris J.S. 1969. Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Systematic Zoology 18: 1–32

Kubitzki K. 1993. Cecropiaceae, pp. 243–246. In Kubitzki K., Rohwer J.G. and Bittrich V. (Eds). The families and genera of vascular plants II, flowering plants – dicotyledones. Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 653 pp

Lahav-Ginott S. and Cronk Q. C. B.. 1993. The mating system of Elatostema (Urticaceae) in relation to morphology: a comparative study. Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 135–145

Lans C.A. 2001. Creole Remedies. Case studies of ethnoveterinary medicine in Trinidad and Tobago. Wageningen University dissertation no. 2992. http:// library.wur.nl/wda/abstracts/ab2992.html (viewed 20 March 2007)

Lanyon S.M. 1985. Detecting internal inconsistencies in distance data. Systematic Zoology 34(4): 357–403

Larget B. and Simon D.L. 1999. Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms for the Bayesian analysis of phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16 (6): 750–759

Lewis P.O. 2001. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology 50: 913-925.

196 References

Lin, Q. and Duan L-D. (in press). Two new species and a new series of Elatostema (Urticaceae) from China. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

Linnaeus C. 1753. Urticeae, pp. 983–985. Species Plantarum. Holmiae: Stockholm

Linnaeus C. 1754. , p. 423. Genera Plantarum, 5th edition, reprinted 1960. Engelmann (J. Cramer) and Weldon & Wesley: New York

Lipscomb D. 1998. Basics of cladistic analysis. George Washington University: Washington D.C., 75 pp

Lowrey T.K., Taylor R.K., Chan R., Kimball R.T. and De Nardi J.C. 2001. Molecular and morphological reassessment of relationships within the Vittadinia Group of Astereae (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 48: 621–628

Maddison D. R. 1991. The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most- parsimonious trees. Systematic Zoology 40: 315-328

Maddison W. P. and Maddison D. R. 2001. MacClade version 4.03. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland: Massachusetts

Marty F. 1968. Infrastructures des organs secreteurs de la feuille d’Urtica urens. Comptes Rendus, Academie des Sciences, Paris 266: 1712–1714

McClatchey W. 2002. From Polynesian healers to health food stores: changing perspectives of Morinda citifolia (Rubiaceae). Integrative Cancer Therapies 1(2): 110–120

Mickevich M.F. and Farris J.S. 1981. The implications of congruence in Menidia. Systematic Zoology 30: 351–370

Miquel F.A.W. 1863. Poikilospermum Zippel., Genus novum urticaceanum. In Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. Volume I, p. 203 (51*). F. Fleischer: London

197 References

Monro A.K. 2006. The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of Pilea (Urticaceae) based on cpDNA, nrDNA, and morphology. American Journal of Botany 93(3): 426–441

Morgan D.R. 1997. Decay analysis of large sets of phylogenetic data. Taxon. 46(3): 509–517

Muasya A.M., Simpson D.A., Chase M.W. and Culham A. 2001. A phylogeny of isolepis (Cyperaceae) inferred using plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequence data. Systematic Botany 26(2): 342–353

Nickrent D.L., Schuette K.P. and Starr E.M. 1994. A molecular phylogeny of Arceuthobium based upon rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. American Journal of Botany. 81: 1149–1160

NCBI. 2002. National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ (viewed November 2002)

NuLivScience. 2006. NuLiv Science 2006 Ingredients. http://www.nuliv.com/inglist.html (viewed: 3 Jan 2008)

Nylander J.A.A., Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. and Nieves-Aldrey J.L. 2004. Bayesian phylogentic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology 53 (1): 47-67

Olmstead R.G. and Palmer J.D. 1994. Chloroplast DNA systematics: A review of methods and data analysis. American Journal of Botany, 81(9): 1205–1224

O’Brien M.M., Quinn C.J. and Wilson P.G. 2000. Molecular systematics of the Leptospermum suballiance (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 48: 621–628

198 References

Page R.D.M. 2001. NEXUS Data Editor for Windows, A program to edit NEXUS format data files. http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/NDE/nde.html (last modified 13 September 2001)

Palumbi S.R. 1996. Nucleic Acids II: The polymerase chain reaction. In Hillis D.M., Moritz C. and Mable B.K. (Eds). Molecular Systematics 2nd ed., pp. 205–247. Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, Massachusetts

Pieroni A. 2001. Evaluation of the cultural significance of wild food botanicals traditionally consumed in northwestern Tuscany, Italy. Journal of Ethnobiology 21(1): 89–104

Pimentel R.A. and Riggins R. 1987. The nature of cladistic data. Cladistics 3(3): 201– 209

Pollard A.J. and Briggs D. 1984. Genecological studies of Urtica dioica L. III Stinging hairs and plant-herbivore interactions. The New Phytologist 97: 507– 522

Pourmorad F., Hosseinimehr S.J., Shahabimajd N. 2006. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(11): 1142–1145

Powell J.M., Morrison D.A., Gadek P.A., Crayn D.M. and Quinn C.J. 1997. Relationships and generic concepts within Styphelieae (Epacridaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 10(1): 15 - 29

Qi L., Friis I., and Wilmot-Dear C.M. 2003. Pellionia, pp. 122–127. In Flora of China Editorial Committee (Eds). Flora of China. Volume 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press: Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis

Rae T.C. 1998. The logical basis for the use of continuous characters in phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics 14: 221–228

199 References

Rannala B. and Yang Z. 1996. Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 304–311

Reveal J.L. 2003. Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature. http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbios/fam/revfam.html (viewed 20 February 2007)

Richardson I.B.K. 1978. Urticaceae, pp. 97–99. In Heywood V.H. (Ed.). Flowering plants of the world. Mayflower Books: New York

Richardson J.E., Fay M.F., Cronk Q.C., Bowman D. and Chase M.W. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of Rhamnaceae using rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 87 (9), 1309-1324

Ridley H.N. 1916. Report on the Botany of the Wollaston Expedition to Dutch New Guinea 1912–1913. Transaction of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series, Botany 4(1): 1–269

Robinson C. B. 1910. Philippine Urticaceae. The Philippine Journal of Science 5: 465–542

Robinson C. B. 1911a. Philippine Urticaceae (concluded). The Philippine Journal of Science 6(1): 1–34

Robinson C. B. 1911b. Urticaceae from Sarawak Museum. The Philippine Journal of Science 6(4): 291–298

Robinson C. B. 1911c. Philippine Urticaceae II. The Philippine Journal of Science 6(4): 299–314

Ronquist F. 1997. Dispersal-vicariance analysis: a new approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. Systematic Biology 46(1): 195–203

200 References

de Ruiter G. 1976. Revision of the genera Myrianthus and Musanga (Moraceae). Bulletin de Jardin Botanique, Belgium 46: 471–510

Saitou N. and Nei M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Evolution Biology 4(4): 406–425

Sanderson M.J. 1989. Confidence limits in phylogenies: the bootstrap revisited. Cladistics 5: 113–129

Sanderson M.J. and Driskell A.C. 2003. The challenge of constructing large phylogenetic trees. Trends in Plant Science 8: 374–379

Savolainen V.M., Chase M.W., Hoot S.B., Morton C.M., Soltis D.E., Bayer C., Fay M.F., de Bruijn A.Y., Sullivan S. and Qiu Y.-L. 2000. Phylogenetics of flowering plants based upon a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences. Systematic Biology 49: 306–362

Schröter H. 1938. Monographie der Gattung Procris I & II. Feddes Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis 45: 179–192, 257–300

Schröter H. and Winkler H. 1935. Monographie der gattung Elatostema s. l.: Allgemeiner teil. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis 83(1): 1– 71, figs 1–44

Schröter H. and Winkler H. 1936. Monographie der gattung Elatostema s. l.: Spezieller teil. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis 83(2): 1– 237, figs 9–40

Scott F.M. 1946. Cystoliths and Plasmodesmata in Beloperone, Ficus, and Boehmeria. Botanical Gazette, 107 (3), 372378

Shaw J., Lickey E.B., Beck J.T., Farmer S.B., Liu W., Miller J., Siripun K.C., Winder C.T., Schilling E.E. and Small R.L. 2005. The tortoise and the hare II: relative

201 References

utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. American Journal of Botany 92(1): 142–166.

Shaw J., Lickey E.B., Schilling E.E. and Small R.L. 2005. Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III. American Journal of Botany 94: 275–288.

Simmons M.P. and Ochoterena H. 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369–381

Simmons M.P., Pickett K.M. and Miya M. 2004. How meaningful are Bayesian support values? Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (1): 188-199

Sneath P.H.A. and Sokal R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. W.H. Freeman and Company: San Francisco, 573 pp

Soltis D.E. and Kuzoff R.K. 1995. Discordance between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies in the Heuchera groups (Saxifragaceae). Evolution 49(4): 727– 742

Soltis D.E. and Soltis P.S. 1998. Choosing an approach and an appropriate gene for phylogenetic analysis, pp. 1–42. In Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S. and Doyle J.J. (Eds), Molecular Systematics of Plants II DNA sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group: Boston

Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S., Chase M.W., Mort M.E., Albach D.C., Zanis M., Savolainen V., Hahn W.H., Hoot S.B., Fay M.F., Axtell M., Swensen S.M., Prince L.M., Kress W.J., K. Nixon K.C. and Farris J.S.. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133(4): 381–461

202 References

Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S., Clegg M.T. and Durbin M. 1990. rbcL sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 87: 4640–4644

Stafleu F.A. and Cowan R.S. 1976. Taxonomic Literature Volume I: A–G, Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema: Utrecht; dr W. Junk b.v.: The Hague, 1136 pp.

Stafleu F.A. and Cowan R.S. 1979. Taxonomic Literature Volume II: H–Le, Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema: Utrecht; dr W. Junk b.v.: The Hague, 991 pp.

Stafleu F.A. and Cowan R.S. 1988. Taxonomic Literature Volume VII: W–Z, Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema: Utrecht; dr W. Junk b.v.: The Hague, 653 pp.

Steenis C.G.G.J. van, 1963. Pacific plants areas, volume 1. National Institute of Science and Technology: Manilla, 297 pp

Stevens, P.F. 2001+. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (viewed 4 June 2007).

Swofford D.L., Olsen G.J., Waddell P.J. and Hillis D.M. 1996. Phylogenetic inference. In Molecular Systematics 2nd Edition. Hillis D.M., Moritz C. and Mabble, B.K. pp. 407-514. Sinaeur: Sunderland

Swofford D.L. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland: Massachusetts

Sytsma K.J., Smith J.F. and Berry PE. 1991. Biogeography abd evolution of morphology, breeding systems, flavonoids, and chloroplast DNA in the four Old World species of Fuchsia. Systematic Botany 16: 257–269

Sytsma K.J., Morawetz J., Pires J.C., Nepokroeff M., Conti E., Zjhra M., Hall J. C. and Chase M.W. 2002. Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 89(9): 1531–1546

203 References

Taberlet P., Gielly L., Pautou G. and Bouvet J. 1991. Universal primers for the amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105–1109

Takhtajan A.L. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press: New York, 643 pp

Tamaki K., Denda T. and Yokota M. 2001. Origin of triploids of Elatostema suzukii (Urticaceae) on Okinawa Island, the Ryukyus. Journal of Plant Research. 114: 377–380

Tesai L., Chericoni S, Calderone V, Nencioni G, Nieri P, Morelli I, Martinotti E. 2002. Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) roots extracts: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81(1): 105–109

Thiele K. 1993. The holy grail of the perfect characters: the cladistic treatment of morphometric data. Cladistics 9(3): 275–304

Thiele K. and Ladiges P.Y. 1988. A cladistic analysis of Angophora Cav. Myrtaceae). Cladistics 4: 23–42

Thorne R. 1992. Classification and geography of the flowering plant. Botanical Review 58: 225–348

Thurston E.L. 1974. Morphology, fine structure, and ontogeny of the stinging emergence of Urtica dioica. American Journal of Botany 61: 809–819

Thurston E.L. and Lersten N. 1969. The morphology and toxicology of plant stinging hairs. Botanical Review 35: 393–412

Thomson J.A., Weston P.H. and Tan M. K. 1995. A molecular approach to tracing major lineages in Pteridium, pp. 21–28. In R.T.Smith and Taylor J.A. (Eds).

204 References

Bracken: an Environmental Issue. Special Publication Number 2. International Bracken Group: Aberystwyth

Tukey J.W. 1977. Box-and-Whisker Plots, pp. 39–43. Explanatory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA.

Wadhwa B.M. 1999. Urticaceae, pp. 232–285. In Dassanayake M.D. (Ed.). A revised handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Volume XIII. A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam

Wang W-T. and Chen C-J. 1979. Urticaceae novae e flora Tibetica. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17(1): 105–109

Wang W-T. 1980a. Classificatio Specierum Elatostematis (Urticaceae). Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry Institute 4(7): 1–96

Wang W-T. 1980b. Classificatio Specierum Sinensium Pellionae (Urticaceae). Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry Institute 6(1): 45– 66

Wanke S., Jaramillo M.A., Borsch T., Samain M-S. Quandt, D. and Neinhuis, C. 2007. Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 477–497 Weddell H.A. 1854. Revue de la famille de Urticacees. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique , Series 4(1): 173–212

Weddell H.A. 18561. Monographie de la famille des Urticées. Nouvelle Archieves du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 1–400

1 Although the title page of this and the next article (Weddell 1857) cite the journal title as Archives du Muséum D’Histoire Naturelle, Stafleu and Cowan (1988) recommend that the journal should be cited as Nouvelle Archives du Muséum D’Histoire Naturelle. Note: Stafleu and Cowan (loc. cit.) incorrectly cite the title of these papers as ‘Monographie de la famille des Urticacées’ rather than ‘Urticées’.

205 References

Weddell H.A. 1857. Monographie de la famille des Urticées. Nouvelle Archieves du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 401–592

Weddell H.A. 1869. Urticaceae, pp. 32–35. In De Candolle A. (Ed.) Prodomus Systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, volume 16, part 1. Masson: Paris

Wendel J.F. and Doyle J.J. 1998. Phylogenetic incongruence: Window into genome history and molecular evolution, pp. 265–296. In Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S. and Doyle J.J. (Eds), Molecular Systematics of Plants II DNA sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group: Boston

Wezel A. and Bender S. 2003. Plant species diversity of home gardens of Cuba and its significance for household food supply. Agroforestry Systems 57(1): 39–49

Wiens J.J. 2003. Missing data, incomplete taxa, and phylogenetic accuracy. Systematic Biology 52: 528–538

Wiens J.J. 2005. Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 39: 34–42

Wilkinson L., Hill M., Miceli S., Birkenbeuel G. and Vang E. 1992. Systat for Windows: Graphics, Version 5.1 Edition. Systat, Inc.: Evanston, Illinois

Whitmore T.C. (Ed.) 1987. Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. Oxford: Clarendon Press: Oxford, 147 pp

Whittingham L.A., Slikas B., Winkler D.W. and Sheldon F.H. 2002. Phylogeny of the tree swallow genus, Tachycineta (Aves: Hirundinidae), by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 430-441

Winkler H. 1922. Die Urticaceen Papuasiens. Beiträge zur flora von Papuasien 8: 501–608

Womerlsey J.S. (Ed.) 1978. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea. Volume 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton, 278 pp

206 References

Woodland D.W. 1989. Biology of temperate Urticaceae (nettle) family. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 40B: Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. Volume 2: higher Hamamelidae. pp. 309– 318

Wolf P.G. 1997. Evaluation of atpß nucleotide sequences for phylogenetic studies of ferns and other pteridophytes. American Journal of Botany 84: 1429–1440

Yang Y.-P., Shih B.-L. and Liu H.-Y. 1995. A revision of Elatostema (Urticaceae) of Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 36: 259–279

Yang Z. and Rannala B. 1997. Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14 (7): 717–724

Yarnell E. and Abascal K. 2007. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 13(1): 18–23. http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/act.2007.13106 (viewed: 3 Jan 2008)

207 References

208 APPENDICES

1. Protocols for DNA extraction...... 210

2. Protocols for DNA purification Gilmour et al. 1993) ...... 212

3. Protocols for PCR...... 214

4. Protocols for PCR products purification using CONCERTTM Rapid PCR

Purification System ...... 215

5. rbcL database ...... 216

6. atpß-rbcL database...... 250

7. trn database...... 259

8. ITS database...... 329

9. Morphological characters used in the project...... 357

10. Morphological database ...... 361

11. Combined morphological and molecular database: Narrow analysis ...... 365

12. Combined morphological and molecular database: Broader analysis ...... 377

13. Species descriptions of Elatostema and Procris, including illustrations and

photographs ...... 421

14. Reprint of Telopea 10(1): 235–246 ...... 461

209 Appendix 1. Protocols for DNA extraction

1. Prepare & label big purple tubes (50 ml); prepare mortars, pestles and spatulas; put about half teaspoon of sterilised sands on each mortar; get a flask of liquid Nitrogen. 2. Add 40 ml rinse buffer into each tube. 3. Put some dried leaves (c. 0.2-0.25 g) on the mortars; start grinding. Put the ground leaves into the tube with the correct label; mix gently. 4. Keep in the fridge for at least 30 min. 5. Centrifuge at 15°C and 5000 rpm for 10 min.; discard supernatant. In the meantime, put digestion buffer into incubator 65°C. 6. Add 40 ml rinse buffer; vortex and shake/mix well; keep in the fridge for 15 min. 7. Centrifuge at 15°C and 5000 rpm for 10 min.; discard supernatant. 8. Add 20 ml rinse buffer; mix; keep in the fridge for 15 min. 9. Centrifuge at 15°C and 5000 rpm for 10 min.; discard supernatant. 10. Add 10 ml warm digestion buffer. 11. Incubate at 65°C for 30 min.; mix 2-3 times during the period. In the meantime, prepare a box of ice. 12. Add 3 ml 3M potassium acetate (KAc). Put on the ice for at least 15 min. 13. Centrifuge at 15°C and 5000 rpm for 15 min.; transfer supernatant to new tubes. 14. Add 2 volumes (20 ml) a mixture of 95% ethanol (EtOH) + 3M sodium acetate (NaAc); mix. 15. Keep in the freezer overnight. 16. Take out the tubes from freezer; centrifuge at 15°C and 5000 rpm for 15 min.; discard supernatant. 17. Rinse with 3 ml of 70% ethanol; mix; centrifuge at 15°C and 5000 rpm for 5 min.; discard supernatant. 18. Dry the tube with towel paper carefully, without touching the pellet. 19. Add 1 ml TE to dissolve; vortex; incubate at 37°C for 20-30 min. (till all dissolved). 20. Transfer to falcon tubes (14 ml) with pipette.

210 Rinse buffer: 50 mM Tris 100 mM NaCl 100 mM EDTA 1% polyvinyl propylene (PVP) pH 7.5

Digestion buffer: 50 mM Tris 100 mM NaCl 100 mM EDTA 0.5% SDS pH 7.5

(95% EtOH + 3M NaAc): 95 ml 95% EtOH + 5 ml (3M) NaAc

211 Appendix 2. Protocols for DNA purification (Gilmour et al. 1993)

1. Add 2 ml binding buffer into the falcon tubes; vortex a bit; leave at room temperature for 30 min. 2. Vortex a bit. Add 300 μl diatomite suspension; shake well before each use. Vortex at very slow speed; leave at room temperature for 5 min. 3. Vortex again at very slow speed. Centrifuge at 22˚C and 5000 rpm for 10 min.; discard supernatant. 4. Add 1.5 ml wash buffer 1; vortex very slow speed. Centrifuge 22˚C 5000 rpm for 1 min.; discard supernatant. 5. Repeat step #4. 6. Add 1.5 ml wash buffer 2; vortex at very slow speed. Centrifuge at 22˚C and 5000 rpm for 1 min.; discard supernatant. 7. Repeat step #6 twice more. 8. Dry carefully with towel paper. 9. Add 510 μl TE; incubate at 37˚C for 30 min.; shake 2-3 times during the period. 10. Centrifuge at 22˚C and 5000 rpm for 7-10 min. In the meantime, prepare 2 ml tubes; add 1 ml (95% EtOH + 3M NaAc) and 50 μl (1.2M) NaCl. 11. Pipette supernatant into the 2 ml tubes. Gently shake. Store in the freezer overnight. 12. Take the tubes out from the freezer. Spin at 14000 rpm for 15 min.; discard supernatant. 13. Add 1 ml 70% EtOH. Centrifuge at high speed (14000 rpm) for 2 min.; discard supernatant. 14. Dry with towel paper. 15. Vacuum: speed <6 for 5 min. 16. Redissolve with 310 μl (0.1) TE. Vortex at high speed for a few seconds till all dissolved. 17. Incubate at 65°C for 20-30 min. In the meantime, prepare 1.5 ml tubes. 18. Vortex a little bit; centrifuge at top speed for 10 min. 19. Transfer supernatant to the 1.5 ml tubes using pipette. 20. Vortex a little bit, then spin a little bit. 21. Ready for PCR. Store in fridge.

212 Wash buffer 1 (dicalite binding buffer : dH2O = 3 : 1) Wash buffer 2 (dicalite wash buffer 2 stock : 95% EtOH = 1 : 1)

Run gel: - 6 μl TE buffer - 2 μl loading dye - 2 μl DNA - 0.5 μl DNA marker

Making a 250 ml gel: - 2.5 gram agarose - 250 ml (0.5) TBE buffer

213 Appendix 3. Protocols for PCR

For 1x reaction/1 capillary tube (20 μl mixture): 2 μl 10x buffer (Promega) 2 μl 4x dNTPs (2.5 mM)

1.8 μl MgCl2 (25 mM) 0.5 μl Primer #1 (20 μM) 0.5 μl Primer #2 (20 μM)

12.1 μl dH2O 1 μl DNA 0.1 μl Taq enzyme (Promega)

Run reaction using FTS 4000 thermal sequencer (Corbett type) Program: [95°C 30s, 55°C 30s, 72°C 1 min.] 35 cycles, 72°C 4 min.

Run gel: - 4 μl TE buffer - 2 μl loading dye - 4 μl DNA - 0.5 μl DNA marker

214 Appendix 4. Protocols for PCR product purification using CONCERT™ Rapid PCR Purification System (provided by the manufacturer)

1. Put TE in the incubator at 65°C 2. Take out the tubes/PCR products from the fridge; spin a little bit. 3. Add 400 μl binding solution H1; vortex. 4. Prepare wash tubes (2ml) and spin cartridges, label them. 5. Load all solution from step #3 into the spin cartridges. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 2 min. Discard supernatant. 6. Put the cartridges back to the wash tubes. Add 700 μl wash buffer H2. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 2 min. discard supernatant. 7. Centrifuge again at 12000 rpm for 2-3 min. Place the spin cartridges into (1.5 ml) recovery tubes. Discard wash tubes with supernatant in it. 8. Add 50 μl warm TE directly to the centre of the cartridges. Incubate at room temperature for 1 min. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 2 min. 9. Run a gel; store the clean PCR in the fridge; ready to be sequenced.

Run gel: - 6 μl TE buffer - 2 μl loading dye - 2 μl DNA - 0.5 μl DNA marker

215 Appendix 5. rbcL database [ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAGTCAAAGATA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Cannabis_sativa AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCGGAATATCAAACCAAAGATA Dorstenia_psilurus AAATTGACTTATTATACTCCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATA Celtis_yunnanensi AAATTGACTTATTATACTCCTGACTATGAAACCAAGGATA Morus_alba AAATTGACTTATTATACTCCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCCGAATATGAAACCAAGGATA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCCGAATATGAAACCAAGGATA Boehmeria_calophleba393 ------Boehmeria_macrophylla394 ------Pilea_pumila AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 ------Elatostema_parvum154 ------Procris_sp149 ------Myriocarpa_longipes395 AAATTGaCTTATTaCACTCcTGAATATGAAaCCAAaGATa Procris_insularis390 AAaTTGaCTTATTaCACTCCcGAATATGAAaCCAAAGATa Urtica_dioica391 AAATTGaCTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAACCCAAAGATa Urtica_dioicaAF500361 AAATTGACTTATGACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Urtica_sp1311 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Dendrocnide_sp1310 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Parietaria_sp1307 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCGGAATATGAAaCCAAAGATA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 ------TATCACACTCCGGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Poikilospermum_sp1308 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAaCCAAAGATA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 ATATTGACTAATTACACTCCTGAGAATGAAACCAAAGATA Urera_glabraAF500360 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Pilea_depressaAF500359 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 --ATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 ------A Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 ATATTGACTTATTACACTCCCGAATATGAAACCAAGGATA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCCGAATATGAAACCAAGGATA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 AAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAAGATA

216 [ 50 60 70 80] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTTAGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Cannabis_sativa CTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Dorstenia_psilurus CTGATATCTTGGCAGCGTTTCGCGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Celtis_yunnanensi CTGATATCTTGGCAGCGTTCCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Morus_alba CTGATATCTTGGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CTGATATTTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CTGATATTTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Boehmeria_calophleba393 ------G Boehmeria_macrophylla394 ------Pilea_pumila CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 ------Elatostema_parvum154 ------G Procris_sp149 ------Myriocarpa_longipes395 CTGATaTcTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTaACTCCTCAaCcTGG Procris_insularis390 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAaCTCCTCAGCcTGG Urtica_dioica391 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAaCTCCTCAaCCTGG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Urtica_sp1311 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Dendrocnide_sp1310 CCGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CCGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Parietaria_sp1307 CTGATATTTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCAGG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CTGATATTTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCAGG Poikilospermum_sp1308 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAGCCTGG Urera_glabraAF500360 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Pilea_depressaAF500359 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACCCCTCAGCCTGG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CTGATATTTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CTGATATTTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CTGATATCTTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTAACTCCTCAACCTGG

217 [ 90 100 110 120] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Cannabis_sativa AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Dorstenia_psilurus AGTTCCGCCTGAGGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Celtis_yunnanensi AGTTCCGCCTGAGGAAGCAGGGGCAGCAGTAGCTGCTGAA Morus_alba AGTTCCACCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCAGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGAA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGAA Boehmeria_calophleba393 AGTTCCCCcTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGtAgCAGCTGAa Boehmeria_macrophylla394 ------GGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGaA Pilea_pumila AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCAGTAGCTGCTGAA Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 ------Elatostema_parvum154 AGtTCCCCcTgAAgAAgCAGGGGCTgCGGtAgCTGCTGAA Procris_sp149 ------Myriocarpa_longipes395 AGTTCCCCcTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Procris_insularis390 AGTTCCCCcTGAAGAAGCTGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Urtica_dioica391 AGTTCCCCcTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCGGAA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCGGAA Urtica_sp1311 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Dendrocnide_sp1310 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Parietaria_sp1307 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGAA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 AGTTCCTCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGAA Poikilospermum_sp1308 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCTGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Urera_glabraAF500360 CGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCAGAA Pilea_depressaAF500359 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCAGTAGCTGCTGAA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCGGAA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGAA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCAGCTGAA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 AGTTCCCCCTGAAGAAGCAGGGGCTGCGGTAGCTGCTGAA

218 [ 130 140 150 160] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Cannabis_sativa TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGATGGGC Dorstenia_psilurus TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Celtis_yunnanensi TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTGTGGACCGATGGGC Morus_alba TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Boehmeria_calophleba393 TCTTCTACTGGtACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGaCGGGC Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TCTTCTACTGGtACATGGaCAaCTGTATGGACTGaCGGGC Pilea_pumila TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGATGGGC Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 TCTTCTACTGGtACATGGACaACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Elatostema_parvum154 TCTTCTACTGGtACATGGACAaCTGTATGGACTGaCGGGC Procris_sp149 ------Myriocarpa_longipes395 TCTTCTACTGGtACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Procris_insularis390 TCTTCTACTGGtACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Urtica_dioica391 TCTTCTACTGGTACaTGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TCTTCTACTGGTACCTGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Urtica_sp1311 TCTTCTACTGGTACCTGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Dendrocnide_sp1310 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAGCTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Parietaria_sp1307 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGAC Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Poikilospermum_sp1308 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Urera_glabraAF500360 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Pilea_depressaAF500359 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGATGGGC Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TCTTCTACGGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGATGGGC Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TCTTCTACAGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TCTTCTACTGGTACATGGACAACTGTATGGACTGACGGGC

219 [ 170 180 190 200] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACAACAT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TTACCAGCCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Cannabis_sativa TTACCAGCCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Dorstenia_psilurus TTACCAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACGGGCT Celtis_yunnanensi TTACTAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGACGATGCTACCACAn Morus_alba TTACTAGTCTTGATCGTTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Boehmeria_calophleba393 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTAGATGCTACCACAT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGgTCGATGCTACCACAT Pilea_pumila TTACCACTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGtCGATGCTaCCACAT Elatostema_parvum154 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Procris_sp149 ------CAT Myriocarpa_longipes395 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Procris_insularis390 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Urtica_dioica391 TTACAAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TTACAAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Urtica_sp1311 TGACAAGTCTTGATCGATACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Dendrocnide_sp1310 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Parietaria_sp1307 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAGGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Poikilospermum_sp1308 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Urera_glabraAF500360 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Pilea_depressaAF500359 TTACCAGCCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGCTGCTACCACAT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCAATGCTACCACAT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TTACAAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TTACCAGTCTTGATCGCTACAAAGGTCGATGCTACCACAT

220 [ 210 220 230 240] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Cannabis_sativa CGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTCGTTAT Dorstenia_psilurus CGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATATATTGCTTAT Celtis_yunnanensi CGAGCCAGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Morus_alba CGAGCCCGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT Boehmeria_calophleba393 CGAGCcTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATATATTGCTTAT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CGAGCcTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Pilea_pumila CGAGCCTGTTCCTGGCGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGgAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Elatostema_parvum154 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGgAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Procris_sp149 TGAGCcTGtTGcTGGAGAAgAAAGTCaATTTATTGCTTAT Myriocarpa_longipes395 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGgAGAAGAAAATCAATATATTGCTTAT Procris_insularis390 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGgAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Urtica_dioica391 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGCGAAGAAAGtCAATTTATTGCTTAT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGCGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Urtica_sp1311 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGCGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Dendrocnide_sp1310 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Parietaria_sp1307 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Poikilospermum_sp1308 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAACTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATATATTGCTTAT Urera_glabraAF500360 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATATATTGCTTAT Pilea_depressaAF500359 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATATATTGCTTAT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TGAGCCTGTTGCTGGCGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAGTCAATTTATTGCTTAT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CGAGCCTGTTGCTGGAGAAGAAAATCAATTTATTGCTTAT

221 [ 250 260 270 280] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GTAGCTTACCCTTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Cannabis_sativa GTAGCTTATCCYTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Dorstenia_psilurus GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Celtis_yunnanensi GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Morus_alba GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAGGGTTCTGTTA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Boehmeria_calophleba393 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGaCCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACcTTTTTGAAGAAGGtTCTGTTA Pilea_pumila GTAGCTTATCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Ficus_pretoriae GTAGCTTACCCTTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAGGGTTCTGTTA Elatostema_acuminatum249 GTGGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Elatostema_parvum154 GTGGCTTACCCCTTAGaCCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Procris_sp149 GTGGCTTACCCCTTAGaCCTTTTTGAAGAAGGtTCTGTTA Myriocarpa_longipes395 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGaCCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Procris_insularis390 GTGGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Urtica_dioica391 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAGGAAGGTTCTGTCA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAGGAAGGTTCTGTCA Urtica_sp1311 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Dendrocnide_sp1310 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Parietaria_sp1307 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GTAGCTTACCCKTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTAA Poikilospermum_sp1308 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GTGGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Urera_glabraAF500360 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Pilea_depressaAF500359 GTAGCTTATCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GTGGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GTAGCGTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GTAGCGTACCCATTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTCA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GTAGCTTACCCCTTAGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGTTA

222 [ 290 300 310 320] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Cannabis_sativa CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Dorstenia_psilurus CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTTTTTGGGTT Celtis_yunnanensi CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGATT Morus_alba CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTAGGTAATGTGTTTGGGTT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Boehmeria_calophleba393 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGCAATGTATTTGGGTT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTTTTTGGGTT Pilea_pumila CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Ficus_pretoriae CTAATCTGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Elatostema_acuminatum249 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Elatostema_parvum154 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Procris_sp149 CTaACATGTTTACTTCCATTGtGGGTAATGTATTTGGGtT Myriocarpa_longipes395 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Procris_insularis390 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Urtica_dioica391 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Urtica_sp1311 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTAGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Dendrocnide_sp1310 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Parietaria_sp1307 CTAATATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CGAAYATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Poikilospermum_sp1308 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Urera_glabraAF500360 CTAACCTGTTTACGTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Pilea_depressaAF500359 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTTTTTGGGTT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CTAACATGTTTACTTCCATTGTGGGTAATGTATTTGGGTT

223 [ 330 340 350 360] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CAAGGCCCTGCGTGCTCTACGTCTGGAAGATTTGCGAATC Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGAGAATC Cannabis_sativa CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTCTGGAAGATTTGAGAATC Dorstenia_psilurus CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Celtis_yunnanensi CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Morus_alba CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Boehmeria_calophleba393 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGgAGGATTTACGAATC Pilea_pumila CAAGGCCCTGCGAGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATT Ficus_pretoriae CAAGGCCCTGCGTGCGCTACGTCTGGAAGATTTGCGAATC Elatostema_acuminatum249 CAAGGCCCTGCGTGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Elatostema_parvum154 CAAGGCCCTGCGTGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Procris_sp149 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Myriocarpa_longipes395 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Procris_insularis390 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Urtica_dioica391 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAAGATTTGCGAATC Urtica_dioicaAF500361 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAAGATTTGCGAATC Urtica_sp1311 CAAGGCCTTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAAGATTTGCGAATC Dendrocnide_sp1310 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATA Parietaria_sp1307 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CAAGGCTCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Poikilospermum_sp1308 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Urera_glabraAF500360 CAAGGCCCTGCGGGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Pilea_depressaAF500359 CAAGGCCCTGCGAGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAGGATTTGCGAATA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTTTGGAAGATTTGCGCATC Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTACGAATC Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCGCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CAAGGCCCTGCGCGCTCTACGTCTGGAGGATTTGCGAATC

224 [ 370 380 390 400] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CCTAATGCTTATATTAAAACTTTCCAAGGACCACCTCATG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CCTACTGCTTATGTTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCTCATG Cannabis_sativa CCTACTTCTTATACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGACCGCCTCATG Dorstenia_psilurus CCTCCTGCTTATACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGACCGCCTCACG Celtis_yunnanensi CCTACTTCTTATGTTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCGCATG Morus_alba CCTACTGCTTATGTTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCTCATG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCGCATG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCGCATG Boehmeria_calophleba393 CCTCCTGCTTACTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCGCATG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGcCCGCCGCATG Pilea_pumila CCCACTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCACG Ficus_pretoriae CCTCCTTCTTATTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGACCACCTCATG Elatostema_acuminatum249 CCACCTGCTTACTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Elatostema_parvum154 CCACCCGCTTACTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Procris_sp149 CCCCCTGCTTACTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Myriocarpa_longipes395 CCCCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Procris_insularis390 CCCCCTGCTTACTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Urtica_dioica391 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCTCACG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCTCACG Urtica_sp1311 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCTCACG Dendrocnide_sp1310 CCCACTTCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCACG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CCCACTTCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCACG Parietaria_sp1307 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCTCATG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CCTCCTGCTTACGYTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCTCATG Poikilospermum_sp1308 CCTACTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCACG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CCNCCTGCTTACTATAAAACTTTGCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Urera_glabraAF500360 CCTCCTGCTTACATCAAAACTTTTCAAGGCCCACCCCACG Pilea_depressaAF500359 CCCCCCGCATACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CCCCCTGCTTACTCTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCATG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CCCCCTGCGTACACTAAAACGTTCCAAGGCCCACCCCACG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCTCACG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCGCCGCATG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CCTCCTGCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGCCCACCGCATG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CCCACTTCTTACACTAAAACTTTCCAAGGACCGCCTCATG

225 [ 410 420 430 440] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Cannabis_sativa GGATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGTCG Dorstenia_psilurus GCATCCAAGTTGAAAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Celtis_yunnanensi GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTAAACAAGTATGGCCG Morus_alba GGATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Boehmeria_calophleba393 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGgCCG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAATATGgCCG Pilea_pumila GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAATAAGTATGGCCG Ficus_pretoriae GTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Elatostema_acuminatum249 GCATTCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Elatostema_parvum154 GCATTCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Procris_sp149 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGgCCG Myriocarpa_longipes395 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGgCCG Procris_insularis390 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Urtica_dioica391 GTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGGCG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GTATCCAAGTGGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATCGGGC Urtica_sp1311 GTATCCAAGTTGAAAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGACG Dendrocnide_sp1310 GTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGCCG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGCCG Parietaria_sp1307 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Poikilospermum_sp1308 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGTCG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Urera_glabraAF500360 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGCCG Pilea_depressaAF500359 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAATAAGTATGGCCG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGTCG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAATAAGTACGGTCG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GTATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTACGGACG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAATATGGCCG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GCATCCAAGTTGAGAGAGATAAATTGAACAAGTATGGCCG

226 [ 450 460 470 480] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CCCACTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Cannabis_sativa CCCACTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Dorstenia_psilurus CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Celtis_yunnanensi TCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCCAAATTGGGATTA Morus_alba CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTA Boehmeria_calophleba393 GCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTA Pilea_pumila CCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGCTA Ficus_pretoriae CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTA Elatostema_acuminatum249 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Elatostema_parvum154 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Procris_sp149 ACCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Myriocarpa_longipes395 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Procris_insularis390 ACCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Urtica_dioica391 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GCCCCTATGGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAANTTGGGGTTA Urtica_sp1311 CCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCAAAATTGGGGTTA Dendrocnide_sp1310 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Parietaria_sp1307 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CCCCCTATCGGGATGTACTATGAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Poikilospermum_sp1308 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Urera_glabraAF500360 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Pilea_depressaAF500359 CCCTCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGACTA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CCCCCTATKGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAGCCTAAATTGGGGTTA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGATTA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CCCCCTATTGGGATGTACTATTAAACCTAAATTGGGGTTA

227 [ 490 500 510 520] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Cannabis_sativa TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCANGTTATGAATGTCTTC Dorstenia_psilurus TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Celtis_yunnanensi TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTCC Morus_alba TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTCC Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Boehmeria_calophleba393 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Pilea_pumila TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Ficus_pretoriae TCCGCTAAGAATTACGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Elatostema_acuminatum249 TCTGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Elatostema_parvum154 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Procris_sp149 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Myriocarpa_longipes395 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Procris_insularis390 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Urtica_dioica391 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TCCGCGAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Urtica_sp1311 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Dendrocnide_sp1310 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTCGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTCGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Parietaria_sp1307 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TCCGCTATGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Poikilospermum_sp1308 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Urera_glabraAF500360 TCCGCTAAAAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Pilea_depressaAF500359 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCTGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCAGTTTATGAATGTCTTC Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TCCGCTAAGAATTATGGTAGAGCGGTTTATGAATGTCTTC

228 [ 530 540 550 560] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Cannabis_sativa GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTAAA Dorstenia_psilurus GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Celtis_yunnanensi GCGGTGGCCTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Morus_alba GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAATGTTAA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Boehmeria_calophleba393 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GTGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Pilea_pumila GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Ficus_pretoriae GCGGTGGGCTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAAAACGTGAA Elatostema_acuminatum249 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Elatostema_parvum154 GTGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Procris_sp149 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Myriocarpa_longipes395 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Procris_insularis390 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Urtica_dioica391 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAATGTGAA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAATGTGAA Urtica_sp1311 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGACGATGAGAATGTAAA Dendrocnide_sp1310 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Parietaria_sp1307 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Poikilospermum_sp1308 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Urera_glabraAF500360 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Pilea_depressaAF500359 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAATGTGAA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GTGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GCGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GTGGTGGACTTGATTTTACCAAAGATGATGAGAACGTGAA

229 [ 570 580 590 600] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TTCCCAACCCTTTATGCGTTGGAGAGATCGTTTCTTATTT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Cannabis_sativa TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Dorstenia_psilurus TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Celtis_yunnanensi TTCCCAACCGTTTATGCGTTGGAGAGATCGTTTCCTATTT Morus_alba TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Boehmeria_calophleba393 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Pilea_pumila TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Ficus_pretoriae CTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Elatostema_acuminatum249 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Elatostema_parvum154 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Procris_sp149 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Myriocarpa_longipes395 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Procris_insularis390 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Urtica_dioica391 TTCCCAACCCTTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TTCCCAACCCTTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Urtica_sp1311 TTCCCAACCCTTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Dendrocnide_sp1310 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Parietaria_sp1307 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Poikilospermum_sp1308 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCATATTT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Urera_glabraAF500360 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Pilea_depressaAF500359 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TTCCCAACCCTTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TTCTCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TTCCCAACCATTTATGCGTTGGAGAGACCGTTTCTTATTT

230 [ 610 620 630 640] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TGTGCAGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TGTGCCGAAGCGATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Cannabis_sativa TGTGCAGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGTCTGAAACAGGGG Dorstenia_psilurus TGTGCCGAAGCCCTTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Celtis_yunnanensi TGTGCCGAAGCTCTTTATAAAGCGCAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Morus_alba TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Boehmeria_calophleba393 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Pilea_pumila TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Ficus_pretoriae TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAAGCACAAGCTGAAACAGGTG Elatostema_acuminatum249 TGTGCCGAAGCCATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Elatostema_parvum154 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Procris_sp149 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGACTGAAACAGGTG Myriocarpa_longipes395 TGTGTCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Procris_insularis390 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGACTGAAACAGGTG Urtica_dioica391 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Urtica_sp1311 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Dendrocnide_sp1310 TGTGCCGAAGCTCTTTTTAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TGTGTCGAAGCTCTTTTTAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Parietaria_sp1307 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACTGGTG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACTGGTG Poikilospermum_sp1308 TGTGCCGAAGCCATTTTTAAATCACAGGCCGAAACTGGTG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Urera_glabraAF500360 TGTACCGAAGCTATTTATAAATCACAGGCCGAAACAGGTG Pilea_depressaAF500359 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGTCTGAAACCGGTG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TGTGCTGAAGCTATTTATAAATCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TGTGCCGAAGCTATTTATAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TGTGCCGAAGCAATTTTTAAAGCACAGGCTGAAACAGGTG

231 [ 650 660 670 680] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Cannabis_sativa AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Dorstenia_psilurus AAATCAAAGGGCATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Celtis_yunnanensi AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Morus_alba AAATCAAAGGGCATTACTTGAACGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Boehmeria_calophleba393 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCTGGTACATG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Pilea_pumila AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Ficus_pretoriae AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Elatostema_acuminatum249 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Elatostema_parvum154 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Procris_sp149 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTAAACGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Myriocarpa_longipes395 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Procris_insularis390 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTAAACGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Urtica_dioica391 AAATCAAAGGTCATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 AAATCAAAGGTCATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Urtica_sp1311 AAATCAAAGGGCATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCGGGTACATG Dendrocnide_sp1310 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Parietaria_sp1307 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Poikilospermum_sp1308 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTAAACGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Urera_glabraAF500360 AAATCAAAGGGCATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Pilea_depressaAF500359 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 AAATCAAAGGACATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 AAATCAAAGGTCATTATTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 AAATTAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 AAATCAAAGGACATTACTTGAATGCTACTGCAGGTACATG

232 [ 690 700 710 720] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCTGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCTGTATTTGCTAGAGAATTG Cannabis_sativa TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCTGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Dorstenia_psilurus CGAAGAAATGATTAAACGGGCTGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Celtis_yunnanensi CGAAGAAATGCTTAAAAGGGCTGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Morus_alba CGAAGATATGATGAAAAGAGCTGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Boehmeria_calophleba393 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGAGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TGAAGATATGATGAAAAGGGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Pilea_pumila TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAATCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Ficus_pretoriae TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGAGCTGTATGTGCCAGAGAATTG Elatostema_acuminatum249 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Elatostema_parvum154 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Procris_sp149 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCGATCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Myriocarpa_longipes395 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Procris_insularis390 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCGGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Urtica_dioica391 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCGAGAGAATTG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCGAGAGAATTG Urtica_sp1311 TGAAGACATGATGAAAAGAGCAGTCTTTGCTAGAGAATTG Dendrocnide_sp1310 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Parietaria_sp1307 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGAGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Poikilospermum_sp1308 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAGCCTGTGCCCGAGAATTG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCGGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Urera_glabraAF500360 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCTGTCTTTGCCCGAGAATTG Pilea_depressaAF500359 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TGAAGAAATGATCAAAAGGGCGGTCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAATCTTTGCCAGAGAATTG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCAGTCTTTGCGAGAGAATTG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCCGTATTTGCCAGAGAATTG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGGGCCGTATGTGCCAGAGAATTG

233 [ 730 740 750 760] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCACGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Cannabis_sativa GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Dorstenia_psilurus GGAGTTCCTATTGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGGGGAT Celtis_yunnanensi GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCACGACTACTTAACCGGGGGAT Morus_alba GGGGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGGGGAT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GCAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACCGGAGGAT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GCAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACCGGAGGAT Boehmeria_calophleba393 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Pilea_pumila GGAGCTCCTATCGTAATGCACGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Ficus_pretoriae GGAGCTCCTATCGTAATGCATGACTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Elatostema_acuminatum249 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Elatostema_parvum154 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Procris_sp149 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Myriocarpa_longipes395 GGAGCTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Procris_insularis390 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Urtica_dioica391 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGGT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGGT Urtica_sp1311 GGCGTTCCGATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACTGGAGGGT Dendrocnide_sp1310 GGAGCTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGGT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GGAGCTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGGT Parietaria_sp1307 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Poikilospermum_sp1308 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACCGGAGGAT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Urera_glabraAF500360 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Pilea_depressaAF500359 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCACGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCACGATTACTTAACAGGGGGAT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGTT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GTAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GCAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACCGGAGGAT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GGAGTTCCTATCGTAATGCATGATTACTTAACAGGAGGAT

234 [ 770 780 790 800] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TCACTGCAAATACTACCCTGGCTCATTATTGTCGAGATAA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TCACTGCAAATACTACTCTAGCTCATTATTGTCGAGATAA Cannabis_sativa TCACTGCAAATACTAGTCTGGCTCATTATTGTCGAGATAA Dorstenia_psilurus TCACTGCAAATACTAGCTTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Celtis_yunnanensi TCACGGCAAATACTAGCTTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Morus_alba TCACTGCAAATACTAGCTTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Boehmeria_calophleba393 TCACTGCAAATACGAGTCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TCACTGCAAATACGACCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Pilea_pumila TCACTGCAAATACTACCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Ficus_pretoriae TCACTGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGTCGAGATAA Elatostema_acuminatum249 TCACTGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Elatostema_parvum154 TCACTGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Procris_sp149 TCACTGCAAATACnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Myriocarpa_longipes395 TCACGGCAAATACTAGTCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Procris_insularis390 TCACTGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCAGTATTGCCGAGATAA Urtica_dioica391 TCACTGCAAATACGACCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGACAA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGACAA Urtica_sp1311 TCACTGCAAATACGACCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGACAA Dendrocnide_sp1310 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Parietaria_sp1307 TCACTGCAAATACCAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TCACTGCAAATACCAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Poikilospermum_sp1308 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TCACTGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Urera_glabraAF500360 TCACTGCAAATACGAGTCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Pilea_depressaAF500359 TCACTGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TCACGGCAAATACTAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TCACTGCAAATACAACCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGACAA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TCACTGCAAATACGACCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TCACTGCAAATACGAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TCACTGCAAATACCAGCCTGGCTCATTATTGCCGAGATAA

235 [ 810 820 830 840] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TGGTTTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Cannabis_sativa TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCACCGTGCAATGCATGCGGTT Dorstenia_psilurus TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCACCGTGCAATGCATGCGGTT Celtis_yunnanensi TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Morus_alba TGGTTTACTTCTTCACATCCACCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Boehmeria_calophleba393 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATnnnnnn Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATACATCGTGCAATGCATnnnnnn Pilea_pumila TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Ficus_pretoriae CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Elatostema_acuminatum249 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGnnnnn Elatostema_parvum154 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCAtnnnnnn Procris_sp149 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Myriocarpa_longipes395 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATnnnnnn Procris_insularis390 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCAnnnnnnn Urtica_dioica391 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATTCATCGTGCAATGCAnnnnnnn Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATTCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Urtica_sp1311 TGGTCTaCTTCTTCACATTCATCGTGCAATGCAnnnnnnn Dendrocnide_sp1310 TGGTCTAcTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCAnnnnnnn Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCAnnnnnnn Parietaria_sp1307 CGGTCTacTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCAnnnnnnn Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Poikilospermum_sp1308 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAgTT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Urera_glabraAF500360 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Pilea_depressaAF500359 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATTCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATACATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TGGTCTACTTCTTCACATCCATCGTGCAATGCATGCAGTT

236 [ 850 860 870 880] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra ATTGATAGACAGAAAAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTAC Celtis_sinensis_var_japon ATTGATAGACAAAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGTGTAC Cannabis_sativa ATTGATAGACAAAAGAATCATGGTATACACTTCCGTGTAC Dorstenia_psilurus ATTGATAGACAGAAAAATCATGGTATGCACTTCCGTGTAC Celtis_yunnanensi ATTGATAGACAGAAAAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGTGTAC Morus_alba ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGTGTAC Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Boehmeria_calophleba393 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Boehmeria_macrophylla394 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATGcACTTTCGCGTGC Pilea_pumila ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGCGTGC Ficus_pretoriae ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTAC Elatostema_acuminatum249 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATgCACTTTCgCGTGC Elatostema_parvum154 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnaTaCACTTTCGCGTGC Procris_sp149 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Myriocarpa_longipes395 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Procris_insularis390 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATGCACTkTCGCGTGC Urtica_dioica391 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATACACTTTCGCGTGC Urtica_dioicaAF500361 ATTGATAGACAGAAAAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGCGTGC Urtica_sp1311 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnCTTTCGCGTTC Dendrocnide_sp1310 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnCATCCTgTGCACTTTCGCGTGC Parietaria_sp1307 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnCTTTCGCGTGC Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGCGTGC Poikilospermum_sp1308 ATTGATAGACAGAAgAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Urera_glabraAF500360 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Pilea_depressaAF500359 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Laportea_canadensisAF500356 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGCGTAC Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATACACTTTCGCGTGC Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC Cecropia_palmataAF061196 ATTGATAGACAGAAGAATCATGGTATGCACTTTCGCGTGC

237 [ 890 900 910 920] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TAGCTAAAGCGTTACGTATGTCCGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Cannabis_sativa TAGCTAAAGCGTTACGTATGTYTGGTGGAGATCATATNNA Dorstenia_psilurus TAGCTAAAGCGTTACGTCTGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Celtis_yunnanensi TAGCTAAAGCATTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Morus_alba TAGCTAAAGCGTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATACA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Boehmeria_calophleba393 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnTCmTATTCA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Pilea_pumila TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Ficus_pretoriae TAGCTAAAGCTTTACGTCTGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Elatostema_acuminatum249 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Elatostema_parvum154 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Procris_sp149 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGtGGAGATCATATTCA Myriocarpa_longipes395 TAGCTAAAGGCTTACGTCTGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Procris_insularis390 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Urtica_dioica391 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGGATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGGATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Urtica_sp1311 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGGATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Dendrocnide_sp1310 TAGCTAAAGGCtTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TAgCTAAAGGCTTACGTATGwCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCa Parietaria_sp1307 TAGCTAAAGCCtTACGCATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGCATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Poikilospermum_sp1308 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCGGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Urera_glabraAF500360 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Pilea_depressaAF500359 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TAGCTAAAACCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGACCATATTCA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATGTTCA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TAGCTAAAGCCTTACGTATGTCTGGTGGAGATCATATTCA

238 [ 930 940 950 960] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CGCAGGTACTGTAGTAGGGAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Cannabis_sativa TTCAGGTAYTGTRGTAGGTAAAYTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Dorstenia_psilurus TGCAGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAC Celtis_yunnanensi CGCTGGTACCGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAC Morus_alba CGCTGGTACCGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAGGGGGAAAGGGAG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Boehmeria_calophleba393 CTCTGGTACTGyAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Pilea_pumila CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAC Ficus_pretoriae CGCAGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Elatostema_acuminatum249 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Elatostema_parvum154 CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Procris_sp149 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Myriocarpa_longipes395 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Procris_insularis390 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Urtica_dioica391 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Urtica_sp1311 CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Dendrocnide_sp1310 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Parietaria_sp1307 CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGGAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGGAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Poikilospermum_sp1308 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Urera_glabraAF500360 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Pilea_depressaAF500359 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CTCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGCAAGCTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CGCTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAACTTGAAGGGGAAAGAGAA

239 [ 970 980 990 1000] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra ATCACTTTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon ATCACTTTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Cannabis_sativa ATTAYTTTAGGYTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Dorstenia_psilurus ATCACATTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTCA Celtis_yunnanensi ATCACTTTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGCGATGATTTTG Morus_alba ATCACTTTAGGCTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Boehmeria_calophleba393 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Pilea_pumila ATAACTTTAGGGTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Ficus_pretoriae ATAACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Elatostema_acuminatum249 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Elatostema_parvum154 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Procris_sp149 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Myriocarpa_longipes395 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Procris_insularis390 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Urtica_dioica391 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Urtica_sp1311 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Dendrocnide_sp1310 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 ATCACTTTAsGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Parietaria_sp1307 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Poikilospermum_sp1308 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Urera_glabraAF500360 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Pilea_depressaAF500359 ATAACTTTAGGGTTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 ATTACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 ATCACTTTAGGATTTGTTGATTTACTACGTGATGATTTTG

240 [ 1010 1020 1030 1040] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGTCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Cannabis_sativa TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Dorstenia_psilurus TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Celtis_yunnanensi TTGAAAAAGAGCGAAGCCGCGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Morus_alba TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGCGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Boehmeria_calophleba393 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Pilea_pumila TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Ficus_pretoriae TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGTCGGGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Elatostema_acuminatum249 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Elatostema_parvum154 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Procris_sp149 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Myriocarpa_longipes395 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGTCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Procris_insularis390 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Urtica_dioica391 TTGAAAAAGATAGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TTGAAAAAGATAGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Urtica_sp1311 TTGAAAAAGATAGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Dendrocnide_sp1310 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGTCGCGGTATTTATTTCACTCAGGA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGCGGyATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Parietaria_sp1307 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Poikilospermum_sp1308 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Urera_glabraAF500360 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Pilea_depressaAF500359 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TTGAAAAAGATAGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TTGAAAAAGATCGAAGCCGTGGTATTTATTTCACTCAAGA

241 [ 1050 1060 1070 1080 [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TTGGGTTTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Cannabis_sativa TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTMTGCCTGTGGCTTCAGGG Dorstenia_psilurus CTGGGTCTCTATACCAGGTGTTATACCTGTGGCTTCAGGG Celtis_yunnanensi TTGGGTCTCTCTACCTGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Morus_alba TTGGGTCTCTATGCCAGGTGTTTTGCCTGTAGCTTCAGGG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Boehmeria_calophleba393 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCTGTGGCTTCAGGG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Pilea_pumila TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Ficus_pretoriae TTGGGTTTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Elatostema_acuminatum249 TTGGGTTTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Elatostema_parvum154 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Procris_sp149 TTGGGTCTCTTTACCTGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Myriocarpa_longipes395 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Procris_insularis390 TTGGGTCTCTTTACCTGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Urtica_dioica391 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCGGGAGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCGGGAGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Urtica_sp1311 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCGGGTGTTCTGCCCGTTGCTTCAGGG Dendrocnide_sp1310 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Parietaria_sp1307 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Poikilospermum_sp1308 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TTGGGTCTCTTTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Urera_glabraAF500360 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Pilea_depressaAF500359 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TTGGGTCTCTTTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCGGGA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCGGGAGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGGCTTCAGGG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TTGGGTCTCTCTACCAGGTGTTCTGCCCGTGNNTTCAGGG

242 [ 1090 1100 1110 1120] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GGTATTCACGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GGTATTCACGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Cannabis_sativa GGTATTCACGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Dorstenia_psilurus GGCATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTCTGACCGAGATCT Celtis_yunnanensi GGTATTCACGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTCTGACCGAAATCT Morus_alba GGTATTCACGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTCTGACCGAGATCT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Boehmeria_calophleba393 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Pilea_pumila GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Ficus_pretoriae GGTATTCACGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Elatostema_acuminatum249 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCCGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Elatostema_parvum154 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCCGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Procris_sp149 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCCGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Myriocarpa_longipes395 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Procris_insularis390 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCCGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Urtica_dioica391 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Urtica_sp1311 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Dendrocnide_sp1310 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Parietaria_sp1307 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Poikilospermum_sp1308 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCCGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Urera_glabraAF500360 GGAATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Pilea_depressaAF500359 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GGTATYCATGTTTGGCATATGCCCGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCCTGCTTTGACCGAGATCT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GGTATTCATGTTTGGCATATGCTGNCTTTGACCGAGATCT

243 [ 1130 1140 1150 1160] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGAACTTT Cannabis_sativa TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTTGGTGGAGGAACTTT Dorstenia_psilurus TTGGAGATGATGCCGTCCTACAGTTTGGCGGAGGAACTTT Celtis_yunnanensi TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGAACTTT Morus_alba TTGGAGATGATTCTGTACTACAATTTGGCGGCGGAACTTT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 TTGGGGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGGACTTT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 TTGGGGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGGACTTT Boehmeria_calophleba393 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGGACTTT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGGACGTT Pilea_pumila TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Ficus_pretoriae TTGGAGATGACTCCGTACTACAA------Elatostema_acuminatum249 TTGGAGACGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Elatostema_parvum154 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Procris_sp149 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Myriocarpa_longipes395 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Procris_insularis390 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Urtica_dioica391 TTGGAGATGATTCTGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 TTGGAGATGATTCTGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Urtica_sp1311 TTGGAGATGATTCTGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Dendrocnide_sp1310 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Parietaria_sp1307 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Poikilospermum_sp1308 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTCCAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Urera_glabraAF500360 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Pilea_depressaAF500359 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 TTGGAGATGATTCTGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGAACTTT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGGACTTT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 TTGGGGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGCGGAGGGACTTT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 TTGGAGATGATTCCGTACTACAATTCGGTGGAGGGACTTT

244 [ 1170 1180 1190 1200] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Cannabis_sativa AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCTGTCGCTAAT Dorstenia_psilurus AGGACACCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTCGCTAAT Celtis_yunnanensi AGGACACCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCTGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Morus_alba AGGACACCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCTGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Boehmeria_calophleba393 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAACGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Boehmeria_macrophylla394 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Pilea_pumila AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCAGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Elatostema_parvum154 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Procris_sp149 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Myriocarpa_longipes395 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Procris_insularis390 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Urtica_dioica391 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Urtica_dioicaAF500361 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Urtica_sp1311 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Dendrocnide_sp1310 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Parietaria_sp1307 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Poikilospermum_sp1308 AGGGCACCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTCGCTAAT Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Urera_glabraAF500360 AGGGCACCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Pilea_depressaAF500359 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCAGGTGCGGTAGCTAAT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 AGGGCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGTGCCGTAGCTAAT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 AGGACATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCCGGNNNNGTAGCTAAT

245 [ 1210 1220 1230 1240] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTAAAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Celtis_sinensis_var_japon CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAAG Cannabis_sativa CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Dorstenia_psilurus CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCGTGTGTACAAGCTCGTAACGAGG Celtis_yunnanensi CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Morus_alba CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Boehmeria_calophleba393 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Boehmeria_macrophylla394 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Pilea_pumila CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Elatostema_parvum154 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Procris_sp149 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCGCGTAATGAGG Myriocarpa_longipes395 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Procris_insularis390 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCGCGTAATGAGG Urtica_dioica391 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Urtica_dioicaAF500361 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Urtica_sp1311 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Dendrocnide_sp1310 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 CGAGTAGCTCTAgAAgCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Parietaria_sp1307 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Poikilospermum_sp1308 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCGCGTAATGAGG Urera_glabraAF500360 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Pilea_depressaAF500359 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCGCGTAATGAGG Laportea_canadensisAF500356 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 CGAGTAGCCCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAAGCTCGTAATGAGG Cecropia_palmataAF061196 CGAGTAGCTCTAGAAGCATGTGTACAANCTCGTAATGAGG

246 [ 1250 1260 1270 1280] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GACGTGATCTTGCTGTTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Cannabis_sativa GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Dorstenia_psilurus GGCGTGATCTTGCTGCTGAAGGTAATGAAATTATCCGTGA Celtis_yunnanensi GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Morus_alba GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGCGA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Boehmeria_calophleba393 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GGCGCGATCTTGCCCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Pilea_pumila GACGTGACCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Elatostema_parvum154 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Procris_sp149 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Myriocarpa_longipes395 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Procris_insularis390 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Urtica_dioica391 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGGAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGGAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Urtica_sp1311 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGGAATGATATTATTCGTGA Dendrocnide_sp1310 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Parietaria_sp1307 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Poikilospermum_sp1308 GACGCGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Urera_glabraAF500360 GACGCGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Pilea_depressaAF500359 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGGAATGACATTATTCGTGA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GGCGCGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GGCGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GACGTGATCTTGCTCGTGAGGGTAATGAAATTATTCGTGA

247 [ 1290 1300 1310 1320] [ . . . .] Morus_rubra GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Celtis_sinensis_var_japon GGCTAGTAAA------Cannabis_sativa GGCTTGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Dorstenia_psilurus GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Celtis_yunnanensi GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAGCTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Morus_alba GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GGCTGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GGCTGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Boehmeria_calophleba393 GGCTTGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GGCAGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Pilea_pumila GGCTGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCAGCCGCTTGTGAA Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Elatostema_parvum154 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Procris_sp149 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Myriocarpa_longipes395 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAgCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Procris_insularis390 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Urtica_dioica391 GGCAGCTAAATGGAGTCCCGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GGCAGCTAAATGGAGTCCCGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Urtica_sp1311 AGCTGCTAAATGGAGTCCCGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Dendrocnide_sp1310 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Parietaria_sp1307 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Poikilospermum_sp1308 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGCCCTGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Urera_glabraAF500360 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGCCCTGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Pilea_depressaAF500359 GGCTGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCAGCCGCTTGTGAA Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGCCCTGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GGCTTGTAAATGGAGTCCCGAACTAGCTGCCGCTTGTGAA Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GGCAGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GGCTGCTAAATGGAGTCCTGAATTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GGCTAGTAAATGGAGTCCTGAACTAGCTGCTGCTTGTGAA

248 [ 1330 1340 ] [ . . ] Morus_rubra GTGTGGAAGGAAATCAAATTTGAATT Celtis_sinensis_var_japon ------Cannabis_sativa GTTTGGAAGGAAATCAAATTTGAATT Dorstenia_psilurus GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Celtis_yunnanensi GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Morus_alba GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Boehmeria_niveaAJ235801 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390069 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Boehmeria_calophleba393 GTATGGAA------Boehmeria_macrophylla394 GTATGGAA------Pilea_pumila GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Ficus_pretoriae ------Elatostema_acuminatum249 GTATGGAA------Elatostema_parvum154 GTATGGAA------Procris_sp149 GTATGGAAG------Myriocarpa_longipes395 GTATGGA------Procris_insularis390 GTATGGAA------Urtica_dioica391 GTATGGAAG------Urtica_dioicaAF500361 GTTTGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Urtica_sp1311 gT------Dendrocnide_sp1310 gt------Dendrocnide_stimulans1309 GTA------Parietaria_sp1307 GT------Parie_pensylvanicaAF500357 GTATGGAAGGARATCAAATTTGAATT Poikilospermum_sp1308 Gt------Poik_Wooliams547_AF500362 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Urera_glabraAF500360 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Pilea_depressaAF500359 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Pellionia_daveauanaAF500358 KTATGGAAGGARATCAAATTTGAATT Laportea_canadensisAF500356 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Hesperocnide_tenellaAF500355 GTTTGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Boehmeria_grandisAF500354 GTATGGAAGGAGATAAAATTTGAATT Boehmeria_niveaAF062005 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT Cecropia_palmataAF061196 GTATGGAAGGAGATCAAATTTGAATT

249 Appendix 6. atpß–rbcL database

[ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 AACCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA E.stipitatum_A2 AACCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA E.acuminatum163 ------E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------E.parvum183 ------E.sp141 ------E.sp178 AACCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTTTCATAAAA E.sp207 AACCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA E.strigosum159 --CCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA E.sp149 ------GATTTATTTTCATAAAA Pro.insularis_390 --CCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA M.longipes395 AACCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA P.nummulariifo389 --CCCCGGGACGAGAAGTAGTAGGATTTATTCTCATAAAA

[ 50 60 70 80] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 AAAGAAAAATATGTCGAAATTTTTTTTTATTTT--AATTA E.stipitatum_A2 AAAGAAAAATATGTCGAAATTTTTTTTTATTTT--AATTA E.acuminatum163 ------E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------E.parvum183 ------E.sp141 ------E.sp178 AAAAGAAAAATATGTCGAATTTTTTTTTATTTT--AATTA E.sp207 AAAAGAAAAATATGTCGAATTTTTTTTTATTTT--AATTA E.strigosum159 AAAAGAAAAATATGTCGAATTTTTTTTTATTTT--AATTA E.sp149 AAAAGAAAAATATGTCGAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTAATTA Pro.insularis_390 AAAAGAAAAATATGTCGAAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTAATTA M.longipes395 AAAATAAAAAAATGTCGAAATTTTTTTTTTCGAAAAATTA P.nummulariifo389 AAA-GAAAAATAGGTCGAAATTTTTTTTTTCGAAAAATTA

[ 90 100 110 120] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAACAAGTTAC E.stipitatum_A2 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAACAAGGTAC E.acuminatum163 ------E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------E.parvum183 ------E.sp141 ------E.sp178 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAACAAGGTAC E.sp207 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAACAAGTTAC E.strigosum159 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAACAAGTTAC E.sp149 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTTGATATCAAAGCAAGTTAC Pro.insularis_390 TTGAAATCAATAATAAATGTTTGATATCAAAGCAAGTTAC M.longipes395 TTGAAATGAATAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAGCAAGTTAT P.nummulariifo389 TTGAAATCACTAATAAATGTTCGATAGCAAAGCAAGTTAA

250 [ 130 140 150 160] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGGTAGCGCT E.stipitatum_A2 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGGTAGCGCT E.acuminatum163 ------E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------E.parvum183 ------E.sp141 ------E.sp178 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGTTAGCGCT E.sp207 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGTTAGCGCT E.strigosum159 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGTTAGCGCT E.sp149 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGTTAGCACT Pro.insularis_390 GTTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACAAAATGTGTGTTAGCACT M.longipes395 GTTAATCGGTTAATTCAATTACGAAATGTGCGTTAACACT P.nummulariifo389 GCTGATCGGTTAATTCAATTACGAAATGGACGTTAGCACT

[ 170 180 190 200] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 CCATTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACCGAATCCAATGAA E.stipitatum_A2 CCATTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACCGAATCCAATGAA E.acuminatum163 -----TCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACCGAATCCAATTAA E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------E.parvum183 ------E.sp141 ------E.sp178 CCATTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACGGAATCCAATTAA E.sp207 CCATTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACGGAATCCAATTAA E.strigosum159 CCATTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACGGAATCCAATTAA E.sp149 CGATTTCGGTGGTAACAAACATCCAACCGAATCCAATTCA Pro.insularis_390 CGATTTCGGTGGTAACAAACATCCAACCGAATCCAATTCA M.longipes395 CGATTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACCGAATCCAATTCA P.nummulariifo389 CAGTTTCGTTGGTAACAAACATCCAACTGAATTCAATT--

[ 210 220 230 240] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTCAGTGAGTGAATTTTCACGT E.stipitatum_A2 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTCAGTGAGTGAATTTTCACGT E.acuminatum163 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTCAGTGAGTGAATTTTCACGT E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------E.parvum183 ------E.sp141 ------E.sp178 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTAAGTGAGTGAATTTTCACGT E.sp207 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTAAGTGAGTGAATTTTCACGT E.strigosum159 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTAAGTGAGTGAATTTTCACGT E.sp149 ATTGTTTAGTTATTCAATTTCAGTGAGTGAATTTTCAAGT Pro.insularis_390 ATTGTTTAGTTATTCAATTTCAGTGAGTGAATTTTCAAGT M.longipes395 ATTGTTTACTTATTCAATTTCAGTGAGTGAATTTTCAAGT P.nummulariifo389 ---GTTTCCTTTTTCAATTTCCATTAGTGAATTTTCAAGT

251 [ 250 260 270 280] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTAAAAATAAAATA E.stipitatum_A2 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTAAAAATAAAATA E.acuminatum163 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTAAAAATAAAATA E.acuminatum_249 ------E.parvum_154 ------AAAAAAATATATA E.parvum183 ------TTTTAAAAAGAAAATA E.sp141 ------E.sp178 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTAAAAAGAAAATA E.sp207 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTAAAAAGAAAATA E.strigosum159 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTAAAAAGAAAATA E.sp149 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTCAAAATAAAATA Pro.insularis_390 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCATTTTCAAAATAAAATA M.longipes395 TCAATCAAAACCCATTAAACCCCGTTTTCAAAATAAAATA P.nummulariifo389 TCAATTAAAACCCATTAAAACCCTTTTTCAAAATAAAGCA

[ 290 300 310 320] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TCAAGTTGATGAA----AAAAAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT E.stipitatum_A2 TCAAGTTGATGAA----AAAAAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT E.acuminatum163 TCAAGTTGATGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT E.acuminatum_249 ------GAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT E.parvum_154 TCAAGT------TAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT E.parvum183 TCAAGTTGATGAA--AAAAAAAAAACGATTGAGAAAGACT E.sp141 ------E.sp178 TCAAGTTGATGAA-----AAAAAAACGATTGAGAAAGACT E.sp207 TCAAGTTGATGAA----AAAAAAAACGATTGAGAAAGACT E.strigosum159 TCAAGTTGATGAA-----AAAAAAACGATTGAGAAAGACT E.sp149 TCAAGTTGATGAA------TAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT Pro.insularis_390 TCAAGTTGATGAA------TAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGACT M.longipes395 TCAAGTTGATGAA------TAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGATT P.nummulariifo389 TCACGTTGATAAA----TAAAAAAAAGATTGAGAAAGGCT

[ 330 340 350 360] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.stipitatum_A2 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.acuminatum163 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.acuminatum_249 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.parvum_154 TT------TATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.parvum183 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.sp141 ------E.sp178 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.sp207 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.strigosum159 TTCATTTGCCTATC-----GTTCTAGACAATACCATGCAT E.sp149 TTCATTTTCCTATT-----GTTATAGACAATACCATGCAT Pro.insularis_390 TTCATTTTCCTATT-----GTTATAGACAATACCATGCAT M.longipes395 TTCATTT------P.nummulariifo389 TTCATTTGCCTATCATTACCTTATCGACAATACCATGCAT

252 [ 370 380 390 400] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTATTTTCGCTTC E.stipitatum_A2 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTATTTTCGCTTC E.acuminatum163 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTATTTTCGATTC E.acuminatum_249 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTATTTTCGATTC E.parvum_154 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAACTCTATTTTCGCT-- E.parvum183 ATTATCTATGTAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTATTTTCGCTTC E.sp141 ------E.sp178 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTAGTTTCGCTTC E.sp207 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTAGTTTCGCTTC E.strigosum159 ATTATCTATGGAATTCAAACCCGAATTCTAGTTTCGCTTC E.sp149 ATTCTCTATGCAATTCAAACCCGAACTCCATTTTCCCTTC Pro.insularis_390 ATTCTCTATGCAATTCAAACCCGAACTCCATTTTCCCTTC M.longipes395 ------P.nummulariifo389 ATTATCCAGGGAATTCGAACCCGAAATCCTTTTTCGCTTC

[ 410 420 430 440] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 ATTTTTCTATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.stipitatum_A2 ATTTTTCTATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.acuminatum163 ATTTTTATATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.acuminatum_249 ATTTTTATATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.parvum_154 ------GTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.parvum183 TTTTTTATATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.sp141 ------TTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTAATTAAACAT E.sp178 TTTTTTATATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.sp207 TTTTTTATATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.strigosum159 TTTTTTATATCTTAGTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT E.sp149 ATTTTTCTATCTCATTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT Pro.insularis_390 ATTTTTCTATCTCATTGTCTCTTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT M.longipes395 ------P.nummulariifo389 ATTTTTGTATCTCATTGGCTATTATTTCCTATTTAAACAT

[ 450 460 470 480] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.stipitatum_A2 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.acuminatum163 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.acuminatum_249 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.parvum_154 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTT------TTT E.parvum183 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTGATTTTTT E.sp141 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.sp178 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.sp207 ATGGA------E.strigosum159 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTGATTTTATTTTTT E.sp149 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTTATTTTCTTTTTT Pro.insularis_390 ATCGATTTAGGCCTGGGCTATTATTTTTATTTTCTTTTTT M.longipes395 ------TATTTTTT P.nummulariifo389 AGTG---CTGGGCCGGAC------TTTTTTTTTATTTTTT

253 [ 490 500 510 520] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TTT--CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG E.stipitatum_A2 TTT--CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG E.acuminatum163 TT---CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTCTTGGACGAATG E.acuminatum_249 TT---CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTCTTGGACGAATG E.parvum_154 AT---CTCTATACCCCTAACTTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG E.parvum183 TTT--CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG E.sp141 TTT--CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG E.sp178 TTTT-CTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTGATGGACGAATG E.sp207 ------CGAATG E.strigosum159 TTTTTCTCTATACCCCTTACTTTCTTTTGATGGACGAATG E.sp149 AT---CTCTCTACCCCTT-CTTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG Pro.insularis_390 AT---CTCTCTACCCCTT-CTTTATTTTCATGGACGAATG M.longipes395 AT---CTCTATACCCCTT-ATTTCTTTTCATGGACGAATG P.nummulariifo389 AT---CTCTACACCTCTT-CTTTCTTTTCATAGACGAATA

[ 530 540 550 560] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 CCACATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.stipitatum_A2 CCACATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.acuminatum163 CCACATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.acuminatum_249 CCACATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.parvum_154 CCACATATTTTTCCATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.parvum183 CCACATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.sp141 CCACATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.sp178 CCACATATTTTTACATATAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.sp207 CCACATATTTTTACATATAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.strigosum159 CCACATATTTTTACATATAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT E.sp149 CCGTATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT Pro.insularis_390 CCGTATATTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT M.longipes395 CCGCATATTTTTACATGTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT P.nummulariifo389 TGACGTAGTTTTACATCTAGGATTTACATATACAACATAT

[ 570 580 590 600] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.stipitatum_A2 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.acuminatum163 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.acuminatum_249 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.parvum_154 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-ATTAGATTTTTCAATTAA E.parvum183 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTTA E.sp141 ATTACTGTCAAGGGYGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.sp178 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.sp207 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.strigosum159 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-TTTAGATATTTCAATTAA E.sp149 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTTTATTAGATATTTCGATTAA Pro.insularis_390 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTTTATTAGATATTTCGATTAA M.longipes395 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGAATTT-ATTAGATATTTCGATTAA P.nummulariifo389 ATTACTGTCAAGGGCGACTTT-ATTAGATATTTCCATTAA

254 [ 610 620 630 640] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.stipitatum_A2 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.acuminatum163 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.acuminatum_249 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.parvum_154 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.parvum183 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.sp141 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGRTT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.sp178 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.sp207 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TTTAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.strigosum159 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATT--TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA E.sp149 AAAAAGAGTAAGAGATTTTTATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA Pro.insularis_390 AAAAAGAGTAAGAGATTTTTATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA M.longipes395 AAAAAGGGTAAGAGATTA-TATAAACTTGAAAACCAAAGA P.nummulariifo389 AAAAACTGTAAGAGATTC-TATAAACTTGAAAAGAAAAGA

[ 650 660 670 680] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.stipitatum_A2 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.acuminatum163 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.acuminatum_249 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.parvum_154 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAGAGTATACAATAATGA E.parvum183 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.sp141 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.sp178 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.sp207 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.strigosum159 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAAAGTATACAATAATGA E.sp149 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAGAGTATACAATAATGA Pro.insularis_390 TTGGGTTGCATTATACATATGAAAGAGTATACAATAATGA M.longipes395 TTGGGTTGCGTTATACATATGAAAGAGTATACAATAATGA P.nummulariifo389 TTGGGTTGCGTTATACATATGAAAGAGTATACAATAATGG

[ 690 700 710 720] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.stipitatum_A2 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.acuminatum163 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.acuminatum_249 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.parvum_154 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.parvum183 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACTAACG E.sp141 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.sp178 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.sp207 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.strigosum159 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACG E.sp149 TGTATTTGGCAAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACC Pro.insularis_390 TGTATTTGGCAAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACC M.longipes395 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATACCACGGTCTAATAACGAACC P.nummulariifo389 TGTATTTGGCGAATCAAATAACACGGTCTAATAAGGAAAC

255 [ 730 740 750 760] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATGATTTTTGGAA E.stipitatum_A2 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATGATTTTTGGAA E.acuminatum163 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCGTTTTTGTAA E.acuminatum_249 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCGTTTTTGTAA E.parvum_154 GTTATGATCAGTTGATAAT------TTTTGGAA E.parvum183 GTTCCGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCATTTTTGGAA E.sp141 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCATTTTTGGAA E.sp178 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCATTTAAGGAA E.sp207 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCATTTAAGGAA E.strigosum159 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTCGTTGATCATTTAAGGAA E.sp149 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTAGTTGATAATTTTTTGAA Pro.insularis_390 GTTCTGATCAGTTGATAATATTAGTTGATAATTTTTTGAA M.longipes395 GTTCTGACCAGTCGATAATATTAGTTGATAATTTTTTTAA P.nummulariifo389 GTTCTGGTCAGTTGATAATATTAGTTGATAATTTTTTGAA

[ 770 780 790 800] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.stipitatum_A2 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.acuminatum163 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.acuminatum_249 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.parvum_154 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.parvum183 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.sp141 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.sp178 AAATTCCTGTGAAAGGTTTGAAAGGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.sp207 AAATTCCTGTGAAAGGTTTGAAAGGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.strigosum159 AAATTCCTGTGAAAGGTTTGAAAGGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA E.sp149 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA Pro.insularis_390 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA M.longipes395 AAATTCCTGTGAAA------"-GGTTTGATTAAGTCCTA P.nummulariifo389 AAATTCCTGTAAAA------"-GGTTTGATTCAGCCCTA

[ 810 820 830 840] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA E.stipitatum_A2 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA E.acuminatum163 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA E.acuminatum_249 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA E.parvum_154 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGTGAGAATTCTTAA E.parvum183 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGTGAGAATTCTTAA E.sp141 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA E.sp178 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGTGAGAATTCTTAA E.sp207 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGTGAGAATTCTTAA E.strigosum159 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGTGAGAATTCTTAA E.sp149 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA Pro.insularis_390 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA M.longipes395 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAGAATTCTTAA P.nummulariifo389 ATTCATGTCGAGTAGACCTTGTTATTGCGAAAATTCTTAA

256 [ 850 860 870 880] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.stipitatum_A2 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.acuminatum163 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.acuminatum_249 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.parvum_154 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.parvum183 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.sp141 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.sp178 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.sp207 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.strigosum159 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG E.sp149 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG Pro.insularis_390 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG M.longipes395 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG P.nummulariifo389 TTCATGAGTTGTAGGGAGGGACTTATGTCACCACAAACAG

[ 890 900 910 920] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.stipitatum_A2 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.acuminatum163 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.acuminatum_249 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.parvum_154 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.parvum183 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.sp141 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.sp178 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.sp207 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.strigosum159 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA E.sp149 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAGAGA Pro.insularis_390 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA M.longipes395 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA P.nummulariifo389 AGACTAAAGCAAGTGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTAAAGA

[ 930 940 950 960] [ . . . .] E.reticulatum_A1 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.stipitatum_A2 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.acuminatum163 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.acuminatum_249 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAAT------E.parvum_154 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.parvum183 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.sp141 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.sp178 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.sp207 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.strigosum159 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA E.sp149 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA Pro.insularis_390 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCCGAATATGAAACCAAA M.longipes395 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA P.nummulariifo389 TTATAAATTGACTTATTACACTCCTGAATATGAAACCAAA

257 [ 970] [ .] E.reticulatum_A1 GNACAANA E.stipitatum_A2 GNACAANA E.acuminatum163 GNNCAANA E.acuminatum_249 -NNCAANA E.parvum_154 GNNCAANA E.parvum183 GNNCAANA E.sp141 GNNCAANA E.sp178 GNACAANC E.sp207 GNANAANC E.strigosum159 GNACAANC E.sp149 -NCACCCA Pro.insularis_390 GNCACCCA M.longipes395 GNCAACAA P.nummulariifo389 GNCAACAA

258 Appendix 7. trn database

[ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------AT-GA-TTGA-CCTTGG-TATGGACA- Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------Bo_calophleba393e TACGGACTT---AATTGAATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Bo_macrophylla394e TACGGACTT---AATTGAATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Bo_niveaAF501610 ------TGAGCCGTCGAAAGAGCAAC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------ggattgagccttgg-tatggaaac Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ------GAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------E_parasiticum1645 TACGGACTT---AATTGAATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------ATTAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAA-C E_acuminatum153e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_acuminatum_163e --CGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_acuminatum_249e TACGGRCTTAAWAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri142e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri145e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri146e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri147e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri_Cn4433e ------E_curtisii427e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_grandeB1e --CGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_griffithianum351e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_macrophyllum_245e TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_nigrescens157e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_paludosum252e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_paludosum256e TCCGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_paludosum_Cn4434e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_parvum_154e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_parvum452e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_pedunculosum312e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_repens445e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_reticulatum_A1e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_rostratum141e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_rostratum143e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_rostratum144e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_rostratum365e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sesquifolium152e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sesquifolium242e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sesquifolium224e TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sesquifolium396e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sessile392e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sessile453e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 -----ACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-AATGGAAAC

259 [ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_strigosum_159e ------GC-TATGGAAAC E_strigosum178e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_strigosum207e ------G-TATGGAAAC E_aff_velutinicaule183e ------ATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sp441e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sp5010 ------E_sp5089 ------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------TGAGCGTTGG-TATGGAAAC Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------ggattgagccttgg-tatggaaac My_longipes_395e TACGGACTT---AATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ------TATGGAAAC Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ------TGG-TATGGAAAC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------Pi_depressaAF501613 ------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ------AGAC Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ------AAAC Pi_microphylla398e TACGGACTT---AATTGCATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Pi_nummularifolia_389e TACGGACTT---AATTGCATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ------TGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Po_as_above1651 ------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAACC Pr_insularis_390e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Pr_weedy1652 ------Pr_wightiana397e -CTCGACT-AATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ------GGAAAC Urera_glabraAF501614 ------TGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e TACGGACTT---AATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC

260 [ 50 60 70 80] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-GGG Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------Bo_calophleba393e CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Bo_macrophylla394e CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-GGG Bo_niveaAF501610 CTACCGAGGGATACCTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ctaccaagtgataactttcaaattcag-agaaaccc-agg Cecropia_palmataAF501615 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------E_parasiticum1645 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------CTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CTACCAAGAGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_acuminatum153e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_acuminatum_163e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_acuminatum_249e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_backeri142e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_backeri145e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_backeri146e CTWCCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCCCTGG E_backeri147e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_backeri_Cn4433e ------TAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_curtisii427e CTACCCAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_grandeB1e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_griffithianum351e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_macrophyllum_245e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_nigrescens157e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_paludosum252e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_paludosum256e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_paludosum_Cn4434e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_parvum_154e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_parvum452e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_pedunculosum312e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_repens445e CTACCGAGCAATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_reticulatum_A1e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_rostratum141e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_rostratum143e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_rostratum144e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_rostratum365e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sesquifolium152e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sesquifolium242e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sesquifolium224e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sesquifolium396e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sessile392e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sessile453e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTtCaAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG

261 [ 50 60 70 80] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_strigosum_159e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_strigosum178e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_strigosum207e CC-CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_aff_velutinicaule183e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sp441e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sp5010 ------AaATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sp5089 ------AATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sp_Yuzammi399068e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ctaccaagtgataactttcaaattcag-agaaaccc-tgg My_longipes_395e CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pell_daveauanaAF501612 CTACCGAGCAATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ---CCGAGTGATAACTTTCCAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pi_depressaAF501613 ------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 CTACCGTGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAGGAGAAACCC-TGG Pi_johnsiiAY756276 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAGGAGAAACCC-TGG Pi_microphylla398e CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pi_nummularifolia_389e CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 CTACCGAGCGAGAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Po_as_above1651 ------ACTTtCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pr_insularis_390e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pr_weedy1652 ------G-AGAAACCC-TGG Pr_wightiana397e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Urera_glabraAF501614 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e CTGCCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG

262 [ 90 100 110 120] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTGTTT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------Bo_calophleba393e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCATTTTT Bo_macrophylla394e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTGTTT Bo_niveaAF501610 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aattcaaaaaaa-gggcaatcctgagccaaatccggtttt Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AATTAAAAAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------E_parasiticum1645 AATT---AAAAATGGGTAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGT--C Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCAGTTTT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGT--C E_acuminatum153e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_acuminatum_163e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_acuminatum_249e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri142e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri145e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri146e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri147e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri_Cn4433e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_curtisii427e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_grandeB1e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_griffithianum351e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_macrophyllum_245e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_nigrescens157e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_paludosum252e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_paludosum256e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_paludosum_Cn4434e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_parvum_154e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_parvum452e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_pedunculosum312e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_repens445e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_reticulatum_A1e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_rostratum141e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_rostratum143e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_rostratum144e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_rostratum365e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sesquifolium152e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sesquifolium242e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sesquifolium224e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sesquifolium396e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sessile392e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sessile453e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT

263 [ 90 100 110 120] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_strigosum_159e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_strigosum178e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_strigosum207e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_aff_velutinicaule183e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sp441e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sp5010 AATT---AAAAWTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGATTTT E_sp5089 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 aattcaaaaaaatgggcaatcctgagccaaatccggtttt My_longipes_395e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Pi_depressaAF501613 ------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Pi_microphylla398e AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Pi_nummularifolia_389e AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Po_as_above1651 AATT---AaaAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pr_insularis_390e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pr_weedy1652 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pr_wightiana397e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AATT---AAAAACGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Urera_glabraAF501614 AATG---AAAACTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCNTTTTT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAACCAAATCTGGTGTT

264 [ 130 140 150 160] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AT------GAA-AGGTTC-GGAAA---GTG Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------aaagg-ggtttc-ggaaaaggcgg Bo_calophleba393e AT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Bo_macrophylla394e AT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-GTAAA---GCG Bo_niveaAF501610 AT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-GGAAA---GCG Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ct------gaaacaaaacaa-ggattc-agaaa---gca Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AT------GAAAACAAACAC-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CT------GAAAACAAAAAA-GGATTCCAGAAA---GCG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------E_parasiticum1645 CAATTTTCTGAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GCG Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GAG Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CAATTTTCTGAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GCC E_acuminatum153e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGGG E_acuminatum_163e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGGG E_acuminatum_249e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGGG E_backeri142e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_backeri145e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_backeri146e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_backeri147e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_backeri_Cn4433e ATTTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_curtisii427e AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_grandeB1e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_griffithianum351e ATCATTTATCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_macrophyllum_245e CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_nigrescens157e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_paludosum252e CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_paludosum256e CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_paludosum_Cn4434e CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_parvum_154e ATCATGTTTCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_parvum452e ATCATGTTTCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_pedunculosum312e CTCTTTTCT-AAAAAAAAG---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_repens445e AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_reticulatum_A1e ATCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_rostratum141e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_rostratum143e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_rostratum144e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_rostratum365e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sesquifolium152e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sesquifolium242e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sesquifolium224e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sesquifolium396e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sessile392e CTCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sessile453e CTCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AT------CAAAAgAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG

265 [ 130 140 150 160] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ATCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_strigosum_159e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_strigosum178e ATTTTTTATCAAAAATAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_strigosum207e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_aff_velutinicaule183e ATCCTTTACCAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGGG E_sp441e CTCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sp5010 CTCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAa-GGGTTC-AtAAAAAAGCG E_sp5089 AT------CAAAAgAAACAA-GGGTTC-AgAAA---GCG E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CT------GAAAACAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GCG Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ct------gaaacaaaacaa-ggattc-agaaa---gca My_longipes_395e AT------CAAAACAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AT------GAAAACAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AT------CAAAAGAAACAG-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AT------CAAAACAAACAC-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Pi_depressaAF501613 ------AAAACAAGGGG-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AT------CAAAACAAACAC-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AT------CAAAACAAACAC-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Pi_microphylla398e AT------TAAAACAAACAA-GTGTTC-AGAAC---GGG Pi_nummularifolia_389e AT------CAAAACAAACAA-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Po_as_above1651 AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AgAAA---GGG Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pr_insularis_390e AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pr_weedy1652 AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pr_wightiana397e AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CT------GAAAACAAACGG-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Urera_glabraAF501614 AT------CAAAACAAACAA-GGATTC-AGAAA---GCG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e AT------AAAAACAA------GCG

266 [ 170 180 190 200] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 GTAAA---AAAAAATAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 gtaaaaaaaaaaaataaaaggattaggttgcaggagactt Bo_calophleba393e ATAAT---AAAAAAGGAAAGGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Bo_macrophylla394e GTAAA---AAAAAATAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Bo_niveaAF501610 ATAAT--AAAAAAAGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ataat--aaaaaagaata-ggat-aggtgcagagactcaa Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATAAT--CAAAAAGGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATAAT--AAAAAAGAATC-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCGA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ----T--AAAAAAGGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAAAGACTCAA E_parasiticum1645 ATAAT---AAAATAA--A-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ATAAT---AAAAA----A-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ATAAT---AAAAAA---A-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_acuminatum153e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_acuminatum_163e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_acuminatum_249e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri142e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri145e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri146e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri147e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri_Cn4433e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_curtisii427e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_grandeB1e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_griffithianum351e ATAAT---AAAAAAAATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_macrophyllum_245e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_nigrescens157e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_paludosum252e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_paludosum256e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_paludosum_Cn4434e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_parvum_154e ATAAT----AAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_parvum452e ATAAT----AAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_pedunculosum312e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_repens445e ATAATAAAAAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_reticulatum_A1e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_rostratum141e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_rostratum143e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_rostratum144e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_rostratum365e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sesquifolium152e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sesquifolium242e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sesquifolium224e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sesquifolium396e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sessile392e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sessile453e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA

267 [ 170 180 190 200] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_strigosum_159e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_strigosum178e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_strigosum207e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_aff_velutinicaule183e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sp441e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sp5010 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATa-GGAT-AGGtGCAAAAACcCAg E_sp5089 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATAAT---AAAAAA-----GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ataat-----aaagg----ggat-aggtgcagagactcaa My_longipes_395e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ATAAT--AAAAACAGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ATAATAAAAAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pi_depressaAF501613 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-GGGTGCATAGACTCAA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pi_microphylla398e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pi_nummularifolia_389e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Po_as_above1651 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAa Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pr_insularis_390e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pr_weedy1652 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pr_wightiana397e ATAAT---AAAAAATATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATAAT---AAAAAA-----GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Urera_glabraAF501614 ATATC--GAAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------cagagactcaa U_dioica_391e ATAA----AAAAAA-----GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA

268 [ 210 220 230 240] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 caaatggaagttgtttcttaccaaaatggagttgtctact Bo_calophleba393e TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Bo_macrophylla394e TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Bo_niveaAF501610 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tggaagctgtt-----ct-aac-aaatggagttggctgcg Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTTCT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAA-AAATGGAGTTGGTTTCG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTTCT E_parasiticum1645 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGAA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTTAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAACGGAGTTGGCTGAA E_acuminatum153e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_acuminatum_163e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_acuminatum_249e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_backeri142e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_backeri145e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_backeri146e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_backeri147e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_backeri_Cn4433e TGGGAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_curtisii427e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG E_grandeB1e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_griffithianum351e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_macrophyllum_245e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_nigrescens157e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_paludosum252e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_paludosum256e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_paludosum_Cn4434e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_parvum_154e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_parvum452e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_pedunculosum312e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_repens445e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG E_reticulatum_A1e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_rostratum141e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_rostratum143e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_rostratum144e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_rostratum365e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sesquifolium152e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sesquifolium242e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sesquifolium224e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sesquifolium396e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sessile392e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sessile453e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG

269 [ 210 220 230 240] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_strigosum_159e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_strigosum178e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_strigosum207e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_aff_velutinicaule183e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sp441e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sp5010 tGGAtGCTGTT-----CT-AAc-AANNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGG-GTTGGCTGCG E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 tggaagctgtt-----ct-aac-aaatggagttggctgcg My_longipes_395e TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTAGGCTGCG Pi_depressaAF501613 TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAATAGGCTGCG Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTAGGCTGCG Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTAGGCTGCG Pi_microphylla398e TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTAGGCTGCG Pi_nummularifolia_389e TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAATAGGCTGCG Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Po_as_above1651 tGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Pr_insularis_390e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Pr_weedy1652 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Pr_wightiana397e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATCGAGTTGGCTGCA Urera_glabraAF501614 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tggaagctgtt-----ct-aac-aaatggagttggctgcg U_dioica_391e CGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAACGGAGTTGGATGCG

270 [ 250 260 270 280] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TT-GCGTTAGT------AG-TTAG-TAA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 tttgcgttagt------aggttag-taa Bo_calophleba393e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Bo_macrophylla394e TT-GCGTTAGT------AG-TTAG-TAA Bo_niveaAF501610 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tt------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TT-GTGTT------AA-TAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_parasiticum1645 GT-GCG------AA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 GT-GCG------AA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 GT-GCG------AA E_acuminatum153e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_acuminatum_163e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_acuminatum_249e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri142e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri145e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri146e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri147e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri_Cn4433e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_curtisii427e TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA E_grandeB1e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_griffithianum351e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_macrophyllum_245e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_nigrescens157e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_paludosum252e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_paludosum256e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_paludosum_Cn4434e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_parvum_154e TT-GGGTT------AG-TAA E_parvum452e TT-GGGTT------AG-TAA E_pedunculosum312e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_repens445e TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA E_reticulatum_A1e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_rostratum141e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_rostratum143e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_rostratum144e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_rostratum365e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sesquifolium152e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sesquifolium242e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sesquifolium224e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sesquifolium396e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sessile392e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sessile453e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA

271 [ 250 260 270 280] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_strigosum_159e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_strigosum178e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_strigosum207e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_aff_velutinicaule183e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sp441e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN-NNN E_sp5089 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 GT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 tt-gcgtt------aa-taa My_longipes_395e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TT-GCGTTAGTAAAGGAGCGTT------AG-TAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Pi_depressaAF501613 CT-GCGTT------GCGTT------AG-TAA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Pi_microphylla398e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Pi_nummularifolia_389e CT-ACGTT------GCGTT------AG-TAA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Po_as_above1651 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Pr_insularis_390e TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Pr_weedy1652 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Pr_wightiana397e TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 GT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Urera_glabraAF501614 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tt-gcgtt------ag-taa U_dioica_391e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA

272 [ 290 300 310 320] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATT------GA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 aagggaatccctttccatt------ga Bo_calophleba393e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------GA Bo_macrophylla394e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATT------GA Bo_niveaAF501610 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------GA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 A--GGAATCC--TTTCATC------GA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 A--GGAATCC--CTCCATC------GA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 A--GGAATCC--TTTCATC------GA E_parasiticum1645 A--GGAAT------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 A--GGAAT------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 A--GGAAT------E_acuminatum153e A--GAAAT------AA E_acuminatum_163e A--GAAAT------AA E_acuminatum_249e A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri142e A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri145e A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri146e A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri147e A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri_Cn4433e A--GAAAT------AA E_curtisii427e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC----AAAACTCCATAAAGCAA E_grandeB1e A--GAAAT------AA E_griffithianum351e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_macrophyllum_245e A--GAAAT------AA E_nigrescens157e A--GAAAT------AA E_paludosum252e A--GAAAT------AA E_paludosum256e A--GAAAT------AA E_paludosum_Cn4434e A--GAAAT------AA E_parvum_154e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_parvum452e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_pedunculosum312e A--TAAAT------AA E_repens445e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_reticulatum_A1e A--GAAAT------AA E_rostratum141e A--GAAAT------AA E_rostratum143e A--GAAAT------AA E_rostratum144e A--GAAAT------AA E_rostratum365e A--GAAAT------AA E_sesquifolium152e A--GAAAT------AA E_sesquifolium242e A--GAAAT------AA E_sesquifolium224e A--GAAAT------AA E_sesquifolium396e A--GAAAT------AA E_sessile392e A--GAAAT------AA E_sessile453e A--GAAAT------AA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA

273 [ 290 300 310 320] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e A--GAAAT------AA E_strigosum_159e A--GAAAT------AA E_strigosum178e A--GAAA------E_strigosum207e A--GAAAT------AA E_aff_velutinicaule183e A--GAAAT------AA E_sp441e A--GAAAT------AA E_sp5010 NNNNN--NNNNNNNN--NNNNNNNNNNN----NNNNNNNN E_sp5089 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e A--GAAAT------AA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 A--GGAAT------Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 t--ggaatcc--tttcatc------ga My_longipes_395e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 A--GGAATCC--TTACATC------GA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Pi_depressaAF501613 C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Pi_microphylla398e C--GGAATTC--TTCCATG------AA Pi_nummularifolia_389e C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Po_as_above1651 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Pr_insularis_390e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Pr_weedy1652 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Pr_wightiana397e A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 A--GGAAT------Urera_glabraAF501614 A--GGAATCC--TTGTATC------AA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 a--ggaatcc--t-gtatc------aa U_dioica_391e A--GGAATCC--TTCTATC------AA

274 [ 330 340 350 360] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 aacttccag-aaagtatgaagaa-----taaatgt----- Bo_calophleba393e AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----AAAATGT----- Bo_macrophylla394e AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATAT----- Bo_niveaAF501610 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AACT-ACAGTAAAGGATGAAGAATAAAATAAACCTATATA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- E_parasiticum1645 CACT-CCAA-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TA------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CACT-CCAA-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAACCT----- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CACT-CCAA-AAAAAAGGATGAA-----GAATA------E_acuminatum153e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_acuminatum_163e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_acuminatum_249e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_backeri142e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_backeri145e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_backeri146e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_backeri147e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_backeri_Cn4433e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_curtisii427e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_grandeB1e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_griffithianum351e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_macrophyllum_245e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_nigrescens157e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_paludosum252e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_paludosum256e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_paludosum_Cn4434e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_parvum_154e AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_parvum452e AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_pedunculosum312e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_repens445e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAATA-----TAAAC------E_reticulatum_A1e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_rostratum141e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_rostratum143e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_rostratum144e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_rostratum365e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sesquifolium152e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sesquifolium242e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sesquifolium224e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sesquifolium396e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sessile392e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sessile453e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------

275 [ 330 340 350 360] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_strigosum_159e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_strigosum178e --CT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_strigosum207e ACCT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_aff_velutinicaule183e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sp441e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 AACT-CCATAAAGGATGAAAGAG------AAAC------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAACCTATATA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 aact-ccag-aaaggataaagaa-----gaaacgt----- My_longipes_395e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGAT-AA------Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAATA-----TAAAC------Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AATT-CAAT-CAAGG-TGAAGGA-----TAAAT------Pi_depressaAF501613 AATT-CAAT-AAAGA-TGAAGGA-----TAAAT------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AATT-CAAT-CAAGG-TGAAGGA-----TAACT------Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AATT-CAAT-CAAGG-TGAAGGA-----TAACT------Pi_microphylla398e AATT-CAAT-AAAGA-TGAAGGA-----TAAAT------Pi_nummularifolia_389e AATT-CAAT-AAAGA-TGAAGGA-----GAAAT------Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Po_as_above1651 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Pr_insularis_390e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Pr_weedy1652 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Pr_wightiana397e AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAAACTCTATA Urera_glabraAF501614 AACT-CGAT-ACAGGATGAAGGA-----TAAAC------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aact-ccat-acaggatgaagga-----taaac------U_dioica_391e AGCT-CCAT-A------TAAGC------

276 [ 370 380 390 400] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 -ATATAG-GTACGGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATAA-TTAA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 -atatac-gtacggaa-atactatctcccaaataaattaa Bo_calophleba393e -ATATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Bo_macrophylla394e -ATATAG-GTACGGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATAA-TTAA Bo_niveaAF501610 -ATATACCGTACTGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 -ATATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CGTATAC-GTACTAAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 -CTATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTAC-AAATGA-TTAA E_parasiticum1645 TATATAC-GTA--TAA--TACTATCTTC------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 -ATATAC-GTGCTGAA-ATACTATCTTC------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TATATAC-GTA--TAA--TACTATCTTC------E_acuminatum153e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAACGA-TTAC E_acuminatum_163e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAACGA-TTAC E_acuminatum_249e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAACGA-TTAC E_backeri142e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_backeri145e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_backeri146e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_backeri147e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_backeri_Cn4433e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_curtisii427e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC E_grandeB1e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_griffithianum351e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_macrophyllum_245e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_nigrescens157e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_paludosum252e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_paludosum256e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_paludosum_Cn4434e -ATATCC-GTAATGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_parvum_154e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_parvum452e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_pedunculosum312e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAATATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_repens445e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTGC E_reticulatum_A1e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_rostratum141e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_rostratum143e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_rostratum144e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_rostratum365e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sesquifolium152e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sesquifolium242e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sesquifolium224e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sesquifolium396e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sessile392e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sessile453e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC

277 [ 370 380 390 400] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_strigosum_159e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_strigosum178e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_strigosum207e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_aff_velutinicaule183e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sp441e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN-NNNNNN-NNNN E_sp5089 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC E_sp_Yuzammi399068e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGG-TTAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CGTATAC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTTC-AAATGA-TTAA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 -atatac-gtactaaa-ataccatctcc-aaatga-ttaa My_longipes_395e -----AC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 -ATATAT-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTAC-AAATGA-TTAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTGC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 -GTATCC-GTACTGAATATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pi_depressaAF501613 -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pi_jayaensisAY756274 -GTATCC-GTACTGAATATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pi_johnsiiAY756276 -GTATCC-GTACTGAATATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pi_microphylla398e -GGATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTAACTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pi_nummularifolia_389e -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTTC-AAATGA-TTAC Po_as_above1651 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTTC-AAATGa-TTAc Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Pr_insularis_390e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Pr_weedy1652 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Pr_wightiana397e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CGTATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTTC-AAATGA-TTAA Urera_glabraAF501614 -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATACTCTCTCC-CAATGA-TTAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 -gtatcc-atactgaa-atactctctac-aaataa-ttaa U_dioica_391e -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATACTCTCTCT-A-ATGA-----

278 [ 410 420 430 440] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TTACAACCCGAATTCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ttacaacccgaattcgt-----atttcttttaattttcat Bo_calophleba393e TTACAACCCGAATTCAT-----ATTT-----CATTTTCAT Bo_macrophylla394e TTACAAC------Bo_niveaAF501610 TTACAACCAGAATTCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------aatccgg-----atttctttgatttttcat Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TGACAACCCGAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TGACAAACCGAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTCAT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGACAACCCGAATCCGT-----ATTCCTTTTAATTTTCAT E_parasiticum1645 ------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e TGACAACCCAAAGCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_acuminatum_163e TGACAACCCAAAGCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_acuminatum_249e TGACAACCCAAAGCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri142e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri145e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri146e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri147e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri_Cn4433e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_curtisii427e TGATAACCAAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTGAT E_grandeB1e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_griffithianum351e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT E_macrophyllum_245e TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_nigrescens157e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_paludosum252e TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_paludosum256e TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_paludosum_Cn4434e TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_parvum_154e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT E_parvum452e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT E_pedunculosum312e TGACAACCCAAATCCCT-----ATTTCTTTTCAGTTTTTT E_repens445e TGATAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT E_reticulatum_A1e TGACAAACCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_rostratum141e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_rostratum143e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_rostratum144e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_rostratum365e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sesquifolium152e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sesquifolium242e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sesquifolium224e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sesquifolium396e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sessile392e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sessile453e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TGATAACCAAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT

279 [ 410 420 430 440] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TGACAAACCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_strigosum_159e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_strigosum178e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_strigosum207e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_aff_velutinicaule183e TGACAGCCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sp441e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTAT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 tgacaacccgaatccgt-----atttctttgaattttcat My_longipes_395e TGATAACCCGAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTAT Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TTACAACCCGAATTCAT-----GTTTCTTTTAATTTTAAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TGATAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TGACAACCCGAGTCCGT-----ATTCATTTTTATTTTTAT Pi_depressaAF501613 TGACAACCCGAGTCCAT-----ATTCATTATTATATTTAT Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TGACAACCCGAGTCCGT-----ATTAATTTTTATTTTTAT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TGACAACCCGAGTCCGT-----ATTAATTTTTATTTTTAT Pi_microphylla398e TGACAACCCGAGTACAT-----ATTCATTTTTATATTGAT Pi_nummularifolia_389e TGACAACCCGCGTCCAT-----ATTCATTATTCTATTTAT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TGATAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTTATTTTTAT Po_as_above1651 TGaTAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTTATTtTtAT Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e TGATAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Pr_insularis_390e TGATAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Pr_weedy1652 TGATAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Pr_wightiana397e TGATAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TGACAACACAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTCAT Urera_glabraAF501614 TGACAACCCCAATCCATTCCATATTTCTTTTTAATTTATT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tgacaaccccaatccat-----atttcttttttattttta U_dioica_391e ------

280 [ 450 460 470 480] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 -gaaaatta------aaagaattgcttgg Bo_calophleba393e -GAAAATGA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Bo_macrophylla394e ------Bo_niveaAF501610 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 -gaaaaatc------aaagaatt-gttg- Cecropia_palmataAF501615 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAAAT-CTTG- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 -GAAAAATG------AAAAGAATT-GTTG- Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGAAAATTA------TG- E_parasiticum1645 ------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_acuminatum_163e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_acuminatum_249e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri142e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri145e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri146e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri147e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri_Cn4433e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_curtisii427e -GAGAATTATTAGT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_grandeB1e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_griffithianum351e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_macrophyllum_245e -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_nigrescens157e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_paludosum252e -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_paludosum256e -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_paludosum_Cn4434e -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_parvum_154e -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_parvum452e -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_pedunculosum312e -TAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGACTT-CTTG- E_repens445e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_reticulatum_A1e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_rostratum141e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_rostratum143e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_rostratum144e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_rostratum365e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sesquifolium152e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sesquifolium242e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sesquifolium224e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sesquifolium396e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sessile392e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sessile453e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-

281 [ 450 460 470 480] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_strigosum_159e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_strigosum178e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_strigosum207e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_aff_velutinicaule183e -GAGAATGATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sp441e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 -GAGAATTATTATTAAATTATTATTAAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sp_Yuzammi399068e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 -GAAAAATT------AAAGAATT-ATTG- Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 -gaaaaatg------aaagaatt-gttg- My_longipes_395e -GAGAATTC------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 -AGAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 -GATAATTC------AAAGAATT-TTTG- Pi_depressaAF501613 -GATAATAA------ATATAATT-TTTG- Pi_jayaensisAY756274 -GATAATTC------AACGAATT-TTTG- Pi_johnsiiAY756276 -GATAATTC------AACGAATT-TTTG- Pi_microphylla398e -GATACTA------AAAAAATT-TATG- Pi_nummularifolia_389e -GATAATAA------ATAGAATT-TTTG- Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Po_as_above1651 -GAgAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Pr_insularis_390e -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Pr_weedy1652 -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Pr_wightiana397e -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 -GAAAAATA------AAAGAATT-GTTG- Urera_glabraAF501614 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ttcaaattgaaaat------gaaaagaatt-cttg- U_dioica_391e ------ATC------AAATTAATT-CT---

282 [ 490 500 510 520] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TGAATAAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 tgaataaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaaagatatc------Bo_calophleba393e TGAATAAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Bo_macrophylla394e TGAATAAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Bo_niveaAF501610 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tgaatcaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaatga-attgaatattc Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TGATTCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAACGA-ATCGAATATTC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGAATCAAATTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_parasiticum1645 ------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_acuminatum_163e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_acuminatum_249e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri142e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri145e TGAATCAT-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri146e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri147e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri_Cn4433e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_curtisii427e TGAATCAA-TTCT-ACGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTT E_grandeB1e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_griffithianum351e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_macrophyllum_245e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_nigrescens157e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_paludosum252e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_paludosum256e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_paludosum_Cn4434e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_parvum_154e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_parvum452e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_pedunculosum312e GGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_repens445e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_reticulatum_A1e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAGGATATCGAATATTC E_rostratum141e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_rostratum143e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_rostratum144e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_rostratum365e TGAATCAA-TTTG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sesquifolium152e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sesquifolium242e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sesquifolium224e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sesquifolium396e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sessile392e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sessile453e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTT

283 [ 490 500 510 520] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAGGATATCGAATATTC E_strigosum_159e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_strigosum178e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_strigosum207e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTGGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_aff_velutinicaule183e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sp441e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TAAATCAA-TTATTAAGTTGAAAAAAGA-ATTAAATATTC Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 tgaatcaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaatga-atcgaatattc My_longipes_395e TGAATCAA-TTAT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TGAATTAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TGAATCCA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pi_depressaAF501613 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pi_microphylla398e --AATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pi_nummularifolia_389e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Po_as_above1651 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Pr_insularis_390e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Pr_weedy1652 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Pr_wightiana397e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TGAATCAA-TTAT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGA-ATCAAATATTC Urera_glabraAF501614 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAGGATATCCAATATTC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tgaatcaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaaggatctcgaatagtc U_dioica_391e ------AAGTTGAAAAAAGAGATCAAATATTC

284 [ 530 540 550 560] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------AAATC-ACTTCTTC------CAT-CAAA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------aaatc-acttcttctcacttcttccatccaaa Bo_calophleba393e ------AAACC-ATTTCTCC------CAT-CAAA Bo_macrophylla394e ------AAATC-ACTTCTTC------CAT-CAAA Bo_niveaAF501610 ------AAATC-ATTTCTTC------CAT-CAAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 att-aatcaaatc-atttactc------cat-caaa Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ATTTGATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA E_parasiticum1645 ------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e AGT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_acuminatum_163e AGT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_acuminatum_249e AGT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri142e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri145e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri146e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri147e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri_Cn4433e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_curtisii427e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_grandeB1e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_griffithianum351e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_macrophyllum_245e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_nigrescens157e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_paludosum252e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_paludosum256e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_paludosum_Cn4434e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_parvum_154e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_parvum452e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_pedunculosum312e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-AAAA E_repens445e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-GAAA E_reticulatum_A1e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_rostratum141e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_rostratum143e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_rostratum144e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_rostratum365e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sesquifolium152e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sesquifolium242e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sesquifolium224e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sesquifolium396e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sessile392e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sessile453e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA

285 [ 530 540 550 560] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_strigosum_159e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_strigosum178e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_strigosum207e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_aff_velutinicaule183e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sp441e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN------NNN-NNNN E_sp5089 ATTGATCAAATCATTTAGTCCA------TTA-AAAT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATT-AATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 att-aatcaaatc-atttactc------cat-caaa My_longipes_395e ATT-GATCAATTC-ATTTATTT------CAT-CAAA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ------AAATC-ATTTCCTA------CAT-CAAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-GAAA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------Pi_depressaAF501613 ------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ------Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ------Pi_microphylla398e ------Pi_nummularifolia_389e ------Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ATT-GATCAAAGC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Po_as_above1651 ATT-GATCAAAGC-ATTTAgTC------CAT-CAAA Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ATT-GATCAAAGC--TTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Pr_insularis_390e ATT-GATCAAAGC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Pr_weedy1652 ATT-GATCAAAGC--TTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Pr_wightiana397e ATT-GATCAAAGC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATT-GATCAAATC-AGTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Urera_glabraAF501614 ATG-GATCAAATT-CTTTATTC------CAT-CAAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 atg-gatcaaatt-ctttattc------cat-caaa U_dioica_391e ATG-GATCCTATTGATTT---C------CAT-CAAA

286 [ 570 580 590 600] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAAGTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 atctgatagattttttgaagaagtgattaatcgtacgaga Bo_calophleba393e ATCTGATATCTTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGTAGGAGA Bo_macrophylla394e ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAAGTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Bo_niveaAF501610 ATATGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 atctgatagattttttgaagacttgataaatcggacgaga Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATCTGATATATTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATATGATAGATCTTTTGAAGACTTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAATAATTGATTAATCGG-CGAGA E_parasiticum1645 ------AATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------AATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------AATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA E_acuminatum153e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_acuminatum_163e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_acuminatum_249e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri142e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri145e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri146e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri147e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri_Cn4433e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_curtisii427e ATATG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_grandeB1e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_griffithianum351e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_macrophyllum_245e ----G------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_nigrescens157e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_paludosum252e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_paludosum256e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_paludosum_Cn4434e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_parvum_154e ATCTG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA E_parvum452e ATCTG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA E_pedunculosum312e GTTTG------AAAGAATTTACTAATTGGACGAGA E_repens445e ATATG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA E_reticulatum_A1e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_rostratum141e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_rostratum143e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_rostratum144e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_rostratum365e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sesquifolium152e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sesquifolium242e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sesquifolium224e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sesquifolium396e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sessile392e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTCTTAATTGGACGAGA E_sessile453e ATCTG------AAATAATTTCTTAATTGGACGAGA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ATATG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA

287 [ 570 580 590 600] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_strigosum_159e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_strigosum178e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_strigosum207e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_aff_velutinicaule183e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sp441e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTCTTAATTGGACGAGA E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 CTG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATCTGATAGATCTTTTGAAGAATGGATTAATCGGACGAGA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 atctgatagattttttgaagacttgattaatcggacgaga My_longipes_395e ATCTG------AAAGAATTGAGTAATTGGACAAGA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ATATGATAGCTTTTTTGAATAATTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ATATG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------CGAGA Pi_depressaAF501613 ------CGAGA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ------CGAGA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ------CGAGA Pi_microphylla398e ------CGAGA Pi_nummularifolia_389e ------CGAGA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Po_as_above1651 ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGTACGAGA Pr_insularis_390e ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Pr_weedy1652 ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGTACGAGA Pr_wightiana397e ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Urera_glabraAF501614 ATATG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTCGACGAGA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 atatg------aaagaattgattaattcgacgaga U_dioica_391e ATCAG------AAAAAAGCTATTCATTGGACAAGA

288 [ 610 620 630 640] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ataaagatagagtcccattctacatgtcaatattgacaac Bo_calophleba393e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Bo_macrophylla394e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Bo_niveaAF501610 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ataaagatagagtcccattccacatgtcaatatcgacaac Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_parasiticum1645 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCAGTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCGGTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCAGTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_acuminatum153e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_acuminatum_163e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_acuminatum_249e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri142e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri145e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri146e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri147e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri_Cn4433e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_curtisii427e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_grandeB1e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_griffithianum351e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_macrophyllum_245e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_nigrescens157e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_paludosum252e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_paludosum256e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_paludosum_Cn4434e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_parvum_154e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_parvum452e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_pedunculosum312e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_repens445e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_reticulatum_A1e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_rostratum141e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_rostratum143e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_rostratum144e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_rostratum365e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sesquifolium152e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sesquifolium242e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sesquifolium224e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sesquifolium396e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sessile392e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sessile453e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC

289 [ 610 620 630 640] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_strigosum_159e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_strigosum178e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_strigosum207e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGCCAAC E_aff_velutinicaule183e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sp441e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCGTTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTTTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ataaagatagagtcccattccacatgtcaatatcgacaac My_longipes_395e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATGGACAAC Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTYTACATGTCAATATTGACAAG Pi_depressaAF501613 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAG Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAG Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAG Pi_microphylla398e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAG Pi_nummularifolia_389e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAG Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Po_as_above1651 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Pr_insularis_390e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Pr_weedy1652 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Pr_wightiana397e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCG-CAAC Urera_glabraAF501614 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ataaagatagagtcccattctacatgtcaatatcgacaac U_dioica_391e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC

290 [ 650 660 670 680] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 aatgaaatttatagtaagaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa Bo_calophleba393e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Bo_macrophylla394e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Bo_niveaAF501610 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aatgaaatttatagtaagaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTGGACTTTAAA E_parasiticum1645 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_acuminatum153e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_acuminatum_163e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_acuminatum_249e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_backeri142e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_backeri145e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_backeri146e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_backeri147e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_backeri_Cn4433e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTCAA E_curtisii427e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTCAAA E_grandeB1e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_griffithianum351e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_macrophyllum_245e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_nigrescens157e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_paludosum252e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_paludosum256e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_paludosum_Cn4434e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_parvum_154e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_parvum452e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_pedunculosum312e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_repens445e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_reticulatum_A1e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_rostratum141e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_rostratum143e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_rostratum144e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_rostratum365e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sesquifolium152e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sesquifolium242e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sesquifolium224e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sesquifolium396e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sessile392e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sessile453e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AATGAAATTTATAGTAaGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTGAAA

291 [ 650 660 670 680] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_strigosum_159e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_strigosum178e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_strigosum207e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_aff_velutinicaule183e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTCAA E_sp441e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 AATGAAATTTATAGTAaGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 aatgaaatttatagtaagaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa My_longipes_395e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTTAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pi_depressaAF501613 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pi_microphylla398e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pi_nummularifolia_389e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTCAA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Po_as_above1651 AATGAAaTTTATAGTAaGAGGAAAATCCGTCGAcTTTAAA Pr_spKrekBali1642 ---gaaatttatagtaagaggaaaaTCCGTcGaCtTTAgA Pr_frutescens149e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pr_insularis_390e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pr_weedy1652 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pr_wightiana397e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Urera_glabraAF501614 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAAAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aatgaaatttatagtaaaaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa U_dioica_391e AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA

292 [ 690 700 710 720] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 aa-tcgtg-aggg-ttcaagtccctctatccccaaaaagg Bo_calophleba393e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAATCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Bo_macrophylla394e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Bo_niveaAF501610 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aa-tcgtg-aggg-ttcaagtccctctatccccaaaaagg Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AAATCGTG-AGGGGTTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_parasiticum1645 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAGGG E_acuminatum153e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_acuminatum_163e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_acuminatum_249e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri142e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri145e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGCCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri146e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri147e AA-TCGTGGAGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri_Cn4433e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_curtisii427e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_grandeB1e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_griffithianum351e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_macrophyllum_245e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_nigrescens157e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_paludosum252e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_paludosum256e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_paludosum_Cn4434e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_parvum_154e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_parvum452e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_pedunculosum312e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCA-----G E_repens445e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_reticulatum_A1e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_rostratum141e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_rostratum143e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_rostratum144e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_rostratum365e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sesquifolium152e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sesquifolium242e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sesquifolium224e AA-TCGGG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sesquifolium396e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sessile392e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sessile453e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG

293 [ 690 700 710 720] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_strigosum_159e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_strigosum178e AA-TCGGG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_strigosum207e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_aff_velutinicaule183e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTA-CCCCAAAAAGG E_sp441e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 aa-tcgtg-aggNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNcaaaaagg My_longipes_395e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAAG Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pi_depressaAF501613 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pi_microphylla398e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pi_nummularifolia_389e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Po_as_above1651 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pr_spKrekBali1642 AA-TMGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTcTATcCCCaAAAAGG Pr_frutescens149e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pr_insularis_390e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pr_weedy1652 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pr_wightiana397e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Urera_glabraAF501614 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aa-tcgtg-aggg-ttcaagtccctctatccccaaaaagg U_dioica_391e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT

294 [ 730 740 750 760] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTTTTTATCCTATCTTC Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 cccatt-----tgattcc-ctaattatttatcctatcttc Bo_calophleba393e CCCATT-----TGAGTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCTTT Bo_macrophylla394e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCTTC Bo_niveaAF501610 CCCATT-----TGATTTC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCTTC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ccaaa------tgattcc-ctaattatttatcct-----c Cecropia_palmataAF501615 CCTATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CCAAAT-----AGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 CCTATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTAT--ATCCTATCCTC E_parasiticum1645 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTGCCCTC Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC E_acuminatum153e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_acuminatum_163e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_acuminatum_249e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_backeri142e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_backeri145e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_backeri146e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_backeri147e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_backeri_Cn4433e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_curtisii427e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC E_grandeB1e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_griffithianum351e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_macrophyllum_245e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_nigrescens157e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_paludosum252e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_paludosum256e CCCGGT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_paludosum_Cn4434e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_parvum_154e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_parvum452e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_pedunculosum312e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_repens445e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC E_reticulatum_A1e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_rostratum141e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_rostratum143e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_rostratum144e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_rostratum365e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-ATAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sesquifolium152e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sesquifolium242e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sesquifolium224e GCCGGT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sesquifolium396e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sessile392e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sessile453e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 CCCGTT-----CGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC

295 [ 730 740 750 760] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_strigosum_159e CGCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_strigosum178e CGCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_strigosum207e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_aff_velutinicaule183e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_sp441e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC E_sp_Yuzammi399068e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 caaaa------gattcc-ctaattatttatcct-----c My_longipes_395e TTCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATACTATCCTC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 CCCATT-----TGATTTC-CTAATTAGTTATCCTATCTTC Pell_daveauanaAF501612 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 CCCAAT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGNATCCTC Pi_depressaAF501613 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGTATCCTC Pi_jayaensisAY756274 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGTATCCTC Pi_johnsiiAY756276 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGTATCCTC Pi_microphylla398e CCCATTCCATTTAATTCA-CAAATTAGTTTTCGTATCCTC Pi_nummularifolia_389e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGTATCCTC Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC Po_as_above1651 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAAtTATTTATCCTATCCTC Pr_spKrekBali1642 cCCatT-----TGATTCC-CTAAtTAtTTaTCCTaTCC-- Pr_frutescens149e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCC-- Pr_insularis_390e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCC-- Pr_weedy1652 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCC-- Pr_wightiana397e CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATC--- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TCCATC-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC Urera_glabraAF501614 CCTATT-----TTATTCC-CTAAATATTTAGCCTATCCTC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 cctatt-----tta-ttc-ctaaatatttagcctatcctc U_dioica_391e CCCATT-----TGA-TCCTCTAATTATTGAGCCTATCCTC

296 [ 770 780 790 800] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TC-AG-T-TAATTAGCAGTTCAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 tc-ag-t-taattagcagttcaaaattcgtcatgt-ttct Bo_calophleba393e TC-AGGT-TCGTTAGCGGCTCAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Bo_macrophylla394e TC-AG-T-TAATTAGCAGTTTAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Bo_niveaAF501610 TC-AG-T-TAGTTAGTAGTTCAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tc-at-t-ccgttagtggtttctaatttgttatgt-ttct Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TC-AG-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTCGCTATGT-TTCT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TG-AT-T-CCGTTAGCAGCTCAAAATTCATTATCT-TTCT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TC-AG-TCTCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAAGTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_parasiticum1645 TT-AT-T-TTGTTATCAGTTCAAAACTCGTTATCT-TTCT Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TC-CT-T-TTTTGAGCAGTTCCAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TT-AT-T-TTGTTAGCAGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTGT E_acuminatum153e TC-CA-T-TTAGTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_acuminatum_163e TC-CA-T-TTAGTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_acuminatum_249e TC-CA-T-TTAGTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_backeri142e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_backeri145e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_backeri146e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_backeri147e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_backeri_Cn4433e ------E_curtisii427e TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT E_grandeB1e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_griffithianum351e TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_macrophyllum_245e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_nigrescens157e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_paludosum252e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGGGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_paludosum256e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGGTATGT-TTCT E_paludosum_Cn4434e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_parvum_154e TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_parvum452e TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_pedunculosum312e TG----T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTAGTTATGT-TTCT E_repens445e TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_reticulatum_A1e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_rostratum141e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_rostratum143e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_rostratum144e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_rostratum365e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sesquifolium152e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sesquifolium242e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sesquifolium224e TC-CG-G-TTATTAGGGGTTCAAAATTCGGTATGT-TTCT E_sesquifolium396e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sessile392e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sessile453e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT

297 [ 770 780 790 800] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_strigosum_159e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_strigosum178e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_strigosum207e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_aff_velutinicaule183e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sp441e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGATTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TC-AT-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 tc-at-t-ccgttagcgatttctaatttgttatgt-ttct My_longipes_395e TCAAG-T-TCATTAGTGGGTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TC-AG-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTC------CTT Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTTACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Pi_depressaAF501613 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGAGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Pi_microphylla398e TC-AG-T-TCATTAGAGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTATATTCT Pi_nummularifolia_389e TC-AG-T-TCATTAGAGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Po_as_above1651 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCgTTATGT-TTCT Pr_spKrekBali1642 ----g-T-TCatTAGtGGTTCaAAAtTMGGTAtGT-TTcT Pr_frutescens149e ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Pr_insularis_390e ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Pr_weedy1652 ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Pr_wightiana397e ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TC-AT-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT Urera_glabraAF501614 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGG-TTCT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tc-ag-t-tcattagaggttcaaaatttgttatgt-ttct U_dioica_391e TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTAT

298 [ 810 820 830 840] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 CGGTCAT------TCTGAAC------G Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 cggtcat------tctgaac------g Bo_calophleba393e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAAC------G Bo_macrophylla394e CGGTCAT------TCTGAAC------G Bo_niveaAF501610 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAAC------G Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 cgttcattctaactttacaaccggacctgaat------g Cecropia_palmataAF501615 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGC------G Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CATTCATTCTAACTTTACAAACAGACCTGAAC------A Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGC------G E_parasiticum1645 CATTCATTTTAATTCTACAAACATATTTGATC------G Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CGTTCATTCTAATTTTACAAACGTATTTTATT------T Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CGTTCATTTTAATTCTACAAACGTATTTGATC------A E_acuminatum153e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_acuminatum_163e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_acuminatum_249e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri142e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri145e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri146e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri147e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri_Cn4433e ------CTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_curtisii427e CGTTCATTCTAATT------AGATCTGAGT------G E_grandeB1e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGK------G E_griffithianum351e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_macrophyllum_245e CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_nigrescens157e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_paludosum252e CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_paludosum256e CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_paludosum_Cn4434e CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_parvum_154e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_parvum452e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_pedunculosum312e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_repens445e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_reticulatum_A1e GATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_rostratum141e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_rostratum143e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_rostratum144e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_rostratum365e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_sesquifolium152e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_sesquifolium242e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_sesquifolium224e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGG------G E_sesquifolium396e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGG------G E_sessile392e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GTATCTTAGT------G E_sessile453e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GTATCTTAGT------G E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 CGTTCATTCTAATT------AGATCTGAGT------G

299 [ 810 820 830 840] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_strigosum_159e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_strigosum178e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_strigosum207e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_aff_velutinicaule183e CGTTCATTCTATTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_sp441e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GTATCTTAGT------G E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN------NNNNNNNN E_sp5089 CGTTCATTCTAATC------GGATCTGAGT------G E_sp_Yuzammi399068e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CGTTCATTCTAATTTTACAAACGTATCTGAGC------G Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 cgttcattctaactctacaaccggacctgaac------g My_longipes_395e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGA-CTGAGC------G Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 CATTGATTCGAATT------GGATCTGAAC------G Pell_daveauanaAF501612 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TGTTCATTCTAATT------GTATTTGAGC------G Pi_depressaAF501613 GGTTCATTCTAATT------GTAGTTGAGC------G Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TGTTCATTCTAATT------GTATTTGAGC------G Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TGTTCATTCTAATT------GTATTTGAGC------G Pi_microphylla398e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GTATTAGAAC------A Pi_nummularifolia_389e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GTAGTTGAGC------G Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Po_as_above1651 CGTTCaTTCtAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Pr_spKrekBali1642 cGTTCaTTcTAATT------GGATtTGAGt------G Pr_frutescens149e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Pr_insularis_390e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Pr_weedy1652 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Pr_wightiana397e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CGTTCATTCTAATTCTACAAACGTATCTGAGC------G Urera_glabraAF501614 CGTTCATT------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 cgttgattctaatt------ggatataagatataatcg U_dioica_391e CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATATAAGT------G

300 [ 850 860 870 880] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 GAAATTTTTT-CTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 gaaatttttt-cttatcaaaagat------tt-gtgatat Bo_calophleba393e GAAATTGTTTTCTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Bo_macrophylla394e GAAATTTTTT-CCTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Bo_niveaAF501610 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 accttttttttattatcacaagcc------tt-gtgatat Cecropia_palmataAF501615 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCACAAAAT------TT-GTGATAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CCCATTTTTTTCTTATCCCAAGGC------TT-GCGATAT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCAAAAAAT------TT-GTGATAT E_parasiticum1645 AAAATTTTTTTcTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATTC Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 GATCGAAAATTCTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATTT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AAAATTTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATTC E_acuminatum153e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_acuminatum_163e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_acuminatum_249e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_backeri142e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_backeri145e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_backeri146e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_backeri147e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_backeri_Cn4433e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_curtisii427e GAAATGTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_grandeB1e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_griffithianum351e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_macrophyllum_245e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_nigrescens157e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_paludosum252e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_paludosum256e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_paludosum_Cn4434e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_parvum_154e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_parvum452e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_pedunculosum312e GAAATTTTTTTACTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_repens445e GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_reticulatum_A1e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_rostratum141e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_rostratum143e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_rostratum144e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_rostratum365e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sesquifolium152e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sesquifolium242e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sesquifolium224e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sesquifolium396e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sessile392e GAAATTTTTGTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sessile453e GAAATTTTTGTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 GAAATGTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT

301 [ 850 860 870 880] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_strigosum_159e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_strigosum178e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_strigosum207e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_aff_velutinicaule183e GAAATTTTTT-CCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sp441e GAAATTTTTGTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 GAAATTTTTTTCGTATCCCA------TT--TCATAT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AAAATCTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCC------CT-GTGATCT Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 gccttttttttattatcacaagcc------tt-gtgatat My_longipes_395e GAAATTTTTTGCTTATCCCAAGAC------TT-TTCATAT Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Pell_daveauanaAF501612 GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pi_depressaAF501613 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGAC------TT-GTCCTAT Pi_jayaensisAY756274 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pi_microphylla398e GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGACGAAGACTT-GTCCGTT Pi_nummularifolia_389e GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGAC------TT-GTCCTAT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Po_as_above1651 GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCaTAT Pr_spKrekBali1642 GaAATTTTTTGcGTaTCCCaAGaC------TT-GTCATaT Pr_frutescens149e GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pr_insularis_390e GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pr_weedy1652 GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Pr_wightiana397e GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AAAGTTTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATAT Urera_glabraAF501614 ------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 gaaatttttttcttataccaagac------tttttcatat U_dioica_391e CAAATTTTTTTATTATCCAACTAC------TTTTTCATTT

302 [ 890 900 910 920] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 -a-tat------gaaaaa-cgtataaatgc Bo_calophleba393e -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Bo_macrophylla394e -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Bo_niveaAF501610 -A-T------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 -a-tat------gaaaga-cctacaaatg- Cecropia_palmataAF501615 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 -A-TAT------GAAAGA-CCTTCAAATG- Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_parasiticum1645 -A-TAT------GAAACG-CGTACAAATG- Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 -A-TATTATAT------GAAACA-CGTACAAATG- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 -A-TAT------GAAACA-CGTACAAATG- E_acuminatum153e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGGACAAAAG- E_acuminatum_163e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_acuminatum_249e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_backeri142e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_backeri145e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_backeri146e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_backeri147e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_backeri_Cn4433e -A-TATATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_curtisii427e -A-TATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_grandeB1e -A-TATATATATATATAT----GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_griffithianum351e -A-TATA------GGAAAAACGTACAAATG- E_macrophyllum_245e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_nigrescens157e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_paludosum252e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_paludosum256e -A-TATAT------GGGAAA-CGTACCAAAG- E_paludosum_Cn4434e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_parvum_154e -A-TATATATATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_parvum452e -A-TATATATATATATATAT--GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_pedunculosum312e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_repens445e -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_reticulatum_A1e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_rostratum141e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_rostratum143e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_rostratum144e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_rostratum365e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sesquifolium152e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sesquifolium242e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sesquifolium224e -A-TATAT------GGGAAA-CGTCCAAAAG- E_sesquifolium396e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sessile392e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sessile453e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 -A-TATATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG-

303 [ 890 900 910 920] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_strigosum_159e -A-TATATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_strigosum178e -A-TATATATATATATAT----GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_strigosum207e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_aff_velutinicaule183e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAA-- E_sp441e -A-TATATATATATATATATATGGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN- E_sp5089 -A-TATCATATATATAT-----GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_sp_Yuzammi399068e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 -A-TAT------GAAAGA-CGTACAAATG- Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 -a-tat------gaaaga-cctacaaatg- My_longipes_395e -A-TATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-GGTACAAATG- Pell_daveauanaAF501612 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 -AATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTAAAAATA- Pi_depressaAF501613 -AATACTT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pi_jayaensisAY756274 -AATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTAAAGATA- Pi_johnsiiAY756276 -AATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTAAAGATA- Pi_microphylla398e -AATACTT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATT- Pi_nummularifolia_389e -AATACTT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Po_as_above1651 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pr_spKrekBali1642 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAAtG- Pr_frutescens149e -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pr_insularis_390e -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pr_weedy1652 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pr_wightiana397e -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 -A-GAT------GAAACA-CGTACAAATG- Urera_glabraAF501614 ------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tt------gaaaaa-cgtacaaaag- U_dioica_391e TAATATAT------TAAAAA-CGTATAAATG-

304 [ 930 940 950 960] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AACATGTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 aacatgtttgagaaaggaatcct------aatat Bo_calophleba393e AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATCTAATAT Bo_macrophylla394e AACATGTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Bo_niveaAF501610 AACATGTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aacat------aaggaatccc------aatgt Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AACAT------AAGGAATTCC------AATGT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCTAA-----TATCAAATAT E_parasiticum1645 AACATCTTTGAGAAGGGAACCCC------GCGT Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AACATCTTTGAGAAGGGAATCCC------ATGT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AACATCTTTGAGAAGGGAACCCC------ACGT E_acuminatum153e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_acuminatum_163e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_acuminatum_249e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri142e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri145e ACCATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri146e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri147e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri_Cn4433e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATA-AATAT E_curtisii427e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_grandeB1e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAAAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_griffithianum351e AACATTTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_macrophyllum_245e AACATCTTTTCGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_nigrescens157e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_paludosum252e AACATCTTTTCGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_paludosum256e AACATCTTTTCGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_paludosum_Cn4434e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_parvum_154e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTA-----T-ATAGAATAT E_parvum452e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTA-----T-ATAGAATAT E_pedunculosum312e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAGCCCTAATAGAATAT E_repens445e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_reticulatum_A1e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_rostratum141e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_rostratum143e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_rostratum144e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_rostratum365e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sesquifolium152e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sesquifolium242e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sesquifolium224e AACATTTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sesquifolium396e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sessile392e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sessile453e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT

305 [ 930 940 950 960] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_strigosum_159e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_strigosum178e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_strigosum207e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_aff_velutinicaule183e ------GAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sp441e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAATCCC------AATGT Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 aacat------aaggaatccc------aatgt My_longipes_395e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATTTAATAT Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------TATAT Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AACATTTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pi_depressaAF501613 AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pi_microphylla398e AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pi_nummularifolia_389e AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Po_as_above1651 AACATCtTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pr_spKrekBali1642 AACATcTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pr_frutescens149e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pr_insularis_390e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pr_weedy1652 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pr_wightiana397e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCC------AATGT Urera_glabraAF501614 ------ATATCATAT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 gtcatcttggagaaaataaccct------aatatcatat U_dioica_391e AACATCTTTGATAAAAC-GCCCT------TAATTTAAATT

306 [ 970 980 990 1000] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAC Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ta-----aatatg-aataattaa-tcatt------cat Bo_calophleba393e TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TCATT------CAT Bo_macrophylla394e TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAAATGAAT------GAT Bo_niveaAF501610 TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TCATT------CAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 gc-----aattgg-aataattaa-caat------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-AAAT------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TA-----AAGTTG-AATAATTAC-TAATT------AAT E_parasiticum1645 TA-----AATCTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CTT Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CTT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TA-----AATCTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CTT E_acuminatum153e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_acuminatum_163e TC-----AATTTGGAATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_acuminatum_249e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri142e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri145e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri146e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri147e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri_Cn4433e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_curtisii427e TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_grandeB1e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_griffithianum351e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_macrophyllum_245e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_nigrescens157e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_paludosum252e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_paludosum256e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_paludosum_Cn4434e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_parvum_154e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_parvum452e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_pedunculosum312e TC-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_repens445e TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_reticulatum_A1e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_rostratum141e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_rostratum143e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_rostratum144e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_rostratum365e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sesquifolium152e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sesquifolium242e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sesquifolium224e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sesquifolium396e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sessile392e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sessile453e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TA-----aATTTG-AATAATtAA-tAATT------CAT

307 [ 970 980 990 1000] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_strigosum_159e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_strigosum178e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_strigosum207e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_aff_velutinicaule183e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sp441e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp5089 TTAGAATATTAAATTTAAAGAATTAAtAATT------CAT E_sp_Yuzammi399068e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-AAATT------CAT Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 gc-----aatttg-aataattaa-caat------My_longipes_395e AT-----AATATT-AATTTTGAA-TAATTAATTAATTCAT Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TCTATTCAATTTG-AATAATTAA-TCATT------CAT Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAN-TAATT------CAT Pi_depressaAF501613 TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAG-GAATT------CAT Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAC-TAATT------CAT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAC-TAATT------CAT Pi_microphylla398e TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAG-GAATT------CAG Pi_nummularifolia_389e TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAG-GAATT------CAT Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Po_as_above1651 TA-----aAtTTG-AATAATTaA-TAATT------CAT Pr_spKrekBali1642 TA-----AATTTG-AATAAtTAA-tAAtT------CAA Pr_frutescens149e TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Pr_insularis_390e TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Pr_weedy1652 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-tAATT------CAT Pr_wightiana397e TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Urera_glabraAF501614 AA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAG-TAATT------CAT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aa-----aatttg-aataattag-taatt------cat U_dioica_391e TT-----AAATT--AATT-TTTG-AAATT------

308 [ 1010 1020 1030 1040] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAA------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 t------taattattgcatattttactgaa------Bo_calophleba393e T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTACC Bo_macrophylla394e T------AATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAA------Bo_niveaAF501610 T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTAAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 T------TAATTATTCGTACTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 T------TAATTATTCGTGCTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_parasiticum1645 T------TTTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 T------TTATTACTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 T------TTTCTTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_acuminatum153e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_acuminatum_163e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_acuminatum_249e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri142e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri145e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri146e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri147e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri_Cn4433e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_curtisii427e T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_grandeB1e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_griffithianum351e T------TAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_macrophyllum_245e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_nigrescens157e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_paludosum252e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_paludosum256e T------TAATTACTGGCCCTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_paludosum_Cn4434e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_parvum_154e TTAATTATTTAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_parvum452e TTAATTATTTAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_pedunculosum312e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_repens445e T------TAATTACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_reticulatum_A1e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_rostratum141e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_rostratum143e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_rostratum144e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_rostratum365e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sesquifolium152e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sesquifolium242e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sesquifolium224e T------TAATTACTGGCCCTAT-ACTGGAACCTTACA E_sesquifolium396e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sessile392e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sessile453e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 T------TAATGACTCGTACTAG-ACTGAAaC-TTACA

309 [ 1010 1020 1030 1040] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_strigosum_159e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_strigosum178e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_strigosum207e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_aff_velutinicaule183e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sp441e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sp5010 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNT------aCTGAAAC-TTaca E_sp5089 T------TAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 T------TTATTACTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e T------TAATTACTCGTACTATTACTGAAAC-TTACA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTAAA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 T------TAATTACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 A------TAGTTACTTATACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pi_depressaAF501613 T------TAATTACTTATACTAG-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 A------TAGTTACTTATACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 A------TAGTTACTTATACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pi_microphylla398e T------TAATTACTTATAGTAA-ACTAAAAC-TTACA Pi_nummularifolia_389e T------TAATTACTTATACTAG-AATGAAAC-TTACA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 T------TAATGACTCATACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Po_as_above1651 T------TAATGACTCATACTAT-ACTGAaAC-TTACA Pr_spKrekBali1642 T------TAAtGAcTcGTAcTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pr_frutescens149e T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pr_insularis_390e T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pr_weedy1652 T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pr_wightiana397e T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 T------TTATTACTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Urera_glabraAF501614 T------TAATTACTAGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 t------taattactagtactat-actgaaac-ttaca U_dioica_391e ------ACTAT-ACGTAAAC-TTACG

310 [ 1050 1060 1070 1080] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------Bo_calophleba393e AGGTCCCTTTTTTTT------AAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Bo_macrophylla394e ------Bo_niveaAF501610 AAGTCCCCTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-CCAAAAAATT-- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AAGTCTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AAGTCTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- E_parasiticum1645 AAGTCTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AAGTATTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AAGTATTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- E_acuminatum153e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_acuminatum_163e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATTC- E_acuminatum_249e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGAAAAT-TAAAAAAHTC-- E_backeri142e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_backeri145e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_backeri146e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_backeri147e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_backeri_Cn4433e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_curtisii427e AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_grandeB1e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTT----GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATC-- E_griffithianum351e AAATCTTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_macrophyllum_245e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTK-GAAAAT-TTCAAAAWTT-- E_nigrescens157e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_paludosum252e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_paludosum256e AAGTCGGTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAARAW-TTCAAAAATT-- E_paludosum_Cn4434e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_parvum_154e AAGTCGTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_parvum452e AAGTCGTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_pedunculosum312e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_repens445e AAGTTTTTTTTTTTT-----GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_reticulatum_A1e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_rostratum141e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_rostratum143e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_rostratum144e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_rostratum365e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sesquifolium152e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sesquifolium242e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sesquifolium224e AAG-CGGTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sesquifolium396e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sessile392e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sessile453e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AAGTCTTTTTTTTt------gGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT--

311 [ 1050 1060 1070 1080] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_strigosum_159e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_strigosum178e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_strigosum207e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_aff_velutinicaule183e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sp441e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sp5010 AAgtcGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_sp5089 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTt-----AAGAT-TtAAGAAATT-- E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AAGTCTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e AAGTCTTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CGAAGAAATT-- Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AAGTCCCCCCAATTTTTT---GAAGAT-CCAAAAAATT-- Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AAGTTTTTTTTTTTT-----GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AAATCTTTTGTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-CAAAGATATACT Pi_depressaAF501613 AAATATTTTTT------GAAGAT-CGAAGAAATT-- Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AAATCTTTTGTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-CAAAGATATACT Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AAATCTTTTGTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-CAAAGATATACT Pi_microphylla398e AAATCTTTTTT------GAAGGT-CGAAGAAATT-- Pi_nummularifolia_389e AAATATTTTTT------GAAGAT-CGAAGAAATT-- Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTT----GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- Po_as_above1651 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTT----GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- Pr_spKrekBali1642 AAgTcTTTTTTTTTTT----GGAAGAT-TTAATAAATT-- Pr_frutescens149e AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAATAAATT-- Pr_insularis_390e AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TWAATAAATC-- Pr_weedy1652 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAATAAATT-- Pr_wightiana397e AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Urera_glabraAF501614 AAGCCTTTTTGT------AAAAA----AAGGAATT-- Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aagttttttt------gga--at-ctaaggaatt-- U_dioica_391e TAGTACTCTTTTT------GAAGAT-CTAAAAAAAT--

312 [ 1090 1100 1110 1120] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------GTAATCCCCC Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------gtaatccccc Bo_calophleba393e ----GGACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTTAGTAATCCCCC Bo_macrophylla394e ------GTAATCCCCC Bo_niveaAF501610 ----GCACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTTAGTAATCCCCC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ----CCACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------GTAATCCCTC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ----CCACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_parasiticum1645 ----ACAGCACG-GCCTGGATAAGGGTTT-GCGATCCCCC Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ----CCACCAAG-GCATGGATAAGAATTT-GCGATCCTCC Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ----ACAGCAAG-ACATGGATAAGAATTT-GCGATCCTCC E_acuminatum153e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCCC E_acuminatum_163e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCCC E_acuminatum_249e ----CCCCCARA-GWWWAAAAAAAAYTT------CCCCCC E_backeri142e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_backeri145e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_backeri146e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_backeri147e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_backeri_Cn4433e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_curtisii427e ----ACACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_grandeB1e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGAYTTT-----CCCCCC E_griffithianum351e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_macrophyllum_245e ----CCCCCAAA-GTATAAAAAAAAYTTY-----CCCCCC E_nigrescens157e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_paludosum252e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_paludosum256e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_paludosum_Cn4434e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_parvum_154e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGA------TTT-GTAATCCCCC E_parvum452e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGA------TTT-GTAATCCCCC E_pedunculosum312e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCC E_repens445e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_reticulatum_A1e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_rostratum141e ----CCCCCCGAAGTTTAGATAAGATTTT---CCCCCCCC E_rostratum143e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_rostratum144e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_rostratum365e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_sesquifolium152e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_sesquifolium242e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_sesquifolium224e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_sesquifolium396e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_sessile392e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTT-----CCCCCCC E_sessile453e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAAATAAGACTT-----CCCCCCC E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ----ACACCAGA-GTATAGATAAgACTTT-GTAATCCCCC

313 [ 1090 1100 1110 1120] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_strigosum_159e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_strigosum178e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_strigosum207e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_aff_velutinicaule183e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGGCTT----CCCCCCCC E_sp441e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTT------CCCCCC E_sp5010 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT---CCCCCCCC E_sp5089 ----CCaCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ----CCACCAAA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ----CCAACAAG-GCCTGGATAAGACTTT-GCAATTCCCC Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATTCCCC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ----GCACCGGG-ATATGGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ATAGACACTATA-GTCTAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pi_depressaAF501613 ----CCACGATA-GTATCGATAAGACTTT-CTAATCCCC- Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ATAGACACGATA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ATAGACACGATA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pi_microphylla398e ----CCACGTTA-GTATTGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCC- Pi_nummularifolia_389e ----CCACGATA-GTATCGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCC- Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Po_as_above1651 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pr_spKrekBali1642 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCTCC Pr_frutescens149e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCTCC Pr_insularis_390e ----CCMCCAGA-GTATAAATAAAACTTT-GAAACCCYCC Pr_weedy1652 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCTCC Pr_wightiana397e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCTC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ----CCACCAGG-ACCTGGATAAGACTTT-CCAATCCCCC Urera_glabraAF501614 ----CCACCAGA-TTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATACCCT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ----ccaacaga-ttatagataagacttt-gtaataccct U_dioica_391e ----CCACTAGA-GTATAAGTATTACTTT-GTAATACCCC

314 [ 1130 1140 1150 1160] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TT-TCGTTTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 tt-tcgtttttcttttt---aattgac-ataga---ccca Bo_calophleba393e TT-TCGTTTTTATTTTT---AATTGAC-ATACA---CCCA Bo_macrophylla394e TT-TCGTTTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Bo_niveaAF501610 TT-TCGTTTTTCGTTTT---AATTGAC-ATACA---CCCA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAG----CCCA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TT-TCGTCTTGCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_parasiticum1645 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_acuminatum153e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_acuminatum_163e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_acuminatum_249e CY-TGGTTTTT-TTTT----AAWTGGMMAWAMC---CCMA E_backeri142e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_backeri145e CC-TCGTYTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGAA--CCCA E_backeri146e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_backeri147e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_backeri_Cn4433e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_curtisii427e TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATARA---CCCA E_grandeB1e CC-TAGTYTTTYTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_griffithianum351e CT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_macrophyllum_245e CC-TGGTTTTTTTTTT----AATGGMC-AWAAM---CCCA E_nigrescens157e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_paludosum252e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_paludosum256e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_paludosum_Cn4434e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGGC------E_parvum_154e CCTTCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-AT------E_parvum452e CCTTCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-AT------E_pedunculosum312e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---TCCA E_repens445e TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATARA---CCCA E_reticulatum_A1e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_rostratum141e CC------E_rostratum143e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_rostratum144e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_rostratum365e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGGCCATAAA---CCCA E_sesquifolium152e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sesquifolium242e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sesquifolium224e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sesquifolium396e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sessile392e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sessile453e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTTTTTtAATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA

315 [ 1130 1140 1150 1160] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_strigosum_159e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_strigosum178e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_strigosum207e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_aff_velutinicaule183e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sp441e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sp5010 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sp5089 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT-----ATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sp_Yuzammi399068e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATGGA---CCCA Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 TT-TCATTTTTATTTTT---AATTGAC-ATACA---CCCA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 TT-TGGTCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pi_depressaAF501613 TT-TGGTCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pi_jayaensisAY756274 TT-TGGTCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pi_johnsiiAY756276 TT-TGGTCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pi_microphylla398e TT-TGGTCTTGTTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pi_nummularifolia_389e TT-CAGBCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Po_as_above1651 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Pr_spKrekBali1642 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Pr_frutescens149e TT------Pr_insularis_390e TT-YAATYTTTYTTTA----AATGGAC-ATAAM---CCCA Pr_weedy1652 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAATAGACCCA Pr_wightiana397e TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Urera_glabraAF501614 TT-TCATCTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CTTG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tt-tcatcgttcttttt---aattgac-ataga---ctcg U_dioica_391e TT-TCATCTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCG

316 [ 1170 1180 1190 1200] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAATGA------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ag-tcttctattaaaat--aaaatga------Bo_calophleba393e AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAA-GA------Bo_macrophylla394e AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAA-GA------Bo_niveaAF501610 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAATGA------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGATTAAAATGAGGATG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AG-TCATCTATTAAAAT-GATGATGC------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_parasiticum1645 AG-TACTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AG-TACTCTACTCTATT--AAAAAGA------E_acuminatum153e AG-CCCTCTATTA------E_acuminatum_163e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_acuminatum_249e RG-YCYTTTTTWAAARG-GGGGAKGN------E_backeri142e AGCTCCTTTATTAAAAT-GGGG------E_backeri145e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA------E_backeri146e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_backeri147e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAATTGAGGATGA------E_backeri_Cn4433e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_curtisii427e AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT-TAAAATGA------E_grandeB1e AG-YCCTCTATTAAAAK-GAGGATGA------E_griffithianum351e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_macrophyllum_245e RG-YCYTTTTTTAAARG-GGGGAKGA------E_nigrescens157e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_paludosum252e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_paludosum256e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_paludosum_Cn4434e ------AAT-GAGGATGA------E_parvum_154e ------E_parvum452e ------E_pedunculosum312e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGC------E_repens445e AG-TCCTCTATTACAAT-TAAAATGA------E_reticulatum_A1e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e AG-TCCTC------E_rostratum144e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_rostratum365e AG-TCCTCTATWAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sesquifolium152e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sesquifolium242e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA--GAGGATGA------E_sesquifolium224e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA--GAGGATGA------E_sesquifolium396e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA------E_sessile392e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sessile453e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 AG-TCTTCTATtAAAAT-GAAAaTGA------

317 [ 1170 1180 1190 1200] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_strigosum_159e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_strigosum178e AG-TCCTCTC------E_strigosum207e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_aff_velutinicaule183e AG-TCCTCTAATAG------E_sp441e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sp5010 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAG------E_sp5089 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGTTGA------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AG-TCCTATATTAAAAT-GAGGATGG------Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e AG-TCCDTTTTTAAAATTAAAAATGA------Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AA-TCTTGTATTAAAAT-GAAGATGG------Pell_daveauanaAF501612 AG-TCCTCTATTACAAT-TAAAATGA------Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAGGATGA------Pi_depressaAF501613 AT-TCCTCTCATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Pi_johnsiiAY756276 AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Pi_microphylla398e AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Pi_nummularifolia_389e AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAAAATGG------Po_as_above1651 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAAAATGG------Pr_spKrekBali1642 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA------Pr_frutescens149e ------Pr_insularis_390e RG-YCCTTTWTTAAAAR---GGA------Pr_weedy1652 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-G------Pr_wightiana397e AG-TCCTATATTAAAAT---GGATGA------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGG------Urera_glabraAF501614 AA-TCCTGTCATAAAAT-GAGAATGA------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aa-tcctctcataaaat-gagaatga------U_dioica_391e AA-TCCTCATTTAAAAT-GAGAATGA------

318 [ 1210 1220 1230 1240] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------Bo_calophleba393e ------Bo_macrophylla394e ------Bo_niveaAF501610 ------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATTAAAATGAGGATGATTAAAATGAGGATGATTAAAATGA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------E_parasiticum1645 ------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e ------E_acuminatum_163e ------E_acuminatum_249e ------E_backeri142e ------E_backeri145e ------E_backeri146e ------E_backeri147e ------E_backeri_Cn4433e ------E_curtisii427e ------E_grandeB1e ------E_griffithianum351e ------E_macrophyllum_245e ------E_nigrescens157e ------E_paludosum252e ------E_paludosum256e ------E_paludosum_Cn4434e ------E_parvum_154e ------E_parvum452e ------E_pedunculosum312e ------E_repens445e ------E_reticulatum_A1e ------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e ------E_rostratum144e ------E_rostratum365e ------E_sesquifolium152e ------E_sesquifolium242e ------E_sesquifolium224e ------E_sesquifolium396e ------E_sessile392e ------E_sessile453e ------E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ------

319 [ 1210 1220 1230 1240] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ------E_strigosum_159e ------E_strigosum178e ------E_strigosum207e ------E_aff_velutinicaule183e ------E_sp441e ------E_sp5010 ------E_sp5089 ------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e ------Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ------Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ------Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------Pi_depressaAF501613 ------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ------Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ------Pi_microphylla398e ------Pi_nummularifolia_389e ------Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ------Po_as_above1651 ------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ------Pr_insularis_390e ------Pr_weedy1652 ------Pr_wightiana397e ------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ------Urera_glabraAF501614 ------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e ------

320 [ 1250 1260 1270 1280] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------AGATGGGACTTC-ATCAG------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------ggatggtccgtc-atcaa------Bo_calophleba393e ------GGATGTTACGTC-A-GAA------Bo_macrophylla394e ------GGA-GGTACGTC-ATCAA------Bo_niveaAF501610 ------GGATGGTACGTC-ATCAAT------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 GGATGATTAAAATGAGGATGATGCGTC-ACCAAT------Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------ATCAT------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------TGCGTC-ACCAAT------E_parasiticum1645 ------TGCATA-AGGGAT------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------TGCATTAAGGGAT------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------GGATGATGCATA-AGGGAT------E_acuminatum153e ------E_acuminatum_163e ------TGCACC-ATCAAG------E_acuminatum_249e ------BCCCCC-HTCAGG------E_backeri142e ------E_backeri145e ------E_backeri146e ------KGCCCC-ATCAAT------E_backeri147e ------GGCCCC------E_backeri_Cn4433e ------TGCGCC-ATCAAT------E_curtisii427e ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATTAAK------E_grandeB1e ------TGCCCC-ATCAAK------E_griffithianum351e ------TGCGCC-ATCAAT------E_macrophyllum_245e ------KSCCCC-HTCAWK------E_nigrescens157e ------TGCACC-ATCAAR------E_paludosum252e ------TGCACC-ACCAA------E_paludosum256e ------TGCRCCCATCAAT------E_paludosum_Cn4434e ------TGC------E_parvum_154e ------E_parvum452e ------E_pedunculosum312e ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_repens445e ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATCAAT------E_reticulatum_A1e ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e ------E_rostratum144e ------RGCACC-ATCACA------E_rostratum365e ------GGCCCC------E_sesquifolium152e ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_sesquifolium242e ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_sesquifolium224e ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_sesquifolium396e ------E_sessile392e ------TGCACC-ATCAAC------E_sessile453e ------TGCACC-AT------E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATTAAT------

321 [ 1250 1260 1270 1280] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_strigosum_159e ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_strigosum178e ------E_strigosum207e ------TGCCCC-ATCAAK------E_aff_velutinicaule183e ------E_sp441e ------GGC------E_sp5010 ------E_sp5089 ------TG------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------TGCGTA-AGGGAT------Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e ------GGATGATGCGCC-ATCAAC------Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ------TGCGTC-ATCAAT------Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATCAAT------Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------TGCGCT-TTCAA------Pi_depressaAF501613 ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAAT------Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ------GGATGATGCGCT-T-CAAT------Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAAT------Pi_microphylla398e ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAATTTCAAT Pi_nummularifolia_389e ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAAT------Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ------ATGATGCGCT-ATTAAT------Po_as_above1651 ------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ------Pr_insularis_390e ------CCCT-ATWAAT------Pr_weedy1652 ------Pr_wightiana397e ------TGCGCT-ATTAAM------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ------TGCGTG-AGGAAT------Urera_glabraAF501614 ------GAAGGATGCACC-ATCAAT------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e ------TGCGCC-ATCTAT------

322 [ 1290 1300 1310 1320] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 GGGCCGGATAGCTCAG-CC------Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 tg-tcgggtag-tca------Bo_calophleba393e GG-CGGGA-AGT------Bo_macrophylla394e GG-CGGGA-AGT------Bo_niveaAF501610 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAGACTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACT----- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 GATG------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_parasiticum1645 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAa Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ---CGGGATAGCTCAG-CTG-AAGAGCAGAGGACTGAA-- E_acuminatum153e ------E_acuminatum_163e GTCGGGAA------E_acuminatum_249e GGBGGGAAW------E_backeri142e ------E_backeri145e ------E_backeri146e GGTCGGGATA------E_backeri147e ------E_backeri_Cn4433e GGTSGGRATAG------E_curtisii427e GGBCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAAAGCARAGGACTGAAAA E_grandeB1e GGKCGGGATAGCTCAG---TGTAG------E_griffithianum351e GG------E_macrophyllum_245e GGTSGGAATAGCT------E_nigrescens157e GGVCGGGATAGCTCAG------E_paludosum252e GG------E_paludosum256e GGTCGGGA-AGT------E_paludosum_Cn4434e ------E_parvum_154e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAAGTTGGTAGAGCAGGGG------E_parvum452e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_pedunculosum312e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_repens445e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAAAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_reticulatum_A1e GG-CGGGATAGT------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e ------E_rostratum144e T------E_rostratum365e ------E_sesquifolium152e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAGACTGGTAAAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_sesquifolium242e ------E_sesquifolium224e GGA------E_sesquifolium396e ------E_sessile392e GGTCGGGATAGCTCA------E_sessile453e ------E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 GGtCGGgATAGCTCAGCTGGTAGAGCAGAG------

323 [ 1290 1300 1310 1320] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ------E_strigosum_159e GGTCGGGATA------E_strigosum178e ------E_strigosum207e GGBCGGGATAGCTCA------E_aff_velutinicaule183e ------E_sp441e ------E_sp5010 ------E_sp5089 ------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e GGGCGGGATAG------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCACAGG------Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------My_longipes_395e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-TTGGTAGAGCAGGGG------Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACT----- Pell_daveauanaAF501612 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------Pi_depressaAF501613 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACT----- Pi_jayaensisAY756274 GG-CGGGATAGTTCAG------Pi_johnsiiAY756276 GGTCGGGATAG------Pi_microphylla398e GGTCGGGATAGCTCC------Pi_nummularifolia_389e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-TTGGTAGAGCAG------Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Po_as_above1651 ------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ------Pr_insularis_390e GGBMRGRATAGCTCAG-TKGGTA------Pr_weedy1652 ------Pr_wightiana397e GGVCGGGATAGCTCAG-T------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAAAGGACTGAAAA Urera_glabraAF501614 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCACAG------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-TTGGTAGAGCAG------

324 [ 1330 1340 1350 1360] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------NNAAANAAACCACCCACCA Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 ------NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Bo_calophleba393e ------CAAAACAACCCAACCACCA Bo_macrophylla394e ------CAAAACAAACCACCCACCA Bo_niveaAF501610 ------NNAAACAACCCAACCACCA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------NNACACAACCCNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTC---NNAAACAACCCAACCACCA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------NNACACAACCCAACCCCAC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTCAAANNNNNNNACCCAACCACCA E_parasiticum1645 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTCAaA------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTCAAA------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_acuminatum_163e ------ACAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_acuminatum_249e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri142e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri145e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri146e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri147e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri_Cn4433e ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_curtisii427e TCCTCGT------CCAAACAAACCAACCACAA E_grandeB1e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_griffithianum351e ------CCAACCAAACCAACCACAA E_macrophyllum_245e ------ACAACACAACCAACACCAA E_nigrescens157e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_paludosum252e ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_paludosum256e ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_paludosum_Cn4434e ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_parvum_154e ------CCAACCAAAACAACCACAA E_parvum452e TCCTCGTGTCAC------CCAACCAAAACAACCACAA E_pedunculosum312e TCCTCGT------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_repens445e TCCTCG------CCAAACACNCCAACCACAA E_reticulatum_A1e ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_rostratum141e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_rostratum143e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_rostratum144e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_rostratum365e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sesquifolium152e TCCTC------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sesquifolium242e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sesquifolium224e ------ACAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sesquifolium396e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sessile392e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sessile453e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ------

325 [ 1330 1340 1350 1360] [ . . . .] E_stipitatum_A2e ------ACAACACAACCAACACCAA E_strigosum_159e ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_strigosum178e ------CCAACCCAACCAANNCCAA E_strigosum207e ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_aff_velutinicaule183e ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sp441e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sp5010 ------E_sp5089 ------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------NNAAACAAACAAAANACAC Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------NNACACAAANNAACCACCA My_longipes_395e ------CAAAACAAACCAACCACNN Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 ------NNAAACAACCCAACCACCA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 TCCTCGTGTCACCAG------NNAAACACNCCAACCACAA Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 ------NNAAACAAACCAACCAAAA Pi_depressaAF501613 ------NNNNANAAACCCACCAAAA Pi_jayaensisAY756274 ------NNCAACAAACCAACCAAAA Pi_johnsiiAY756276 ------NNCAACAAACCAACCAAAA Pi_microphylla398e ------CAAAACAAACCAACCAAAA Pi_nummularifolia_389e ------CAAAACAAACCCACCAAAA Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 TCCTCGTGTCACCAG------NNAAACAAACCAACCACAA Po_as_above1651 ------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ------ACAAACAAACCAACCACAA Pr_insularis_390e ------CCAAACAAACCAACCACAA Pr_weedy1652 ------Pr_wightiana397e ------CCAAACAAACCAACCACAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TCCTCG------NNAAACAAACAAAANACAC Urera_glabraAF501614 ------NNAAACAACCCAACCACAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e ------CAAAACNAANAAACCANAA

326 [ 1370 1380 1390 ] [ . . . ] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AANCCACCCCANAACAAAAANNNNNCCACCCACC Cyphol_aff._trapula_DQ179365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Bo_calophleba393e AANCCACCCCCACACAACACAACCCCCACCCAAC Bo_macrophylla394e ANNCCACCCCANAACAAAAANNNNNCCACCCAAC Bo_niveaAF501610 AANCCACCCCCACACAAAACAACCCCCACCCACC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NANCACCCACCCCAAAAANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AANCCCCCCCCACACAAAACAACCACCACCCCCN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ANNCACCCCCCCCAAAAANNNNNNNCCAANCCCN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ANNCCCCCCCCACACCNNACAACCACCACCCCCA E_parasiticum1645 ------Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum153e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACCACCAACACANNNN E_acuminatum_163e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_acuminatum_249e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACCACAAACACACCCA E_backeri142e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCNN E_backeri145e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACANNNN E_backeri146e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_backeri147e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_backeri_Cn4433e ACACCCCACNCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_curtisii427e ACACCCCACCCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCC E_grandeB1e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_griffithianum351e ACACCCCACCCACACAACACAACCACCACACCCA E_macrophyllum_245e ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_nigrescens157e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_paludosum252e ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_paludosum256e ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_paludosum_Cn4434e ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_parvum_154e ACACCCCACCCACACCCNCCAAACACCCCANNNN E_parvum452e ACACCCCACCCACACCCNCCAAACACCCCANNNN E_pedunculosum312e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_repens445e ACACCCCACCCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCC E_reticulatum_A1e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_rostratum141e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACNNNNNNN E_rostratum143e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACANNNN E_rostratum144e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_rostratum365e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_sesquifolium152e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_sesquifolium242e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACAACCA E_sesquifolium224e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACAACCA E_sesquifolium396e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACAANNN E_sessile392e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACAAACACACCCA E_sessile453e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACAAACACACCCA E_sinuatum_v_eusinuatum1639 ------

327 [ 1370 1380 1390 ] [ . . . ] E_stipitatum_A2e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_strigosum_159e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_strigosum178e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACANNNN E_strigosum207e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA E_aff_velutinicaule183e ACACCCCACCCAAANCANACAACAAACACANNNN E_sp441e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACAAACACACCCA E_sp5010 ------E_sp5089 ------E_sp_Yuzammi399068e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AANCACCCCCCCCACAAAACAACCACCAANCCCA Hum_lupulus_AB033889_90 AANCACCCACCCCAAAAANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN My_longipes_395e AANCCCCACCCACACAACACAACCACCACACCCC Pa_pensylvanicaAF501611 AANCCACCCCCACACAAAACAACCACCACCCCCA Pell_daveauanaAF501612 ACACCCCACCCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCC Pi_craspedodromaAY756275 CANACCANCCCACCCAACACACCCACCACACCCA Pi_depressaAF501613 AANACCANCCCACCCAACACAACCACAACACCCC Pi_jayaensisAY756274 CANACCANCCCACCCAACACACCCACCACACCCC Pi_johnsiiAY756276 CANACCANCCCACCCAACACACCCACCACACCCC Pi_microphylla398e ANNACCANCCCACCCAACACAACCACAACACCCC Pi_nummularifolia_389e AANACCANCCCACCCAACACAACCACAACACCCC Po_Wooliams547_AF501617 ACAACCCACCCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCN Po_as_above1651 ------Pr_spKrekBali1642 ------Pr_frutescens149e ACAACCCACACACACAACACCACCACCNNNNNNN Pr_insularis_390e ACAACCCACACACACAACACCACCACCACACCCN Pr_weedy1652 ------Pr_wightiana397e ACACCCCACNCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AANCACCCCCCCCACAAAACAACCACCAANCCCA Urera_glabraAF501614 AANCCCCACCNNNNNNANACAACCACCACACCCC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------U_dioica_391e ANNCCCCACCCACACANNNCAACCACCACACCCA

328 Appendix 8. ITS database [ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GTAGGTGAACC--CGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.parvum.154 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E_parvum.452 CTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 ------GaATC-TTG E_parasiticum1645 ------TCGaAaC-CTG E.pedunculosum.312 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAAC-CTG E.acuminatum.153 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.acuminatum.163 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.acuminatum.249 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG Elatostemasp.141 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.stipitatum.A2 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAGTC-TTG E.reticulatum.A1 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAGTC-TTG E.paludosum.252 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG Elatostemasp.438 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------gaAAc-CTG E_SikulikapWF1643 ------AC-CTG E_spC5027_1650 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ------GGAC---TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E.nigrescens.256 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E.macrophyllum.245 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTG E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ------GTCGaATC-TTG E.sesquifolium.224 GTAG-TGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.sesquifolium.242 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.rostratum.143 --AGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG Elatostemasp.396 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GTAGGTGAACCCCTGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.rostratumgrp.455 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.rostratum.144 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGA-GGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.integrifolium.152 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGA-GGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E_sessile.453 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.sessile.392 ------E_sessile.253 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAAC-CTG Elatostemasp.441 -TAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTG E.strigosum.159 GGAAGGKGACC--YTCGGAAGGATCCATGGYCAAACTTTG E_cf_strigosum.448 ------Elatostemasp.207 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E.grande.B1 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E.backeri.146 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_spJ185_1649 ------GTCAAAATTTtG Elatostemasp.157 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_cf_backeri.147 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_cf_backeri.142 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGA-GGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_cf_backeri.145 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGA-GGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG Elatostemasp.399068 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG Elatostemasp.178 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAAATTTG Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_cf_backeri.457 -TAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_cf_strigosum.439 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_kinabaluense.459 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_backeri.Cn4433 GTAGGTGAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTG E_urvilleana.Cn4398 ------C--TGCGGA-GGATCATTGTCAAA-CTTTG

[ 50 60 70 80]

329 [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 CA-AAAGCAGAA-TGACCCGCGAACATGTTATT-TACATA E.parvum.154 CA-GGCGCAGAA-CTACTCGCGAACGTGTTATT-AACCTC E_parvum.452 CA-GGCGCAGAA-CTACTCGCGAACGTGTTATT-AACCCC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CA-aTAGCAGCG-TGACCCGCGGACCCGTTGTA-TAAATA E_parasiticum1645 CG--aAGCAGAT-AGACCCGCGAACGAGTCGTA-AACAAG E.pedunculosum.312 CT-ATCGCAGAA-TAACACGTGAACATGTTCTT-AACAAA E.acuminatum.153 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-TGCAAA E.acuminatum.163 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-TGCAAA E.acuminatum.249 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-TGCAAA Elatostemasp.141 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E.stipitatum.A2 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTTTTACAAA E.reticulatum.A1 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACGAA E.paludosum.252 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA Elatostemasp.438 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGCGAACATGTTATT-TACAAA E_beccariiC5009_1646 CT-AAAGcAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E_SikulikapWF1643 CT-AAAGCAGAA-tGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E_spC5027_1650 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGCGAACATGTTATT-TACAAA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E.nigrescens.256 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E.macrophyllum.245 CT-AAAGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 CT-AAaGTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAA E.sesquifolium.224 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E.sesquifolium.242 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E.rostratum.143 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA Elatostemasp.396 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-----CA E.rostratumgrp.455 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGAGAACATGTTCTT-----CA E.rostratum.144 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E.integrifolium.152 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E_sessile.453 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAA E.sessile.392 ------E_sessile.253 TCTAAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAMCATGTTCTT-CACAAA Elatostemasp.441 CT-AAAGCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACTTGTTCTT-CACAAA E.strigosum.159 GCCAAACCAAAAATGCCAGGGGCACGGGGTTTTTAAAAAT E_cf_strigosum.448 ------GCACGTGTTTTT-AAAAAT Elatostemasp.207 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E.grande.B1 CC-AAAGTAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E.backeri.146 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_spJ185_1649 CC-aAAGCAaAAATGACAAGCGCATGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT Elatostemasp.157 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_cf_backeri.147 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_cf_backeri.142 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_cf_backeri.145 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT Elatostemasp.399068 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT Elatostemasp.178 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCATGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_cf_backeri.457 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_cf_strigosum.439 CC-AAAGCAAAAATTACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_kinabaluense.459 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_backeri.Cn4433 CC-AAAGCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CC-AAAGTAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAAT

330 [ 90 100 110 120] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 AC--TTGA-GAGGG---TACGGGAAGTGACTTCCCTAGTG E.parvum.154 AGC-TTGC-GAAGGGTGCGGCGGGAGTAACTTCCGTCGGG E_parvum.452 AGC-TTGC-GAAGGGTGCGGCGGGAGAAACTTCCGTCGGG E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 TGA-CCAG-GAGGG---cACgAgGGGTGA-TTCCCC-GTC E_parasiticum1645 CTA-CGCT-CACyCGGGGCgtACgGCCTC------E.pedunculosum.312 ACC-AATC-GACGTCATCGAGATTTTGAATTT------E.acuminatum.153 ACC-CTAT-GATGTCGTTGAGATCTTGAATTT------E.acuminatum.163 ACC-CTAT-GATGTCGTTGAGATCTTGAATTT------E.acuminatum.249 ACC-CTAT-GATGTCGTTGAGATCTTGAATTT------Elatostemasp.141 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.stipitatum.A2 ACG-TTAC-GATGTCGTCGAACTCTCGATTTT------E.reticulatum.A1 ACG-TTAC-GATGTCGTCGAACTCTCGATTTT------E.paludosum.252 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------Elatostemasp.438 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ACC-TTAT-GATGTCGTTGAGCTATyGATTTT------E_beccariiC5009_1646 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGaAATcwTGAATTT------E_SikulikapWF1643 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTtgAAAaCTTGAATTT------E_spC5027_1650 ACC-TTAT-GATGTCGTTGAGCTATyGATTTT------E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E.nigrescens.256 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E.macrophyllum.245 ACC-TTAT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ACC-TTAT-GATGTCGTtGAgCTCTCGATTTT------E.sesquifolium.224 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.sesquifolium.242 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.rostratum.143 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------Elatostemasp.396 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ACC-TTACGTATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.rostratumgrp.455 ATC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.rostratum.144 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.integrifolium.152 ACC-TTAC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_sessile.453 ACC-TTAT-GATATTGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.sessile.392 ------E_sessile.253 CCC-TTAATGATATTGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------Elatostemasp.441 ACA-TTAATGATATTGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E.strigosum.159 ACC-CTAGGAAGGTGGTTGGGCTTTTTATTTT------E_cf_strigosum.448 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------Elatostemasp.207 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E.grande.B1 ACCTTTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E.backeri.146 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_spJ185_1649 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------Elatostemasp.157 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_cf_backeri.147 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_cf_backeri.142 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_cf_backeri.145 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------Elatostemasp.399068 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------Elatostemasp.178 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGTATTT------Elatostemasp.Cn4379 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_cf_backeri.457 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_cf_strigosum.439 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_kinabaluense.459 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_backeri.Cn4433 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_urvilleana.Cn4398 ACC-TTAG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------

[ 130 140 150 160] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 CCCTTTCGATGTCGTTGACGCCTAGAAATCCTAGATGTTC

331 E.parvum.154 CCCTTCCGATGTCGTCGGCACTTGGAAATCCAAGATGTTC E_parvum.452 CCCTTCCGATGTCGTCGGCACTTGGAAATCCAWGATGTTC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CCCTCCCGGCGCCGTGACGTCCATCgA-GCGTGGACGTTC E_parasiticum1645 ------gGTCGTCGCC E.pedunculosum.312 ------CAAGATGTAG E.acuminatum.153 ------CAAGAAGGAG E.acuminatum.163 ------CAAGAAGGAG E.acuminatum.249 ------CAAGAAGGAG Elatostemasp.141 ------CAAGGAGGAG E.stipitatum.A2 ------CGAGAAGATG E.reticulatum.A1 ------CGAGAAGATG E.paludosum.252 ------CAAGAAGATG Elatostemasp.438 ------CAAGAAGATG E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ------CAAGAAGATG E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------CAAGGAGGAG E_SikulikapWF1643 ------CAAGGAGGAG E_spC5027_1650 ------CAAGAAGATG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 ------CAACGAAGATG E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ------CAAGAAGATG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 ------AAAGAAGATG E.nigrescens.256 ------CAAGAAGATG E.macrophyllum.245 ------CAAGAAGATG E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ------CGAGAAGATG E.sesquifolium.224 ------CAAGGAGGAG E.sesquifolium.242 ------CAAGGAGGAG E.rostratum.143 ------CAAGGAGGAG Elatostemasp.396 ------CAAGGAGGAG E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------CAAGGAGGAG E.rostratumgrp.455 ------CAAGGACGAG E.rostratum.144 ------CAAGGAGGAG E.integrifolium.152 ------CAAGGAGGAG E_sessile.453 ------CGAGGTGTA-G E.sessile.392 ------E_sessile.253 ------TGAGGTGTAG Elatostemasp.441 ------CGAGGTGTAG E.strigosum.159 ------CCAAAAAAAAA E_cf_strigosum.448 ------CAAGAAGAAG Elatostemasp.207 ------CAAGAAGAAG E.grande.B1 ------CAAGAAGAAG E.backeri.146 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_spJ185_1649 ------CAAGAAGAAG Elatostemasp.157 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_cf_backeri.147 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_cf_backeri.142 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_cf_backeri.145 ------CAAGAAGAAG Elatostemasp.399068 ------CAAGAAGAAG Elatostemasp.178 ------CAAGAAGAAG Elatostemasp.Cn4379 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_cf_backeri.457 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_cf_strigosum.439 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_kinabaluense.459 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_backeri.Cn4433 ------CAAGAAGAAG E_urvilleana.Cn4398 ------CAAGAAGAAG

332 [ 170 180 190 200] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 TCGATGTCA----AAA-TTAAAATCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E.parvum.154 TCGATGTCT----AAA-ATAAAATTTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_parvum.452 TCGATGTCT----AAA-ATAAAATTTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 TCGGTGCCC-----AT-ACCAACTCTC--GGGCGCGGTAT E_parasiticum1645 CAGGGCGCA----AACAACCAACCCC----GGCGCAGAAT E.pedunculosum.312 ATGATGTCA----CCCAATAAAAATTT--AGGCGCGGGAT E.acuminatum.153 ATGATGTCA----AAAACCTAATTTTC--AGGCGTGGTAT E.acuminatum.163 ATGATGTCA----AAAACCTAATTTTC--AGGCGTGGTAT E.acuminatum.249 ATGATGTCA----AAAACCTAATTTTC--AGGCGTGGTAT Elatostemasp.141 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E.stipitatum.A2 ACGATGTCA--ACCAA-CTTAATTCTC--ATGCGCGGTAC E.reticulatum.A1 ACGATGTCACAACCAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAC E.paludosum.252 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT Elatostemasp.438 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ACGATGTCA------A-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_beccariiC5009_1646 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E_SikulikapWF1643 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTCATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E_spC5027_1650 ACGATGTCA------A-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 ACGATGTCM----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E.nigrescens.256 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E.macrophyllum.245 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ACGATGTCA------A-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTAT E.sesquifolium.224 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E.sesquifolium.242 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E.rostratum.143 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTCATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT Elatostemasp.396 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTAT E.rostratumgrp.455 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTAT E.rostratum.144 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E.integrifolium.152 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT E_sessile.453 ATGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTAT E.sessile.392 ------E_sessile.253 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTAT Elatostemasp.441 ACGATGTCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTAT E.strigosum.159 GCCANGGCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_cf_strigosum.448 ACAATGTCT----CTA-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT Elatostemasp.207 ACAATGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E.grande.B1 ACAATGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E.backeri.146 ACAACGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_spJ185_1649 ACAATGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT Elatostemasp.157 ACAATGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_cf_backeri.147 ACAACGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_cf_backeri.142 ACAACGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_cf_backeri.145 ACAACGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT Elatostemasp.399068 ACAATGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT Elatostemasp.178 ACAATGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT Elatostemasp.Cn4379 ACAATGTCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_cf_backeri.457 ACAACGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_cf_strigosum.439 ACAATGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_kinabaluense.459 ACAACGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_backeri.Cn4433 ACAACGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT E_urvilleana.Cn4398 ACAACGTCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGAT

333 [ 210 220 230 240] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GCGTCAAGGATGCATG---A--AAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E.parvum.154 GCGCCAAGGATG-ATG---A--AAACGAGCGT-TGCTA-T E_parvum.452 GCGCCAAGGATGCATG---A--AAACGAGCGT-TGCTA-T E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GCGCCAAGGAAGTGTG---C--TAAAGAACGT-TGCCA-A E_parasiticum1645 GCGTCAAGGAGAAAGA---A--ACAAGCGACG------C E.pedunculosum.312 GCGCCAAGTATGTGTT---A--GGTTGGATGT-AGCCA-T E.acuminatum.153 ACGCCAAGTACGTGTT---A--AAATGGACGT-AGCCG-T E.acuminatum.163 ACGCCAAGTACGTGTT---A--AAATGGACGT-AGCCG-T E.acuminatum.249 ACGCCAAGTACGTGTT---A--AAATGGACGT-AGCCG-T Elatostemasp.141 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E.stipitatum.A2 GCGCCAAGTATGCGTT---A--AAATGGATGT-AGCCG-T E.reticulatum.A1 GCGC-AAGTATGCGTT---A--AAACGGACGT-AGCCG-T E.paludosum.252 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAA-GGATGT-AGCCG-T Elatostemasp.438 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAATGGATGC-AGCCG-T E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GCGCCAAGTATGTGTT---A--AAACGGATGT-AGCCG-T E_beccariiC5009_1646 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E_SikulikapWF1643 GCGCCAAGTATGTGyT---A--AAATGGATGT-AGCCA-T E_spC5027_1650 GCGCCAAGTATGTGTT---A--AAACGGATGT-AGCCG-T E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAATGGATGTCAGCCG-T E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAATGGATGC-AGCCG-T E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAATGGATGC-AGCCG-T E.nigrescens.256 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAATGGATGT-AGCCG-T E.macrophyllum.245 GCGCCAAGTATATGTT---A--AAATGGATGT-AGCCG-T E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GTGCCAAGTATATGTT---C--GAATGGATGT-AGCCG-T E.sesquifolium.224 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E.sesquifolium.242 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E.rostratum.143 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T Elatostemasp.396 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GCGCCAAGTATACGCT---A--AAACGGATGT-CGCCA-T E.rostratumgrp.455 GCGCCAAGTATACGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-CGCCA-T E.rostratum.144 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E.integrifolium.152 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGGATGT-TGCCA-T E_sessile.453 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGAATGT-AGCCA-T E.sessile.392 ------E_sessile.253 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGAATGT-AGCCA-T Elatostemasp.441 GCGCCAAGTATGTGCT---A--AAATGAATGT-AGCCA-T E.strigosum.159 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_cf_strigosum.448 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T Elatostemasp.207 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E.grande.B1 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E.backeri.146 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_spJ185_1649 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T Elatostemasp.157 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_cf_backeri.147 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_cf_backeri.142 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_cf_backeri.145 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T Elatostemasp.399068 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTAAT Elatostemasp.178 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_cf_backeri.457 GTGTCAAGTTTGTAGT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGTTA-T E_cf_strigosum.439 GTGTCAAGTTTGTGTT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGCTA-T E_kinabaluense.459 GTGTCAAGTTTGTAGT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGTTA-T E_backeri.Cn4433 GTGTCAAGTTTGTAGT--CACCAAATGGATGT-AGTTA-T E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GTGTCAAGTTTGTAGTSTCACCAAGTGGATGT-AGTTA-T

334 [ 250 260 270 280] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 CCCTTTATGGGCCC--G-GAGACGGTGCTT-T-CCCAAAG E.parvum.154 TCGTTTACGGCCCC--G-GAGACGGTGCGCGTCGATAAAG E_parvum.452 TCGTTTACGGCCCC--G-GAGACGGTGCGCGTCGATAAAG E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CTCCTCGCGGCATC--G-GCGACGGTGCTC---GCCTCGG E_parasiticum1645 AGGTCATCGAGCCCA-T-GAAAACATGGCG-T-TTGGCGG E.pedunculosum.312 TCTTTTACGGTCCC--G-GATACGGTGATC-T-AATAAAG E.acuminatum.153 TCTTTTACGATCTC--G-AAAACGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E.acuminatum.163 TCTTTTACGATCTC--G-AAAACGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E.acuminatum.249 TCTTTTACGATCTC--G-AAAACGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG Elatostemasp.141 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E.stipitatum.A2 TCCTCTACGATCCCT-A-GAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E.reticulatum.A1 TCCTCTGCGTTCCCC-A-GAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAGAG E.paludosum.252 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-TAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT Elatostemasp.438 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-GAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 TCCTTTACGGTTCCC-A-GAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E_beccariiC5009_1646 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E_SikulikapWF1643 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E_spC5027_1650 TCCTTTACGGTTCCC-A-GAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-TAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-GAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-GAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT E.nigrescens.256 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-TAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT E.macrophyllum.245 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-GAAATGGTTATC-T-GTTAAAT E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 TCCTTTACGATCCCT-T-GAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAT E.sesquifolium.224 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E.sesquifolium.242 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E.rostratum.143 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG Elatostemasp.396 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--G-GAAATGGTGAAT-T-GTTAAAG E.rostratumgrp.455 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--G-GAAATGGTGAAT-T-GTTAAAG E.rostratum.144 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E.integrifolium.152 TCCTTTTCGATCCC--A-ATAATGGTGATT-T-GTGAAAG E_sessile.453 TCCTTTACGATCCC--G-AAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E.sessile.392 ------TG--T-G-GTAAAAG E_sessile.253 TTCTTTACGATCCC--G-AAAACGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG Elatostemasp.441 TCCTTTACGATCCC--G-AAAATGGTGATT-T-GTTAAAG E.strigosum.159 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_cf_strigosum.448 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATACGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGGG Elatostemasp.207 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATACTAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E.grande.B1 TCTTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAAGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E.backeri.146 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_spJ185_1649 TCCTTGACGGTCCTCGG-ATACTAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG Elatostemasp.157 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_cf_backeri.147 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_cf_backeri.142 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_cf_backeri.145 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG Elatostemasp.399068 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGT------AGAG Elatostemasp.178 TCCTTGACGGTCCTCGG-ATACTAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG Elatostemasp.Cn4379 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATAC-GGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_cf_backeri.457 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATACGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_cf_strigosum.439 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATACGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGGG E_kinabaluense.459 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATACGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_backeri.Cn4433 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGG-ATACGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG E_urvilleana.Cn4398 TCCTTTACGGTCCTCGGGATACGAGTGATA-C-GTTAGAG

335 Appendices

[ 290 300 310 320] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GGATGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCTAAATGACTC-TC E.parvum.154 GAATGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_parvum.452 GAATGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GATTGTGCGA-GTTC-AG-TATACGTCGAAATGACTC-CC E_parasiticum1645 CCTgATCTCA-GTCG-ATTTAA--GTCAAAACGACTC-TC E.pedunculosum.312 GGATGTGCGA-ATTCCAAATAAA-GTCATAATGACTC-TC E.acuminatum.153 GAGTGTGCGT-GTTC-AG-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.acuminatum.163 GAGTGTGCGT-GTTC-AG-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.acuminatum.249 GAGTGTGCGT-GTTC-AG-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.141 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.stipitatum.A2 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.reticulatum.A1 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.paludosum.252 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.438 GGACGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_beccariiC5009_1646 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_SikulikapWF1643 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_spC5027_1650 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GGACGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.nigrescens.256 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.macrophyllum.245 GGGCGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAGATGACTCTC E.sesquifolium.224 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.sesquifolium.242 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.rostratum.143 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.396 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.rostratumgrp.455 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.rostratum.144 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.integrifolium.152 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E_sessile.453 AGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AAATATATGTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.sessile.392 GGGTGCGAGATGTTA-AAATAT--GTCAAAATGCCTCTTC E_sessile.253 AGTTGTGCGA-GTTC-AAATAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.441 AGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AAATAT--GTCAAAATGACTC-TC E.strigosum.159 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GTC-AAATGACTC-TC E_cf_strigosum.448 GAGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.207 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC E.grande.B1 GGGTATGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC E.backeri.146 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC E_spJ185_1649 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.157 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC E_cf_backeri.147 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC E_cf_backeri.142 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC E_cf_backeri.145 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.399068 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.178 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GT-AAAATGACTC-TC E_cf_backeri.457 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC E_cf_strigosum.439 GAGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC E_kinabaluense.459 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC E_backeri.Cn4433 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GGGTGTGCGA-GTTC-AA-TAGA-GC-AAAATGACTC-TC

336 Appendices

[ 330 340 350 360] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.parvum.154 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAAAC E_parvum.452 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GGCAACGGATATCTTGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_parasiticum1645 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.pedunculosum.312 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.acuminatum.153 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.acuminatum.163 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.acuminatum.249 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.141 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.stipitatum.A2 GGCAACGGATATCGGGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.reticulatum.A1 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.paludosum.252 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAAAA-C Elatostemasp.438 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-YTCTTG-CATCGATGAARAA-C E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_beccariiC5009_1646 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_SikulikapWF1643 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_spC5027_1650 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-- E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.nigrescens.256 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-TTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.macrophyllum.245 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.sesquifolium.224 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.sesquifolium.242 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.rostratum.143 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.396 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GGCAACGGATATCTTGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.rostratumgrp.455 GGCAACGGATATCTTGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.rostratum.144 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.integrifolium.152 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_sessile.453 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.sessile.392 GGCAACGGATATCTCGGGCTCTCGGCATCGATGAAGAA-C E_sessile.253 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-TTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.441 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTCG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.strigosum.159 GGCA-CGGATATCTCGG-CTCTGG-CATCGATAAAGA--C E_cf_strigosum.448 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.207 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.grande.B1 GGCAACGGATATCTTGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E.backeri.146 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_spJ185_1649 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.157 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_cf_backeri.147 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_cf_backeri.142 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_cf_backeri.145 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.399068 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.178 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_cf_backeri.457 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_cf_strigosum.439 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_kinabaluense.459 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_backeri.Cn4433 GGCAACGGATATCTCGG-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GGCAACGGATATCTCGT-CTCTTG-CATCGATGAAGAA-C

337 Appendices

[ 370 380 390 400] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.parvum.154 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_parvum.452 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GTA-gCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGtGAATTGCAgAATTC E_parasiticum1645 GTA-GCGAAATGCGATACTT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATCC E.pedunculosum.312 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.acuminatum.153 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.acuminatum.163 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.acuminatum.249 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.141 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.stipitatum.A2 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.reticulatum.A1 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.paludosum.252 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.438 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGK-GGKGTGAATTGCARAATTC E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_beccariiC5009_1646 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_SikulikapWF1643 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_spC5027_1650 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.nigrescens.256 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.macrophyllum.245 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.sesquifolium.224 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.sesquifolium.242 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.rostratum.143 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.396 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.rostratumgrp.455 GTAAGCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.rostratum.144 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGTCGGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.integrifolium.152 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_sessile.453 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.sessile.392 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_sessile.253 GTA-GCAAAATGCGAWACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.441 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.strigosum.159 GTA-GCAAATTGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_cf_strigosum.448 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.207 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.grande.B1 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E.backeri.146 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_spJ185_1649 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.157 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_cf_backeri.147 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_cf_backeri.142 GTA-SCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_cf_backeri.145 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.399068 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.178 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_cf_backeri.457 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_cf_strigosum.439 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_kinabaluense.459 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_backeri.Cn4433 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GTA-GCAAAATGCGATACGT-GGTGTGAATTGCAGAATTC

338 Appendices

[ 410 420 430 440] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCGAT E.parvum.154 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAC E_parvum.452 CGTG-AACCATCAAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCGAA E_parasiticum1645 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCgAA E.pedunculosum.312 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTATTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.acuminatum.153 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTGTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.acuminatum.163 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTGTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.acuminatum.249 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTGTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.141 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.stipitatum.A2 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.reticulatum.A1 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.paludosum.252 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.438 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_beccariiC5009_1646 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_SikulikapWF1643 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_spC5027_1650 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.nigrescens.256 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.macrophyllum.245 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.sesquifolium.224 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.sesquifolium.242 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.rostratum.143 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.396 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.rostratumgrp.455 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.rostratum.144 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.integrifolium.152 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_sessile.453 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.sessile.392 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_sessile.253 CGTGCAACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.441 CGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.strigosum.159 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_cf_strigosum.448 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.207 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.grande.B1 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E.backeri.146 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_spJ185_1649 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.157 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_cf_backeri.147 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_cf_backeri.142 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_cf_backeri.145 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.399068 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.178 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT Elatostemasp.Cn4379 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_cf_backeri.457 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_cf_strigosum.439 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_kinabaluense.459 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_backeri.Cn4433 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT E_urvilleana.Cn4398 TGTG-AACCATCGAGTTTTTGAACGCAAGTTGCGCCCAAT

339 Appendices

[ 450 460 470 480] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GTCA-TTCG-GCTGAGGGCGACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.parvum.154 GTCG-TTCG-GCCGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_parvum.452 GTCG-TTCG-GCCGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GCCA-TCTG-GTCGAGGGC-ACGCCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_parasiticum1645 GCCT-TCCG-GTCGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACA E.pedunculosum.312 GTCT-TTTG-ATTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGTGTCACG E.acuminatum.153 GCCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGTGTCCCG E.acuminatum.163 GCCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGTGTCCCG E.acuminatum.249 GCCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGTGTCCCG Elatostemasp.141 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.stipitatum.A2 GTCATTTTG-GCTAAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACA E.reticulatum.A1 GTCATTTTG-GCTAAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACA E.paludosum.252 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.438 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCMCG E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_beccariiC5009_1646 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_SikulikapWF1643 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_spC5027_1650 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.nigrescens.256 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.macrophyllum.245 GTCATTTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GTCATTTTG-GCCGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.sesquifolium.224 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.sesquifolium.242 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTTACG E.rostratum.143 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.396 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GTCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.rostratumgrp.455 GTCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.rostratum.144 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.integrifolium.152 GCCA-TCTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_sessile.453 GTCA-TTCG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.sessile.392 GTCA-TTCGGACTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_sessile.253 GTCA-TTCG-ACTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGTGTCACG Elatostemasp.441 GTCA-TTCG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.strigosum.159 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_cf_strigosum.448 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.207 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.grande.B1 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E.backeri.146 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_spJ185_1649 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.157 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_cf_backeri.147 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_cf_backeri.142 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_cf_backeri.145 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.399068 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.178 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_cf_backeri.457 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_cf_strigosum.439 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_kinabaluense.459 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_backeri.Cn4433 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GTCA-TTTG-GCTGAGGGC-ACGTCTGCCTGGGCGTCACG

340 Appendices

[ 490 500 510 520] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 CACCGTTGCCCCCCCATTTT---AAACTCTTT------E.parvum.154 CACCGTTGCCCCCC-ATCTG---AAAATCCCAGT-GCCCC E_parvum.452 CACCGTTGCCCCCC-ATCTG---AAAATCCCAGTGCCCCC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CACCGTTGCCCCTC-ATCCC---GGACTCGCGGC--TTGT E_parasiticum1645 CACCGTTGCCCCCC-TTmCC---AAACATCCCCA-TGCTA E.pedunculosum.312 CATCGTT-ACCCCC-CTCTAAACTTCTTTGCACTCTCCCA E.acuminatum.153 CATCGTT-ACCCCC-ATTTA-ATCTAATTGCATT-TCGTC E.acuminatum.163 CATCGTT-ACCCCC-ATTTA-ATCTAATTGCATT-TCGTC E.acuminatum.249 CATCGTT-ACCCCC-ATTTA-ATCTAATTGCATT-TCGTC Elatostemasp.141 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E.stipitatum.A2 CACCGTTTACCCCC-TTTTA-ATCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E.reticulatum.A1 CGCCGTTTACCCCC-TTTTG-ATCTATTTGCATG-TTGTC E.paludosum.252 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC Elatostemasp.438 CACC-TT-ACCCCCCTTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTG-- E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-CTTTA-ATCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E_beccariiC5009_1646 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E_SikulikapWF1643 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E_spC5027_1650 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-CTTTA-ATCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CACCTTA-CCCCCC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E.nigrescens.256 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E.macrophyllum.245 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTGTC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 CACCGTT-ACCCAC-TTTTA-TTCTATTTGCATT-TTgTC E.sesquifolium.224 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E.sesquifolium.242 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E.rostratum.143 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC Elatostemasp.396 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TCGTC E.rostratumgrp.455 CACCGTT-ACCCCCCTCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TCGTC E.rostratum.144 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E.integrifolium.152 CACCGTT-ACCCCC-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TTGTC E_sessile.453 CACCGTT-AACCTT-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGCGTT-TCGTC E.sessile.392 CACCGTT-AACCTT-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGCGTT-TCGTC E_sessile.253 CACCGTT-AACCTT-WCCTA-ATCAATTTGTGTT-TCGTC Elatostemasp.441 CACCGTT-AACCTT-TCTTA-ATCAATTTGCGTT-TCGTC E.strigosum.159 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC E_cf_strigosum.448 CACTGTT-ACCCCA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC Elatostemasp.207 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACAGC-TTGTC E.grande.B1 CACTGTT-ACCCCA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATCTTTGTC E.backeri.146 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC E_spJ185_1649 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACAGC-TTGTC Elatostemasp.157 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC E_cf_backeri.147 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC E_cf_backeri.142 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC E_cf_backeri.145 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC Elatostemasp.399068 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGTC Elatostemasp.178 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACAGC-TTGTC Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CACTGTT-ACCCTA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATCTTTGTC E_cf_backeri.457 CACTGTT-ACCCTG-GTTTC-ATCTATTTACATA-TTGTG E_cf_strigosum.439 CACTGTT-ACCCCA-TTTTC-ATCTATTTACATC-TTGGC E_kinabaluense.459 CACTGTT-ACCCTG-GTTTC-ATCTATTTACATA-TTGTG E_backeri.Cn4433 CACTGTT-ACCCTG-GTTTC-ATCTATTTACATA-TTGTG E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CACTCTT-ACCCTG-GTTTC-ATCTATTTACATA-TTGTG

341 Appendices

[ 530 540 550 560] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------GTTTTCTTTGGGAGGGTGG---A E.parvum.154 GCC-TTGCGGGGCGCGAGTTTTCGCTGGGCGGGTGG---A E_parvum.452 CGCCTTGCGGGGCGCGAGTTTTCGCTGGGCGGGTGG---A E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CGCTTAGCGGGGCTCGGGTCTCGGTTGGGCGGGCGG---A E_parasiticum1645 CCATACAyGGGGTAG----TTTGGA-CGGGGCGGAC---A E.pedunculosum.312 TGTGTTG-TGTGTAAAATATTTAAC-GGGTGGGTGG---A E.acuminatum.153 AGGTGCGATGTGTAAATTGTTTAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A E.acuminatum.163 AGGTGCGATGTGTAAATTGTTTAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A E.acuminatum.249 AGGTGCGATGTGTAAATTGTTTAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.141 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.stipitatum.A2 ATGTGCGCTGTGTAAATT-TGTGAT-GGGAGGGTGG---A E.reticulatum.A1 ATGTGCGCTGTGTAAATT-TGTGAT-GGGAGGGTGG---A E.paludosum.252 CTGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-TGGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CGGTGCGATATGTAAAAT-TTTAAT-GGGACGGTGG---A E_beccariiC5009_1646 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E_SikulikapWF1643 ATGTGCAATGwGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E_spC5027_1650 CGGTGCGATATGTAAAAT-TTTAAT-GGGACGGTGG---A E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CTGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-TGGAGGGTGG---A E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CTGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-TGGAGGGTGG---A E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CTGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-TGGAGGGTGG---A E.nigrescens.256 CTGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-TGGAGGGTGG---A E.macrophyllum.245 CTGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-TGGAGGGTGG---A E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GTGTGCGAAGTGTAAATTTTTTAAT-TGGAGGGtGG---A E.sesquifolium.224 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.sesquifolium.242 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.rostratum.143 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.396 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ATGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.rostratumgrp.455 ATGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.rostratum.144 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.integrifolium.152 ATGTGCGATGTGCAAATT-TTTAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E_sessile.453 ATGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TAGAGT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.sessile.392 ATGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TWAAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E_sessile.253 ATGCRCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.441 ATGCGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-AGGAGGGTGG---A E.strigosum.159 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_cf_strigosum.448 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.207 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A E.grande.B1 AAGTGCGACGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGTGGGGGGGA E.backeri.146 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_spJ185_1649 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.157 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_cf_backeri.147 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_cf_backeri.142 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_cf_backeri.145 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.399068 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.178 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A Elatostemasp.Cn4379 AAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAC-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_cf_backeri.457 CAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_cf_strigosum.439 AAGGGGGATGGGGAAATT-TTGAAT-GGGAGGGGGG---A E_kinabaluense.459 CAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_backeri.Cn4433 CAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CAGTGCGATGTGTAAATT-TTGAAT-GTGAGGGTGG---A

342 Appendices

[ 570 580 590 600] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 TATATGGCTTCCT-GTAGGCTATTTGTCTTATGGTTGGCC E.parvum.154 GA-TTGGCCTCCC-GCGCGCT--CTGTCCCGCGGATGGCC E_parvum.452 GA-TTGGCCTCCC-GCGCGCT--CTGTCCCGCGGATGGCC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 TA-ATGGTCTCCC-GTGTGCT--TTTGCTCGCGGTTGGCC E_parasiticum1645 A--T-GACCTCCC-GTGGGTG--CGGCCC-ATGGTTGGTT E.pedunculosum.312 TA-TTGGTCTCCC-GTAGTTC--TT---CTACGGTTGGCC E.acuminatum.153 TA-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTATGGTTGTCC E.acuminatum.163 TA-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTATGGTTGTCC E.acuminatum.249 TA-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTATGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.141 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E.stipitatum.A2 TA-TTGGATTCCC-TTAGGCT--ATGTCTTATGGTTGTCC E.reticulatum.A1 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT-TATGTCTTATGGTTGTCC E.paludosum.252 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC E_beccariiC5009_1646 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E_SikulikapWF1643 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCyTGCGGTTGTCC E_spC5027_1650 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAAGCT--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT--ATGTCTTGCGGTTGTCC E.nigrescens.256 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC E.macrophyllum.245 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT--ATGTCTTACGGTTGTCC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCT--GTGTCTTATGGTTTTCC E.sesquifolium.224 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E.sesquifolium.242 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E.rostratum.143 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.396 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 TA-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTTCTACGGTTGTCC E.rostratumgrp.455 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCCTACGGTTGTCC E.rostratum.144 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E.integrifolium.152 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGCCCTACGGTTGTCC E_sessile.453 TG-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCCTATGGTTGTCC E.sessile.392 TR-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCCTATGGTTGTCC E_sessile.253 TA-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCCTWTGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.441 TG-TTGGACTCCC-GTAGGCC--ATGTCCTATGGTTGTCC E.strigosum.159 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_cf_strigosum.448 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.207 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E.grande.B1 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTTTGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E.backeri.146 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_spJ185_1649 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.157 TA-TTGGATTCCCCGTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_cf_backeri.147 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACG-TTGTCC E_cf_backeri.142 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_cf_backeri.145 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.399068 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.178 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC Elatostemasp.Cn4379 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_cf_backeri.457 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_cf_strigosum.439 TA-TTGGATTCCC-SKATGSC--WTGGCATACGGGTGGCC E_kinabaluense.459 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_backeri.Cn4433 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC E_urvilleana.Cn4398 TA-TTGGATTCCC-GTATGCC--ATGTCATACGGTTGTCC

343 Appendices

[ 610 620 630 640] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 TAAATATGATTCCTTTAGCCGCGGGCATCGTGGCATTTTG E.parvum.154 TAAATATGTTTCCTCG-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCATTC-G E_parvum.452 TAAATATGTTTCCTCG-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCATTC-G E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GAAATTCGAATCCCGT-GCCGCGTGCGCTGTGGCGTTC-G E_parasiticum1645 CAAATTCGGGTC-TTA-GGTCACGTGAACGTGGCGAAA-G E.pedunculosum.312 TAAATTCGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCATTT-G E.acuminatum.153 TAAACACAATTCCTTA-GCCGCGAGCGATGTGGCATTT-G E.acuminatum.163 TAAACACAATTCCTTA-GCCGCGAGCGATGTGGCATTT-G E.acuminatum.249 TAAACACAATTCCTTA-GCCGCGAGCGATGTGGCATTT-G Elatostemasp.141 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E.stipitatum.A2 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GTTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTTT-G E.reticulatum.A1 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GTTGCGAGCAACGTTGCGTTT-G E.paludosum.252 TAAACATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTTT-G Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTCT-G E_beccariiC5009_1646 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTggcgttt-g E_SikulikapWF1643 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E_spC5027_1650 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTCT-G E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 TAAACATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTTT-G E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 TAAACATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTTT-G E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 TAAACATGATTCCTTA-GTTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTTT-G E.nigrescens.256 TAAACATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAATGTGGCGTTT-G E.macrophyllum.245 TAAACATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCGTTT-G E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCAACGTGGCATCT-G E.sesquifolium.224 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E.sesquifolium.242 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-RCTGCGAGCATCGKGGCGTTT-G E.rostratum.143 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G Elatostemasp.396 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E.rostratumgrp.455 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E.rostratum.144 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E.integrifolium.152 TAAATACGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E_sessile.453 TAAATATGTTTCCTTA-GCTACGAGCATCGTGGCGTTT-G E.sessile.392 TAAATATGATTC-TTA-GCTACGAGCATCGTGGCATTT-G E_sessile.253 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GCTACGAGCATCGTGGCATTT-G Elatostemasp.441 TAAATATGATTCCTTA-GCTGCGAGCATCGTGGCGCTT-G E.strigosum.159 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_cf_strigosum.448 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G Elatostemasp.207 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGTATCGTGGCATGA-G E.grande.B1 TAAATACAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E.backeri.146 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_spJ185_1649 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G Elatostemasp.157 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_cf_backeri.147 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_cf_backeri.142 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_cf_backeri.145 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G Elatostemasp.399068 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G Elatostemasp.178 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G Elatostemasp.Cn4379 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_cf_backeri.457 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_cf_strigosum.439 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATTGTGGCATGR-G E_kinabaluense.459 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_backeri.Cn4433 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G E_urvilleana.Cn4398 TAAATATAGTTTCTTA-ACCGCGAGCATCGTGGCATGA-G

344 Appendices

[ 650 660 670 680] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 GTGGTCTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.parvum.154 GTTGTCGT------CGATGA----AATCGA E_parvum.452 GTTGTCGT------CGATGA----AATCGA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GTGGTGTT------CGACGA---GAGTCGC E_parasiticum1645 GTGGTTGT------TGAGAG----CTCGAC E.pedunculosum.312 GTGGTGTT------CGATCC----AATCGT E.acuminatum.153 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.acuminatum.163 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.acuminatum.249 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG Elatostemasp.141 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.stipitatum.A2 GTGGTTTT------CGATAT----AATCGG E.reticulatum.A1 GTGGTTTT------CGATAT----AATCGG E.paludosum.252 GTGGTAAT------CGATCT----AATCGG Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 GTGGTTTT------CGATCTTACTAATCGG E_beccariiC5009_1646 gtggtttt------cgatct----aatcgg E_SikulikapWF1643 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E_spC5027_1650 GTGGTTTT------CGATCTTACTAATCGG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GTGGTAAT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GTGGTAAT------CGATCT----AATCGG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GTGGTAAT------CGATGT----AATCGG E.nigrescens.256 GTGGTAAT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.macrophyllum.245 GTGGTAAT------CGATCT----AATCGG E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.sesquifolium.224 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.sesquifolium.242 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.rostratum.143 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG Elatostemasp.396 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.rostratumgrp.455 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.rostratum.144 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.integrifolium.152 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E_sessile.453 GTGGTCTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.sessile.392 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E_sessile.253 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG Elatostemasp.441 GTGGTTTT------CGATCT----AATCGG E.strigosum.159 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E_cf_strigosum.448 GTGGTCCTCTATATTTATATATAT------TTGA Elatostemasp.207 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E.grande.B1 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E.backeri.146 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E_spJ185_1649 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA Elatostemasp.157 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E_cf_backeri.147 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E_cf_backeri.142 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E_cf_backeri.145 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA Elatostemasp.399068 GTGGTCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA Elatostemasp.178 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GTGGYCCTTTATATGTATATATAT------TTGA E_cf_backeri.457 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTACATATAT------TTGA E_cf_strigosum.439 GGGGTCCTCTATATTTATATATAT------TTGA E_kinabaluense.459 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTACATATAT------TTGA E_backeri.Cn4433 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTACATATAT------TTGA E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GTGGTCCTCTATATGTACATATAT------TTGA

345 Appendices

[ 690 700 710 720] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 TACCCAGTCACGTTT-GC--TTGTTTGGTATTTGGAGTTT E.parvum.154 TGCCCGTTCGCGTTT-GC--TTGTTCGCCGAATGGAAAGA E_parvum.452 TGCCCGTTCGCGTTT-GC--TTGTTCGCCGAATGGAAAGA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 TAACCGCCCAC-----AG--TTGTTCGTCGGAGGAAACGG E_parasiticum1645 GTTGCCATGCCGCGTGC-ACGTGTCCTACGAGAAGGACTC E.pedunculosum.312 TGCCCTGTCATGTTT-GT-GTCGTCGGTTCAACGGAGTCT E.acuminatum.153 TACCCAGTCACGATTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E.acuminatum.163 TACCCAGTCACGATTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E.acuminatum.249 TACCCAGTCACGATTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.141 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E.stipitatum.A2 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTCGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTC E.reticulatum.A1 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTCGC-ATCGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTC E.paludosum.252 TAGCCAGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTATTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTGCATTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGACTTC E_beccariiC5009_1646 tacccwgacacgttttgc-tttgtttgttcaaaggagttt E_SikulikapWF1643 tACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E_spC5027_1650 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTGCATTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGACTTC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 TAGCCAGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CAGCCAGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 TAGCCAGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTTCTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E.nigrescens.256 TAGCCAGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTATTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E.macrophyllum.245 TAGCCAGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 TAGCCrGCCACGTTTTGC-ATTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAATTT E.sesquifolium.224 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E.sesquifolium.242 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E.rostratum.143 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT Elatostemasp.396 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E.rostratumgrp.455 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTGAAAGGAGTTT E.rostratum.144 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E.integrifolium.152 TACCCAGACACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E_sessile.453 TACCTAGCCATGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTGAAAGGAATTC E.sessile.392 TACCCAGCCATGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E_sessile.253 TACCCAGCCGCGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT Elatostemasp.441 TACCCACCCACGTTTTGC-TTTGTTTGTTCAAAGGAGTTT E.strigosum.159 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_cf_strigosum.448 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.207 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E.grande.B1 TAGCCAGTCACGTTCTG---TTGCTTGTTAAAAGGAATTT E.backeri.146 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_spJ185_1649 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.157 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_cf_backeri.147 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_cf_backeri.142 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_cf_backeri.145 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.399068 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.178 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT Elatostemasp.Cn4379 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTGG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_cf_backeri.457 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_cf_strigosum.439 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_kinabaluense.459 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_backeri.Cn4433 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT E_urvilleana.Cn4398 TAGCCAGTCACGTTTTG---TTGCTTGTTGAAAGGAATTT

346 Appendices

[ 730 740 750 760] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 TGGA---TAACCCGTACGCATCTCCTTATTAA-TTT---- E.parvum.154 TTGTATA---CCCAGACGCATCTGAACCTTAA-CCGGTCG E_parvum.452 TTGTATA---CCCAGACGCATCTGAACCTTAA-CCGGTCG E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 GATATTTTGCACCCCCAGC-GCGACTCCGCGA--CACGCG E_parasiticum1645 GGT-CGAAAACCCCAATGCATCCGTT------GAG---- E.pedunculosum.312 TGGAATA---CCCAAGTGCATCACTCTAACGG-GTG---- E.acuminatum.153 TTG----TAACCCAAGCATATCACTTTAACAA-GTT---- E.acuminatum.163 TTG----TAACCCAAGCATATCACTTTAACAA-GTT---- E.acuminatum.249 TTG----TAACCCAAGCATATCACTTTAACAA-GTT---- Elatostemasp.141 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E.stipitatum.A2 TAC----AGACCCAAACGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GAT---- E.reticulatum.A1 TAC----AGACCCAAACGCGTCTCTTCAACAA-GAT---- E.paludosum.252 TAC----TAACCCATGCGCATC------AA-ATT---- Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 TAC----TGACCCATCTGCATCTCTTCATGAA-GAT---- E_beccariiC5009_1646 tag----taacccatgcgcatctcttcaacaa-gtt---- E_SikulikapWF1643 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E_spC5027_1650 TAC----TGACCCATCTGCATCTCTTCATGAA-GAT---- E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 TAC----TAACCCATGCGCATC------AA-ATT---- E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 TAC----TAACCCATGCGCATC------AA-ATT---- E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 TAC----TAACCCATGCGCATC------AA-GTT---- E.nigrescens.256 TAC----TAACCCATGCGCATC------AA-ATT---- E.macrophyllum.245 TAC----TAACCCATGCGCATC------AA-ATT---- E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 TAC----TAACCCCGTGCATATC------AA-GTT---- E.sesquifolium.224 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E.sesquifolium.242 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E.rostratum.143 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- Elatostemasp.396 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAAAGTT---- E.rostratumgrp.455 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTGAACAAAGTT---- E.rostratum.144 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E.integrifolium.152 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E_sessile.453 TAA----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAACAA-GTT---- E.sessile.392 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCARCAA-GTT---- E_sessile.253 TAG----TAACCCATGCGCATCTCTTTAACAA-GTT---- Elatostemasp.441 TATTA--TCACCCATGCGCATCTCTTCAAAAA-GTT---- E.strigosum.159 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E_cf_strigosum.448 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT---- Elatostemasp.207 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E.grande.B1 CACTA--TAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT---- E.backeri.146 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E_spJ185_1649 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- Elatostemasp.157 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E_cf_backeri.147 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E_cf_backeri.142 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E_cf_backeri.145 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- Elatostemasp.399068 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- Elatostemasp.178 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GA----- Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGATCAA-GAT---- E_cf_backeri.457 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT---- E_cf_strigosum.439 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT---- E_kinabaluense.459 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT---- E_backeri.Cn4433 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT---- E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CACTATATAACCCATGTGCATCTCTTGACCAA-GAT----

347 Appendices

[ 770 780 790 800] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 --GATGC-TTCCAATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGACTA E.parvum.154 TCGATGC-TTCCGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGACTA E_parvum.452 TCGATGC-TTCCGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGACTA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 --GACGC-TTTCGACGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGACCA E_parasiticum1645 --GATGC-TCCCAACGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGGCTA E.pedunculosum.312 --AATGC-TTCTATTGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGACTA E.acuminatum.153 --GATGC-TTCTACTGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.acuminatum.163 --GATGC-TTCTACTGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.acuminatum.249 --GATGC-TTCTACTGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.141 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.stipitatum.A2 --GATGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.reticulatum.A1 --GATGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.paludosum.252 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_beccariiC5009_1646 --tatgc-ttatgatgcgaccccaggtcaggc-gggatta E_SikulikapWF1643 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_spC5027_1650 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.nigrescens.256 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.macrophyllum.245 --GATGC-TTCTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 --GATGC-TTCAGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.sesquifolium.224 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.sesquifolium.242 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCTCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.rostratum.143 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.396 --TATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.rostratumgrp.455 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.rostratum.144 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.integrifolium.152 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_sessile.453 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.sessile.392 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGCAGGGATTA E_sessile.253 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.441 --GATGC-TTATGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.strigosum.159 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_cf_strigosum.448 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.207 --AGTGCCTACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.grande.B1 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E.backeri.146 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGCG-GGGATTA E_spJ185_1649 --AGTGCCTACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.157 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_cf_backeri.147 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_cf_backeri.142 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_cf_backeri.145 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.399068 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCACGTCAGGC-GGG---- Elatostemasp.178 --AGTGCCTACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA Elatostemasp.Cn4379 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_cf_backeri.457 --AGTGC-TACTTATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_cf_strigosum.439 --AGTGC-TACTGATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_kinabaluense.459 --AGTGC-TACTTATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_backeri.Cn4433 --ATTGC-TACTTATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA E_urvilleana.Cn4398 --AGTGC-TACTTATGCGACCCCAGGTCAGGC-GGGATTA

348 Appendices

[ 810 820 830 840] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGG------E.parvum.154 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_parvum.452 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_parasiticum1645 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAGAGAA E.pedunculosum.312 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.acuminatum.153 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAGAAGAA E.acuminatum.163 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.acuminatum.249 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAGAAGAA Elatostemasp.141 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.stipitatum.A2 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.reticulatum.A1 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.paludosum.252 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAGAGAA E_beccariiC5009_1646 cccgctgaatttaagcatatc------E_SikulikapWF1643 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_spC5027_1650 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAGAGAA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.nigrescens.256 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.macrophyllum.245 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.sesquifolium.224 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGGAAAGAA E.sesquifolium.242 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGGAAAGAA E.rostratum.143 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAA------Elatostemasp.396 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCG------E.rostratumgrp.455 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.rostratum.144 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.integrifolium.152 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_sessile.453 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.sessile.392 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_sessile.253 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA Elatostemasp.441 CCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.strigosum.159 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_cf_strigosum.448 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCG------Elatostemasp.207 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.grande.B1 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E.backeri.146 CCCGCTGAGTT-AAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAA---- E_spJ185_1649 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA Elatostemasp.157 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_cf_backeri.147 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_cf_backeri.142 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_cf_backeri.145 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA Elatostemasp.399068 ------Elatostemasp.178 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_cf_backeri.457 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_cf_strigosum.439 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_kinabaluense.459 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_backeri.Cn4433 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CCCGCTGAGTTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGAA

349 Appendices

[ 850 860 870 880] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------E.parvum.154 ACTTACCAGGATTCCCCTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_parvum.452 ACTTACCAGGATTCCCCTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 ACTTACGAGGATTcCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACTGGGA E_parasiticum1645 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.pedunculosum.312 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.acuminatum.153 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.acuminatum.163 ACA------E.acuminatum.249 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA Elatostemasp.141 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.stipitatum.A2 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.reticulatum.A1 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.paludosum.252 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAkTAACGGCGAGCGAACcGGGA E_spC5027_1650 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.nigrescens.256 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.macrophyllum.245 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.sesquifolium.224 ACA------E.sesquifolium.242 ACA------E.rostratum.143 ------Elatostemasp.396 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------E.rostratumgrp.455 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.rostratum.144 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.integrifolium.152 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_sessile.453 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.sessile.392 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_sessile.253 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA Elatostemasp.441 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.strigosum.159 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_cf_strigosum.448 ------Elatostemasp.207 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.grande.B1 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E.backeri.146 ------E_spJ185_1649 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA Elatostemasp.157 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_cf_backeri.147 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_cf_backeri.142 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_cf_backeri.145 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA Elatostemasp.399068 ------Elatostemasp.178 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA Elatostemasp.Cn4379 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_cf_backeri.457 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_cf_strigosum.439 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_kinabaluense.459 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_backeri.Cn4433 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA E_urvilleana.Cn4398 ACTTACAAGGATTCCCTTAGTAACGGCGAGCGAACCGGGA

350 Appendices

[ 890 900 910 920] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------E.parvum.154 ACAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCATCG-CCGATGTTCGAA E_parvum.452 ACAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCATCG-CCGATGTTCGAA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 ACGGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCACCG-TCGGTGTTTGAA E_parasiticum1645 ACAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGGGCGCCC-GCAGCGTTCGAA E.pedunculosum.312 ACAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGCTCGAA E.acuminatum.153 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.acuminatum.163 ------E.acuminatum.249 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA Elatostemasp.141 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGT-CGAA E.stipitatum.A2 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATAATCCTTGCTCGAA E.reticulatum.A1 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCGATAATCCTTGCTCGAA E.paludosum.252 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGTAATAATCCTTGCTCGAA E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_spC5027_1650 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGTAATAATCCTTGCTCGAA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.nigrescens.256 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.macrophyllum.245 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.sesquifolium.224 ------E.sesquifolium.242 ------E.rostratum.143 ------Elatostemasp.396 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------E.rostratumgrp.455 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.rostratum.144 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.integrifolium.152 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_sessile.453 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.sessile.392 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_sessile.253 ATAGCCCAGGTTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA Elatostemasp.441 ACAGCCCAGATTGAGAATCGAGCAACA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.strigosum.159 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_cf_strigosum.448 ------Elatostemasp.207 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.grande.B1 ATAGCCCAGTTTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E.backeri.146 ------E_spJ185_1649 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA Elatostemasp.157 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_cf_backeri.147 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_cf_backeri.142 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_cf_backeri.145 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA Elatostemasp.399068 ------Elatostemasp.178 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA Elatostemasp.Cn4379 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_cf_backeri.457 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_cf_strigosum.439 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_kinabaluense.459 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_backeri.Cn4433 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA E_urvilleana.Cn4398 ATAGCCCAGTGTGAGAATCGAGCAATA-TCCTTGTTCGAA

351 Appendices

[ 930 940 950 960] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------E.parvum.154 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGGCGGAC-CGGGCC E_parvum.452 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGGCGGAC-CGGGCC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTACTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_parasiticum1645 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.pedunculosum.312 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.acuminatum.153 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-TGGGCC E.acuminatum.163 ------E.acuminatum.249 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-TGGGCC Elatostemasp.141 TTGTAATCTGAAGAAACGTCCTCATCGACGGACCCGGGCC E.stipitatum.A2 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGACCTCAGCGACGGAC-CAGGCC E.reticulatum.A1 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGACCTCAGCGACGGAC-CAGGCC E.paludosum.252 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGT------E_spC5027_1650 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.nigrescens.256 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCTCAAGCGACGGAC-CGG-CC E.macrophyllum.245 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.sesquifolium.224 ------E.sesquifolium.242 ------E.rostratum.143 ------Elatostemasp.396 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------E.rostratumgrp.455 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.rostratum.144 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.integrifolium.152 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGCGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_sessile.453 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.sessile.392 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGG-CC E_sessile.253 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC Elatostemasp.441 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAGCGTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.strigosum.159 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_cf_strigosum.448 ------Elatostemasp.207 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.grande.B1 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E.backeri.146 ------E_spJ185_1649 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC Elatostemasp.157 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_cf_backeri.147 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_cf_backeri.142 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_cf_backeri.145 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC Elatostemasp.399068 ------Elatostemasp.178 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAATGACGGAC-CGGGCC Elatostemasp.Cn4379 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_cf_backeri.457 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_cf_strigosum.439 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_kinabaluense.459 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_backeri.Cn4433 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC E_urvilleana.Cn4398 TTGTAGTCTGAAGAAACTTCCTCAGTGACGGAC-CGGGCC

352 Appendices

[ 970 980 990 1000] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------E.parvum.154 CAAGTCCCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCGGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_parvum.452 CAAGTCCCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCGGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CAAGTCCCTTGGaAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_parasiticum1645 CAAGTCCCCTGGAAGGGGGCGCCGGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.pedunculosum.312 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.acuminatum.153 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.acuminatum.163 ------E.acuminatum.249 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC Elatostemasp.141 CAAGTCTTTTGGAAAGGGCCCCCAGAAAGG-TGAGAGCCC E.stipitatum.A2 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.reticulatum.A1 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.paludosum.252 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CAAGtCTcTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 ------E_spC5027_1650 CAAgTcTCttGgAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.nigrescens.256 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGG-CGCCAGAAAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.macrophyllum.245 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 CAAGTCTCTTGgAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.sesquifolium.224 ------E.sesquifolium.242 ------E.rostratum.143 ------Elatostemasp.396 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------E.rostratumgrp.455 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.rostratum.144 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.integrifolium.152 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_sessile.453 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.sessile.392 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_sessile.253 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC Elatostemasp.441 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.strigosum.159 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_cf_strigosum.448 ------Elatostemasp.207 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.grande.B1 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E.backeri.146 ------E_spJ185_1649 CAAGTCTCTTggAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC Elatostemasp.157 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_cf_backeri.147 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_cf_backeri.142 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_cf_backeri.145 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC Elatostemasp.399068 ------Elatostemasp.178 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAG------Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_cf_backeri.457 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_cf_strigosum.439 C------E_kinabaluense.459 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_backeri.Cn4433 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CAAGTCTCTTGGAAAGGGGCGCCAGAGAGGGTGAGAGCCC

353 Appendices

[ 1010 1020 1030 1040] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------E.parvum.154 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_parvum.452 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGT-GTCG E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 CGTTGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTC------E_parasiticum1645 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTCGCACCACGAGGCGCTGTCT E.pedunculosum.312 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.acuminatum.153 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.acuminatum.163 ------E.acuminatum.249 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTC- Elatostemasp.141 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCTTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.stipitatum.A2 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTG-CG E.reticulatum.A1 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTTCCG E.paludosum.252 CGTCGTGMCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG Elatostemasp.438 ------E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGtTGCACCACGAGG------E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 ------E_spC5027_1650 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGtTGCACC------E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CC-TGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.nigrescens.256 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGCCG E.macrophyllum.245 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTACAC------E.sesquifolium.224 ------E.sesquifolium.242 ------E.rostratum.143 ------Elatostemasp.396 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------E.rostratumgrp.455 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.rostratum.144 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.integrifolium.152 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_sessile.453 CGTCGTGCCTGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.sessile.392 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_sessile.253 CGTCGTGCCCGGAGCCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG Elatostemasp.441 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.strigosum.159 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTG-CG E_cf_strigosum.448 ------Elatostemasp.207 GG-CGGGCCCGG--CCCTGGTGC-CCACGAGGTGTTG-CT E.grande.B1 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E.backeri.146 ------E_spJ185_1649 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCTG Elatostemasp.157 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_cf_backeri.147 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_cf_backeri.142 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGT-GTCG E_cf_backeri.145 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG Elatostemasp.399068 ------Elatostemasp.178 ------Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_cf_backeri.457 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_cf_strigosum.439 ------E_kinabaluense.459 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_backeri.Cn4433 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CGTCGTGCCCGGA-CCCTGTTGCACCACGAGGCGTTGTCG

354 Appendices

[ 1050 1060 1070 1080] [ . . . .] E.griffithianum.351 ------CAAAACANCAAAAACCCAAAAAAACCACCACACA E.parvum.154 GCGAGTCAAAACANCAAAAACCCCCAAAAACAACCACACA E_parvum.452 GCGAGTCAAAACANCAAAAACCCCCAAAAACACCCACACA E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 ------E_parasiticum1645 GCGAGT------E.pedunculosum.312 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAAAACCCAACCAAAAACCAACACC E.acuminatum.153 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAACAACCCC E.acuminatum.163 ------CAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAACAACCCC E.acuminatum.249 ------CAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAACAACCCC Elatostemasp.141 -CGAGTCAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E.stipitatum.A2 -CGAGTCAAACCAACAAACACCCAAAACCACAAAAACCCC E.reticulatum.A1 -CGAGTCAAAACAACAAACACCCAAAACCACAAAAACCCC E.paludosum.252 -CAAGTCAAAACAACAAANCAACAAAACCAAAAAAACCCC Elatostemasp.438 ------CAAAACAACAAANCAACAAAACCAACANNNNNNN E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ------E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 ------E_spC5027_1650 ------E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 GCGAGTCAAAACACCAAANCAACAAAACCAAAAAAACCCC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAANCAACAAAACCAAAAAAACCCC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAANCAACAAAACCAAAAAAACCCC E.nigrescens.256 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAANCAACAAAACCAAAAAAACCCC E.macrophyllum.245 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAANCAACAAAACCAAAAAAACCCC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ------E.sesquifolium.224 ------CAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E.sesquifolium.242 ------CAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E.rostratum.143 ------CAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC Elatostemasp.396 GCGAGTCAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ------CAAANACACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E.rostratumgrp.455 GCGAGTCAAANAAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAACAAAACCCC E.rostratum.144 GCGAGTAAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E.integrifolium.152 GCGAGTAAAAACAACAAAAACCCAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCC E_sessile.453 GCGAGTCAAAACACCAAAAACCCAACACAAAAAAAACCCC E.sessile.392 RCGAGTNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNAACAAACAAAAAACCCC E_sessile.253 GCGAGTCACAACCACAAAAACCCAACAAAAAAAAAACCCC Elatostemasp.441 GCGAGTCAAAACCACAAAAACCCAACAAAAAAAAAACCCC E.strigosum.159 GCGAGTCCCCCCACACCCCACCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_cf_strigosum.448 ------NNNNACAACCCCNCCCCAAACAACAAAAACACAA Elatostemasp.207 GCGAGTCCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E.grande.B1 GCGAGTCCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAACAACACAA E.backeri.146 ------CCACACAAACCCNCCCAAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_spJ185_1649 CGAGTCCCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA Elatostemasp.157 GCGAGTCCACACAAACCCNCCCAAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_cf_backeri.147 GCGAGTCCACACAAACCCNCCCAAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_cf_backeri.142 GGGAG-ACACACAAACCCNCCCAAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_cf_backeri.145 GCGAGTACACACAAACCCNCCCAAAACAAAAAAAACACAA Elatostemasp.399068 ------CCACACAAACCCNCCCANNACAAAAAAAACACAA Elatostemasp.178 ------CCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA Elatostemasp.Cn4379 GCGAGTCCACACAAACCCNCCCAAAACAAAAACAACACAA E_cf_backeri.457 GC----CCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_cf_strigosum.439 ------CCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_kinabaluense.459 GCGAGTCCACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_backeri.Cn4433 GCGAGTCCCAACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA E_urvilleana.Cn4398 GCGAGTACACACAAACCCNCCCCAAACAAAAAAAACACAA

355 Appendices

[ 1090] [ .] E.griffithianum.351 NNCCAAAANN E.parvum.154 CCACACCAAC E_parvum.452 CCACACCAAC E_sinuatum_v_eusin1639 ------E_parasiticum1645 ------E.pedunculosum.312 CCACAAAAAC E.acuminatum.153 ANCCAAAAAC E.acuminatum.163 ANCCAAAANN E.acuminatum.249 ANCCAAAAAC Elatostemasp.141 ANCCAAAAAC E.stipitatum.A2 ANCCAAAACC E.reticulatum.A1 ANCCAAAACC E.paludosum.252 ANCAAAAAAC Elatostemasp.438 NNNNNNNNNN E_novoguineenseC5039_1641 ------E_beccariiC5009_1646 ------E_SikulikapWF1643 ------E_spC5027_1650 ------E_sp_palugrp.Cn4434 ANCAAAAAAC E.macrophyllum.Cn4397 ANCAAAAAAC E_sp_palugrp.Cn4412 ANCAAAAAAC E.nigrescens.256 ANCAAAAAAA E.macrophyllum.245 ANCAAAAAAC E_macrophyllumC5038_1648 ------E.sesquifolium.224 ANCCAAAANN E.sesquifolium.242 ANCCAAAANN E.rostratum.143 ANCCAAAANN Elatostemasp.396 ANCCAAAAAC E_sp_rostratumgrp.365 ANCCCAAANN E.rostratumgrp.455 ANCCCAAAAC E.rostratum.144 ANCCAAAAAC E.integrifolium.152 ANCCAAAAAC E_sessile.453 ANCCAAAAAC E.sessile.392 ANCCAAAAAA E_sessile.253 ANCCAAAAAC Elatostemasp.441 CACCAAAAAC E.strigosum.159 CCCCAAAAAC E_cf_strigosum.448 CCCCAAAANN Elatostemasp.207 CCCCAAACAC E.grande.B1 CACCAAAAAC E.backeri.146 CCCCAAAANN E_spJ185_1649 CCCCAAACAC Elatostemasp.157 CCCCAAAAAC E_cf_backeri.147 CCCCAAAAAC E_cf_backeri.142 CCCCAAAAAC E_cf_backeri.145 CCCCAAAAAC Elatostemasp.399068 CCCCAAAANN Elatostemasp.178 CCCCAAACAC Elatostemasp.Cn4379 CCCCAAAAAC E_cf_backeri.457 CCCCAAAAAC E_cf_strigosum.439 CCCCAAAAAC E_kinabaluense.459 CCCCAAAAAC E_backeri.Cn4433 CCCCAAAAAC E_urvilleana.Cn4398 CCCCAAAAAC

356 Appendices

Appendix 9. Morphological characters used in project c. alternate/ 1. habit/ a. herb (or sub-shrub)/ 12. leaf petiole/ b. shrub/ a. sessile (or petiole < 2 mm c. tree/ long)/ b. petiolate/ 2. form/ a. self-supporting 13. leaf base/ (erect/suberect)/ a. equal/ b. creeping/ b. oblique/

3. epiphyte/hemi-epiphyte/ 14. leaf lobing/ a. no (terrestrial)/ a. not lobed/ b. yes/ b. lobed/

4. sexuality/ 15. leaf margin/ a. monoecious/ a. entire/ b. dioecious/ b. toothed/ c. half entire, half toothed/ 5. branched hairs/ a. absent/ 16. leaf margin indumentum/ b. present/ a. glabrous/ b. hairy/ 6. stinging hairs/ a. absent/ 17. leaf apex/ b. present/ a. acute / b. acuminate or = 7. stipules/ 1.5>/ a. caducous/ b. persistent/ 18. leaf texture/ a. rugose/ 8. internode/ b. not rugose/ a. developed (elongate, distinct)/ 19. venation arrangement/ b. reduced (not visible) a. pinnate/ b. actinodromous/ 9. stipule attachment/ c. acrodromous/ a. free/ b. connate/ 20. venation symmetry/ a. both directed towards apex 10. stipule position/ (or almost so)/ a. lateral (interpetiolar)/ b. both directed towards b. axillary (intrapetiolar)/ margin (or almost so)/ c. one towards apex or almost 11. leaf arrangement/ so, the other towards a. opposite/ margin or almost so/ b. subopposite/

357 Appendices

21. veins - basal secondary pair a. absent/ origin/ b. on interstices/ a. arises at the base of primary vein (or < 2mm 29. leaf adaxial indumentum/ above base)/ a. absent/ b. arises above the base of b. on primary, secondary and primary vein (> 2mm tertiary veins/ above base)/ 30. leaf adaxial indumentum 22. veins - basal secondary pair interstices/ distance/ a. absent/ a. basal pair of secondary b. on interstices/ veins arise together from same position or within 2 31. leaf abaxial indumentum mm of each other/ venation/ b. basal pair of secondary a. absent/ veins arise from different b. on primary, secondary and positions, at least more tertiary veins/ than 2 mm apart/ 32. leaf abaxial indumentum interstices/ 23. veins - secondary arrangement/ a. absent/ a. joined to next distal b. on interstices/ secondary vein/ b. directed to margin or 33. nanophyl (small leaves)/ almost so, not joined up/ a. absent/ c. some secondary veins b. present/ directed to margin, others joining up/ 34. flower sexuality/ a. unisexual/ 24. leaf cystolith shape/ b. bisexual/ a. punctiform/ b. linear/ 35. male inflorescence/ a. sessile (or subsessile)/ 25. leaf adaxial cystoliths venation/ b. pedunculate (distinctly so)/ a. absent/ b. present/ 36. male inflorescence density/ a. condensed/crowded 26. leaf adaxial cystoliths b. open interstices/ a. absent/ 37. male inflorescence branching/ b. present/ a. branched b. unbranched 27. leaf abaxial cystoliths venation/ a. absent/ 38. male inflorescence type/ b. on primary and secondary a. head-like/ veins/ b. discoid/ c. paniculate/ 28. leaf abaxial cystoliths d. racemose/ interstices/ e. spike-like/

358 Appendices

39. male inflorescence involucral 48. male flower stamen number/ bracts/ a. one/ a. absent/ b. two/ b. present/ c. three/ d. four/ 40. male inflorescence bracts e. five/ appendage/ a. absent/ 49. male flower staminal inflection b. present/ in bud/ a. inflexed/ 41. male inflorescence bract b. erect/ margin/ a. glabrous/ 50. male flower rudimentary ovary/ b. hairy/ a. absent/ b. present/ 42. male inflorescence order/ a. unordered/ 51. female inflorescence/ b. distinctly ordered into a. sessile/ compartments/ b. pedunculate/

43. male flower symmetry/ 52. female inflorescence branching/ a. actinomorphic/ a. unbranched/ b. zygomorphic/ b. branched/

44. male flower tepal number/ 53. female inflorescence a. one/ arrangement/ b. two/ a. open/ c. three/ b. condensed, crowded/ d. four/ e. five/ 54. female inflorescence type/ a. head-like/ 45. male flower tepal fusion/ b. discoid/ a. free/ c. paniculate/ b. connate (at least lower d. racemose/ half)/ e. spike-like/

46. male flower tepal appendage/ 55. female inflorescence involucral a. absent (or slightly raised bracts/ bump)/ a. absent/ b. short (less than 0.25 of b. present/ tepal's length)/ c. long (0.25 – 0.5 tepal's 56. female inflorescence bracts length)/ appendage/ d. very long (more than 0.5 a. absent/ tepal's length)/ b. present/

47. male flower tepal indumentum/ 57. female flower bract margin/ a. glabrous/ a. absent/ b. hairy/ b. present/

359 Appendices

58. female flower symmetry/ a. not enclosed (or only partly a. actinomorphic (or slightly so)/ asymmetrical)/ b. enclosed (or almost so)/ b. zygomorphic/ 68. achene surface/ 59. female flower tepal number/ a. smooth/ a. zero (or tepals minute)/ b. ribbed/ b. one/ c. dimpled/ c. two/ d. three/ 69. plant height (non-overlap)/ e. four/ a. up to 1 m high/ f. five/ b. between 1 and 4 m/ g. six/ c. more than 4 m/

60. female flower tepal comparative 70. leaf petiole length (non-overlap)/ size/ a. 0 (absent)–11 mm/ a. equal/ b. 11–41 mm/ b. unequal/ c. longer than 41 mm/

61. female flower tepal fusion/ 71. lamina length (non-overlap): a. free/ length of lamina, from base to b. connate (at least in part)/ apex/ a. less than 50/ 62. female flower staminode presence/ b. more than 50/ a. absent/ b. present/ 72. lamina width (non-overlap): width at broadest part of lamina/ 63. female flower staminode a. less than 60 mm/ inflection in bud/ b. more than 60 mm/ a. inflexed/ b. erect/ 73. lamina length: width ratio (non- overlap)/ 64. female flower ovary/ a. less than 2/ a. straight/ b. more than 2/ b. oblique/ 74. lamina symmetry: width 65. female flower style/ comparison/ a. absent/ a. unequal/ b. present/ b. equal/

66. female flower stigma/ 75. veins number (pairs: non-overlap)/ a. capitate/ a. less than 9/ b. penicillate/ b. more than 9/ c. peltate/ d. oblong, filiform to linear/ 76. male flower tepal length (non- overlap)/ 67. achene covered by perianth or a. less than 1.8/ involucre/ b. more than 1.8/

360 Appendices

Appendix 10. Morphological database Morphological data matrix of 55 species and 76 characters (as listed in Appendix 9 and discussed in Chapter 9); ‘?’ represents inapplicable characters or characters not available from specimens used; character state values (in red) represent multiple character state scores

[ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] Boehmeria calophleba 110000000? ?211010110 110102000 0000011101 Boehmeria microphylla 1100000010 1010010110 11110200? 0000011101

Dendrocnide sinuata 220000100? ?212011010 10?110100 0011111111 Dendrocnide stimulans 220000100? ?202011110 001110110 1011111011

Elatostema E. acuminatum 000000000? ?000000111 001101100 0100010000 1 E. auriculatifolium 0100000010 100001010? 101102001 2111000000 2 E. backeri 0010000010 10??0??001 1111?1101 0101011101 1 E. bullatum 0000000000 1010010101 1100????? ?111111011 11 E. curtisii 00?000000? ?000010011 201100111 1?11010000 1 E. dallasense 00001000?0 1000010101 1111????? ?111111111 1 E. flavovirens 00001000?0 1010000101 1101????? ?111111011 11 E. grande 000000000? ?000010101 111100111 1111111110 E. griffithianum 0000000010 1010010101 101101111 0100011000 E. heyneanum 0000000010 10?0000011 ??1101200 2111110000 E. kinabaluense 001000000? ?0000001?1 110101101 1111111000 E. latifolium 0000000010 1011010111 001101210 2110111000 21 E. lineolatum 000000000? ?000000111 101101201 0110111000 E. macrophyllum 000000000? ?011011101 111100111 0111111101 11 E. manillense 000000000? ?010010111 ?01101211 1110110000 11 E. maraiparaiense 01111000?0 1010010101 210100111 2?001101?? 11 1 E. papillosum 0?00000010 10000101?1 111101201 0110001111 E. paludosum 000000000? ?010010111 101000011 1110111000 1111 E. parvum 0010000010 1000000001 111101111 0111011001 1 E. pedunculosum 000000000? 1000010001 101102211 0100011101 1 E. pinnativenium 00000000?0 10100101000101?0??? ?111001111 11 11 11 E. purpurascens 00000000?0 1010000101 1101????? ?111111011 1 E. repens 0010000010 1000010111 000101011 0100011100 E. reticulatum 000000000? ?000010101 111110111 1110111100 1

361 Appendices

[ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] E. rostratum 000000000? ?000010111 211101111 0111111111 1 E. serpentinicola 00001000?0 1000000101 1?01????? ?111111011 11 1 E. sesquifolium 000000000? ?000010111 001101111 0111110010 1 E. sessile 000000000? ?000010111 111101111 0101111101 E. sinuatum 000000000? ?0000101?1 201100111 1101010000 1 E. stipitatum 0010000010 1000010001 110101111 1110111101 E. strigosum 000000000? ?0000101?1 111101111 0101011101 E. tsoongii 0000000010 1012010111 00010120? 2110111000 E. velutinicaule 0010000000 12000001?1 100100101 1101011101 E. urvilleanum 0010000000 1000000101 201101111 0101010001 1 Elatostema sp.399068 0000000010 1000000001 100001100 0101000001 1 Myriocarpa longipes 210000000? ?212011010 11?100100 1100011101

Parietaria judaica 000000000? ?211000010 011102111 1000011101 1

Pilea microphylla 0010000010 1010000011 000100111 1100011100 Pilea nummulariifolia 0010000010 1011000010 10?002000 0111111111 Procris anfracta 0001100001 1110010101 000?0011? ?100110000 11

Procris archboldiana 000?100000 1110010101 000100110 0101110000 1 Procris frutescens 0001000000 1110010111 111000110 1111110000 1 Procris goepeliana 0000000000 1010010111 000100100 0101010000 11 Procris insularis 000000000? ?010010111 001100110 0111110000 1 Procris pedunculata 0001000000 1110010111 001?00111 1111110000 1 Procris reticulatovenosa 1001000000 1100010111 201?0011? 1111000000 Procris ruhlandii 0001000000 1110010111 00110011? 1111110000 1 Procris urdanetensis 0101000000 1110000111 201?0011? 1111110000 Procris wightiana ?0???00001 ?110010111 1???00??? ?111110000 1

Urtica dioica 000000100? ?111000010 11000110? 1000111101 11 Urtica urens 000000100? ?010000010 110102000 1000011101 1

362 Appendices

[ 50 60 70 ] [ . . . ] Boehmeria calophleba 00???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? Boehmeria microphylla 00101400?0 0?210?2111 01400?0201 0?11312 33

Dendrocnide sinuata 0011020??? 003001311? ?????????? ??????? Dendrocnide stimulans 0011020??? 0030013010 ??20??0400 0?00300

Elatostema E. acuminatum 1000111000 0031003010 ??01010310 1?00302 44 E. auriculatifolium 1011011??? 0040?040?0 010030010? ???111? 4 E. backeri 0000101110 0?31103010 ??11110010 1?00301 44 E. bullatum 1011011??1 00300030?0 1011?00300 10????1 E. curtisii 0000100??0 0141304010 ??00??0501 0?00310 E. dallasense 1011011??1 0030?130?0 1011??0310 10????0 E. flavovirens 10?1011??? 0030??30?0 1011??0310 10????1 E. grande 0010111010 0131?13010 ??110100?? 1?00301 E. griffithianum 0011020110 0040314010 ??00010511 1?00302 E. heyneanum 101?1?0000 00410140?1 ???000???? 1?00?12 E. kinabaluense 00???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? E. latifolium 001?1?00?0 00310?30?1 ???00?0400 1?00?02 E. lineolatum 0000100??0 00310030?0 ?????????? ??????? 44 E. macrophyllum 0000111011 003000301? ?????????? ??????? E. maraiparaiense 10?1011??? 0030?130?0 1011??0310 10????? 44 1 4 5 E. manillense 0011020??0 00312030?0 ??00?10?00 1?00?02 44 E. paludosum 0000111001 0030003010 ??11000010 1?00300 1 E. papillosum 1010111001 00???????? ??1101???? 1?00?02 E. parvum 1000101010 0041114010 ??11110010 1?00301 E. pedunculosum 0010101100 0131?0301? ?????????? ??????? E. pinnativenium 1001001??1 0030?130?0 10?1??0300 10????1 1 E. purpurascens 1011001??? 00301?30?0 1011??0300 10????1 E. repens 0011020??0 014100401? ?????????? ??????? E. reticulatum 0010111110 0041114010 ??111100?? 1?00300 1 E. rostratum 0000101110 0041214010 ??11110010 1?00301 E. serpentinicola 1011011??? 0030?031?0 10111?0300 10????1 4 E. sesquifolium 0000101011 00?????0?? ?????????? ??????? E. sessile 00???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? E. sinuatum 10???????? ?????????0 ??00?00500 1?00?10 E. stipitatum 0010101110 0031213011 ??111100?0 1?00300 E. strigosum 0000111110 0031213010 ??11110010 1?00301 14 4 E. tsoongii 00???????? ?????????1 ??30???4?? 1?00?0? E. urvilleanum 0000101111 0031203010 ??111100?? 1?00301 E. velutinicaule 0000100110 0131213010 ??001100?? 1?0030? Elatostema sp.399068 00???????? ?????????0 ??111000?? 1?00301

363 Appendices

[ 50 60 70 ] [ . . . ] Myriocarpa longipes 001?140010 003?01301? ?????????? ???????

Parietaria judaica 0000100010 0031013010 ??00010401 0?00?10 1

Pilea microphylla 0001020000 0131003010 ??20000310 1?00310 Pilea nummulariifolia 0000100010 0131213011 ??20010310 1?00300

Procris anfracta ?0???????? ?????????1 ??00??0??? ??0??10 Procris archboldiana 101102?000 00400?4011 1000000??? 1000010 Procris frutescens 1011020000 0030003010 100000050? 0000012 44 Procris goepeliana 1011020000 0040004011 1001?????? ??????? Procris insularis 1011020??? 0141004000 100?000?0? 1000010 Procris pedunculata 1011020000 0140004010 1100?00??? 0?00010 Procris reticulatovenosa 10???????? ?????????0 ??0??????? ??????? Procris ruhlandii 001102???? ?????????0 ??0??????? ??????? Procris urdanetensis 001102???? ?????????0 ??0??????? ??????? Procris wightiana ?01??????? ?????????1 ?????????? 0?0????

Urtica dioica 0011020??? 0031013011 ??20??0410 0?00010 Urtica urens 0000100010 00310130?0 1100010410 0?00310 1

364 Appendices

Appendix 11. Combined morphological and molecular database: Narrow analysis

[ 10 20 30 40] [ . . . .] E_acuminatum_153e 000000000NN0000001110011011000100010000 1 E_backeri146e 001000001010NN0NN0011111N11010101011101 1 E_grande_B1 000000000NN0000101011111001111111111110 E_griffithianum_351 000000001010100101011011011110100011000 E_macrophyllum_comb 000000000NN0110111011111001110111111101 1 1 E_paludosum_Cn4434 000000000NN0100101111010000111110111000 1 1 1 1 E_parvum_comb 001000001010000000011111011110111011001 1 E_pedunculosum_312 000000000N10000100011011022110100011101 1 E_reticulatum_A1 000000000NN0000101011111101111110111100 1 E_rostratum141e 000000000NN0000101112111011110111111111 1 E_integrifolium_242 000000000NN0000101110011011110111110010 1 E_sessile_comb 000000000NN0000101111111011110101111101 E_sinuatum 000000000NN0000101N12011001111101010000 1 E_sp._399068 000000001010000000011000011000101000001 1 E_stipitatum_comb 001000001010000100011101011111110111101 1 E_strigosum_comb 000000000NN0000101N11111011110101011101

365 Appendices

[ 50 60 70 80] [ . . . .] E_acuminatum_153e 10001110000031003010NN010103101N00302TAC 4 4 E_backeri146e 00001011100N31103010NN111100101N00301TAC 4 4 E_grande_B1 00101110100131N13010NN110100NN1N00301--C E_griffithianum_351 00110201100040314010NN000105111N00302TAC E_macrophyllum_comb 0000111011003000301NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_paludosum_Cn4434 00001110010030003010NN110000101N00300TAC 1 E_parvum_comb 10001010100041114010NN111100101N00301TAC E_pedunculosum_312 00101011000131N0301NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_reticulatum_A1 00101111100041114010NN111100NN1N00300TAC 1 E_rostratum141e 00001011100041214010NN111100101N00301TAC E_integrifolium_242 000010101100NNNNN0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_sessile_comb 00NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_sinuatum 10NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0NN00N005001N00N10--- E_sp._399068 00NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0NN111000NN1N00301TAC E_stipitatum_comb 00101011100031213011NN111100N01N00300TAC E_strigosum_comb 00001111100031213010NN111100101N00301--- 14 4

366 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_backeri146e GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTW E_grande_B1 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_griffithianum_351 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_macrophyllum_comb GG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_paludosum_Cn4434 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_parvum_comb GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_pedunculosum_312 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_reticulatum_A1 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_rostratum141e GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_integrifolium_242 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_sessile_comb GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_sinuatum --ACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-AATGGAAACCTA E_sp._399068 GGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_stipitatum_comb GG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAACCTA E_strigosum_comb ------GC-TATGGAAACCTA

E_acuminatum_153e CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_backeri146e CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCCCTGGAAT E_grande_B1 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_griffithianum_351 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_macrophyllum_comb CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_paludosum_Cn4434 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_parvum_comb CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_pedunculosum_312 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_reticulatum_A1 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_rostratum141e CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_integrifolium_242 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_sessile_comb CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_sinuatum CCGAGCGATAACTTtCaAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_sp._399068 CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_stipitatum_comb CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT E_strigosum_comb CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGGAAT

E_acuminatum_153e T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_backeri146e T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATT E_grande_B1 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATT E_griffithianum_351 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_macrophyllum_comb T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTCTC E_paludosum_Cn4434 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTCTC E_parvum_comb T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_pedunculosum_312 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTCTC E_reticulatum_A1 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_rostratum141e T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_integrifolium_242 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_sessile_comb T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTCTC E_sinuatum T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTAT- E_sp._399068 T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATT E_stipitatum_comb T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATC E_strigosum_comb T---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTTATT

E_acuminatum_153e TTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGGGATA E_backeri146e TTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCGATA E_grande_B1 TTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCGATA E_griffithianum_351 ATTTATCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCGATA E_macrophyllum_comb TTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_paludosum_Cn4434 TTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_parvum_comb ATGTTTCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCGATA E_pedunculosum_312 TTTTCT-AAAAAAAAG---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_reticulatum_A1 TTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_rostratum141e TTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_integrifolium_242 TTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_sessile_comb TTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_sinuatum ------CAAAAgAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCGATA E_sp._399068 TTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCGATA E_stipitatum_comb TTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCGATA E_strigosum_comb TTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCGATA

367 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_backeri146e AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_grande_B1 AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_griffithianum_351 AT---AAAAAAAATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_macrophyllum_comb AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_paludosum_Cn4434 AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_parvum_comb AT----AAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_pedunculosum_312 AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_reticulatum_A1 AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_rostratum141e AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_integrifolium_242 AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_sessile_comb AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_sinuatum AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_sp._399068 AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_stipitatum_comb AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG E_strigosum_comb AT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGG

E_acuminatum_153e AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_backeri146e AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACGTT- E_grande_B1 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACGTT- E_griffithianum_351 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_macrophyllum_comb AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_paludosum_Cn4434 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_parvum_comb AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_pedunculosum_312 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_reticulatum_A1 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_rostratum141e AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_integrifolium_242 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_sessile_comb AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_sinuatum AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_sp._399068 AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACGTT- E_stipitatum_comb AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCGTT- E_strigosum_comb AAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACGTT-

E_acuminatum_153e GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_backeri146e GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_grande_B1 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_griffithianum_351 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_macrophyllum_comb GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_paludosum_Cn4434 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_parvum_comb GGGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_pedunculosum_312 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_reticulatum_A1 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_rostratum141e GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_integrifolium_242 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_sessile_comb GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_sinuatum GCGTT------AG-GAAA-- E_sp._399068 GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_stipitatum_comb GCGTT------AG-TAAA-- E_strigosum_comb GCGTT------AG-TAAA--

E_acuminatum_153e GAAAT------AAAAC E_backeri146e GAAAT------AAAAC E_grande_B1 GAAAT------AAAAC E_griffithianum_351 GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AAAAC E_macrophyllum_comb GAAAT------AAAAC E_paludosum_Cn4434 GAAAT------AAAAC E_parvum_comb GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AAAAC E_pedunculosum_312 TAAAT------AAAAC E_reticulatum_A1 GAAAT------AAAAC E_rostratum141e GAAAT------AAAAC E_integrifolium_242 GAAAT------AAAAC E_sessile_comb GAAAT------AAAAC E_sinuatum GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AAAAC E_sp._399068 GAAAT------AAAAC E_stipitatum_comb GAAAT------AAAAC E_strigosum_comb GAAAT------AAAAC

368 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------AT E_backeri146e T-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_grande_B1 T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_griffithianum_351 T-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_macrophyllum_comb T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------AT E_paludosum_Cn4434 T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------AT E_parvum_comb T-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_pedunculosum_312 T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_reticulatum_A1 T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------AT E_rostratum141e T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_integrifolium_242 T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_sessile_comb T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_sinuatum T-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_sp._399068 T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT E_stipitatum_comb T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------AT E_strigosum_comb T-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------AT

E_acuminatum_153e ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAACGA-TTACTGA E_backeri146e ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAATGA E_grande_B1 ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_griffithianum_351 ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_macrophyllum_comb ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATCC-GTAATGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_parvum_comb ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_pedunculosum_312 ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAATATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_reticulatum_A1 ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_rostratum141e ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_integrifolium_242 ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_sessile_comb ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_sinuatum ATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_sp._399068 ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGG-TTAATGA E_stipitatum_comb ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTACTGA E_strigosum_comb ATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAATGA

E_acuminatum_153e CAACCCAAAGCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_backeri146e CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_grande_B1 CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_griffithianum_351 CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT-GA E_macrophyllum_comb CAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_paludosum_Cn4434 CAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_parvum_comb CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT-GA E_pedunculosum_312 CAACCCAAATCCCT-----ATTTCTTTTCAGTTTTTT-TA E_reticulatum_A1 CAAACCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_rostratum141e CAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_integrifolium_242 CAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_sessile_comb CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_sinuatum TAACCAAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT-GA E_sp._399068 CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_stipitatum_comb CAAACCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA E_strigosum_comb CAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT-GA

E_acuminatum_153e GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_backeri146e GAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_grande_B1 GAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_griffithianum_351 GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_macrophyllum_comb GAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_paludosum_Cn4434 GAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_parvum_comb GAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_pedunculosum_312 GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGACTT-CTTG-GGA E_reticulatum_A1 GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_rostratum141e GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_integrifolium_242 GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_sessile_comb GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_sinuatum GAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_sp._399068 GAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_stipitatum_comb GAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA E_strigosum_comb GAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG-TGA

369 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCAGT E_backeri146e ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_grande_B1 ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_griffithianum_351 ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_macrophyllum_comb ATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_parvum_comb ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_pedunculosum_312 ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_reticulatum_A1 ATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAGGATATCGAATATTCATT E_rostratum141e ATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_integrifolium_242 ATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_sessile_comb ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_sinuatum ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTTATT E_sp._399068 ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT E_stipitatum_comb ATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAGGATATCGAATATTCATT E_strigosum_comb ATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTCATT

E_acuminatum_153e -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_backeri146e -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_grande_B1 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_griffithianum_351 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_macrophyllum_comb -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA--- E_paludosum_Cn4434 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_parvum_comb -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_pedunculosum_312 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-AAAAGTT E_reticulatum_A1 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_rostratum141e -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_integrifolium_242 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_sessile_comb -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_sinuatum -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATA E_sp._399068 -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_stipitatum_comb -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC E_strigosum_comb -GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAAATC

E_acuminatum_153e TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_backeri146e TG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_grande_B1 TG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_griffithianum_351 TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_macrophyllum_comb -G------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_paludosum_Cn4434 TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_parvum_comb TG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_pedunculosum_312 TG------AAAGAATTTACTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_reticulatum_A1 TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_rostratum141e TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_integrifolium_242 TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_sessile_comb TG------AAAGAATTTCTTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_sinuatum TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_sp._399068 TG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_stipitatum_comb TG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA E_strigosum_comb TG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGAATA

E_acuminatum_153e AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_backeri146e AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_grande_B1 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_griffithianum_351 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAACAAT E_macrophyllum_comb AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_paludosum_Cn4434 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_parvum_comb AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAACAAT E_pedunculosum_312 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_reticulatum_A1 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_rostratum141e AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_integrifolium_242 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_sessile_comb AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_sinuatum AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAACAAT E_sp._399068 AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_stipitatum_comb AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT E_strigosum_comb AAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAACAAT

370 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_backeri146e GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_grande_B1 GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_griffithianum_351 GAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_macrophyllum_comb GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_paludosum_Cn4434 GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_parvum_comb GAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_pedunculosum_312 GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_reticulatum_A1 GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_rostratum141e GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_integrifolium_242 GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_sessile_comb GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_sinuatum GAAATTTATAGTAaGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTGAAAAA- E_sp._399068 GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_stipitatum_comb GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA- E_strigosum_comb GAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAAAA-

E_acuminatum_153e TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_backeri146e TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_grande_B1 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_griffithianum_351 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_macrophyllum_comb TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_paludosum_Cn4434 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_parvum_comb TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_pedunculosum_312 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCA-----GCCC E_reticulatum_A1 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_rostratum141e TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_integrifolium_242 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_sessile_comb TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_sinuatum TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_sp._399068 TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_stipitatum_comb TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCCC E_strigosum_comb TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGGCGC

E_acuminatum_153e GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTC- E_backeri146e GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTTTG- E_grande_B1 GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTTTG- E_griffithianum_351 ATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTC- E_macrophyllum_comb GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTTTG- E_paludosum_Cn4434 GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTTTG- E_parvum_comb ATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTC- E_pedunculosum_312 GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTG- E_reticulatum_A1 GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTTTG- E_rostratum141e GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTC- E_integrifolium_242 GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTC- E_sessile_comb GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTTTC- E_sinuatum GTT-----CGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTCTC- E_sp._399068 GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTTTG- E_stipitatum_comb GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTTTG- E_strigosum_comb GTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTTTG-

E_acuminatum_153e CA-T-TTAGTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_backeri146e CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCTCGT E_grande_B1 CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCTCGT E_griffithianum_351 CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_macrophyllum_comb CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCAT E_paludosum_Cn4434 CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCAT E_parvum_comb CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_pedunculosum_312 ---T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTAGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_reticulatum_A1 CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTGAT E_rostratum141e CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_integrifolium_242 CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_sessile_comb CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_sinuatum CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCGT E_sp._399068 CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCTCGT E_stipitatum_comb CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCTCAT E_strigosum_comb CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCTCGT

371 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_backeri146e TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_grande_B1 TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGK------GGAA E_griffithianum_351 TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------GGAA E_macrophyllum_comb TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_parvum_comb TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------GGAA E_pedunculosum_312 TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_reticulatum_A1 TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_rostratum141e TCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------GGAA E_integrifolium_242 TCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------GGAA E_sessile_comb TCATTCTACTT------GTATCTTAGT------GGAA E_sinuatum TCATTCTAATT------AGATCTGAGT------GGAA E_sp._399068 TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_stipitatum_comb TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA E_strigosum_comb TCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------GGAA

E_acuminatum_153e ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT-A- E_backeri146e ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_grande_B1 ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_griffithianum_351 ATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_macrophyllum_comb ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_parvum_comb ATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_pedunculosum_312 ATTTTTTTACTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_reticulatum_A1 ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_rostratum141e ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_integrifolium_242 ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_sessile_comb ATTTTTGTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_sinuatum ATGTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT-A- E_sp._399068 ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_stipitatum_comb ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A- E_strigosum_comb ATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT-A-

E_acuminatum_153e TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGGACAAAAG-AAC E_backeri146e TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_grande_B1 TATATATATATATAT----GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_griffithianum_351 TATA------GGAAAAACGTACAAATG-AAC E_macrophyllum_comb TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_paludosum_Cn4434 TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_parvum_comb TATATATATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG-AAC E_pedunculosum_312 TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_reticulatum_A1 TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_rostratum141e TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_integrifolium_242 TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_sessile_comb TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_sinuatum TATATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG-AAC E_sp._399068 TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_stipitatum_comb TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC E_strigosum_comb TATATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG-AAC

E_acuminatum_153e ATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_backeri146e ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_grande_B1 ATCTTTTAGAAAAAAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_griffithianum_351 ATTTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATATTC- E_macrophyllum_comb ATCTTTTCGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_parvum_comb ATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTA-----T-ATAGAATATTC- E_pedunculosum_312 ATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAGCCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_reticulatum_A1 ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_rostratum141e ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_integrifolium_242 ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_sessile_comb ATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_sinuatum ATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATATTA- E_sp._399068 ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_stipitatum_comb ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC- E_strigosum_comb ATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATATTC-

372 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_backeri146e ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_grande_B1 ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_griffithianum_351 ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_macrophyllum_comb ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_paludosum_Cn4434 ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_parvum_comb ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATTTA E_pedunculosum_312 ----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_reticulatum_A1 ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_rostratum141e ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_integrifolium_242 ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_sessile_comb ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_sinuatum ----aATTTG-AATAATtAA-tAATT------CATT-- E_sp._399068 ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_stipitatum_comb ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT-- E_strigosum_comb ----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CATT--

E_acuminatum_153e ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_backeri146e ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_grande_B1 ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_griffithianum_351 ------TAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAA E_macrophyllum_comb ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_parvum_comb ATTATTTAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_pedunculosum_312 ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_reticulatum_A1 ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_rostratum141e ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_integrifolium_242 ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_sessile_comb ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_sinuatum ------TAATGACTCGTACTAG-ACTGAAaC-TTACAAAG E_sp._399068 ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_stipitatum_comb ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG E_strigosum_comb ------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACAAAG

E_acuminatum_153e TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT----- E_backeri146e TCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT----- E_grande_B1 TCGTTTTTTTTTTT----GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATC----- E_griffithianum_351 TCTTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT----- E_macrophyllum_comb TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTK-GAAAAT-TTCAAAAWTT----- E_paludosum_Cn4434 TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT----- E_parvum_comb TCGTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT----- E_pedunculosum_312 TCGTTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT----- E_reticulatum_A1 TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT----- E_rostratum141e TCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT----- E_integrifolium_242 TCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT----- E_sessile_comb TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT----- E_sinuatum TCTTTTTTTTt------gGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT----- E_sp._399068 TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT----- E_stipitatum_comb TCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT----- E_strigosum_comb TCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-----

E_acuminatum_153e -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCCCCC- E_backeri146e -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCCCC- E_grande_B1 -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGAYTTT-----CCCCCCCC- E_griffithianum_351 -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCCCT- E_macrophyllum_comb -CCCCCAAA-GTATAAAAAAAAYTTY-----CCCCCCCC- E_paludosum_Cn4434 -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCCCC- E_parvum_comb -CCACCAGA-GTATAGA------TTT-GTAATCCCCCCCT E_pedunculosum_312 -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCCCC- E_reticulatum_A1 -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCCCC- E_rostratum141e -CCCCCCGAAGTTTAGATAAGATTTT---CCCCCCCCCC- E_integrifolium_242 -CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCCCC- E_sessile_comb -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTT-----CCCCCCCCC- E_sinuatum -ACACCAGA-GTATAGATAAgACTTT-GTAATCCCCCTT- E_sp._399068 -CCACCAAA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCCCC- E_stipitatum_comb -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCCCC- E_strigosum_comb -CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCCCC-

373 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_backeri146e TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_grande_B1 TAGTYTTTYTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_griffithianum_351 TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_macrophyllum_comb TGGTTTTTTTTTT----AATGGMC-AWAAM---CCCARG- E_paludosum_Cn4434 TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGGC------E_parvum_comb TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-AT------E_pedunculosum_312 TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---TCCAAG- E_reticulatum_A1 TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_rostratum141e ------E_integrifolium_242 TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_sessile_comb TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_sinuatum TCGTCTTTCTTTTTTTtAATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_sp._399068 TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_stipitatum_comb TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG- E_strigosum_comb TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCAAG-

E_acuminatum_153e CCCTCTATTA------E_backeri146e TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_grande_B1 YCCTCTATTAAAAK-GAGGATGA------E_griffithianum_351 TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_macrophyllum_comb YCYTTTTTTAAARG-GGGGAKGA------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------AAT-GAGGATGA------E_parvum_comb ------E_pedunculosum_312 TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGC------E_reticulatum_A1 TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_rostratum141e ------E_integrifolium_242 TCCTCTATTAAAA--GAGGATGA------E_sessile_comb TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sinuatum TCTTCTATtAAAAT-GAAAaTGA------E_sp._399068 TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_stipitatum_comb TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_strigosum_comb TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------

E_acuminatum_153e ------E_backeri146e ------E_grande_B1 ------E_griffithianum_351 ------E_macrophyllum_comb ------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------E_parvum_comb ------E_pedunculosum_312 ------E_reticulatum_A1 ------E_rostratum141e ------E_integrifolium_242 ------E_sessile_comb ------E_sinuatum ------E_sp._399068 ------E_stipitatum_comb ------E_strigosum_comb ------

E_acuminatum_153e ------E_backeri146e ------KGCCCC-ATCAAT------GGT E_grande_B1 ------TGCCCC-ATCAAK------GGK E_griffithianum_351 ------TGCGCC-ATCAAT------GG- E_macrophyllum_comb ------KSCCCC-HTCAWK------GGT E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------TGC------E_parvum_comb ------GGT E_pedunculosum_312 ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------GGT E_reticulatum_A1 ------TGCACC-ATCAA------GG- E_rostratum141e ------E_integrifolium_242 ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_sessile_comb ------TGCACC-ATCAAC------GGT E_sinuatum ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATTAAT------GGt E_sp._399068 ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------GGG E_stipitatum_comb ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_strigosum_comb ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------GGT

374 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e ------E_backeri146e CGGGATA------E_grande_B1 CGGGATAGCTCAG---TGTAG------E_griffithianum_351 ------E_macrophyllum_comb SGGAATAGCT------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------E_parvum_comb CGGGATAGCTCAAGTTGGTAGAGCAGGGG------E_pedunculosum_312 CGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAATCC E_reticulatum_A1 CGGGATAGT------E_rostratum141e ------E_integrifolium_242 ------E_sessile_comb CGGGATAGCTCA------E_sinuatum CGGgATAGCTCAGCTGGTAGAGCAGAG------E_sp._399068 CGGGATAG------E_stipitatum_comb ------E_strigosum_comb CGGGATA------

E_acuminatum_153e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_backeri146e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_grande_B1 ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_griffithianum_351 ------CCAACCAAACCAACCACAAACA E_macrophyllum_comb ------ACAACACAACCAACACCAAACC E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAAACC E_parvum_comb ------CCAACCAAAACAACCACAAACA E_pedunculosum_312 TCGT------CCAACACAACCAACACCAAACA E_reticulatum_A1 ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAAACA E_rostratum141e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_integrifolium_242 ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_sessile_comb ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_sinuatum ------E_sp._399068 ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA E_stipitatum_comb ------ACAACACAACCAACACCAAACA E_strigosum_comb ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAAACA

E_acuminatum_153e CCCCACCCACACCANACCACCAACACANNNNGTAGGTGAA E_backeri146e CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_grande_B1 CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_griffithianum_351 CCCCACCCACACAACACAACCACCACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_macrophyllum_comb CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA------GGA E_paludosum_Cn4434 CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_parvum_comb CCCCACCCACACCCNCCAAACACCCCANNNNGTAGGTGAA E_pedunculosum_312 CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_reticulatum_A1 CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_rostratum141e CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACNNNNNNNGTAGGTGAA E_integrifolium_242 CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACAACCAGTAGGTGAA E_sessile_comb CCCCACCCACACCANACAACAAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_sinuatum ------E_sp._399068 CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_stipitatum_comb CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGTGAA E_strigosum_comb CCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGGAAGGKGA

E_acuminatum_153e CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAAGCA E_backeri146e CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAAGCA E_grande_B1 CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAAGTA E_griffithianum_351 CC--CGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCA-AAAGCA E_macrophyllum_comb C---TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTGCT-AAAGTA E_paludosum_Cn4434 CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTGCT-AAAGTA E_parvum_comb CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCA-GGCGCA E_pedunculosum_312 CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAAC-CTGCT-ATCGCA E_reticulatum_A1 CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAGTC-TTGCT-AAAGTA E_rostratum141e CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAAGCA E_integrifolium_242 CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAAGCA E_sessile_comb CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAAGCA E_sinuatum ------GaATC-TTGCA-aTAGCA E_sp._399068 CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAAGCA E_stipitatum_comb CC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAGTC-TTGCT-AAAGTA E_strigosum_comb CC--YTCGGAAGGATCCATGGYCAAACTTTGGCCAAACCA

375 Appendices

E_acuminatum_153e GAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-TGCAAAACC-CTAT- E_backeri146e AAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TTAG- E_grande_B1 AAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACCTTTAG- E_griffithianum_351 GAA-TGACCCGCGAACATGTTATT-TACATAAC--TTGA- E_macrophyllum_comb GAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAAACC-TTAT- E_paludosum_Cn4434 GAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAAACC-TTAT- E_parvum_comb GAA-CTACTCGCGAACGTGTTATT-AACCTCAGC-TTGC- E_pedunculosum_312 GAA-TAACACGTGAACATGTTCTT-AACAAAACC-AATC- E_reticulatum_A1 GAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACGAAACG-TTAC- E_rostratum141e GAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TTAC- E_integrifolium_242 GAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TTAC- E_sessile_comb GAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TTAT- E_sinuatum GCG-TGACCCGCGGACCCGTTGTA-TAAATATGA-CCAG- E_sp._399068 AAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TTAG- E_stipitatum_comb GAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTTTTACAAAACG-TTAC- E_strigosum_comb AAAATGCCAGGGGCACGGGGTTTTTAAAAATACC-CTAGG

E_acuminatum_153e GATGTCGTTGAGATCTTGAATTT------E_backeri146e GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_grande_B1 GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_griffithianum_351 GAGGG---TACGGGAAGTGACTTCCCTAGTGCCCTTTCGA E_macrophyllum_comb GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_paludosum_Cn4434 GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_parvum_comb GAAGGGTGCGGCGGGAGTAACTTCCGTCGGGCCCTTCCGA E_pedunculosum_312 GACGTCATCGAGATTTTGAATTT------E_reticulatum_A1 GATGTCGTCGAACTCTCGATTTT------E_rostratum141e GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_integrifolium_242 GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_sessile_comb GATATTGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_sinuatum GAGGG---cACgAgGGGTGA-TTCCCC-GTCCCCTCCCGG E_sp._399068 GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_stipitatum_comb GATGTCGTCGAACTCTCGATTTT------E_strigosum_comb AAGGTGGTTGGGCTTTTTATTTT------

E_acuminatum_153e ------CAAGAAGGAGATGATGTCA E_backeri146e ------CAAGAAGAAGACAACGTCT E_grande_B1 ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATGTCT E_griffithianum_351 TGTCGTTGACGCCTAGAAATCCTAGATGTTCTCGATGTCA E_macrophyllum_comb ------CAAGAAGATGACGATGTCA E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------CAACGAAGATGACGATGTCA E_parvum_comb TGTCGTCGGCACTTGGAAATCCAAGATGTTCTCGATGTCT E_pedunculosum_312 ------CAAGATGTAGATGATGTCA E_reticulatum_A1 ------CGAGAAGATGACGATGTCA E_rostratum141e ------CAAGGAGGAGACGATGTCA E_integrifolium_242 ------CAAGGAGGAGACGATGTCA E_sessile_comb ------CGAGGTGTA-GATGATGTCA E_sinuatum CGCCGTGACGTCCATCgA-GCGTGGACGTTCTCGGTGCCC E_sp._399068 ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATGTCT E_stipitatum_comb ------CGAGAAGATGACGATGTCA E_strigosum_comb ------CCAAAAAAAAAGCCANGGCT

E_acuminatum_153e ----AAAACCTAATTTTC--AGGCGTGGTATACGCCAAGT E_backeri146e ------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCAAGT E_grande_B1 ------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCAAGT E_griffithianum_351 ----AAA-TTAAAATCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGTCAAGG E_macrophyllum_comb ----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCAAGT E_paludosum_Cn4434 ----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCAAGT E_parvum_comb ----AAA-ATAAAATTTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCAAGG E_pedunculosum_312 ----CCCAATAAAAATTT--AGGCGCGGGATGCGCCAAGT E_reticulatum_A1 CAACCAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTACGCGC-AAGT E_rostratum141e ----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCAAGT E_integrifolium_242 ----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCAAGT E_sessile_comb ----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCAAGT E_sinuatum -----AT-ACCAACTCTC--GGGCGCGGTATGCGCCAAGG E_sp._399068 ------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCAAGT E_stipitatum_comb --ACCAA-CTTAATTCTC--ATGCGCGGTACGCGCCAAGT E_strigosum_comb ------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCAAGT

376 Appendices

Appendix 12. Combined morphological and molecular database: Broader analysis

[ 10 20 30 40 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb 110000000NN21101011011011020000000011101 Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb 11000000101010010110111110200N0000011101 Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 220000100NN21201101010N11101000011111111 Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_parasiticum1645 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e 000000000NN00000011100110011000100010000 1 E_acuminatum_163e 000000000NN00000011100110011000100010000 1 E_velutinicaule_183 001000000012000001N110011001011101011101 E_curtisii_427 00N000000NN00001001120111001111N11010000 1 E_grande_B1 000000000NN00001010111110001111111111110 E_griffithianum_351 0000000010101001010110111011110100011000 E_pedunculosum_312 000000000N100001000110110022110100011101 1 E_repens_445 0010000010100001011100010010110100011100 E_reticulatum_A1 000000000NN00001010111111101111110111100 1 E_sinuatum 000000000NN0000101N120111001111101010000 1 E_sp_399068 0000000010100000000110000011000101000001 1 E_kinabaluense_459 001000000NN0000001N111010011011111111000 E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 0010000000100000010120111011110101010001 E_strigosum_comb 000000000NN0000101N111110011110101011101 E_backeri146e 001000001010NN0NN00111111N11010101011101 1 E_backeri147e 001000001010NN0NN00111111N11010101011101 1 E_paludosum_Cn4434 000000000NN01001011110101000111110111000 1 1 1 1 E_integrifolium_242 000000000NN00001011100110011110111110010 1 E_integrifolium_224e 000000000NN00001011100110011110111110010 1 E_macrophyllum_comb 000000000NN01101110111111001110111111101 1 1 E_nigrescens157e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_paludosum252e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_parvum_comb 0010000010100000000111110011110111011001 1 E_rostratum_141e 000000000NN00001011121110011110111111111 1 E_rostratum_143e 000000000NN00001011121110011110111111111 1 E_sessile_comb 000000000NN00001011111111011110101111101 E_stipitatum_comb 0010000010100001000111010011111110111101 1 E_strigosum_178e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_strigosum207e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp_441e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

377 Appendices

Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 210000000NN21201101011N11001001100011101 Parietaria_pen_jud 000000000NN21100001001111021111000011101 1 Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 0010000010101000001100011001111100011100 Procris_insularis_390 000000000NN01001011100111001100111110000 1 Procris_wightiana N0NNN00001N1100101111NNNN00NNNN111110000 1 Urtica_dioica 000000100NN111000010110010110N1000111101 1 1 Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb 0010000010101100001010N01020000111111111 Procris_frutescens_comb 0001000000111001011111101001101111110000 1 Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

378 Appendices

[ 50 60 70 80] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Boehmeria_calophleba_comb 00NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb 00101400N00N210N211101400N02010N11312TAC 3 3 Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 0011020NNN003001311NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- E_parasiticum1645 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- E_acuminatum_153e 10001110000031003010NN010103101N00302—C? 4 4 E_acuminatum_163e 10001110000031003010NN010103101N00302--- 4 4 E_velutinicaule_183 0001001100131213010NN001100NN1N0030N---? E_curtisii_427 0000100NN00141304010NN00NN05010N00310TAC E_grande_B1 0101110100131N13010NN110100NN1N00301--C? E_griffithianum_351 0110201100040314010NN000105111N00302TAC? E_pedunculosum_312 00101011000131N0301NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_repens_445 011020NN0014100401NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? E_reticulatum_A1 00101111100041114010NN111100NN1N00300TAC 1 E_sinuatum 10NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0NN00N005001N00N10--- E_sp_399068 00NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0NN111000NN1N00301TAC E_kinabaluense_459 0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN? E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 0001011110031203010NN111100NN1N00301NNN? E_strigosum_comb 0001111100031213010NN111100101N00301---? 14 4 E_backeri146e 00001011100N31103010NN111100101N00301TAC 4 4 E_backeri147e 00001011100N31103010NN111100101N00301TAC 4 4 E_paludosum_Cn4434 00001110010030003010NN110000101N00300TAC 1 E_integrifolium_242 000010101100NNNNN0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_integrifolium_224e 000010101100NNNNN0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_macrophyllum_comb 0000111011003000301NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC E_nigrescens157e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? E_paludosum252e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? E_parvum_comb 10001010100041114010NN111100101N00301TAC E_rostratum_141e 00001011100041214010NN111100101N00301TAC E_rostratum_143e 00001011100041214010NN111100101N00301TAC E_sessile_comb 0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? E_stipitatum_comb 00101011100031213011NN111100N01N00300TAC E_strigosum_178e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? E_strigosum207e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN---? E_sp_441e NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN---? Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN---? Myriocarpa_longipes_395 01N140010003N01301NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTAC? Parietaria_pen_jud 00001000100031013010NN000104010N00N10--- 1 Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN---? Pilea_microphylla_398 00010200000131003010NN200003101N00310TAC Procris_insularis_390 1011020NNN0141004000100N000N0N1000010TAC Procris_wightiana N01NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN1NNNNNNNNNN0N0NNNN-CT Urtica_dioica 0011020NNN0031013011NN20NN04100N00010TAC Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb 00001000100131213011NN200103101N00300TAC Procris_frutescens_comb 10110200000030003010100000050N0000012TAC 4 4 Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN--- Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN---

379 Appendices

[ 90 100 110 120 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------AT-GA-TTGA-CCTTGG-TATGGACA- Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TACGGACTT---AATTGAATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TACGGACTT---AATTGAATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ------TGAGCCGTCGAAAGAGCAAC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------ggattgagccttgg-tatggaaac Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ------GAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------ATTAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAA-C E_acuminatum_153e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_acuminatum_163e --CGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ------ATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri146e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_backeri147e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_strigosum178e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_curtisii_427 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_grande_B1 --CGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_griffithianum_351 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_macrophyllum_comb TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_nigrescens157e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_paludosum252e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_paludosum_Cn4434 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_parasiticum1645 TACGGACTT---AATTGAATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_parvum_comb TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_pedunculosum_312 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_repens_445 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_reticulatum_A1 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_rostratum141e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_rostratum143e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_integrifolium224e TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_integrifolium_242 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sessile_comb TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sinuatum -----ACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-AATGGAAAC E_sp._399068 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_stipitatum_comb TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC E_strigosum207e ------G-TATGGAAAC E_strigosum_comb ------GC-TATGGAAAC E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------TGAGCGTTGG-TATGGAAAC Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------ggattgagccttgg-tatggaaac Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TACGGACTT---AATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Parietaria_pen_jud ------TATGGAAAC Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------Pilea_microphylla_398 TACGGACTT---AATTGCATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TACGGACTT---AATTGCATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Procris_frutescens_comb TACGG-CTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAACC Procris_insularis_390 TACGGACTTAATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Procris_wightiana -CTCGACT-AATAATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ------GGAAAC Urera_glabraAF501614 ------TGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica TACGGACTT---AATTGGATTGAGCCTTGG-TATGGAAAC

380 Appendices

[ 130 140 150 160 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-GGG Boehmeria_calophleba_comb CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-GGG Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 CTACCGAGGGATACCTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ctaccaagtgataactttcaaattcag-agaaaccc-agg Cecropia_palmataAF501615 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------CTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CTACCAAGAGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_acuminatum_153e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_acuminatum_163e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_aff._velutinicaule_183 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_backeri146e CTWCCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCCCTGG E_backeri147e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_strigosum178e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_curtisii_427 CTACCCAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_grande_B1 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_griffithianum_351 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_macrophyllum_comb CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_nigrescens157e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_paludosum252e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_paludosum_Cn4434 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_parasiticum1645 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_parvum_comb CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_pedunculosum_312 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_repens_445 CTACCGAGCAATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_reticulatum_A1 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_rostratum141e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_rostratum143e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_integrifolium224e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_integrifolium_242 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sessile_comb CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sinuatum CTACCGAGCGATAACTTtCaAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sp._399068 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_stipitatum_comb CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_strigosum207e CC-CCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_strigosum_comb CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ctaccaagtgataactttcaaattcag-agaaaccc-tgg Myriocarpa_longipes_395 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Parietaria_pen_jud CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------Pilea_microphylla_398 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Procris_frutescens_comb CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Procris_insularis_390 CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Procris_wightiana CTACCGAGCGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CTACCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Urera_glabraAF501614 CTACCGAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica CTGCCAAGTGATAACTTTCAAATTCAG-AGAAACCC-TGG

381 Appendices

[ 170 180 190 200 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTGTTT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCATTTTT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTGTTT Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aattcaaaaaaa-gggcaatcctgagccaaatccggtttt Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AATTAAAAAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCAGTTTT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGT--C E_acuminatum_153e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_acuminatum_163e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri146e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_backeri147e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_strigosum178e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_curtisii_427 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_grande_B1 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_griffithianum_351 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_macrophyllum_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_nigrescens157e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_paludosum252e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_paludosum_Cn4434 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_parasiticum1645 AATT---AAAAATGGGTAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGT--C E_parvum_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_pedunculosum_312 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_repens_445 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_reticulatum_A1 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_rostratum141e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_rostratum143e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_integrifolium224e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_integrifolium_242 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sessile_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sinuatum AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sp._399068 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_stipitatum_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_strigosum207e AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_strigosum_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 aattcaaaaaaatgggcaatcctgagccaaatccggtttt Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Parietaria_pen_jud AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------Pilea_microphylla_398 AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AATT---AAAAGTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGTTTTT Procris_frutescens_comb AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Procris_insularis_390 AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Procris_wightiana AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AATT---AAAAACGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCGGTTTT Urera_glabraAF501614 AATG---AAAACTGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCNTTTTT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica AATT---AAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAACCAAATCTGGTGTT

382 Appendices

[ 210 220 230 240 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AT------GAA-AGGTTC-GGAAA---GTG Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-GTAAA---GCG Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-GGAAA---GCG Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ct------gaaacaaaacaa-ggattc-agaaa---gca Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AT------GAAAACAAACAC-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CT------GAAAACAAAAAA-GGATTCCAGAAA---GCG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CT------GAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GAG Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CAATTTTCTGAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GCC E_acuminatum_153e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGGG E_acuminatum_163e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGGG E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ATCCTTTACCAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGGG E_backeri146e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_backeri147e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_strigosum178e ATTTTTTATCAAAAATAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_curtisii_427 AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_grande_B1 ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_griffithianum_351 ATCATTTATCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_macrophyllum_comb CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_nigrescens157e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_paludosum252e CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_paludosum_Cn4434 CTCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_parasiticum1645 CAATTTTCTGAAAACAAAGAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GCG E_parvum_comb ATCATGTTTCAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_pedunculosum_312 CTCTTTTCT-AAAAAAAAG---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_repens_445 AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_reticulatum_A1 ATCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_rostratum141e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_rostratum143e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_integrifolium224e ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_integrifolium_242 ATCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sessile_comb CTCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_sinuatum AT------CAAAAgAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG E_sp._399068 ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAA--GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e CTCTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_stipitatum_comb ATCTTTTAT-AAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-AGAAAAAAGCG E_strigosum207e ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAAAA-GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_strigosum_comb ATTTTTTATCAAAAAAAAA---GGGTTC-ATAAAAAAGCG E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CT------GAAAACAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAG---GCG Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ct------gaaacaaaacaa-ggattc-agaaa---gca Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AT------CAAAACAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Parietaria_pen_jud AT------GAAAACAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------AAAACAAGGGG-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Pilea_microphylla_398 AT------TAAAACAAACAA-GTGTTC-AGAAC---GGG Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AT------CAAAACAAACAA-GTGTTC-AGAAA---GGG Procris_frutescens_comb AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Procris_insularis_390 AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Procris_wightiana AT------CAAAAGAAACAA-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CT------GAAAACAAACGG-GGGTTC-AGAAA---GCG Urera_glabraAF501614 AT------CAAAACAAACAA-GGATTC-AGAAA---GCG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica AT------AAAAACAA------GCG

383 Appendices

[ 250 260 270 280 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 GTAAA---AAAAAATAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGGAAAGGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb GTAAA---AAAAAATAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ATAAT--AAAAAAAGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ataat--aaaaaagaata-ggat-aggtgcagagactcaa Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATAAT--CAAAAAGGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATAAT--AAAAAAGAATC-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCGA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ----T--AAAAAAGGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAAAGACTCAA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ATAAT---AAAAA----A-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ATAAT---AAAAAA---A-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_acuminatum_153e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_acuminatum_163e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri146e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_backeri147e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_strigosum178e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_curtisii_427 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_grande_B1 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_griffithianum_351 ATAAT---AAAAAAAATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_macrophyllum_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_nigrescens157e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_paludosum252e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_parasiticum1645 ATAAT---AAAATAA--A-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_parvum_comb ATAAT----AAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_pedunculosum_312 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_repens_445 ATAATAAAAAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_reticulatum_A1 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_rostratum141e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_rostratum143e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_integrifolium224e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_integrifolium_242 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sessile_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sinuatum ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sp._399068 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_stipitatum_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_strigosum207e ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_strigosum_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATAAT---AAAAAA-----GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ataat-----aaagg----ggat-aggtgcagagactcaa Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Parietaria_pen_jud ATAAT--AAAAACAGAAA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-GGGTGCATAGACTCAA Pilea_microphylla_398 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Procris_frutescens_comb ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Procris_insularis_390 ATAAT---AAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Procris_wightiana ATAAT---AAAAAATATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATAAT---AAAAAA-----GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Urera_glabraAF501614 ATATC--GAAAAAAGATA-GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------cagagactcaa Urtica_dioica ATAA----AAAAAA-----GGAT-AGGTGCAGAGACTCAA

384 Appendices

[ 290 300 310 320 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tggaagctgtt-----ct-aac-aaatggagttggctgcg Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTTCT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAA-AAATGGAGTTGGTTTCG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTTCT Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTTAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAACGGAGTTGGCTGAA E_acuminatum_153e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_acuminatum_163e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_aff._velutinicaule_183 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_backeri146e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_backeri147e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_strigosum178e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_curtisii_427 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG E_grande_B1 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_griffithianum_351 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_macrophyllum_comb TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_nigrescens157e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_paludosum252e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_paludosum_Cn4434 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_parasiticum1645 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGAA E_parvum_comb TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_pedunculosum_312 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_repens_445 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG E_reticulatum_A1 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_rostratum141e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_rostratum143e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_integrifolium224e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_integrifolium_242 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sessile_comb TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_sinuatum TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG E_sp._399068 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_stipitatum_comb TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG E_strigosum207e TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_strigosum_comb TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACG E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 tggaagctgtt-----ct-aac-aaatggagttggctgcg Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG Parietaria_pen_jud TGGAAGTTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTACT Pilea_depressaAF501613 TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAATAGGCTGCG Pilea_microphylla_398 TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTAGGCTGCG Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TGGAAGATGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAATAGGCTGCG Procris_frutescens_comb TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Procris_insularis_390 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Procris_wightiana TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGGGTTGGCTGCG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATCGAGTTGGCTGCA Urera_glabraAF501614 TGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAATGGAGTTGGCTGCG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tggaagctgtt-----ct-aac-aaatggagttggctgcg Urtica_dioica CGGAAGCTGTT-----CT-AAC-AAACGGAGTTGGATGCG

385 Appendices

[ 330 340 350 360 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TT-GCGTTAGT------AG-TTAG-TAA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TT-GCGTTAGT------AG-TTAG-TAA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tt------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TT-GTGTT------AA-TAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 GT-GCG------AA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 GT-GCG------AA E_acuminatum_153e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_acuminatum_163e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri146e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_backeri147e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_strigosum178e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_curtisii_427 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA E_grande_B1 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_griffithianum_351 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_macrophyllum_comb TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_nigrescens157e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_paludosum252e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_parasiticum1645 GT-GCG------AA E_parvum_comb TT-GGGTT------AG-TAA E_pedunculosum_312 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_repens_445 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA E_reticulatum_A1 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_rostratum141e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_rostratum143e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_integrifolium224e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_integrifolium_242 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sessile_comb TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sinuatum TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA E_sp._399068 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_stipitatum_comb TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_strigosum207e TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_strigosum_comb TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 GT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 tt-gcgtt------aa-taa Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Parietaria_pen_jud TT-GCGTTAGTAAAGGAGCGTT------AG-TAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 CT-GCGTT------GCGTT------AG-TAA Pilea_microphylla_398 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb CT-ACGTT------GCGTT------AG-TAA Procris_frutescens_comb TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Procris_insularis_390 TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Procris_wightiana TT-GCGTT------AG-GAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 GT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Urera_glabraAF501614 TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tt-gcgtt------ag-taa Urtica_dioica TT-GCGTT------AG-TAA

386 Appendices

[ 370 380 390 400 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATT------GA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------GA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb A--GGAATCC--TTCCATT------GA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------GA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 A--GGAATCC--TTTCATC------GA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 A--GGAATCC--CTCCATC------GA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 A--GGAATCC--TTTCATC------GA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 A--GGAAT------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 A--GGAAT------E_acuminatum_153e A--GAAAT------AA E_acuminatum_163e A--GAAAT------AA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri146e A--GAAAT------AA E_backeri147e A--GAAAT------AA E_strigosum178e A--GAAA------E_curtisii_427 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC----AAAACTCCATAAAGCAA E_grande_B1 A--GAAAT------AA E_griffithianum_351 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_macrophyllum_comb A--GAAAT------AA E_nigrescens157e A--GAAAT------AA E_paludosum252e A--GAAAT------AA E_paludosum_Cn4434 A--GAAAT------AA E_parasiticum1645 A--GGAAT------E_parvum_comb A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_pedunculosum_312 A--TAAAT------AA E_repens_445 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_reticulatum_A1 A--GAAAT------AA E_rostratum141e A--GAAAT------AA E_rostratum143e A--GAAAT------AA E_integrifolium224e A--GAAAT------AA E_integrifolium_242 A--GAAAT------AA E_sessile_comb A--GAAAT------AA E_sinuatum A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA E_sp._399068 A--GAAAT------AA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e A--GAAAT------AA E_stipitatum_comb A--GAAAT------AA E_strigosum207e A--GAAAT------AA E_strigosum_comb A--GAAAT------AA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 A--GGAAT------Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 t--ggaatcc--tttcatc------ga Myriocarpa_longipes_395 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Parietaria_pen_jud A--GGAATCC--TTACATC------GA Pilea_depressaAF501613 C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Pilea_microphylla_398 C--GGAATTC--TTCCATG------AA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb C--GGAATTC--TTCCATC------AA Procris_frutescens_comb A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Procris_insularis_390 A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Procris_wightiana A--GGAATCC--TTCCATC------AA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 A--GGAAT------Urera_glabraAF501614 A--GGAATCC--TTGTATC------AA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 a--ggaatcc--t-gtatc------aa Urtica_dioica A--GGAATCC--TTCTATC------AA

387 Appendices

[ 410 420 430 440 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----AAAATGT----- Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATAT----- Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AACT-ACAGTAAAGGATGAAGAATAAAATAAACCTATATA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CACT-CCAA-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAACCT----- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CACT-CCAA-AAAAAAGGATGAA-----GAATA------E_acuminatum_153e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_acuminatum_163e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_aff._velutinicaule_183 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_backeri146e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_backeri147e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_strigosum178e --CT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_curtisii_427 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_grande_B1 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_griffithianum_351 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_macrophyllum_comb AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_nigrescens157e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_paludosum252e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_paludosum_Cn4434 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_parasiticum1645 CACT-CCAA-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TA------E_parvum_comb AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_pedunculosum_312 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_repens_445 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAATA-----TAAAC------E_reticulatum_A1 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_rostratum141e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_rostratum143e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_integrifolium224e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_integrifolium_242 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sessile_comb AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sinuatum AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sp._399068 AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_stipitatum_comb AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----GAAAC------E_strigosum207e ACCT-CCATTAAAGGATTAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_strigosum_comb AACT-CCATTAAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAACCTATATA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 aact-ccag-aaaggataaagaa-----gaaacgt----- Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGAT-AA------Parietaria_pen_jud AACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAATGT----- Pilea_depressaAF501613 AATT-CAAT-AAAGA-TGAAGGA-----TAAAT------Pilea_microphylla_398 AATT-CAAT-AAAGA-TGAAGGA-----TAAAT------Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AATT-CAAT-AAAGA-TGAAGGA-----GAAAT------Procris_frutescens_comb AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Procris_insularis_390 AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Procris_wightiana AACT-CCAT-AAAGGATGAAAGA-----TAAAC------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CACT-CCAG-AAAGGATGAAGAA-----TAAAACTCTATA Urera_glabraAF501614 AACT-CGAT-ACAGGATGAAGGA-----TAAAC------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aact-ccat-acaggatgaagga-----taaac------Urtica_dioica AGCT-CCAT-A------TAAGC------

388 Appendices

[ 450 460 470 480 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 -ATATAG-GTACGGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATAA-TTAA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb -ATATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb -ATATAG-GTACGGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATAA-TTAA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 -ATATACCGTACTGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 -ATATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CGTATAC-GTACTAAA-ATACTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 -CTATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTAC-AAATGA-TTAA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 -ATATAC-GTGCTGAA-ATACTATCTTC------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TATATAC-GTA--TAA--TACTATCTTC------E_acuminatum_153e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAACGA-TTAC E_acuminatum_163e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAACGA-TTAC E_aff._velutinicaule_183 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_backeri146e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_backeri147e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_strigosum178e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_curtisii_427 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC E_grande_B1 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_griffithianum_351 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_macrophyllum_comb -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_nigrescens157e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_paludosum252e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_paludosum_Cn4434 -ATATCC-GTAATGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_parasiticum1645 TATATAC-GTA--TAA--TACTATCTTC------E_parvum_comb -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_pedunculosum_312 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAATATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_repens_445 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTGC E_reticulatum_A1 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_rostratum141e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_rostratum143e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_integrifolium224e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_integrifolium_242 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sessile_comb -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_sinuatum -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC E_sp._399068 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGG-TTAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_stipitatum_comb -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAC E_strigosum207e -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_strigosum_comb -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCA-AAATGA-TTAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CGTATAC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTTC-AAATGA-TTAA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 -atatac-gtactaaa-ataccatctcc-aaatga-ttaa Myriocarpa_longipes_395 -----AC-GTACTGAA-ATATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Parietaria_pen_jud -ATATAT-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTAC-AAATGA-TTAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pilea_microphylla_398 -GGATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTAACTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATAGTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAG Procris_frutescens_comb -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Procris_insularis_390 -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Procris_wightiana -ATATCC-GTACTGAA-CTATTATCTCC-AAATGA-TTAC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CGTATAC-GTACTGAA-ATACTATCTTC-AAATGA-TTAA Urera_glabraAF501614 -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATACTCTCTCC-CAATGA-TTAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 -gtatcc-atactgaa-atactctctac-aaataa-ttaa Urtica_dioica -GTATCC-GTACTGAA-ATACTCTCTCT-A-ATGA-----

389 Appendices

[ 490 500 510 520 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TTACAACCCGAATTCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TTACAACCCGAATTCAT-----ATTT-----CATTTTCAT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TTACAAC------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TTACAACCAGAATTCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------aatccgg-----atttctttgatttttcat Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TGACAACCCGAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TGACAAACCGAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTCAT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGACAACCCGAATCCGT-----ATTCCTTTTAATTTTCAT Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum_153e TGACAACCCAAAGCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_acuminatum_163e TGACAACCCAAAGCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 TGACAGCCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri146e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_backeri147e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_strigosum178e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_curtisii_427 TGATAACCAAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTGAT E_grande_B1 TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_griffithianum_351 TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT E_macrophyllum_comb TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_nigrescens157e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_paludosum252e TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_paludosum_Cn4434 TGACAACCCAAATCCGC-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_parasiticum1645 ------E_parvum_comb TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTTT E_pedunculosum_312 TGACAACCCAAATCCCT-----ATTTCTTTTCAGTTTTTT E_repens_445 TGATAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT E_reticulatum_A1 TGACAAACCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_rostratum141e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_rostratum143e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_integrifolium224e TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_integrifolium_242 TGACAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sessile_comb TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sinuatum TGATAACCAAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT E_sp._399068 TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_stipitatum_comb TGACAAACCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_strigosum207e TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_strigosum_comb TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAAGTTTTTT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TGACAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTCAT Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 tgacaacccgaatccgt-----atttctttgaattttcat Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TGATAACCCGAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTAATTTTTAT Parietaria_pen_jud TTACAACCCGAATTCAT-----GTTTCTTTTAATTTTAAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 TGACAACCCGAGTCCAT-----ATTCATTATTATATTTAT Pilea_microphylla_398 TGACAACCCGAGTACAT-----ATTCATTTTTATATTGAT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TGACAACCCGCGTCCAT-----ATTCATTATTCTATTTAT Procris_frutescens_comb TGATAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Procris_insularis_390 TGATAACCCCAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Procris_wightiana TGATAACCCAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTTAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TGACAACACAAATCCGT-----ATTTCTTTTCATTTTCAT Urera_glabraAF501614 TGACAACCCCAATCCATTCCATATTTCTTTTTAATTTATT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tgacaaccccaatccat-----atttcttttttattttta Urtica_dioica ------

390 Appendices

[ 530 540 550 560 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Boehmeria_calophleba_comb -GAAAATGA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 -gaaaaatc------aaagaatt-gttg- Cecropia_palmataAF501615 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAAAT-CTTG- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 -GAAAAATG------AAAAGAATT-GTTG- Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGAAAATTA------TG- Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum_153e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_acuminatum_163e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_aff._velutinicaule_183 -GAGAATGATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri146e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_backeri147e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_strigosum178e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_curtisii_427 -GAGAATTATTAGT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_grande_B1 -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_griffithianum_351 -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_macrophyllum_comb -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_nigrescens157e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_paludosum252e -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_paludosum_Cn4434 -GAGAATTCTTATTAAAA------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_parasiticum1645 ------E_parvum_comb -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_pedunculosum_312 -TAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGACTT-CTTG- E_repens_445 -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_reticulatum_A1 -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_rostratum141e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_rostratum143e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_integrifolium224e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_integrifolium_242 -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sessile_comb -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sinuatum -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sp._399068 -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_stipitatum_comb -GAGAATTCTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_strigosum207e -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_strigosum_comb -GAGAATTTTTATT------AAAAGAATT-CTTG- E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 -GAAAAATT------AAAGAATT-ATTG- Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 -gaaaaatg------aaagaatt-gttg- Myriocarpa_longipes_395 -GAGAATTC------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Parietaria_pen_jud -AGAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 -GATAATAA------ATATAATT-TTTG- Pilea_microphylla_398 -GATACTA------AAAAAATT-TATG- Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb -GATAATAA------ATAGAATT-TTTG- Procris_frutescens_comb -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Procris_insularis_390 -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Procris_wightiana -GAGAATTATTATT------AAAATAATT-CTTG- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 -GAAAAATA------AAAGAATT-GTTG- Urera_glabraAF501614 -GAAAATTA------AAAGAATT-CTTG- Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ttcaaattgaaaat------gaaaagaatt-cttg- Urtica_dioica ------ATC------AAATTAATT-CT---

391 Appendices

[ 570 580 590 600 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TGAATAAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TGAATAAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TGAATAAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tgaatcaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaatga-attgaatattc Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TGATTCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAACGA-ATCGAATATTC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TGAATCAAATTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum_153e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_acuminatum_163e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_aff._velutinicaule_183 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri146e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_backeri147e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_strigosum178e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_curtisii_427 TGAATCAA-TTCT-ACGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTT E_grande_B1 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_griffithianum_351 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_macrophyllum_comb TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_nigrescens157e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_paludosum252e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_paludosum_Cn4434 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_parasiticum1645 ------E_parvum_comb TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_pedunculosum_312 GGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_repens_445 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_reticulatum_A1 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAGGATATCGAATATTC E_rostratum141e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_rostratum143e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_integrifolium224e TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_integrifolium_242 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sessile_comb TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sinuatum TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTT E_sp._399068 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_stipitatum_comb TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGGTGAAAAAGGATATCGAATATTC E_strigosum207e TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTGGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_strigosum_comb TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TAAATCAA-TTATTAAGTTGAAAAAAGA-ATTAAATATTC Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 tgaatcaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaatga-atcgaatattc Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TGAATCAA-TTAT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Parietaria_pen_jud TGAATTAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATC------Pilea_depressaAF501613 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pilea_microphylla_398 --AATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCTAATATTC Procris_frutescens_comb TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Procris_insularis_390 TGAATCAA-TTCT-AAGTTGAAAAA-GATATCGAATATTC Procris_wightiana TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAAGATATCGAATATTC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TGAATCAA-TTAT-AAGTTGAAAAAAGA-ATCAAATATTC Urera_glabraAF501614 TGAATCAA-TTCG-AAGTTGAAAAAGGATATCCAATATTC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tgaatcaa-ttct-aagttgaaaaaggatctcgaatagtc Urtica_dioica ------AAGTTGAAAAAAGAGATCAAATATTC

392 Appendices

[ 610 620 630 640 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------AAATC-ACTTCTTC------CAT-CAAA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ------AAACC-ATTTCTCC------CAT-CAAA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------AAATC-ACTTCTTC------CAT-CAAA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ------AAATC-ATTTCTTC------CAT-CAAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 att-aatcaaatc-atttactc------cat-caaa Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ATTTGATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum_153e AGT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_acuminatum_163e AGT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri146e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_backeri147e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_strigosum178e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_curtisii_427 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_grande_B1 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_griffithianum_351 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_macrophyllum_comb ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_nigrescens157e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_paludosum252e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_parasiticum1645 ------E_parvum_comb ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_pedunculosum_312 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-AAAA E_repens_445 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-GAAA E_reticulatum_A1 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_rostratum141e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_rostratum143e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_integrifolium224e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_integrifolium_242 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sessile_comb ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sinuatum ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sp._399068 ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_stipitatum_comb ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_strigosum207e ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_strigosum_comb ATT-GATCAAATC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATT-AATCAAATC-ATTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 att-aatcaaatc-atttactc------cat-caaa Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ATT-GATCAATTC-ATTTATTT------CAT-CAAA Parietaria_pen_jud ------AAATC-ATTTCCTA------CAT-CAAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------Pilea_microphylla_398 ------Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ------Procris_frutescens_comb ATT-GATCAAAGC--TTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Procris_insularis_390 ATT-GATCAAAGC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Procris_wightiana ATT-GATCAAAGC-ATTTAGTC------CAT-CAAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATT-GATCAAATC-AGTTACTC------CAT-CAAA Urera_glabraAF501614 ATG-GATCAAATT-CTTTATTC------CAT-CAAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 atg-gatcaaatt-ctttattc------cat-caaa Urtica_dioica ATG-GATCCTATTGATTT---C------CAT-CAAA

393 Appendices

[ 650 660 670 680 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAAGTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ATCTGATATCTTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGTAGGAGA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAAGTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ATATGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 atctgatagattttttgaagacttgataaatcggacgaga Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATCTGATATATTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATATGATAGATCTTTTGAAGACTTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAATAATTGATTAATCGG-CGAGA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------AATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------AATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA E_acuminatum_153e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_acuminatum_163e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri146e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_backeri147e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_strigosum178e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_curtisii_427 ATATG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_grande_B1 ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_griffithianum_351 ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_macrophyllum_comb ----G------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_nigrescens157e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_paludosum252e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_parasiticum1645 ------AATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA E_parvum_comb ATCTG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA E_pedunculosum_312 GTTTG------AAAGAATTTACTAATTGGACGAGA E_repens_445 ATATG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA E_reticulatum_A1 ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_rostratum141e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_rostratum143e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_integrifolium224e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_integrifolium_242 ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sessile_comb ATCTG------AAAGAATTTCTTAATTGGACGAGA E_sinuatum ATATG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sp._399068 ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ATCTG------AAAGAATTTCTTAATTGGACGAGA E_stipitatum_comb ATCTG------AAAGAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_strigosum207e ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_strigosum_comb ATCTG------AAATAATTTATTAATTGGACGAGA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATCTGATAGATCTTTTGAAGAATGGATTAATCGGACGAGA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 atctgatagattttttgaagacttgattaatcggacgaga Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ATCTG------AAAGAATTGAGTAATTGGACAAGA Parietaria_pen_jud ATATGATAGCTTTTTTGAATAATTGATTAATCGTACGAGA Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------CGAGA Pilea_microphylla_398 ------CGAGA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ------CGAGA Procris_frutescens_comb ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGTACGAGA Procris_insularis_390 ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Procris_wightiana ATAGG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTGGACGAGA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATCTGATAGATTTTTTGAAGAATTGATTAATCGGACGAGA Urera_glabraAF501614 ATATG------AAAGAATTGATTAATTCGACGAGA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 atatg------aaagaattgattaattcgacgaga Urtica_dioica ATCAG------AAAAAAGCTATTCATTGGACAAGA

394 Appendices

[ 690 700 710 720 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ataaagatagagtcccattccacatgtcaatatcgacaac Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCGGTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCAGTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_acuminatum_153e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_acuminatum_163e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri146e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_backeri147e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_strigosum178e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_curtisii_427 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_grande_B1 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_griffithianum_351 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_macrophyllum_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_nigrescens157e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_paludosum252e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_paludosum_Cn4434 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_parasiticum1645 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCAGTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_parvum_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_pedunculosum_312 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_repens_445 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_reticulatum_A1 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_rostratum141e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_rostratum143e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_integrifolium224e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_integrifolium_242 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sessile_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sinuatum ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC E_sp._399068 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_stipitatum_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_strigosum207e ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGCCAAC E_strigosum_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATTGACAAC E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTTTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ataaagatagagtcccattccacatgtcaatatcgacaac Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Parietaria_pen_jud ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATGGACAAC Pilea_depressaAF501613 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAG Pilea_microphylla_398 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAG Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAG Procris_frutescens_comb ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Procris_insularis_390 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Procris_wightiana ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCG-CAAC Urera_glabraAF501614 ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ataaagatagagtcccattctacatgtcaatatcgacaac Urtica_dioica ATAAAGATAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTCAATATCGACAAC

395 Appendices

[ 630 640 650 660 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aatgaaatttatagtaagaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTGGACTTTAAA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_acuminatum_153e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_acuminatum_163e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTCAA E_backeri146e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_backeri147e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_strigosum178e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_curtisii_427 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTCAAA E_grande_B1 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_griffithianum_351 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_macrophyllum_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_nigrescens157e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_paludosum252e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_parasiticum1645 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_parvum_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_pedunculosum_312 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_repens_445 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_reticulatum_A1 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_rostratum141e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_rostratum143e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_integrifolium224e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_integrifolium_242 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sessile_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sinuatum AATGAAATTTATAGTAaGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTGAAA E_sp._399068 AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_stipitatum_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_strigosum207e AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_strigosum_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 aatgaaatttatagtaagaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Parietaria_pen_jud AATGAAATTTATAGTAATAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTTAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pilea_microphylla_398 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTCAA Procris_frutescens_comb AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Procris_insularis_390 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Procris_wightiana AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Urera_glabraAF501614 AATGAAATTTATAGTAAAAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aatgaaatttatagtaaaaggaaaatccgtcgactttaaa Urtica_dioica AATGAAATTTATAGTAAGAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTAAA

396 Appendices

[ 670 680 690 700 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAATCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aa-tcgtg-aggg-ttcaagtccctctatccccaaaaagg Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AAATCGTG-AGGGGTTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAGGG E_acuminatum_153e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_acuminatum_163e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_aff._velutinicaule_183 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTA-CCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri146e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_backeri147e AA-TCGTGGAGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_strigosum178e AA-TCGGG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_curtisii_427 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_grande_B1 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_griffithianum_351 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_macrophyllum_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_nigrescens157e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_paludosum252e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_paludosum_Cn4434 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_parasiticum1645 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_parvum_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_pedunculosum_312 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCA-----G E_repens_445 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_reticulatum_A1 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_rostratum141e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_rostratum143e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_integrifolium224e AA-TCGGG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_integrifolium_242 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sessile_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sinuatum AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sp._399068 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_stipitatum_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_strigosum207e AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_strigosum_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 aa-tcgtg-aggNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNcaaaaagg Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAAG Parietaria_pen_jud AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Pilea_depressaAF501613 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pilea_microphylla_398 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT Procris_frutescens_comb AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Procris_insularis_390 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Procris_wightiana AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Urera_glabraAF501614 AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aa-tcgtg-aggg-ttcaagtccctctatccccaaaaagg Urtica_dioica AA-TCGTG-AGGG-TTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAAAAGT

397 Appendices

[ 710 720 730 740 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTTTTTATCCTATCTTC Boehmeria_calophleba_comb CCCATT-----TGAGTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCTTT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCTTC Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 CCCATT-----TGATTTC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCTTC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ccaaa------tgattcc-ctaattatttatcct-----c Cecropia_palmataAF501615 CCTATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CCAAAT-----AGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 CCTATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTAT--ATCCTATCCTC Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTGCCCTC Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC E_acuminatum_153e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_acuminatum_163e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_backeri146e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_backeri147e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_strigosum178e CGCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_curtisii_427 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC E_grande_B1 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_griffithianum_351 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_macrophyllum_comb CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_nigrescens157e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_paludosum252e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_paludosum_Cn4434 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_parasiticum1645 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC E_parvum_comb CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_pedunculosum_312 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_repens_445 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC E_reticulatum_A1 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_rostratum141e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_rostratum143e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_integrifolium224e GCCGGT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_integrifolium_242 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sessile_comb CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_sinuatum CCCGTT-----CGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTC E_sp._399068 CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCCTT E_stipitatum_comb CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTATCCTATCCTT E_strigosum207e CCCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_strigosum_comb CGCGTT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTCTTTCTCCTATCCTT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 caaaa------gattcc-ctaattatttatcct-----c Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TTCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATACTATCCTC Parietaria_pen_jud CCCATT-----TGATTTC-CTAATTAGTTATCCTATCTTC Pilea_depressaAF501613 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGTATCCTC Pilea_microphylla_398 CCCATTCCATTTAATTCA-CAAATTAGTTTTCGTATCCTC Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CAAATTATTTATCGTATCCTC Procris_frutescens_comb CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCC-- Procris_insularis_390 CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATCC-- Procris_wightiana CCCATT-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTATC--- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TCCATC-----TGATTCC-CTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTC Urera_glabraAF501614 CCTATT-----TTATTCC-CTAAATATTTAGCCTATCCTC Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 cctatt-----tta-ttc-ctaaatatttagcctatcctc Urtica_dioica CCCATT-----TGA-TCCTCTAATTATTGAGCCTATCCTC

398 Appendices

[ 750 760 770 780 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TC-AG-T-TAATTAGCAGTTCAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TC-AGGT-TCGTTAGCGGCTCAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TC-AG-T-TAATTAGCAGTTTAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TC-AG-T-TAGTTAGTAGTTCAAAATTCGTCATGT-TTCT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 tc-at-t-ccgttagtggtttctaatttgttatgt-ttct Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TC-AG-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTCGCTATGT-TTCT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TG-AT-T-CCGTTAGCAGCTCAAAATTCATTATCT-TTCT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TC-AG-TCTCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAAGTCGTTATGT-TTCT Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TC-CT-T-TTTTGAGCAGTTCCAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TT-AT-T-TTGTTAGCAGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTGT E_acuminatum_153e TC-CA-T-TTAGTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_acuminatum_163e TC-CA-T-TTAGTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_backeri146e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_backeri147e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_strigosum178e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_curtisii_427 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT E_grande_B1 TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_griffithianum_351 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_macrophyllum_comb TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_nigrescens157e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_paludosum252e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGGGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_paludosum_Cn4434 TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_parasiticum1645 TT-AT-T-TTGTTATCAGTTCAAAACTCGTTATCT-TTCT E_parvum_comb TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_pedunculosum_312 TG----T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTAGTTATGT-TTCT E_repens_445 TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_reticulatum_A1 TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_rostratum141e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_rostratum143e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_integrifolium224e TC-CG-G-TTATTAGGGGTTCAAAATTCGGTATGT-TTCT E_integrifolium_242 TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sessile_comb TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sinuatum TC-CG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_sp._399068 TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TC-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_stipitatum_comb TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT E_strigosum207e TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_strigosum_comb TG-CG-T-TTATTAGTGTTTCAAAATTCATTATGT-TTCT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TC-AT-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 tc-at-t-ccgttagcgatttctaatttgttatgt-ttct Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TCAAG-T-TCATTAGTGGGTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Parietaria_pen_jud TC-AG-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTC------CTT Pilea_depressaAF501613 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGAGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Pilea_microphylla_398 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGAGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTATATTCT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TC-AG-T-TCATTAGAGGTTCACAATTCGTTCTAT-TTCT Procris_frutescens_comb ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Procris_insularis_390 ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Procris_wightiana ----G-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTCT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TC-AT-T-TCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATCT-TTCT Urera_glabraAF501614 TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGG-TTCT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tc-ag-t-tcattagaggttcaaaatttgttatgt-ttct Urtica_dioica TC-AG-T-TCATTAGTGGTTCAAAATTCGTTATGT-TTAT

399 Appendices

[ 790 800 810 820 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 CGGTCAT------TCTGAAC------G Boehmeria_calophleba_comb CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAAC------G Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb CGGTCAT------TCTGAAC------G Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAAC------G Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 cgttcattctaactttacaaccggacctgaat------g Cecropia_palmataAF501615 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGC------G Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CATTCATTCTAACTTTACAAACAGACCTGAAC------A Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGC------G Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 CGTTCATTCTAATTTTACAAACGTATTTTATT------T Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 CGTTCATTTTAATTCTACAAACGTATTTGATC------A E_acuminatum_153e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_acuminatum_163e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_aff._velutinicaule_183 CGTTCATTCTATTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri146e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_backeri147e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_strigosum178e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_curtisii_427 CGTTCATTCTAATT------AGATCTGAGT------G E_grande_B1 CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGK------G E_griffithianum_351 CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_macrophyllum_comb CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_nigrescens157e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_paludosum252e CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_paludosum_Cn4434 CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_parasiticum1645 CATTCATTTTAATTCTACAAACATATTTGATC------G E_parvum_comb CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_pedunculosum_312 CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_repens_445 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G E_reticulatum_A1 GATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_rostratum141e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_rostratum143e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_integrifolium224e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGG------G E_integrifolium_242 CGTTCATTCTACTT------GAATCTTAGT------G E_sessile_comb CGTTCATTCTACTT------GTATCTTAGT------G E_sinuatum CGTTCATTCTAATT------AGATCTGAGT------G E_sp._399068 CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GTATCTTAGT------G E_stipitatum_comb CATTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_strigosum207e CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_strigosum_comb CGTTCATTCTACTT------GGATCTTAGT------G E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 CGTTCATTCTAATTTTACAAACGTATCTGAGC------G Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 cgttcattctaactctacaaccggacctgaac------g Myriocarpa_longipes_395 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGA-CTGAGC------G Parietaria_pen_jud CATTGATTCGAATT------GGATCTGAAC------G Pilea_depressaAF501613 GGTTCATTCTAATT------GTAGTTGAGC------G Pilea_microphylla_398 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GTATTAGAAC------A Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb CGTTCATTCTAATT------GTAGTTGAGC------G Procris_frutescens_comb CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Procris_insularis_390 CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Procris_wightiana CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATCTGAGT------G Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 CGTTCATTCTAATTCTACAAACGTATCTGAGC------G Urera_glabraAF501614 CGTTCATT------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 cgttgattctaatt------ggatataagatataatcg Urtica_dioica CGTTCATTCTAATT------GGATATAAGT------G

400 Appendices

[ 830 840 850 860 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 GAAATTTTTT-CTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb GAAATTGTTTTCTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb GAAATTTTTT-CCTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 accttttttttattatcacaagcc------tt-gtgatat Cecropia_palmataAF501615 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCACAAAAT------TT-GTGATAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 CCCATTTTTTTCTTATCCCAAGGC------TT-GCGATAT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCAAAAAAT------TT-GTGATAT Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 GATCGAAAATTCTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATTT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AAAATTTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATTC E_acuminatum_153e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_acuminatum_163e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 GAAATTTTTT-CCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_backeri146e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_backeri147e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_strigosum178e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_curtisii_427 GAAATGTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_grande_B1 GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_griffithianum_351 GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_macrophyllum_comb GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_nigrescens157e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_paludosum252e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_paludosum_Cn4434 GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_parasiticum1645 AAAATTTTTTTcTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATTC E_parvum_comb GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGCCAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_pedunculosum_312 GAAATTTTTTTACTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_repens_445 GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_reticulatum_A1 GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_rostratum141e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_rostratum143e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_integrifolium224e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_integrifolium_242 GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sessile_comb GAAATTTTTGTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sinuatum GAAATGTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT E_sp._399068 GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e GAAATTTTTGTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_stipitatum_comb GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_strigosum207e GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_strigosum_comb GAAATTTTTTTCCTATGACAAGAC------TT-GGCATAT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AAAATCTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCC------CT-GTGATCT Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 gccttttttttattatcacaagcc------tt-gtgatat Myriocarpa_longipes_395 GAAATTTTTTGCTTATCCCAAGAC------TT-TTCATAT Parietaria_pen_jud GAAATTTTTTTCTTATCAAAAGAT------TT-GTGATAT Pilea_depressaAF501613 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGAC------TT-GTCCTAT Pilea_microphylla_398 GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGACGAAGACTT-GTCCGTT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb GAAATTTTTTTCTTATACGAAGAC------TT-GTCCTAT Procris_frutescens_comb GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Procris_insularis_390 GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Procris_wightiana GAAATTTTTTGCGTATCCCAAGAC------TT-GTCATAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AAAGTTTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCC------TT-GTGATAT Urera_glabraAF501614 ------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 gaaatttttttcttataccaagac------tttttcatat Urtica_dioica CAAATTTTTTTATTATCCAACTAC------TTTTTCATTT

401 Appendices

[ 870 880 890 900 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Boehmeria_calophleba_comb -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 -A-T------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 -a-tat------gaaaga-cctacaaatg- Cecropia_palmataAF501615 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 -A-TAT------GAAAGA-CCTTCAAATG- Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 -A-TAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 -A-TATTATAT------GAAACA-CGTACAAATG- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 -A-TAT------GAAACA-CGTACAAATG- E_acuminatum_153e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGGACAAAAG- E_acuminatum_163e -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_aff._velutinicaule_183 -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAA-- E_backeri146e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_backeri147e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_strigosum178e -A-TATATATATATATAT----GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_curtisii_427 -A-TATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_grande_B1 -A-TATATATATATATAT----GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_griffithianum_351 -A-TATA------GGAAAAACGTACAAATG- E_macrophyllum_comb -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_nigrescens157e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_paludosum252e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_paludosum_Cn4434 -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_parasiticum1645 -A-TAT------GAAACG-CGTACAAATG- E_parvum_comb -A-TATATATATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_pedunculosum_312 -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_repens_445 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_reticulatum_A1 -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_rostratum141e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_rostratum143e -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_integrifolium224e -A-TATAT------GGGAAA-CGTCCAAAAG- E_integrifolium_242 -A-TATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sessile_comb -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sinuatum -A-TATATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- E_sp._399068 -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e -A-TATATATATATATATATATGGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_stipitatum_comb -A-TATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_strigosum207e -A-TATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_strigosum_comb -A-TATATATATAT------GGAAAA-CGTACAAAAG- E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 -A-TAT------GAAAGA-CGTACAAATG- Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 -a-tat------gaaaga-cctacaaatg- Myriocarpa_longipes_395 -A-TATATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Parietaria_pen_jud -A-TAT------GAAAAA-GGTACAAATG- Pilea_depressaAF501613 -AATACTT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Pilea_microphylla_398 -AATACTT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATT- Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb -AATACTT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Procris_frutescens_comb -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Procris_insularis_390 -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Procris_wightiana -A-TATAT------GAAAAA-CGTACAAATG- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 -A-GAT------GAAACA-CGTACAAATG- Urera_glabraAF501614 ------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tt------gaaaaa-cgtacaaaag- Urtica_dioica TAATATAT------TAAAAA-CGTATAAATG-

402 Appendices

[ 910 920 930 940 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AACATGTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATCTAATAT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AACATGTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AACATGTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 aacat------aaggaatccc------aatgt Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------AATAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AACAT------AAGGAATTCC------AATGT Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCTAA-----TATCAAATAT Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AACATCTTTGAGAAGGGAATCCC------ATGT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AACATCTTTGAGAAGGGAACCCC------ACGT E_acuminatum_153e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_acuminatum_163e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ------GAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri146e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_backeri147e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_strigosum178e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_curtisii_427 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_grande_B1 AACATCTTTTAGAAAAAAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_griffithianum_351 AACATTTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_macrophyllum_comb AACATCTTTTCGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_nigrescens157e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_paludosum252e AACATCTTTTCGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_paludosum_Cn4434 AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_parasiticum1645 AACATCTTTGAGAAGGGAACCCC------GCGT E_parvum_comb AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTA-----T-ATAGAATAT E_pedunculosum_312 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAGCCCTAATAGAATAT E_repens_445 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_reticulatum_A1 AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_rostratum141e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_rostratum143e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_integrifolium224e AACATTTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_integrifolium_242 AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sessile_comb AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sinuatum AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT E_sp._399068 AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_stipitatum_comb AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_strigosum207e AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_strigosum_comb AACATCTTTTAGAAAAGAACCCTAAACCCTAATAGAATAT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAATCCC------AATGT Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 aacat------aaggaatccc------aatgt Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATTTAATAT Parietaria_pen_jud AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCT------TATAT Pilea_depressaAF501613 AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pilea_microphylla_398 AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AACATCTTTGATAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Procris_frutescens_comb AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Procris_insularis_390 AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Procris_wightiana AACATCTTTGAGAAAAGAACCCT------AATAGAATAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCC------AATGT Urera_glabraAF501614 ------ATATCATAT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 gtcatcttggagaaaataaccct------aatatcatat Urtica_dioica AACATCTTTGATAAAAC-GCCCT------TAATTTAAATT

403 Appendices

[ 950 960 970 980 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAC Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TCATT------CAT Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAAATGAAT------GAT Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TA-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TCATT------CAT Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 gc-----aattgg-aataattaa-caat------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-AAAT------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TA-----AAGTTG-AATAATTAC-TAATT------AAT Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CTT Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TA-----AATCTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CTT E_acuminatum_153e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_acuminatum_163e TC-----AATTTGGAATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri146e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_backeri147e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_strigosum178e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_curtisii_427 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_grande_B1 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_griffithianum_351 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_macrophyllum_comb TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_nigrescens157e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_paludosum252e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_paludosum_Cn4434 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_parasiticum1645 TA-----AATCTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CTT E_parvum_comb TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_pedunculosum_312 TC-----AATATG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_repens_445 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_reticulatum_A1 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_rostratum141e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_rostratum143e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_integrifolium224e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_integrifolium_242 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sessile_comb TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sinuatum TA-----aATTTG-AATAATtAA-tAATT------CAT E_sp._399068 TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_stipitatum_comb TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_strigosum207e TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_strigosum_comb TC-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-AAATT------CAT Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 gc-----aatttg-aataattaa-caat------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AT-----AATATT-AATTTTGAA-TAATTAATTAATTCAT Parietaria_pen_jud TCTATTCAATTTG-AATAATTAA-TCATT------CAT Pilea_depressaAF501613 TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAG-GAATT------CAT Pilea_microphylla_398 TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAG-GAATT------CAG Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TA-----AATTGG-AATAATAAG-GAATT------CAT Procris_frutescens_comb TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Procris_insularis_390 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Procris_wightiana TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAA-TAATT------CAT Urera_glabraAF501614 AA-----AATTTG-AATAATTAG-TAATT------CAT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aa-----aatttg-aataattag-taatt------cat Urtica_dioica TT-----AAATT--AATT-TTTG-AAATT------

404 Appendices

[ 990 1000 1010 1020 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAA------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTACC Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb T------AATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAA------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTAAA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 T------TAATTATTCGTACTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 T------TAATTATTCGTGCTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 T------TTATTACTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 T------TTTCTTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_acuminatum_153e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_acuminatum_163e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri146e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_backeri147e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_strigosum178e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_curtisii_427 T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_grande_B1 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_griffithianum_351 T------TAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_macrophyllum_comb T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_nigrescens157e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_paludosum252e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_paludosum_Cn4434 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_parasiticum1645 T------TTTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_parvum_comb TTAATTATTTAATTACTGGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_pedunculosum_312 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_repens_445 T------TAATTACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_reticulatum_A1 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_rostratum141e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_rostratum143e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_integrifolium224e T------TAATTACTGGCCCTAT-ACTGGAACCTTACA E_integrifolium_242 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sessile_comb T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sinuatum T------TAATGACTCGTACTAG-ACTGAAaC-TTACA E_sp._399068 T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_stipitatum_comb T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_strigosum207e T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_strigosum_comb T------TAATTACTGGCACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 T------TTATTACTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 T------TAATTACTCGTACTATTACTGAAAC-TTACA Parietaria_pen_jud T------TAATTATTCATATTTT-ACTGAAAC-TTAAA Pilea_depressaAF501613 T------TAATTACTTATACTAG-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Pilea_microphylla_398 T------TAATTACTTATAGTAA-ACTAAAAC-TTACA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb T------TAATTACTTATACTAG-AATGAAAC-TTACA Procris_frutescens_comb T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Procris_insularis_390 T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Procris_wightiana T------TAATGACTCGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 T------TTATTACTCGTACTGT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Urera_glabraAF501614 T------TAATTACTAGTACTAT-ACTGAAAC-TTACA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 t------taattactagtactat-actgaaac-ttaca Urtica_dioica ------ACTAT-ACGTAAAC-TTACG

405 Appendices

[ 1030 1040 1050 1060 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AGGTCCCTTTTTTTT------AAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AAGTCCCCTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-CCAAAAAATT-- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AAGTCTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AAGTCTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AAGTATTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AAGTATTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- E_acuminatum_153e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_acuminatum_163e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATTC- E_aff._velutinicaule_183 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_backeri146e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_backeri147e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_strigosum178e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_curtisii_427 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_grande_B1 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTT----GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATC-- E_griffithianum_351 AAATCTTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_macrophyllum_comb AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTK-GAAAAT-TTCAAAAWTT-- E_nigrescens157e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAATAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_paludosum252e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_paludosum_Cn4434 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_parasiticum1645 AAGTCTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- E_parvum_comb AAGTCGTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_pedunculosum_312 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_repens_445 AAGTTTTTTTTTTTT-----GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_reticulatum_A1 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_rostratum141e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_rostratum143e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_integrifolium224e AAG-CGGTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_integrifolium_242 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sessile_comb AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sinuatum AAGTCTTTTTTTTt------gGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- E_sp._399068 AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_stipitatum_comb AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTTT--GAAGAT-TTCAAAAATT-- E_strigosum207e AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_strigosum_comb AAGTCGTTTTTTTTTTTT---GAAGAT-TTAAAAAATT-- E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AAGTCTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AAGTCTTTTTTTTT------GAAGAT-CGAAGAAATT-- Parietaria_pen_jud AAGTCCCCCCAATTTTTT---GAAGAT-CCAAAAAATT-- Pilea_depressaAF501613 AAATATTTTTT------GAAGAT-CGAAGAAATT-- Pilea_microphylla_398 AAATCTTTTTT------GAAGGT-CGAAGAAATT-- Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AAATATTTTTT------GAAGAT-CGAAGAAATT-- Procris_frutescens_comb AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAATAAATT-- Procris_insularis_390 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TWAATAAATC-- Procris_wightiana AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTT---GGAAGAT-TTAAGAAATT-- Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AAGTCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-GAAGAT-CCAAGAAATT-- Urera_glabraAF501614 AAGCCTTTTTGT------AAAAA----AAGGAATT-- Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aagttttttt------gga--at-ctaaggaatt-- Urtica_dioica TAGTACTCTTTTT------GAAGAT-CTAAAAAAAT--

406 Appendices

[ 1070 1080 1090 1100 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------GTAATCCCCC Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ----GGACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTTAGTAATCCCCC Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------GTAATCCCCC Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ----GCACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTTAGTAATCCCCC Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ----CCACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------GTAATCCCTC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ----CCACCGGG-GTATGGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ----CCACCAAG-GCATGGATAAGAATTT-GCGATCCTCC Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ----ACAGCAAG-ACATGGATAAGAATTT-GCGATCCTCC E_acuminatum_153e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCCC E_acuminatum_163e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCCC E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGGCTT----CCCCCCCC E_backeri146e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_backeri147e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_strigosum178e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_curtisii_427 ----ACACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_grande_B1 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGAYTTT-----CCCCCC E_griffithianum_351 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_macrophyllum_comb ----CCCCCAAA-GTATAAAAAAAAYTTY-----CCCCCC E_nigrescens157e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_paludosum252e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_paludosum_Cn4434 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_parasiticum1645 ----ACAGCACG-GCCTGGATAAGGGTTT-GCGATCCCCC E_parvum_comb ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGA------TTT-GTAATCCCCC E_pedunculosum_312 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT------CCCC E_repens_445 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_reticulatum_A1 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_rostratum141e ----CCCCCCGAAGTTTAGATAAGATTTT---CCCCCCCC E_rostratum143e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_integrifolium224e ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_integrifolium_242 ----CCCCCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT--CCCCCCCCC E_sessile_comb ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTT-----CCCCCCC E_sinuatum ----ACACCAGA-GTATAGATAAgACTTT-GTAATCCCCC E_sp._399068 ----CCACCAAA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTT------CCCCCC E_stipitatum_comb ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_strigosum207e ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT----CCCCCCC E_strigosum_comb ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-----CCCCCC E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ----CCAACAAG-GCCTGGATAAGACTTT-GCAATTCCCC Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATTCCCC Parietaria_pen_jud ----GCACCGGG-ATATGGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCCC Pilea_depressaAF501613 ----CCACGATA-GTATCGATAAGACTTT-CTAATCCCC- Pilea_microphylla_398 ----CCACGTTA-GTATTGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCC- Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ----CCACGATA-GTATCGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCC- Procris_frutescens_comb ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCTCC Procris_insularis_390 ----CCMCCAGA-GTATAAATAAAACTTT-GAAACCCYCC Procris_wightiana ----CCACCAGA-GTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATCCCTC Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ----CCACCAGG-ACCTGGATAAGACTTT-CCAATCCCCC Urera_glabraAF501614 ----CCACCAGA-TTATAGATAAGACTTT-GTAATACCCT Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ----ccaacaga-ttatagataagacttt-gtaataccct Urtica_dioica ----CCACTAGA-GTATAAGTATTACTTT-GTAATACCCC

407 Appendices

[ 1110 1120 1130 1140 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 TT-TCGTTTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb TT-TCGTTTTTATTTTT---AATTGAC-ATACA---CCCA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb TT-TCGTTTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 TT-TCGTTTTTCGTTTT---AATTGAC-ATACA---CCCA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAG----CCCA Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TT-TCGTCTTGCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_acuminatum_153e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_acuminatum_163e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_backeri146e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_backeri147e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_strigosum178e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_curtisii_427 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATARA---CCCA E_grande_B1 CC-TAGTYTTTYTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_griffithianum_351 CT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_macrophyllum_comb CC-TGGTTTTTTTTTT----AATGGMC-AWAAM---CCCA E_nigrescens157e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_paludosum252e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_paludosum_Cn4434 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGGC------E_parasiticum1645 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_parvum_comb CCTTCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-AT------E_pedunculosum_312 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---TCCA E_repens_445 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATARA---CCCA E_reticulatum_A1 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_rostratum141e CC------E_rostratum143e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_integrifolium224e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_integrifolium_242 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sessile_comb CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sinuatum TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTTTTTtAATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sp._399068 CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_stipitatum_comb CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_strigosum207e CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_strigosum_comb CC-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATGGA---CCCA Parietaria_pen_jud TT-TCATTTTTATTTTT---AATTGAC-ATACA---CCCA Pilea_depressaAF501613 TT-TGGTCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pilea_microphylla_398 TT-TGGTCTTGTTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb TT-CAGBCTTGCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---ACCC Procris_frutescens_comb TT------Procris_insularis_390 TT-YAATYTTTYTTTA----AATGGAC-ATAAM---CCCA Procris_wightiana TT-TCGTCTTTCTTTT----AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TT-TCGTCTTTTT------AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCA Urera_glabraAF501614 TT-TCATCTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CTTG Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 tt-tcatcgttcttttt---aattgac-ataga---ctcg Urtica_dioica TT-TCATCTTTCTTTTT---AATTGAC-ATAGA---CCCG

408 Appendices

[ 1150 1160 1170 1180 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAATGA------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAA-GA------Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAA-GA------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT--AAAATGA------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGATTAAAATGAGGATG Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 AG-TCATCTATTAAAAT-GATGATGC------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 AG-TACTCTACTCTATT--AAAAAGA------E_acuminatum_153e AG-CCCTCTATTA------E_acuminatum_163e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_aff._velutinicaule_183 AG-TCCTCTAATAG------E_backeri146e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_backeri147e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAATTGAGGATGA------E_strigosum178e AG-TCCTCTC------E_curtisii_427 AG-TCTTCTATTAAAAT-TAAAATGA------E_grande_B1 AG-YCCTCTATTAAAAK-GAGGATGA------E_griffithianum_351 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_macrophyllum_comb RG-YCYTTTTTTAAARG-GGGGAKGA------E_nigrescens157e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_paludosum252e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------AAT-GAGGATGA------E_parasiticum1645 AG-TACTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_parvum_comb ------E_pedunculosum_312 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGC------E_repens_445 AG-TCCTCTATTACAAT-TAAAATGA------E_reticulatum_A1 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e AG-TCCTC------E_integrifolium224e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA--GAGGATGA------E_integrifolium_242 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAA--GAGGATGA------E_sessile_comb AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sinuatum AG-TCTTCTATtAAAAT-GAAAaTGA------E_sp._399068 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_stipitatum_comb AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_strigosum207e AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_strigosum_comb AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGA------E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AG-TCCTATATTAAAAT-GAGGATGG------Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AG-TCCDTTTTTAAAATTAAAAATGA------Parietaria_pen_jud AA-TCTTGTATTAAAAT-GAAGATGG------Pilea_depressaAF501613 AT-TCCTCTCATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Pilea_microphylla_398 AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AT-TCCTCTGATAAAAT-GAAAATGA------Procris_frutescens_comb ------Procris_insularis_390 RG-YCCTTTWTTAAAAR---GGA------Procris_wightiana AG-TCCTATATTAAAAT---GGATGA------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AG-TCCTCTATTAAAAT-GAGGATGG------Urera_glabraAF501614 AA-TCCTGTCATAAAAT-GAGAATGA------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 aa-tcctctcataaaat-gagaatga------Urtica_dioica AA-TCCTCATTTAAAAT-GAGAATGA------

409 Appendices

[ 1190 1200 1210 1220 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ------Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 ATTAAAATGAGGATGATTAAAATGAGGATGATTAAAATGA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum_153e ------E_acuminatum_163e ------E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ------E_backeri146e ------E_backeri147e ------E_strigosum178e ------E_curtisii_427 ------E_grande_B1 ------E_griffithianum_351 ------E_macrophyllum_comb ------E_nigrescens157e ------E_paludosum252e ------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------E_parasiticum1645 ------E_parvum_comb ------E_pedunculosum_312 ------E_repens_445 ------E_reticulatum_A1 ------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e ------E_integrifolium224e ------E_integrifolium_242 ------E_sessile_comb ------E_sinuatum ------E_sp._399068 ------E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ------E_stipitatum_comb ------E_strigosum207e ------E_strigosum_comb ------E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ------Parietaria_pen_jud ------Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------Pilea_microphylla_398 ------Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ------Procris_frutescens_comb ------Procris_insularis_390 ------Procris_wightiana ------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ------Urera_glabraAF501614 ------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica ------

410 Appendices

[ 1230 1240 1250 1360 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------AGATGGGACTTC-ATCAG------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ------GGATGTTACGTC-A-GAA------Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------GGA-GGTACGTC-ATCAA------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ------GGATGGTACGTC-ATCAAT------Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 GGATGATTAAAATGAGGATGATGCGTC-ACCAAT------Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------ATCAT------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ------TGCGTC-ACCAAT------Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------TGCATTAAGGGAT------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------GGATGATGCATA-AGGGAT------E_acuminatum_153e ------E_acuminatum_163e ------TGCACC-ATCAAG------E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ------E_backeri146e ------KGCCCC-ATCAAT------E_backeri147e ------GGCCCC------E_strigosum178e ------E_curtisii_427 ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATTAAK------E_grande_B1 ------TGCCCC-ATCAAK------E_griffithianum_351 ------TGCGCC-ATCAAT------E_macrophyllum_comb ------KSCCCC-HTCAWK------E_nigrescens157e ------TGCACC-ATCAAR------E_paludosum252e ------TGCACC-ACCAA------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------TGC------E_parasiticum1645 ------TGCATA-AGGGAT------E_parvum_comb ------E_pedunculosum_312 ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_repens_445 ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATCAAT------E_reticulatum_A1 ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e ------E_integrifolium224e ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_integrifolium_242 ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_sessile_comb ------TGCACC-ATCAAC------E_sinuatum ------GGATGATGCGCT-ATTAAT------E_sp._399068 ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ------GGC------E_stipitatum_comb ------TGCACC-ATCAA------E_strigosum207e ------TGCCCC-ATCAAK------E_strigosum_comb ------TGCACC-ATCAAT------E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------TGCGTA-AGGGAT------Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ------GGATGATGCGCC-ATCAAC------Parietaria_pen_jud ------TGCGTC-ATCAAT------Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAAT------Pilea_microphylla_398 ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAATTTCAAT Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ------GGATGATGCGCC-TTCAAT------Procris_frutescens_comb ------Procris_insularis_390 ------CCCT-ATWAAT------Procris_wightiana ------TGCGCT-ATTAAM------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 ------TGCGTG-AGGAAT------Urera_glabraAF501614 ------GAAGGATGCACC-ATCAAT------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica ------TGCGCC-ATCTAT------

411 Appendices

[ 1370 1380 1390 1400 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 GGGCCGGATAGCTCAG-CC------Boehmeria_calophleba_comb GG-CGGGA-AGT------Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb GG-CGGGA-AGT------Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAGACTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACT----- Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------Cecropia_palmataAF501615 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 GATG------Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ---CGGGATAGCTCAG-CTG-AAGAGCAGAGGACTGAA-- E_acuminatum_153e ------E_acuminatum_163e GTCGGGAA------E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ------E_backeri146e GGTCGGGATA------E_backeri147e ------E_strigosum178e ------E_curtisii_427 GGBCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAAAGCARAGGACTGAAAA E_grande_B1 GGKCGGGATAGCTCAG---TGTAG------E_griffithianum_351 GG------E_macrophyllum_comb GGTSGGAATAGCT------E_nigrescens157e GGVCGGGATAGCTCAG------E_paludosum252e GG------E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------E_parasiticum1645 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAa E_parvum_comb GGTCGGGATAGCTCAAGTTGGTAGAGCAGGGG------E_pedunculosum_312 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_repens_445 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAAAGCAGAGGACTGAAAA E_reticulatum_A1 GG-CGGGATAGT------E_rostratum141e ------E_rostratum143e ------E_integrifolium224e GGA------E_integrifolium_242 ------E_sessile_comb GGTCGGGATAGCTCA------E_sinuatum GGtCGGgATAGCTCAGCTGGTAGAGCAGAG------E_sp._399068 GGGCGGGATAG------E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ------E_stipitatum_comb ------E_strigosum207e GGBCGGGATAGCTCA------E_strigosum_comb GGTCGGGATA------E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCACAGG------Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------Myriocarpa_longipes_395 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-TTGGTAGAGCAGGGG------Parietaria_pen_jud GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACT----- Pilea_depressaAF501613 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAGAGGACT----- Pilea_microphylla_398 GGTCGGGATAGCTCC------Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-TTGGTAGAGCAG------Procris_frutescens_comb ------Procris_insularis_390 GGBMRGRATAGCTCAG-TKGGTA------Procris_wightiana GGVCGGGATAGCTCAG-T------Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCAAAGGACTGAAAA Urera_glabraAF501614 GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-CTGGTAGAGCACAG------Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica GGTCGGGATAGCTCAG-TTGGTAGAGCAG------

412 Appendices

[ 1410 1420 1430 1440 [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 ------NNAAANAAACCACCCACCA Boehmeria_calophleba_comb ------CAAAACAACCCAACCACCA Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ------CAAAACAAACCACCCACCA Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 ------NNAAACAACCCAACCACCA Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 ------NNACACAACCCNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTC---NNAAACAACCCAACCACCA Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ------NNACACAACCCAACCCCAC Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTCAAANNNNNNNACCCAACCACCA Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTCAAA------Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------E_acuminatum_153e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_acuminatum_163e ------ACAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri146e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_backeri147e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_strigosum178e ------CCAACCCAACCAANNCCAA E_curtisii_427 TCCTCGT------CCAAACAAACCAACCACAA E_grande_B1 ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_griffithianum_351 ------CCAACCAAACCAACCACAA E_macrophyllum_comb ------ACAACACAACCAACACCAA E_nigrescens157e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_paludosum252e ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_parasiticum1645 TCCTCGTGTCACCAGTTCAaA------E_parvum_comb ------CCAACCAAAACAACCACAA E_pedunculosum_312 TCCTCGT------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_repens_445 TCCTCG------CCAAACACNCCAACCACAA E_reticulatum_A1 ------CCAACACAACCAACACCAA E_rostratum141e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_rostratum143e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_integrifolium224e ------ACAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_integrifolium_242 ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sessile_comb ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sinuatum ------E_sp._399068 ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_sp441e ------CCAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_stipitatum_comb ------ACAACACAACCAACACCAA E_strigosum207e ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_strigosum_comb ------NNAACCCAACCAACACCAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 ------NNAAACAAACAAAANACAC Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 ------NNACACAAANNAACCACCA Myriocarpa_longipes_395 ------CAAAACAAACCAACCACNN Parietaria_pen_jud ------NNAAACAACCCAACCACCA Pilea_depressaAF501613 ------NNNNANAAACCCACCAAAA Pilea_microphylla_398 ------CAAAACAAACCAACCAAAA Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb ------CAAAACAAACCCACCAAAA Procris_frutescens_comb ------ACAAACAAACCAACCACAA Procris_insularis_390 ------CCAAACAAACCAACCACAA Procris_wightiana ------CCAAACAAACCAACCACAA Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 TCCTCG------NNAAACAAACAAAANACAC Urera_glabraAF501614 ------NNAAACAACCCAACCACAA Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------Urtica_dioica ------CAAAACNAANAAACCANAA

413 Appendices

[ 1450 1460 1470 1480] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 AANCCACCCCANAACAAAAANNNNNCCACCCACCNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb AANCCACCCCCACACAACACAACCCCCACCCAACNNNNNN Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb ANNCCACCCCANAACAAAAANNNNNCCACCCAACNNNNNN Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 AANCCACCCCCACACAAAACAACCCCCACCCACCNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NANCACCCACCCCAAAAANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 AANCCCCCCCCACACAAAACAACCACCACCCCCNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 ANNCACCCCCCCCAAAAANNNNNNNCCAANCCCNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 ANNCCCCCCCCACACCNNACAACCACCACCCCCANNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 ------NNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 ------NNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACCACCAACACANNNNGTAGGT E_acuminatum_163e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 ACACCCCACCCAAANCANACAACAAACACANNNNNNNNNN E_backeri146e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_backeri147e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_strigosum178e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACANNNN------E_curtisii_427 ACACCCCACCCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCCNNNNNN E_grande_B1 ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_griffithianum_351 ACACCCCACCCACACAACACAACCACCACACCCAGTAGGT E_macrophyllum_comb ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCA------E_nigrescens157e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_paludosum252e ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_paludosum_Cn4434 ACCCCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_parasiticum1645 ------E_parvum_comb ACACCCCACCCACACCCNCCAAACACCCCANNNNGTAGGT E_pedunculosum_312 ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_repens_445 ACACCCCACCCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCCNNNNNN E_reticulatum_A1 ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_rostratum141e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACNNNNNNNGTAGGT E_rostratum143e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACANNNN--AGGT E_integrifolium224e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACAACCAGTAG-T E_integrifolium_242 ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACAACCAGTAGGT E_sessile_comb ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACAAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_sinuatum ------E_sp._399068 ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGTAGGT E_sp441e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACAAACACACCCA-TAGGT E_stipitatum_comb ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_strigosum207e ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGTAGGT E_strigosum_comb ACACCCCACCCACACCANACAACCAACACACCCAGGAAGG E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 AANCACCCCCCCCACAAAACAACCACCAANCCCANNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 AANCACCCACCCCAAAAANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 AANCCCCACCCACACAACACAACCACCACACCCCNNNNNN Parietaria_pen_jud AANCCACCCCCACACAAAACAACCACCACCCCCANNNNNN Pilea_depressaAF501613 AANACCANCCCACCCAACACAACCACAACACCCCNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 ANNACCANCCCACCCAACACAACCACAACACCCCNNNNNN Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb AANACCANCCCACCCAACACAACCACAACACCCCNNNNNN Procris_frutescens_comb ACAACCCACACACACAACACCACCACCNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_insularis_390 ACAACCCACACACACAACACCACCACCACACCCNNNNNNN Procris_wightiana ACACCCCACNCACACAACACCACCACCACACCCANNNNNN Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 AANCACCCCCCCCACAAAACAACCACCAANCCCANNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 AANCCCCACCNNNNNNANACAACCACCACACCCCNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 ------NNNNNN Urtica_dioica ANNCCCCACCCACACANNNCAACCACCACACCCANNNNNN

414 Appendices

[ 1490 1500 1510 1520] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_acuminatum_163e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_backeri146e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_backeri147e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_strigosum178e ------E_curtisii_427 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_grande_B1 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_griffithianum_351 GAACC--CGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCA-AAA E_macrophyllum_comb GGAC---TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTGCT-AAA E_nigrescens157e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_paludosum252e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTGCT-AAA E_paludosum_Cn4434 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAATC-CTGCT-AAA E_parasiticum1645 ------TCGaAaC-CTGCG--aA E_parvum_comb GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCA-GGC E_pedunculosum_312 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAAC-CTGCT-ATC E_repens_445 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_reticulatum_A1 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAGTC-TTGCT-AAA E_rostratum141e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_rostratum143e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_integrifolium224e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_integrifolium_242 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_sessile_comb GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_sinuatum ------GaATC-TTGCA-aTA E_sp._399068 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_sp441e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAAAC-CTGCT-AAA E_stipitatum_comb GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCGAGTC-TTGCT-AAA E_strigosum207e GAACC--TGCGGAAGGATCATTGTCAAAACTTTGCC-AAA E_strigosum_comb KGACC--YTCGGAAGGATCCATGGYCAAACTTTGGCCAAA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 ----C--TGCGGA-GGATCATTGTCAAA-CTTTGCC-AAA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Parietaria_pen_jud NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_frutescens_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_insularis_390 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_wightiana NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urtica_dioica NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

415 Appendices

[ 1530 1540 1550 1560] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-TGCAAAACC-CT E_acuminatum_163e GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-TGCAAAACC-CT E_aff._velutinicaule_183 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_backeri146e GCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_backeri147e GCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_strigosum178e ------GCACGTGTTTTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_curtisii_427 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_grande_B1 GTAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACCTTT E_griffithianum_351 GCAGAA-TGACCCGCGAACATGTTATT-TACATAAC--TT E_macrophyllum_comb GTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAAACC-TT E_nigrescens157e GCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_paludosum252e GTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAAACC-TT E_paludosum_Cn4434 GTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACAAAACC-TT E_parasiticum1645 GCAGAT-AGACCCGCGAACGAGTCGTA-AACAAGCTA-CG E_parvum_comb GCAGAA-CTACTCGCGAACGTGTTATT-AACCTCAGC-TT E_pedunculosum_312 GCAGAA-TAACACGTGAACATGTTCTT-AACAAAACC-AA E_repens_445 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_reticulatum_A1 GTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTT-TACGAAACG-TT E_rostratum141e GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TT E_rostratum143e GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TT E_integrifolium224e GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TT E_integrifolium_242 GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TT E_sessile_comb GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACATGTTCTT-CACAAAACC-TT E_sinuatum GCAGCG-TGACCCGCGGACCCGTTGTA-TAAATATGA-CC E_sp._399068 GCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 GCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_sp441e GCAGAA-TGACACGCGAACTTGTTCTT-CACAAAACA-TT E_stipitatum_comb GTAGAA-TGACAAGTGAACATGTTCTTTTACAAAACG-TT E_strigosum207e GCAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT E_strigosum_comb CCAAAAATGCCAGGGGCACGGGGTTTTTAAAAATACC-CT E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 GTAAAAATGACAAGCGCACGTGTTCTT-AAAAATACC-TT Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Parietaria_pen_jud NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_frutescens_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_insularis_390 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_wightiana NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urtica_dioica NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

416 Appendices

[ 1570 1580 1590 1600] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e AT-GATGTCGTTGAGATCTTGAATTT------E_acuminatum_163e AT-GATGTCGTTGAGATCTTGAATTT------E_aff._velutinicaule_183 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_backeri146e AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_backeri147e AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_strigosum178e AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_curtisii_427 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_grande_B1 AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_griffithianum_351 GA-GAGGG---TACGGGAAGTGACTTCCCTAGTGCCCTTT E_macrophyllum_comb AT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_nigrescens157e AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_paludosum252e AT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_paludosum_Cn4434 AT-GATATCGTTGAGCTCTCGATTTT------E_parasiticum1645 CT-CACyCGGGGCgtACgGCCTC------E_parvum_comb GC-GAAGGGTGCGGCGGGAGTAACTTCCGTCGGGCCCTTC E_pedunculosum_312 TC-GACGTCATCGAGATTTTGAATTT------E_repens_445 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_reticulatum_A1 AC-GATGTCGTCGAACTCTCGATTTT------E_rostratum141e AC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_rostratum143e AC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_integrifolium224e AC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_integrifolium_242 AC-GATATCGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_sessile_comb AT-GATATTGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_sinuatum AG-GAGGG---cACgAgGGGTGA-TTCCCC-GTCCCCTCC E_sp._399068 AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_sp441e AATGATATTGTTGAAATCTTGAATTT------E_stipitatum_comb AC-GATGTCGTCGAACTCTCGATTTT------E_strigosum207e AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------E_strigosum_comb AGGAAGGTGGTTGGGCTTTTTATTTT------E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 AG-GATGTTGTTAGGCTCTTGATTTT------Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Parietaria_pen_jud NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_frutescens_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_insularis_390 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_wightiana NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urtica_dioica NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

417 Appendices

[ 1610 1620 1630 1640] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e ------CAAGAAGGAGATGATG E_acuminatum_163e ------CAAGAAGGAGATGATG E_aff._velutinicaule_183 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_backeri146e ------CAAGAAGAAGACAACG E_backeri147e ------CAAGAAGAAGACAACG E_strigosum178e ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATG E_curtisii_427 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_grande_B1 ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATG E_griffithianum_351 CGATGTCGTTGACGCCTAGAAATCCTAGATGTTCTCGATG E_macrophyllum_comb ------CAAGAAGATGACGATG E_nigrescens157e ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATG E_paludosum252e ------CAAGAAGATGACGATG E_paludosum_Cn4434 ------CAACGAAGATGACGATG E_parasiticum1645 ------gGTCGTCGCCCAGGGC E_parvum_comb CGATGTCGTCGGCACTTGGAAATCCAAGATGTTCTCGATG E_pedunculosum_312 ------CAAGATGTAGATGATG E_repens_445 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_reticulatum_A1 ------CGAGAAGATGACGATG E_rostratum141e ------CAAGGAGGAGACGATG E_rostratum143e ------CAAGGAGGAGACGATG E_integrifolium224e ------CAAGGAGGAGACGATG E_integrifolium_242 ------CAAGGAGGAGACGATG E_sessile_comb ------CGAGGTGTA-GATGATG E_sinuatum CGGCGCCGTGACGTCCATCgA-GCGTGGACGTTCTCGGTG E_sp._399068 ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATG E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 ------CAAGAAGAAGACAACG E_sp441e ------CGAGGTGTAGACGATG E_stipitatum_comb ------CGAGAAGATGACGATG E_strigosum207e ------CAAGAAGAAGACAATG E_strigosum_comb ------CCAAAAAAAAAGCCANG E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 ------CAAGAAGAAGACAACG Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Parietaria_pen_jud NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_frutescens_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_insularis_390 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_wightiana NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urtica_dioica NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

418 Appendices

[ 1650 1660 1670 1680] [ . . . .] Boehmeria_bilobaAJ390371 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_calophleba_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_macrophylla_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Boehmeria_niveaAF501610 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cannabis_sativa_AJ390367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Cecropia_palmataAF501615 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Celtis_iguanaeaAY488673 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Couss_ovalifoliaAF501616 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dendrocnide_sinuata_Cn4395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_manniiAF501604 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Dorstenia_psilurusAJ390365 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_acuminatum_153e TCA----AAAACCTAATTTTC--AGGCGTGGTATACGCCA E_acuminatum_163e TCA----AAAACCTAATTTTC--AGGCGTGGTATACGCCA E_aff._velutinicaule_183 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_backeri146e TCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_backeri147e TCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_strigosum178e TCT----CTA-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_curtisii_427 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_grande_B1 TCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_griffithianum_351 TCA----AAA-TTAAAATCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGTCA E_macrophyllum_comb TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCA E_nigrescens157e TCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_paludosum252e TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCA E_paludosum_Cn4434 TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCA E_parasiticum1645 GCA----AACAACCAACCCC----GGCGCAGAATGCGTCA E_parvum_comb TCT----AAA-ATAAAATTTC--AGGCGCGGTATGCGCCA E_pedunculosum_312 TCA----CCCAATAAAAATTT--AGGCGCGGGATGCGCCA E_repens_445 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E_reticulatum_A1 TCACAACCAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGCGGTACGCGC-A E_rostratum141e TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCA E_rostratum143e TCA----CAA-CTTCATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCA E_integrifolium224e TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCA E_integrifolium_242 TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTT--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCA E_sessile_comb TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCA E_sinuatum CCC-----AT-ACCAACTCTC--GGGCGCGGTATGCGCCA E_sp._399068 TCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_sp._cf._kinabaluense_459 TCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_sp441e TCA----CAA-CTTAATTCTC--AGGCGTGGTATGCGCCA E_stipitatum_comb TCA--ACCAA-CTTAATTCTC--ATGCGCGGTACGCGCCA E_strigosum207e TCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_strigosum_comb GCT------A-CTTAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA E_urvilleanum_Cn4398 TCT------A-CTCAACTCTTTTAGACACGGGATGTGTCA Ficus_benjaminaAF501605 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Humulus_lupulus_AB033889_90 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Myriocarpa_longipes_395 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Parietaria_pen_jud NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_depressaAF501613 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_microphylla_398 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Pilea_nummulariifolia_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_frutescens_comb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_insularis_390 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Procris_wightiana NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Streblus_pendulinusAF501609 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_glabraAF501614 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urera_laciniata_DQ179367 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Urtica_dioica NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

419 Appendices

420 Appendix 13. Species descriptions of Elatostema and Procris, including illustrations and photographs

The application of scientific names, hence nomenclature, of the species of Elatostema sensu lato (including Procris) has proven difficult because of the lack of a considerable amount of extant type material and the inadequacy of many of the original descriptions. Since the circumscription of many taxa has proven difficult, the following descriptions are provided as a guide to some of the taxonomic concepts used in this thesis. Upon further study, some of the taxa refered to as ‘species’ may prove to be ‘species complexes’ that consist of several closely related species. The species, hence species concepts are listed in alphabetical order.

The species descriptions are more or less complete; however, some characteristics of the reproductive stages are not known for all species.

Elatostema acuminatum Brongn.

Bot. Voy. Coq. 211.

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules absent. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiole up to 2 mm long; lamina not lobed, (9-)30–50(-85) mm long, 4.2–11(-26.5) mm wide [length to width ratio 2–3.8], symmetric to asymmetric; base oblique; margin entire or toothed; apex acuminate; surface glabrous, not rugose; venation actinodromous, symmetric, with 4–6 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart) or from different points (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein; cystoliths shortly linear or punctiform, absent from abaxial surface; occurring on primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, absent on adaxial surface; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls present, 0.8–2 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm wide [length to width ratio 8–10]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), open, branched, discoid, unordered.; involucral bracts present, appendage absent, midrib keeled, glabrous. Male flowers

421 actinomorphic, 1–1.3 mm long; tepals 5 or 4, connate (at least lower half); appendage absent (or as a slightly raised bump), glabrous; stamens 4 or 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like; involucral bracts present; bract margin hairy; appendage absent, midrib keeled. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 3 or 4, unequal, some hairs at tip of tepals free; staminodes present, 3 or 4; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.25–0.6 mm long, c. 0.25 mm diam.; surface smooth, slightly ribbed or dimpled (especially when young).

Elatostema backeri H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih., 83(2): 155 (1936), descr. 1935

General features Herbs, <1 m high, creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules persistent, free, interpetiolar, 0.8–4.5 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); petiole (0.1-)0.3–2 mm long; lamina not lobed; 15–50(-98) mm long, 9– 25(-34) mm wide [length to width ratio 1.4–3.4]; symmetric to asymmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, hairy; apex acuminate, an appendage sometimes occurs below apex, or just as a raised bump; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, symmetric, with 3–7 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface or present (more ordered along veins, including tertiary veins than interstices), occurring on interstices of abaxial surface, often very sparsely so or absent, occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of adaxial surface or absent on veins; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface (less dense than adaxial surface), absent from primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, occurring on interstices of abaxial and adaxial surface (hairs on adaxial surface tending to be thicker than those on abaxial surface), sometimes very sparsely hairy on adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), open, branched, head-like (diam. 4–8 mm), unordered; involucral bracts present; appendage present, bract margin hairy.

422 Male flowers actinomorphic; tepals 5 or 4, 1.5–2.5 mm long, connate (at least lower half); appendage short (<0.25 times length of tepal) or long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal), glabrous; stamens 5 or 4, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid or head-like (diam. 2.5–4 mm); involucral bracts present; appendage present; bract margin hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals minute or lacking, unequal, free; staminodes present, 4; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), c. 0.63 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diam.; surface ribbed.

Elatostema curtisii (Ridl.) H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih., 83(2): 35 (1936). 1935

Figures: A.1, A.2 General features Herbs, < 1 m high, creeping or self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 35–90(-128) mm long, 20–52 mm wide, [length to width ratio 1.3–2.5], symmetric; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation pinnate or actinodromous, symmetric or asymmetric, with (3-)6–10 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so) or one towards apex or almost so, whereas the other directed towards margin or almost so, arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths punctiform or linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial surface or absent, absent on primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, but present on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent; nanophylls caducous, 1.5–2 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide [length to width ratio 5.3–7.5]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), open, branched, head-like (with pedicels extend so inflorescences somewhat open), unordered; involucral bracts absent. Male flowers actinomorphic, 6–8 mm long; tepals 5, connate (at least lower half), with appendage very long (more than 0.5 length of tepal), glabrous (densely covered with cystoliths); stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, open/loose cyme, not condensed, head-like; involucral bracts absent. Female flowers actinomorphic (or

423 Figure A.1 Illustration of Elatostema curtisii; (a) flowering branchlet showing habit; (b) detail of leaf surface showing cystoliths on interstices; (c) male inflorescence; (d) detail of dissected male flower showing tepals and stamens; (e) detail of reflexed stamen in male flower; (f) female inflorescence; (g) achene; (h) detail of female flower in fruit showing tepals and developing achene. a, from photograph by J.T. Hadiah of Hadiah 427 (NSW477480); b–h, from Hadiah 427 (NSW 477480). Scale bar: a = 100 mm; b = 30 mm; c = 20 mm; d = 6 mm; e = 4 mm; f & h = 5 mm; g = 2.5 mm.

424 slightly asymmetric); tepals 5 or 4, 4–8 mm long, glabrous (cystoliths present), equal or unequal (2 short and 2 long), connate at base, densely covered with cystoliths; staminodes absent or 4 or 5; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene enclosed (or almost so); surface smooth or dimpled.

Elatostema grande Wedd.

Prodr. (DC.) 16(1): 173. 1869

General features Herbs, up to 0.5 m high. General features self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiole up to 2.5 mm long; lamina not lobed; 105–160 mm long, 41–57.5 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.2–2.9], asymmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, hairy; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation pinnate, asymmetric, with 6–8 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial surface (very dense on both surfaces); indumentum present on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of adaxial surface, absent from interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), 17–42 mm long, open, branched, , discoid (diam. 15–23 mm), unordered; involucral bracts present; appendage absent (although long tip, but no appendage extension), hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.8–3 mm long; tepals 4, connate (at least lower half); appendage short (less than 0.25 times length of tepal) or long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal), hairy. Stamens 4, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid; involucral bracts present; appendage absent (although long tip, but no appendage extension), hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals minute or lacking; staminodes 3; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so) 0.7– 0.88 mm long, 0.25–0.45 mm wide; surface ribbed.

425 a

b

c

Figure A.2 Photographs of Elatostema curtisii (a) details of habit, leaves and inflorescences, (b) dorsal view of female inflorescence, (c) ventral view of infructescence. a–c, from Hadiah 427, Air terjun Sempuran Harimau, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia (NSW477480).

426 Elatostema griffithianum Hallier f.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg xiii. 316.

Figures: A.3 General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules persistent, free, interpetiolar, 3–6 mm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 4–8.5 mm long; lamina not lobed; 85–125 mm long, 30– 40 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.2–3.3], asymmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, symmetric, with 7–9 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear; absent from abaxial surface, absent from primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface; indumentum on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), 13–29 mm long, paniculate (an open cyme to slightly condensed/crowded (diam. 14 –22 mm), unordered; involucral bracts absent; bracts with short appendage, hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 0.4–1.3 mm long; tepals 5 of unequal length, 4 very long and 1 shorter, free, cystoliths present on tepals and bracts; appendage very long (more than 0.5 length of tepal), hairy. Stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts with appendage absent, hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 5, c. 3 mm long, unequal (2 tepals longer than the other 3), connate (at least in part); 2 tepals with very long appendage (c. 5 mm long); staminodes 5; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.7–1.2 mm long, 0.4–0.75 mm wide; surface dimpled.

427 Figure A.3 Illustration of Elatostema griffithianum; (a) flowering branchlet; (b) detail of abaxial leaf surface showing indumentum on venation; (c) detail of adaxial leaf surface showing leaf venation; (d) detail of dorsal view of female inflorescence showing involucral bracts; (e) detail of female flower showing tepals and gynoecium; (f) achene; (g) detail of male inflorescence; (h) detail of male flower showing tepals and stamens. a–h, from Hadiah 351 (NSW431519). Scale bar: a = 100 mm; b = 5 mm; c & d = 6 mm; e & f = 2 mm; g = 15 mm; h = 2.5 mm

428 Elatostema heyneanum Hallier f.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg xiii. 316.

General features Herbs to subshrubs, rather woody, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules persistent, free, interpetiolar, 9– 10 mm long. Leaves opposite; lamina not lobed, < 50 mm long, < 60 mm wide [length to width ratio < 2], symmetric; base oblique; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, asymmetric, with 4 (on broader side of leaf) or 5 vein pairs, one basal secondary vein directed towards apex or almost so, the other towards margin or almost so, arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), some secondary veins directed to margin, others joining up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent; nanophylls caducous, 2.5–10 mm long, 2.5–4 mm wide [length to width ratio 1–2.5]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), racemose or head-like, condensed/crowded or open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Male flowers; actinomorphic, 1–1.8 mm long; tepals 5, connate (at least lower half); appendage absent (or as aslightly raised bump), hairy. Stamens 5, inflexed. Female inflorescences pedunculate, racemose or head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous; staminodes present; ovary straight; style absent. Achene enclosed (or almost so); surface dimpled.

Elatostema integrifolium Wedd.

Prodr. (DC.) 16(1): 179. 1869

Figures: A.4 General features Herbs or subshrubs (slightly woody), self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, 2.3– 8 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long), petiole up to 2(- 5.5) mm long; lamina not lobed; 40–131 mm long, 14–45 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.8–5.5]; base oblique; margin entire, hairy or glabrous; apex acute to long-

429 acuminate; surface not rugose; venation acrodromous, asymmetric, with (3-)5–7 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards apex (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, present on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces (more ordered along veins). Indumentum present on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface; present on primary veins of adaxial surface, absent from interstices of adaxial surface (margin glabrous); nanophylls caducous. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile) (only see in bud), head-like (1–1.5 mm diam.), open, branched, distinctly ordered into compartments; involucral bracts present; appendage absent; bracts hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, up to 0.1 mm long; stamens inflexed.

b

a

Figure A.4 Photographs of Elatostema integrifolium; (a) erect habit, (b) detail of c leaves, (c) flowering branchlet, a–c from Hadiah 224, Air Terjun Rambut Moyo, Jawa Timur, Indonesia (NSW431924).

430 Elatostema kinabaluense Gibbs

Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xlii. 141. 1914

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous (not seen). Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 9–19 mm long, 3–7.5 mm wide [length to width ratio 2–3.3], symmetric or asymmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, hairy; apex acute; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, asymmetric, with 3 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum present on primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, absent on interstices and adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual.

Elatostema latifolium (Blume) Blume ex H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih., 83(2): 17 (1936)

General features Herbs to subshrubs, rather woody, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules persistent, free, interpetiolar, 7– 20 mm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 10–100 mm long; lamina not lobed; 80–240 mm long, 32–108 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.2–2.5], symmetric; base oblique; margin entire, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, asymmetric. 5 (on broader side of leaf)–8 vein pairs; with one basal secondary vein directed towards apex or almost so, the other towards margin or almost so, arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), some secondary veins directed to margin, others joining up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum present on primary, veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices and adaxial surface; nanophylls

431 caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), racemose or head-like open or condensed/crowded, branched, unordered; involucral bracts absent. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.1–1.6 mm long; tepals 4, connate (at least lower half); appendages absent (or a slightly raised bump); stamens 4, inflexed. Female inflorescences pedunculate, head-like or racemose; involucral bracts absent. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 4, equal, free; staminodes present; ovary straight; style absent. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface dimpled.

Elatostema lineolatum Wight

Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6 1853

General features Herbs to subshrub, rather woody, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous (not seen). Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 4–11 mm long; 1.5– 3 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.7–3.7], symmetric; base oblique; margin toothed for of leaf, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, asymmetric, with 4 or 5(on broader side of leaf) vein pairs, with one basal secondary vein directed towards apex or almost so, the other towards margin or almost so, arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices, absent from veins of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), head-like, open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts absent. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1–1.2 mm long; tepals 4 or 5, connate (at least lower half); appendages absent (or as a slightly raised bump), glabrous. Stamens 4 or 5, inflexed. Female inflorescences sessile.

432

Figure A.5 Illustration of Elatostema macrophyllum; (a) flowering branchlet; (b) detail of abaxial leaf surface showing indumentum on venation and interstices; (c) detail of adaxial leaf surface showing cystoliths; (d) detail of dorsal view of male inflorescence showing involucral bracts; (e) detail of ventral view of male inflorescence; (f) detail of male flower showing stamens. a, from photograph of Hadiah 245 (NSW431464); b–f, from Hadiah 245 (NSW431464). Scale bar: a = 60 mm; b = 7.5 mm; c = 4 mm; d & e = 15 mm; f = 3 mm.

433 Elatostema macrophyllum Brongn. Voy. Monde, Phan. 207-208; t. 45. 1834

Figures: A.5 General features Herbs, up to 1 m high, more or less self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous (not seen). Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 8–35 mm long; lamina not lobed, 139–228 mm long, 61–91 mm wide [length to width ratio 2–2.6]; base oblique; margin toothed (margin curled backwards), glabrous or hairy; apex acute or acuminate, symmetric or asymmetric; surface not rugose; venation pinnate, symmetric, with 5–13 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), not joined up, arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, very dense when present, occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent or present interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface (usually very sparsely hairy), absent from veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), discoid, open, branched, distinctly ordered into compartments; involucral bracts present, appendage absent, hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1–1.3 mm long; tepals 4, free; appendages absent, midrib keeled, glabrous; stamens 4, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences not seen.

Elatostema manillense Wedd. & H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 83(2): 100, descr. ampl. 1936

General features Herbs to subshrubs, rather woody, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous (not seen). Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 6–14 mm long; lamina not lobed; 105–236 mm long, 35– 86 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.7–3]; symmetric; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed (slightly toothed) or entire throughout, glabrous; apex acuminate;

434 surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, asymmetric. 3(on broader side of leaf)– 5 vein pairs, with one basal secondary vein directed towards apex or almost so, the other towards margin or almost so, arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), paniculate, condensed/crowded, unbranched, unordered; involucral bracts absent. Male flowers actinomorphic, c. 1 mm long; tepals 5 or 4, connate (at least lower half); appendage long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal), glabrous; stamens 5 or 4, inflexed. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 4 or 5, equal, free; staminodes present; ovary straight; style absent. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface dimpled.

435

Elatostema paludosum Miq. Pl. Jungh. 19. Figures: A.6

General features Herbs, 0.5 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, (3-)11–21 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long), or petiole 2–10(-18) mm long; lamina not lobed; 50–100(-225) mm long, (15-)20–52(-154) mm wide [length to width ratio 2.6– 4.8]; base oblique; margin toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface rugose or sometimes not; venation pinnate, symmetric, with 6–13 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein or directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface(very dense); indumentum absent; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile) to shortly pedunculate (1.5–6.5 mm long), discoid (disc open backwards at maturity forming a globular shape), outline rectangular, 10–15 mm across, open, branched, distinctly ordered into 2 compartments; involucral bracts present (9–10.5 mm long, c. 5.5mm wide); appendage absent (midrib keeled), glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic, 0.6– 2 mm long; tepals 4 or 5, connate (at least lower half); appendages absent, sometimes with a short appendage or midrib keeled; bracts glabrous; stamens 4 or 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile to slightly pedunculate, discoid to head-like, distinctly ordered into 2 compartments; involucral bracts present; appendages absent (midrib keeled), glabrous or hairy on margin and keel. (densely covered with cystoliths forming distinct white lines) Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals minute or lacking; staminodes absent or 3; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.4–0.75 mm long, 0.3–0.58 mm diam.; surface smooth when immature, becoming ribbed.

436

a b

c

Figure A.6 Photographs of Elatostema paludosum (a) habitat showing erect habit and leaves, (b) leaves, (c) erect habit showing leaves and inflorescences. a–c, from Conn 4377, Air terjun Sigirincing, Jambi, Sumatera, Indonesia (NSW477024).

437

Elatostema papillosum Wedd.

Arch. Mus. Par. ix. (1855-56) 327.

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, 4–5 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 35–108 mm long; 15– 36 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.3–3], symmetric or asymmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, hairy; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation actinodromous, a symmetric, with 3(on broader side of leaf)–5 vein pairs; one basal secondary vein directed towards apex or almost so, the other towards margin or almost so, arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins on abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, absent from adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surfaces; nanophylls persistent, 2–5 mm long, 1.3–5 mm wide [length to width ratio 1–1.5]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), discoid, distinctly ordered into compartments, open, branched; involucral bracts present; appendage absent, glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic. Female inflorescences sessile or shortly pedunculate, discoid; involucral bracts present; appendage absent, bracts with a small keeled, hairy; staminodes 2 or (?)3; ovary straight; style absent. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface ribbed or dimpled.

Elatostema parvum Blume ex Miq. Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 102. Figures: A.7 General features Herbs, creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, 1.5–4 mm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 1.2–5 mm long; lamina not lobed, 20–52 mm long, 11.5–19.5 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.6–3]; base oblique; margin toothed, hairy; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation

438 actinodromous, asymmetric, with 3–5 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above the base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, absent from veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls persistent; lamina 0.8–3.7 mm long, 0.6–2.2 mm wide [length to width ratio 1–2.2]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), head-like (1 capitula contains a few flowers only, c. 3, diam. 1.5–3 mm.), open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts present; appendage absent, bracts keeled with 7 lines, hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.3–1.8 mm long; tepals 5, connate (at least lower half); appendage short (less than 0.25 times length of tepal), hairy; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid or head-like (4–6 mm diam.); involucral bracts present; appendages present (very short), hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 3 (minute) or lacking, unequal, free; staminodes 3; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.45–0.58 mm long, 0.25–0.38 mm diam.; surface smooth or ribbed.

Figure A.7 Photograph of Elatostema parvum; sterile cultivated collection, growing at Kebun Raya Cibodas From Hadiah 154, track to Air terjun Cibeureum, Jawa Barat, Jawa, Indonesia (NSW431922).

439

Elatostema pedunculosum J.R.Forst. & G. Forst.

Char. Gen. Pl. 53. 1775

Figures: A.8 General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, interpetiolar, 6–11 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 95–105 mm long, 42–55 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.7–2.4], asymmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation acrodromous, asymmetric, with 4– 7 vein pairs, one basal secondary vein directed towards apex or almost so, the other towards margin or almost so, arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent on veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), head-like, open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts present; appendages present, glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic, 2–2.5 mm long; tepals 4, connate (at least lower half); appendage long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal) or very long (more than 0.5 length of tepal), glabrous. Stamens 4, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present.

Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier f.

Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 13: 316. 1896

Figures: A.9, A.10 General features Herbs, <1 m high, creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, 5–9 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 55–76 mm long, 19–25 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.6–3.3], symmetric; base oblique; margin entire, glabrous; apex acute; surface not

440 rugose; venation actinodromous, asymmetric, with < 9 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards apex (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not seen). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), paniculate, condensed/crowded, unbranched, unordered; involucral bracts absent (no bracts at all). Male flowers actinomorphic, 2.5–3.4 mm long; tepals 5, connate (at least lower half); appendages absent, glabrous; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences not seen.

Figure A.8 Photograph of Elatostema pedunculosum; habit showing male inflorescences and leaf bases. From Hadiah 312, Mount Halimun National Park, Jawa Barat, Indonesia (NSW431382).

441

Figure A.9 Illustration of Elatostema repens; (a) flowering branchlet of male plant; (b) male inflorescence; (c) detail of leaves showing nanophylls and base of macrophylls; (d) detail of adaxial leaf surface showing cystoliths; (e) detail of abaxial leaf surface showing mid-vein and indumentum; (f) detail of male flower bud showing stamens and tepals; g, male flower. a–h, from Hadiah 445 (NSW 477186). Scale bar: a = 80 mm; b & c = 20 mm; d–g = 2.5 mm; h = 4 mm.

442 a b

c

Figure A.10 Photographs of Elatostema repens; (a) details of creeping, semi-climbing habit, leaves and inflorescences. a–c, from Hadiah 445, Hutan Wisata Sibolangit, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia (NSW477186),

443 Elatostema reticulatum Wedd.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique ser. 4, 1 1854

General features Herbs, up to 1.5 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long) or petiole 2–4.5 mm long; lamina not lobed; 136–230 mm long, 40–55 mm wide [length to width ratio 3.2–4.3], asymmetric to almost symmetric; base oblique; margin toothed or entire, hairy on abaxial surface; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation pinnate, symmetric, with 10–13 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so) (peduncle 6–20 mm long), discoid, open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts present; appendages present, hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.5–2.3 mm long; tepals 4 or 5, connate (at least lower half) to almost free; appendages short (less than 0.25 times length of tepal), hairy; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid; involucral bracts present; appendages short, bracts keeled, hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 4 (minute), equal, or lacking; staminodes 3; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.65–0.75 mm long, 0.38–0.5 mm diam.; surface smooth.

444 Elatostema rostratum (Blume) Hassk. & H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 83(2): 92, descr. ampl. 1936

Figures: A.11 General features Herbs to subshruby, hence woody, 0.5–1.5 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stiplues caducous (not seen, readily lost when dry), free, interpetiolar, (1.8-)5–9 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiole 0.8–2(-3.5) mm long; lamina not lobed, (35-)52–255 mm long, (15-)50–85 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.8–3.4]; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed to slightly half-toothed (especially towards margin), hairy; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation pinnate or actinodromous, symmetric or asymmetric, with 3–8 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at or above base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart) or from different points, directed to margin or almost so, not joined up, or joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths punctiform or linear, absent or occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, present or absent from veins of adaxial surface, but present on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent or present on primary, secondary and tertiary veins, or only present on primary veins of abaxial surface, scarcely present on interstices of abaxial surface or absent, absent from veins of adaxial surface or only present on primary veins, scarely present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), head-like or discoid (c. 6 mm diam.), open, branched, unordered or distinctly ordered into 2 compartments; involucral bracts present; appendages present (long or short), only hairy on keel and distil margin only. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1–1.9 mm long; tepals 5, connate (at least lower half) or free; appendage long (c. 0.3 times length of tepal), densely hairy with long hairs; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present (c. 0.5 mm long). Female inflorescences sessile, head-like or discoid, 5.5–6.5 mm long; involucral bracts present; appendages absent with midrib keeled, hairy, or long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal) and bracts densely hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 2.2 – 3 mm long, of 2 types: one with 3 minute tepals, unequal, free, or tepals lacking; the other with 3 or 4 hard fused tepals; ovary rudimentary; staminodes 3; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform

445 to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.7–1.3 mm long; surface ribbed (at least when young). a b

c

Figure A.11 Photographs of Elatostema rostratum; (a) flowering branchlets showing leaves and inflorescences (b) detail of inflorescences and base of leaf, (c) detail of inflorescence. a– c, from Hadiah 453, Kabupaten Asahan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia (NSW489411).

446 Elatostema sessile J.R.Forst. & G. Forst.

Char. Gen. Pl. 53. 1775

General features Herbs, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous (not known). Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); petiole 0.5–2(-3) mm long; lamina not lobed; 27–115 mm long, 15–40 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.8–3.4]; base oblique; margin toothed, hairy; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric or asymmetric, actinodromous, with 5–7 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above the base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, present on interstices of abaxial surface, present on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum present on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, sparsely hairy on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences not known. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid to rectangular, c. 8.5 mm long, distinctly ordered into 2–4 compartments; involucral bracts present; appendages very long (same length as bract), glabrous or hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 3, minute, unequal, free, or lacking; staminodes 3; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.38–0.63 mm long, 0.25– 0.35 mm diam.; surface ribbed

Elatostema sinuatum (Blume) Hassk.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 83(2): 29, descr. ampl. 1936

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous (not known). Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 88–185 mm long, 40–82 mm wide [length to

447 width ratio 2.2–2.3], unequal or equa; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, 5–7 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above te base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart). Leaves Directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins on abaxial and adaxial surfaces, present on interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls 20–22 mm long, 9–13 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.6–2.2]. Flowers unisexual. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 5, equal, free; appendages 1.5–2 times length of tepals; staminodes present; ovary straight; style absent. Achene enclosed (or almost so); surface smooth.

Elatostema sp. 399068

Based on Yuzammi 399068

Figure: A.12 General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules free, interpetiolar, 2.3–7 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; 21–50 mm long, 11–27 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.6–2.6], unequal; base oblique; margin toothed, glabrous; apex acute; surface rugose; venation asymmetric, actinodromous, 4–6 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, present on primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, absent from interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences not known. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid; involucral bracts present; appendages present, glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 4, minute, or

448 lacking; staminodes 4; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface ribbed.

Figure A.12 Photograph of Elatostema sp. 399068; (a) creeping habit. From Hadiah 445, Hutan Lindung Himalaya 1, Jawa Barat, Indonesia (NSW746173).

Elatostema stipitatum Wedd.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique ser. 4, 1 1854

General features Herbs, 0.1–0.2 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect) or creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules free, interpetiolar, 1.8–4(-6) mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); lamina not lobed; (12-)24–62 mm long, 8– 22 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.5–3]; base oblique (cordate on wider part); margin toothed, hairy; apex acute or acuminate; surface not rugose; venation asymmetric, actinodromous or pinnate, with 3–7 vein pairs; basal secondary pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary

449 veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum present on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface or absent from interstices of abaxial surface, absent or occurring on primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), head- like, open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts present. Male flowers actinomorphic; tepals 4 or 5, connate (at least lower half); stamens 4 or 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences pedunculate, discoid; involucral bracts present; appendage present, hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 3, minute, or lacking, free; staminodes present; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface smooth.

Elatostema strigosum Hassk.

Cat. Hort. Bog. Alt. 79.

General features Herbs, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, 3.8–9.5 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); petiole up to 2(-5) mm long; lamina not lobed; 50–158 mm long, 17– 45.5 mm wide [length to width ratio 2–4.7]; base oblique; margin toothed; surface occasionally hairy; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric or asymmetric, actinodromous or pinnate, 4–10 vein pairs;. basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), or less frequently with one vein directed towards apex or almost so and the other towards margin, arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, present on interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces or absent from adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known), possibly of similar size as macrophylls. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences shortly pedunculate, with peduncle 2–3 mm long, rarely 5–25 mm long, discoid, open, branched, unordered or ordered into 2 indistinct

450 compartments, 11–13 mm diam.; involucral bracts present, appendages short with bracts keeled, glabrous; bracts hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, (1.1-)2–2.8 mm long; tepals 4 (or 5), connate (at least lower half); appendage short (< 0.25 mm long) or long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal) to very long (more than 0.5 length of tepal), hairy; stamens 4 (or 5), inflexed; rudimentary ovary present (up to 0.25 mm long) or absent. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid, c. 10 mm diam.; involucral bracts present; appendages present, glabrous; bracts hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals minute or lacking, unequal, free; staminodes 3 or absent; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.5–0.88 mm long, 0.2–0.45 mm wide; surface ribbed (at least when immature).

Elatostema tsoongii (Merr.) H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih., 83(2): 21 (1936). 1935

General features Herbs to subshrubs, slightly woody, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct); stipules free, interpetiolar, 9–12 mm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 35–70 mm long; lamina not lobed; 80–150 mm long, 30–70 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.1–2.7]; base oblique; margin entire, glabrous; apex acute; surface not rugose; venation asymmetric, actinodromous, with 4(on broader side of leaf) or 5 vein pairs; one of secondary basal vein pairs towards apex or almost so, the other directed towards margin or almost so, arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), with some secondary veins directed to margin, whereas others joining up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstics of adaxial surface; indumentum present on primary, secondary and tertiary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of abaxial surface, absent from adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences not known. Female inflorescences pedunculate, more or less head-like; involucral bracts absent. Female flowers actinomorphic; tepals 4; staminodes 4; ovary straight; style absent. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface dimpled or smooth.

451 Elatostema urvilleanum Brongn.

Bot. Voy. Coq. 210. t. 46. f. A.

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, 3–6 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); petiole up to 2 mm long; lamina not lobed; 20–58 mm long, 11–16 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.8–4.4], unequal; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed (teeth start after the first secondary veins end at margin), glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, actinodromous, with 4–8 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, present on interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent on abaxial surface, absent from primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, scarcely present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), head-like, open, branched, distinctly ordered into 2 compartments; involucral bracts present; appendage short, bracts keeled, hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.3–1.6 mm long; tepals 4, connate (at least lower half), appendage long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal), glabrous; stamens 4, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, discoid; involucral bracts present; appendages present, short, keeled, surface hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals 4, minute, or lacking; staminodes 4; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so), 0.63–0.7 mm long, 0.2–0.33 mm wide; surface ribbed.

Elatostema velutinicaule H.Winkler

Engl. Jahrb. lvii. 542. 1922

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, creeping, terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules

452 caducous, sometimes persistent, free, interpetiolar, 1.4–1.9 mm long. Leaves opposite, sessile (or petiole < 2 mm long); petiole up to 0.2 mm long; lamina not lobed; 13–35 mm long, 5–10 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.2–4.1], unequal or equal; base oblique; margin toothed, glabrous; apex acute; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 3–5 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, absent from primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, present on interstices of abaxial and adaxial surface; indumentum occurring on primary, secondary and tertiary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, present on interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls caducous (not known). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences sessile (or subsessile), head-like, open, branched, unordered; involucral bracts absent; appendages present on bracts, hairy. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.9–2 mm long; tepals 4, connate (at least lower half), appendages long (0.25–0.5 times length of tepal), hairy; stamens 4, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like; involucral bracts absent; appendages present, very short, hairy. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); tepals minute or lacking; staminodes present; ovary straight; style absent; stigma oblong, filiform to linear. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so).

Procris anfracta (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm.

Sargentia 1: 25. 1942

General features Herbs to subshrubs, up to 4 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, connate, interpetiolar, 1– 2.5 mm long. Leaves subopposite, petiolate; petiole 5–14 mm long; lamina not lobed, 45–125 mm long, 17–38 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.7–4], asymmetric; base oblique; margin entire, glabrous; apex acute; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 4– 7 vein-pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (at least > 2 mm above base); cystoliths linear,

453 absent on abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls not seen. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences not seen. Female inflorescences pedunculate, head- like; involucral bracts absent; flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetric); ovary straight. Achene enclosed (or almost so), smooth.

Procris archboldiana A.C.Sm.

Sargentia 1: 25. 1942

General features Herbs to subshrubs, <1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial or epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, interpetiolar, 3–6 mm long. Leaves subopposite, petiolate or sessile; petiole (3-)4–5(-8) mm long; lamina not lobed; 35–75(-97) mm long, 10–20(-26) mm wide [length to width ratio (2-)2.5– 4.4], asymmetric; base oblique; margin entire or toothed, glabrous; apex acute; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 4–6 vein-pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent on primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, occurring on interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of adaxial surface; absent on interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls present, c. 5 mm long, 3–4 mm wide (length to width ratio 1.3–1.7). Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, unbranched, paniculate, unordered; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic, c. 2 mm long; tepals 5, free, with appendage absent (or with a slightly raised bump); stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences pedunculate. condensed/crowded, unbranched, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetrical); staminodes present, inflexed; ovary straight; style absent; stigma capitate. Achene enclosed (or almost so); surface smooth.

454 Procris frutescens Blume & H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 272, descr. ampl. 1938

General features Herbs to subshrub, up to 1.5(-2) m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial or epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, 1.5–3 mm long. Leaves subopposite, petiolate; petiole (3-)4–10(-12) mm long; lamina not lobed; 75–110(-200) mm long, 21–30(-65) mm wide. (length to width ratio (2.5-)3–4.4), asymmetric; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed or toothed throughout, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, with (5-)7–10(-14) vein pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base) and arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls present, 4–7mm, (1-)2–3mm [length to width ratio 2–3(-4)]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, unbranched, paniculate, unordered; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic, c. 0.5 mm long; tepals 4 or 5, free, with appendage absent (or with a slightly raised bump), glabrous; stamens 4 or 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, condensed/crowded, unbranched, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetrical); tepals 5, equal; staminodes absent or present, inflexed; ovary straight; style absent; stigma capitate. Achene enclosed (or almost so), surface dimpled.

Procris goepeliana (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm.

Sargentia 1: 26. 1942

General features. Herbs or shrubs, 1–2 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 6–20 mm long; lamina not lobed, 130–188(-200) mm long,40- 50 mm wide [length to width ratio (2.8)-3.3–4.7], asymmetric; base oblique; margin

455 entire or slightly toothed, glabrous; apex acute; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 4–9 vein pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising at base of primary vein (or < 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, absent on primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; occurring on interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls present. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, unbranched, paniculate, unordered; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic, 1.3–1.5 mm long; tepals 5, free, with appendage absent (or with a lightly raised bump), glabrous; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences pedunculate, condensed/crowded, unbranched, head-like; involucral bracts present.

Procris insularis H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 190, in clavi, 288. 1938

General features Herbs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, connate, interpetiolar. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 2–6 mm long; lamina not lobed, 100–190-(210) mm long, 45– 80 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.2–2.5], symmetric; base oblique; margin entire, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 7– 9 vein pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart), weakly joined to next distal secondary vein or directed to margin or almost so, hence not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls present, 7–10 mm long, 3–5 mm wide [length to width ratio 1.6–2.5]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, unbranched, paniculate; involucral bracts absent. Male flowers actinomorphic, 2.5–3 mm long; tepals 5, connate (at least lower half); appendages a slightly raised bump (almost absent), glabrous; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary absent. Female inflorescences sessile, condensed/crowded, unbranched, head-

456 like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymmetrical); tepals 5, equal; staminodes present, inflexed; ovary straight; style absent; stigma capitate. Achene enclosed (or almost so); surface smooth.

Procris pedunculata Wedd.

Prodromus 16(1) 1869

General features Herbs or shrubs, up to 4 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), terrestrial or epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar. Leaves subopposite, petiolate; petiole (2-)4–11(-20) mm long; lamina not lobed; 70– 110(-140) mm long, (18-)20–40 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.9–4.1], symmetric; base oblique; margin entire, sometimes toothed near apex, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, with (5-)6–9 vein pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising from above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from different point (more than 2 mm apart), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum present on primary and secondary veins of abaxial surface, absent from interstices of adaxial surface; nanophylls present, (1.5-)4–15(-20) mm long, (0.8-)2– 4 mm wide [length to width ratio 2–3]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, unbranched, paniculate, unordered; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Male flowers actinomorphic, 2.3–3.3 mm long; tepals 5, free, with appendage absent (or with a slightly raised bump), glabrous; stamens 5, inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female inflorescences sessile, condensed/crowded, branched, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymetrical); staminodes absent; ovary straight; style absent; stigma capitate. Achene enclosed (or almost so); surface smooth.

Procris reticulatovenosa (Hallier f.) H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 189, in clavi, 284. 1938

457 General features Shrubs, < 1 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar. Leaves subopposite, sessile or petiole 3–4 mm long; lamina not lobed; 68–79 mm long, 21–29 mm wide [length to width ratio 2.7–3.4], symmetric; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 8 vein pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, absent from adaxial surface; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls present, 3–4 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide [length to width ratio 2–3]. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences not seen. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like. Achene not seen.

Procris ruhlandii H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 190, in clavi, 286. 1938

General features Herbs or shrubs, up to 4 m high. self-supporting (erect/suberect), epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar. Leaves subopposite, petiolate; petiole 2–3 mm long; lamina not lobed, 90–95 mm long, 20– 24 mm wide [length to width ratio 4–4.5], symmetric; base oblique; margin entire, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 4– 6 vein pairs; basal secondary vein-pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above the base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins of abaxial and adaxial surfaces, and on interstices of abaxial surface; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls absent. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, paniculate, unbranched. Female inflorescences sessile, head-like.

458 Procris urdanetensis Elmer

Leafl. Philipp. Bot. viii. 2865 (1915).

General features Herbs or shrubs, < 4 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, free, interpetiolar, c. 0.8 mm long. Leaves subopposite, petiolate; petiole 10–15 mm long; lamina not lobed; 67–93 mm long, 21–28 mm wide [length to width ratio 3.1–3.7]; base oblique; margin half entire, half toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; venation symmetric, pinnate, with 6 or 7 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising above the base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base); secondary veins directed to margin or almost so, not joined up. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial surface, occurring on primary and secondary veins of adaxial surface, absent from interstices of adaxial surface; indumentum absent on both surfaces; nanophylls absent. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so), condensed/crowded, unbranched, paniculate. Female inflorescences sessile, condensed/crowded, head-like. Achene not seen.

Procris wightiana (Wedd.) Wall. & H.Schroet.

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 190, in clavi, 191, cum descr. 1938

General features Herbs, 0.2–0.3 m high, self-supporting (erect/suberect), epiphytic, monoecious; branched hairs lacking; stinging hairs absent; internodes developed (elongate, distinct). Stipules caducous, connate. Leaves subopposite, petiolate; petiole (2-)5–10 mm long; lamina not lobed, 56–179 mm long, 15–34 mm wide [length to width ratio 3.6–5.5], symmetric; base oblique; margin toothed, glabrous; apex acuminate; surface not rugose; venation symmetric, pinnate, (4-)5–9 vein pairs; basal secondary vein pair both directed towards margin (or almost so), arising from above base of primary vein (> 2 mm above base), arising from one point (or less than 2 mm apart) or arises from different point (more than 2 mm apart), joined to next distal secondary vein. Cystoliths linear, occurring on primary and secondary veins and interstices of abaxial and adaxial surfaces; indumentum absent on both surfaces;

459 nanophylls absent. Flowers unisexual. Male inflorescences pedunculate (distinctly so). Female inflorescences pedunculate, condensed/crowded, unbranched, head-like; involucral bracts absent; bracts glabrous. Female flowers actinomorphic (or slightly asymetrical); tepals 4, equal, connate (at least in part); staminodes absent; ovary straight; style absent; stigma capitate. Achene not enclosed (or only partly so); surface smooth.

460 Appendix 14. Reprint of Telopea 10 (1): 235–246

Hadiah J.T., Quinn C.J. and Conn B.J. 2003. Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data. Telopea 10 (1): 235–246

461 462 235

Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data

Julisasi T. Hadiah, Christopher J. Quinn and Barry J. Conn

Abstract

Hadiah, Julisasi T.1,2, Christopher J. Quinn2 and Barry J. Conn2 (1School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia) 2003. Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data. Telopea 10(1) 235–246. Phylogenetic analyses of the Urticales, based on chloroplast DNA data, support the monophyly of the Urticaceae, Boehmeria, Pilea and Procris, but not of Elatostema. Our result suggests that the circumscription of Procris is to be extended or included within Elatostema. At the tribal level, both Boehmerieae and Lecantheae appear paraphyletic, although this may be an artefact of the low taxon sampling. Preliminary analyses of relationships within Elatostema do not support the recognition of the subgenus Pellionia.

Introduction

Friis (1989 & 1993) provides a detailed comparison of morphological features of the Urticaceae at the familial, infrafamilial, and generic levels with a brief discussion of higher-level relationships based on previous classical taxonomic approaches. Recent phylogenetic studies involving the Urticaceae have concentrated on ordinal relationships. The circumscription of the Urticales has been relatively stable since the mid 1800s when Weddell (1856) included Artocarpeae, Cannabineae, Moreae, Ulmaceae and Urticaceae in the order. This classification was used by Thorne (1992) and Takhtajan (1997). Barbeyaceae was added by Dickison and Sweitzer (1970) and followed by Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren (1989), and Friis (1993). Cecropiaceae was proposed by Berg (1978) and placed close to Moraceae and Urticaceae. The reconstructed high-level phylogenies of Chase et al. (1993), using the DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL, support the monophyly of the Urticales with Cannabaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Urticaceae included. However, subsequent analyses including additional loci (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998; Soltis et al. 2000) and non-molecular data (Judd et al. 1999) have shown this group to be nested within the Rosales. All these authors consider Cannabaceae, Celtidaceae, Cecropiaceae, Moraceae and Ulmaceae to be the closest families to Urticaceae. Weddell (1854, 1856, 1869) revised the familial and infrafamilial classification of Urticaceae devised by Gaudichaud (1830) and recognised five tribes, namely, Lecantheae, Urereae (= Urticeae sensu Friis 1989), Boehmerieae, Parietarieae and Forskohleae (= Forsskaoleae sensu Friis 1989), renaming the tribe Lecantheae to Procrideae (Weddell 1856). Friis (1993) accepted Weddell’s circumscription of these five tribes; however, he reversed the name Procrideae to Lecantheae (as accepted here). Friis (1989, 1993) characterised the Lecantheae as having staminodes that eject the mature achenes; leaves which are opposite, anisophyllous to completely reduced; intrapetiolar and fused stipules; and uniformly linear cystoliths. The Urticeae was characterised by the presence of stinging hairs. However, he questioned the distinctiveness of the other three tribes, and suggested further work may lead to a taxonomic rearrangement at the tribal level (Friis 1989). 236 Telopea 10(1): 2003

Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Urticaceae using morphological data (Beaman 2000, Fig. 3-3), as part of a study of Elatostema from Mt Kinabalu (Malaysia), provided support for the monophyly of Lecantheae and Urticeae, but suggested that the Boehmerieae is polyphyletic. The Lecantheae consists of seven genera (Friis 1993), including Elatostema, the focus of our study. The genus consists of approximately 300 herbaceous to shrubby species (Friis 1993) that are characterised by having the female flowers arranged on a flattened discoid or lobed receptacle. Schröter and Winkler (1935) recognized four subgenera within Elatostema, namely Elatostema (as ‘Euelatostema’), Elatostematoides, Pellionia and Weddelia, based on several features, but particularly the nature of leaves, stipules, inflorescence, and presence and form of the receptacle. Friis (1989, 1993) made no comment on the subgenera, but the analyses of Beaman (2000, 2001) did not support the arrangement. This paper summarises the preliminary evaluation of different regions of the chloroplast genome for estimating relationships within Urticaceae, in general, and within Elatostema, in particular. As part of our continuing Urticaceae research program, we also aim to test the monophyly of the Lecantheae and Elatostema.

Materials

Plant materials used for the molecular work were either collected specifically for this project (namely from Indonesia — Sumatera, Java and Bali; and Australia — New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island) or are part of the horticultural collections at Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Fresh leaf material, particularly from the young shoots, cleaned and stored in airtight plastic bags with silica gel, was used for DNA analysis. These samples were stored at -20°C. The voucher specimens for DNA extracts are listed in Appendix 1 (all held at NSW).

Methods

Three regions of the chloroplast genome were selected for this study. The rbcLgene was chosen to test the monophyly of the family because of the availability in GenBank of sequences for representatives of several of the related families. Two potentially more informative regions were chosen to examine relationships within the family: the atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer and a region including the trnL intron, the trnL-F intergenic spacer, and the intervening trnL exon. For simplicity, the latter is henceforth referred to as trn. DNA was extracted from 0.2-0.25 g silica gel dried leaves and purified using the protocol of Gilmore et al. (1993). The three regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in an FTS-4000 Thermal Sequencer (Corbett Research, Mortlake NSW) using 20 μM of the primers as listed in Appendix 2. All the PCR products were purified using CONCERT™ Rapid PCR Purification System (protocol provided by manufacturer). The cleaned PCR products were auto-sequenced at SUPAMAC (Sydney University Prince Alfred Macromolecular Analysis Centre). The DNA sequences were edited and aligned using Sequencher 3.1.1. (Gene Codes Corp., Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan) with subsequent manual adjustment. Sequences were then viewed in MacClade Version 4.03 (Maddison & Maddison 2001) to assist with the positioning of segments affected by insertion/deletion mutations (indels). Deleted segments were treated as missing data in the analyses. Hadiah, Quinn and Conn, Phylogeny of Elatostema using chloroplast DNA data 237

Our data for rbcL and trn were supplemented by sequences of the following taxa obtained from GenBank: Celtis sinensis (Ulmaceae), Dorstenia psilurus, Ficus pretoriae, Morus alba (2 accessions) and M. rubra (Moraceae), Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae) as indicated in Appendix 1. Since Chase et al. (1993, figs 11B & 16) and Soltis et al. (2000, fig. 7) concluded that the Urticaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae and Ulmacaeae (Celtidaceae sensu Soltis et al.) form a strongly supported clade, species from the latter three families have been used for outgroup comparison in the rbcL analysis. This analysis was used to test the monophyly of Urticaceae. Outgroup choice for each of the other two data sets was based on the rbcL analysis, as set out below. Heuristic searches were performed in PAUP* Version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) using tree bisection reconnection branch-swapping and the MULPARS option, with all characters equally weighted to find the most parsimonious trees. Analyses involved 100 replicates of random taxon addition in order to search for multiple islands of equally parsimonious trees. Branch lengths for trees were calculated using the ACCTRAN (accelerated transformation optimisation) option in PAUP. Relative support for the clades identified by parsimony analysis was estimated by jackknife with 10000 replicates of fast stepwise addition using 33% character deletion and ‘emulate jac resampling’.

Results

The rbcL database Sequences were generated for 9 ingroup taxa from the Urticaceae, and another two ingroup and seven outgroup sequences were added from GenBank. A total of 1346 aligned positions was included in the analyses, of which 226 (16.8%) were variable and 140 (10.4%) parsimony informative. Missing data constituted 6.5% of the database, the taxon with the most missing data being Ficus pretoriae (33%). Initial heuristic analyses gave a topology that did not accord with the family level relationships and cast doubt on the identity of two of the outgroup sequences obtained from GenBank: Morus alba L01933 and Dorstenia psilurus. A BLAST search (NCBI November 2002) placed the former among a group of Prunus sequences (Rosaceae), and the latter among Rhamnaceae. A further outgroup sequence belonging to Prunus persica (Table 1) was obtained from GenBank and added to the data set, and the analysis repeated using the two Rosaceae sequences as root. Heuristic search found a single island of two trees of 374 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.606 without uninformative characters, retention index (RI) = 0.708, and rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.496. The strict consensus tree is shown in Figure 1. The names of the misidentified taxa are shown within inverted commas. There is strong support (95% jackknife) for a sister relationship between Urticaceae and the clade comprising Moraceae, Cannabaceae and Ulmaceae. The two sequences of each of Elatostema and Procris are strongly grouped (jackknife support > 95%), as are the four sequences of Boehmeria (94% support), and there is 82% support for the monophyly of Urticaceae. Pilea pumila is placed sister to Urtica dioica (89% support) rather than with the other genera of the tribe Lecantheae, Elatostema and Procris. Myriocarpa longipes, of the Boehmerieae, is placed closer to all four of the above genera (80% support) than to the Boehmeria clade. 238 Telopea 10(1): 2003

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees of 374 steps found from heuristic search of the rbcL data. CI = 0.606 excluding uninformative characters; RI = 0.708; RC = 0.496. Thick branches received >95% support; other jacknife values >50% shown above the clades. Hadiah, Quinn and Conn, Phylogeny of Elatostema using chloroplast DNA data 239

The atpß-rbcL database Fourteen species of Urticaceae were sequenced, thirteen representing Lecantheae (Elatostema, Procris and Pilea), and Myriocarpa longipes from the Boehmerieae sensu Friis (1993). The latter was used to root the analysis. Alignment required numerous indels ranging from 1-69 bp. The aligned data constituted 962 positions. There were 168 variable positions (17.5%), of which 84 (8.7%) were potentially informative. Six potentially informative indels, ranging from 1-10 bp, were scored as additional characters (sequence present/absent) and added to the database. Missing data constituted 14.9% of the data set. Heuristic search found a single island of ten trees of 191 steps, CI = 0.922 excluding uninformative characters, RI = 0.948, RC = 0.908. The strict consensus of these trees is shown in Figure 2. The distributions of informative indels have been mapped on the tree. Both Elatostema and Procris are very strongly supported as monophyletic groups (100% and three and two indels, respectively), and there is 95% support for a sister relationship between them. The trn database Sequences were generated for 24 taxa representing 16 species or species groups of Elatostema and eight other species of Urticaceae. Sequences of two outgroup species, namely Humulus lupulus and Cannabis sativa, were taken from GenBank. A total of 1108 aligned positions were included in the analyses, which included 582 base pairs (bp) of the trnL intron, 50 bp of the trnL exon, and 449 bp of the trnL-F intergenic spacer (the last 4 bp of the spacer were omitted). Alignment required numerous indels involving from 1-101 bp. Missing characters constituted 16.2% of data, with the taxon having the highest proportion of missing data being Cannabis sativa (39.6%). Thirty-one potentially informative indels, ranging from 1-51 bp, were scored as sequence present or absent and added to the database. There were 431 (38.9%) variable positions, 258 of which (23.3%) were potentially informative. Heuristic search found a single island of two equally parsimonious trees of 663 steps, CI = 0.733 excluding uninformative characters, RI = 0.846, RC = 0.688. The strict consensus of these trees is shown in Figure 3. The distributions of informative indels have been mapped on this cladogram (Fig. 3). The species pairs representing Boehmeria, Pilea and Procris are each strongly grouped (100%), but Elatostema appears paraphyletic, with E. curtisii and E. repens placed sister to Procris with 99% support, whereas the remaining members of Elatostema constitute a very robust clade (100% support). There is good support (91%) for a sister relationship between these two clades. Once again, Urtica dioica is placed sister to Pilea, but jackknife support for this relationship is very weak (54%).

Discussion

Friis (1993) provides a detailed discussion of morphological characters of the Urticaceae. He circumscribed the family as having basal ovaries and stamens that are elastic and reflexed (Friis 1989, 1993). However, he does not provide a phylogenetic interpretation of these data. The monophyly of the Urticaceae was tentatively supported by Beaman (2000), based on morphological characters. The analysis of the rbcL data, which places all Urticaceae within a clade that is sister to the five taxa belonging to three of the other five families of the order Urticales sensu Cronquist (1981), provides support for the concept of the family. The ingroup clade, which comprises 11 sequences drawn from six genera and three of the five tribes, receives 82% jackknife support. The current tribal arrangement, however, receives no 240 Telopea 10(1): 2003

Fig. 2. Strict consensus of the 10 equally parsimonious trees of 191 steps found from heuristic search of the atpß-rbcL spacer data set; CI = 0.922 excluding uninformative characters; RI = 0.948; RC = 0.908. Thick branches received 100% jackknife support; other values > 50% shown above the branches. Distributions of indels a-f are mapped on the tree. E., Elatostema. Hadiah, Quinn and Conn, Phylogeny of Elatostema using chloroplast DNA data 241

Fig. 3. Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees of 663 steps found from heuristic search of the trn data set; CI = 0.733 excluding uninformative characters; RI = 0.846; RC = 0.688. Thick branches received 100% jackknife support; other values >50% shown above the branches. Distributions of 31 scored indels have been mapped on the tree; single bar indicates unique origin; double bar indicates homoplasy; X indicates reversal. E., Elatostema. 242 Telopea 10(1): 2003 support. In both Figures 1 and 3, the Lecantheae (Elatostema, Pilea and Procris) and Boehmerieae (Boehmeria and Myriocarpa) are paraphyletic. Constraint analyses of the trn data set revealed that an extra 15 steps are required over and above the most parsimonious tree to render the Lecantheae monophyletic, and a total of 31 extra steps are needed to make both tribes monophyletic. It can be concluded, therefore, that there is considerable strength in these data to reject the present tribal arrangement of these genera. The grouping of Pilea with Urtica, however, which is apparent in both analyses, may well be an artefact of the low taxon sampling. It is only weakly supported on the trn data (54%), and both genera are on very long terminal branches (data not presented here). The monophyly of Boehmeria, Pilea and Procris received high levels of jackknife support in all the analyses where more than one species was included, but the more extensive sampling of Elatostema in the trn analysis revealed it to be paraphyletic with respect to Procris. Support for the grouping of Elatostema curtisii and E. repens with Procris is very robust (99%). Support for the ‘Elatostema-Procris’ clade is high in all three data sets. The placement of the latter genus within Elatostema in the trn analysis, supports the broader concept of Elatostema adopted by Hallier (1896) and Winkler (1922). An alternative conclusion is that the current circumscription of Procris should be extended such that this group could be maintained as a separate genus. It is clear from Figure 3 that even as a subgenus, the limits of Procris need to be extended to include further species (eg. Elatostema curtisii and E. repens) currently assigned to Elatostema. The robust grouping (100%) of E. griffithianum with species of subgenera Elatostema, Elatostematoides and Weddelia indicates that the morphological basis for the recognition of subgenus Pellionia (Schröter & Winkler 1935 & 1936) (or as a distinct genus – as classified by Weddell 1856, Robinson 1910, Friis 1989), at least, is not supported by the molecular data. Beaman (2000, 2001), using morphological features, also concluded that subgenus Pellionia was not distinct from the other subgenera. Furthermore, the current circumscriptions of the first three subgenera are also not supported by molecular data. Overwhelmingly, the distributions of indels are congruent with the estimate of the phylogeny obtained primarily from the substitution data, and they can be seen to support many of the clades: e.g. both species of Pilea are characterised by four unique indels (9, 16, 27 & 28) and another two (13 & 22) that also arise on other lineages (Fig. 3). All six of the informative indels in atpß-rbcL required only a single origin when their distributions were mapped on the strict consensus tree (Fig. 2), and only three of the 31 informative indels (13, 22 & 24) in the trn region required more than one origin (Fig. 3). Two of these (indels 13 and 24) involved the gain or loss of a single base pair from non-coding regions. Multiple origins of such indels in intergenic spacers have been frequently observed (e.g. Golenberg et al. 1993, Lowrey et al. 2001). Indels 19 and 22 required reversals (Fig. 3), but resolution of the trichotomy so that Elatostema parvum diverged after E. griffithianum would remove the need for the reversal in the latter case. The outgroup (Cannabaceae) differ from the ingroup by six indels (2, 14, 18, 19, 20 & 21), although indel 19 (a 6 bp insertion) has been subsequently lost in both species of Procris. This case of homoplasy (reversal or parallel origins) is interesting, since the indel is not a duplication of adjacent sequence, a type that has been observed to be common in spacer regions (Golenberg et al. 1993, Kelchner & Clark 1997). It is possible that secondary structure of the trnL-F spacer region may be responsible for the loss of the inserted region in its entirety, although there was no evidence of complementary segments of sequence on either side of the insertion which might promote the formation of a loop (Kelchner & Wendel 1996). Hadiah, Quinn and Conn, Phylogeny of Elatostema using chloroplast DNA data 243

Sequences for all three regions could be confidently aligned across the family. Both the trn and rbcL data sets could be rooted outside the family, and yielded good resolution of generic relationships. The latter, however, provided only low levels of variability: e.g. the uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence between Elatostema acuminatum and E. parvum was only 0.7%. As a result, jackknife support for clades was often relatively low even in this small taxon set. It is concluded that this region of the chloroplast genome is insufficiently variable to provide robust resolution of relationships within the genus. The trn region provided the highest proportion of variable characters: the uncorrected pairwise divergence between E. acuminatum and E. parvum was 5.1%. Hence, this is the most promising of the three regions trialled here for resolving interspecific relationships within Elatostema. Even within this region, however, relationships were not fully resolved in a very limited taxon sample (Fig. 3), and pairwise divergences between species are frequently very low: e.g. 0.02% for E. reticulatum cf. E. stipitatum, 0.04% for E. rostratum cf. E. sesquifolium. It therefore appears that robust resolution of species relationships within the genus will require a more variable region of DNA. The nuclear encoded intergenic transcribed spacer region of the rDNA is currently being investigated for this purpose. Finally, the recognition of the misidentification of two of the outgroup sequences highlights the caution that must be exercised about the authenticity of sequences lodged in GenBank and the importance of including voucher details when sequences are lodged — in this case no voucher was provided by either author.

Conclusion

Phylogenetic analyses of the Urticales, based on chloroplast DNA sequences, provided support for the monophyly of the Urticaceae, but not for the tribe Lecantheae. However, the apparent paraphyletic nature of the tribe may be an artefact of low taxon sampling, particularly in the Urticeae. Although Boehmeria is monophyletic, the Boehmerieae is polyphyletic, with the tribal position of Myriocarpa uncertain. The genus Elatostema, a member of the Lecantheae, has been shown to be paraphyletic, having the segregate genus Procris embedded within it. The preliminary analyses of infrageneric relationships within Elatostema do not support the recognition of the subgenus Pellionia.

Acknowledgments

We thank Esti Ariyanti (Kebun Raya Purwodadi, Indonesia) for her field assistance and companionship in Sumatera (Indonesia). Dedy Darnaedi (Director) and staff of Kebun Raya Bogor (Indonesia) provided considerable logistical field support for our (JTH & BJC) field work in Sumatera and accommodation for BJC while in Bogor. Frank Zich (CANB – formerly Kebun Raya Indonesia) for field assistance in West Java and Bali. We thank Adjun, Nanang Suryana and Rustandi (all Kebun Raya Cibodas) for their field assistance in Java and skilful cultivation of plants, as well as Ruspandi (Kebun Raya Bogor) for assisting with initial identification. Margaret Heslewood (NSW—formerly University of NSW, Kensington) and Andrew Perkins (NSW) generously provided technical assistance and advice on DNA laboratory techniques. We thank the Directors and staff of the following herbaria for making collections available as loans and donations, namely A, BRI, CANB, E, K, L, LAE, MEL, MO and NY. One of us (JTH) is supported by an AusAID post-graduate scholarship. This support is gratefully acknowledged. 244 Telopea 10(1): 2003

References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531–553. Beaman, R.S. (2000) Phylogeny and biogeography of Elatostema (Urticaceae) from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation: Univ. Florida, USA). Beaman, R.S. (2001) Phylogeny and biogeography of Elatostema (Urticaceae) from Mount Kinabalu. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 4: 71–93. Berg, C.C. (1978) Cecropiaceae. A new family of the Urticales. Taxon 27: 39–44. Briggs, B.G., A.D. Marchant, S. Gilmore & C.L. Porter, (2000). A molecular phylogeny of Restionaceae and allies. Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. K. L. Wilson & D. A. Morrison (Eds). (CSIRO: Melbourne). Chase, M.W., D.E. Soltis, R. G. Olmstead, D. Morgan, D.H. Les, B.D. Mishler, M.R. Duvall, R.A. Price, H.G. Hills, Y. Qiu, K.A. Kron, J.H. Rettig, E. Conti, J.D. Palmer, J.R. Manhart, K.J. Sytsma, H.J. Michaels, W.J. Kress, K.G. Karol, W.D. Clark, M. Hedren, B.S. Gaut, R.K. Jansen, K. Kim, C.F. Wimpee, J.F. Smith, G.R. Furnier, S.H. Strauss, Q. Xiang, G.M. Plunkett, P.S. Soltis, S.M. Swensen, S.E. Williams, P.A. Gadek, C.J. Quinn, L.E. Eguiarte, E. Golenberg, G.H. Learn, Jr., S.W. Graham, S.C.H. Barrett, S. Dayanandan & V.A. Albert (1993) Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 528–580. Crayn, D.M. & C.J. Quinn (2000) The evolution of the atpß-rbcL intergenic spacer in the epacrids (Ericales) and its systematic and evolutionary implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16: 238-252. Cronquist, A. (1981) An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. (Columbia University Press: New York). Dahlgren, G. (1989) The last Dahlgrenogram, system of classification of the dicotyledons. Pp. 249–260 in plant taxonomy, phytogeography, and related subjects. Tan, K. (ed.). (Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh). Dickison, W. C. & E. M. Sweitzer (1970) The morphology and relationship of Barbeya oleoides. American Journal of Botany 57: 468-476. Friis, I. (1989) The Urticaceae: a systematic review. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 40B: Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. Volume 2: higher Hamamelida, pp. 285–308. Friis, I. (1993) Urticaceae. Pp. 612–630 in K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer & V. Bittrich (eds). The families and genera of vascular plants II, flowering plants – dicotyledones. Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin). Gaudichaud, C. (1830) Botanique, part 12. Voyage autour du monde … execute sur les corvettes de S.M. l’Uranie et la Physiciene (L. de Freycinet, ed.), pp. 465–522, tt. 111–120. (Pilet-Aine: Paris). Gilmore, S., P.H. Weston & J.A. Thomson (1993) A simple, rapid, inexpensive and widely applicable technique for purifying plant DNA. Australian Systematic Botany 6: 139–148. Golenberg, E.M., M.T. Clegg, M.L. Durbin, J. Doebley & D.P.Ma (1993) Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 52–64. Hallier, H. (1896) Neue und bemerkenswerte pflanzen aus dem malaiisch-papuanischen inselmeer. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 13: 300–316. Judd, W.S., C.S. Campbell, E.A. Kellogg & P.F. Stevens (1999) Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, Massachusetts). Kelchner, S.A. & L.G. Clark (1997) Molecular evolution and phylogenetic utility of the chloroplast rpl16 intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8: 385–397. Kelchner, S.A. & J.F. Wendel (1996) Hairpins create minute inversions in non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Current Genetics 30: 295–262. Lowrey T.K., C.J. Quinn, R.K. Taylor, R. Chan, R.T. Kimball, J.C. De Nardi (2001) Molecular and morphological reassessment of relationships within the Vittadinia group of Astereae (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 1279–1289. Maddison W.P. and Maddison D.R. (2001) MacClade, version 4.03. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, Massachusetts). O’Brien, M.M., C.J. Quinn and P.G. Wilson (2000). Molecular systematics of the Leptospermum suballiance (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 48: 621-628. Robinson, C.B. (1910). Philippine Urticaceae. Philippines Journal of Science 5: 465–542. Hadiah, Quinn and Conn, Phylogeny of Elatostema using chloroplast DNA data 245

Schröter, H. & H. Winkler (1935) Monographie der gattung Elatostema s. l.: Allgemeiner teil. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis LXXXIII, 1. Schröter, H. & H. Winkler (1936) Monographie der gattung Elatostema s. l.: Spezieller teil. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis LXXXIII, 2. Soltis, D.E. & R.K. Kuzoff (1995) Discordance between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies in the Heuchera groups (Saxifragaceae). Evolution 49 (4): 727–742. Soltis, D.E., P.S. Soltis, M.W. Chase, M.E. Mort, D.C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W.H. Hahn, S.B. Hoot, M.F. Fay, M. Axtell, S.M. Swensen, L. M. Prince, W.J. Kress, K.C. Nixon & J.S. Farris (2000) Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpß sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133 (4): 381–461. Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b10. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, Massachusetts). Taberlet, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou & J. Bouvet (1991) Universal primers for the amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105–1109. Takhtajan, A.L. (1997) Diversity and classification of flowering plants. (Columbia University Press: New York). Thomson, J.A., P.H. Weston, & M. K. Tan (1995) A molecular approach to tracing major lineages in Pteridium. Pp. 21–28 in R.T. Smith and J.A. Taylor (Eds). Bracken: an Environmental Issue. Special Publication Number 2. (International Bracken Group: Aberystwyth). Thorne, R.F. (1992) Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Botanical Review 58: 225–348. Weddell, H.A. (1854) Revue de la famille de Urticacées. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, Serie 4 (1): 173–212. Weddell, H.A. (1856) Monographie de la famille des Urticacées. Archives du Museum D’Histoire Naturelle. Weddell, H.A. (1869) Urticaceae. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (ed. A. De Candolle) 16 (1): 32–235. (Masson: Paris). Winkler, H. (1922) Die Urticaceen Papuasiens. Beiträge zur flora von Papuasien 8: 501-608.

Appendix 1. List of voucher specimens for DNA extracts and GenBank numbers for sequences. (Classification of Urticaceae follows Friis 1989, 1993). Taxa Voucher No. rbcL atpB-rbcL trn region CANNABACEAE Cannabis sativa AJ390068 AJ390367 Humulus lupulus AB033889 — intron AB033890 — spacer MORACEAE “Dorstenia psilurus” AJ390066 Ficus pretoriae AJ390067 Morus alba D86319 “M. alba” L01933 M. rubra U06812 ROSACEAE Prunus persica AF206813 ULMACEAE Celtis sinensis D86309 URTICAEAE Boehmerieae Boehmeria biloba AJ390069 B. calophleba Hadiah 393 AY208700 AY208723 B. macrophylla Hadiah 394 AY208701 AY208722 B. nivea AJ235801 Myriocarpa longipes Hadiah 395 AY208705 AY208720 AY208724 246 Telopea 10(1): 2003

Appendix 1. cont. Taxa Voucher No. rbcL atpB-rbcL trn region Lecantheae Elatostema – Elatostemoides E. rostratum Hadiah 144 AY208743 E. rostratum group Hadiah 141 AY208714 E. sesquifolium Hadiah 224 AY208742 E. sesquifolium Hadiah 242 AY208741 Elatostema – Elatostema E. acuminatum Hadiah 163 AY208710 AY208745 E. acuminatum Hadiah 249 AY208702 AY208711 AY208744 E. macrophyllum Hadiah 245 AY208739 E. nigrescens Hadiah 256 AY208740 E. pedunculosum Hadiah 312 AY208738 E. reticulatum Perkins 00/01 AY208708 AY208737 E. stipitatum Perkins 00/02 AY208709 AY208736 E. strigosum Hadiah 159 AY208717 AY208735 E. sp. aff. strigosum Hadiah 178 AY208715 AY208734 E. sp. aff. strigosum Hadiah 207 AY208716 E. sp. aff. velutinicaule Hadiah 183 AY208713 Elatostema – Pellionia E. curtisii Hadiah 427 AY208731 E. griffithianum Hadiah 351 AY208732 E. repens Hadiah 445 AY208730 Elatostema – Weddelia E. parvum Hadiah 154 AY208703 AY208712 AY208733 Pilea microphylla Hadiah 398 AY208726 P. nummulariifolia Hadiah 389 AY208721 AY208727 P. pumila AF206811 Procris frutescens Hadiah 149 AY208704 AY208718 AY208728 P. insularis Hadiah 390 AY208706 AY208719 AY208729 Urticeae Urtica dioica Hadiah 391 AY208707 AY208725

Appendix 2. Primers use for PCR (P) and sequencing (S); F, forward; R, reverse. Region Use Primer Reference or sequence P/F rbcL 1 GGGATTTATGTCACCACAAACAGA – P. Gadek, unpubl. P/R rbcL 2 GATCTCCTTCCATACTTCACAAGC – P. Gadek, unpubl. rbcL S/F 861 TGGACCACTGTTTGGACCGA – P. Gadek, unpubl. S/F 381 GCAGTTATTGACAGACAAAGAAATCATGGT – P. Gadek, unpubl. S/R 497 ACCATGATTCTTCTGCCTATCAATAACTGC – P. Gadek, unpubl. P/F 377 Crayn & Quinn (2000) P/R 520 O’Brien et al. (2000) atpß-rbcL S/F 2603 Crayn & Quinn (2000) S/R 2604 Crayn & Quinn (2000) S/R 2607 Crayn & Quinn (2000) PS/F B49317 Taberlet et al. (1991) PS/R CalTabF GTCCTCTGCTCTACCAACTG – A. Perkins, unpubl. trnL-F PS/R A50272 Taberlet et al. (1991) S/F AdTabB2 Briggs et al. (2000) S/R A49855 Taberlet et al. (1991)