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ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70

ORIGINAL PAPER

FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL

Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2

1Department of Pharmaceutical , University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania

*Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected]

Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and . The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, nutans, aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, , albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc.

Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County

1. Introduction

Fărăgău is one of the most attractive places has a conservative interest due to its good in the Transylvanian Plain, a region representation both in terms of quality and widespread, with hills, valleys dug in the quantity of habitat and flora protected creeks, marshes and sarmatic sands, with by national law and U.E Directives. In Flora eroded flanks and muddy streams, landslides României, vol. I-XIII, in Fărăgău only 17 that have sometimes battered the rivers, species were cited (Săvulescu, 1952-1976). forming lakes. In Fărăgău, floristic and Here it is recorded for the first time in geobotanic investigations were carried out in literature, Trifolium ambiguum Bieb. We order to declare the protected area ”Lacurile mention that since its reporting in Flora R.P.R. Fărăgău - Glodeni” (ROSCI0100, Longitude vol. V (Săvulescu, 1957), there is no data on its 24.580755, Latitude 46.678636 and 244.8000 presence. The main objective of this study was ha area) (Fig. 1). This protected area is the inventory of vascular spontaneous flora, considered by specialists to be the last natural especially the medicinal one, and its complex lake in Transylvania (Cernei, 1995). The area 60

Silvia Oroian et Mihaela Sămărghițan analysis. The paper presents the results of the al., 1994; Mihăilescu et al., 2015; Oltean et al., researches carried out during 2005-2018. 1994). All figures from this paper represent original photos.

3. Results and discussions

3.1 List of taxa identified The floristic inventory includes 397 taxa, distributed in 82 families. The most representative families are: (52 taxa), Fabaceae (34 taxa), (35 taxa), (25 taxa), (16 taxa), (17 taxa), (14 taxa). The following taxa are identified: Equisetaceae: Equisetum arvense, Equisetum Fig. 1. Lake Fărăgău maximum; Dryopteridaceae: Dryopteris filix- 2. Materials and Methods mas, Thelypteris palustris; Pinaceae: Picea abies; : , The inventory of vascular flora was based clematitis; Ranunculaceae: on information from botanical literature and anthora, Adonis aestivalis, Adonis field research. In general, the taxonomic vernalis, Anemone nemorosa L. subsp. concept of "Flora Europaea" (Tutin, 1991; nemorosa, Anemone ranunculoides, Caltha Tutin et al., 1964-1980) was respected. The palustris L. subsp. laeta, , botanical nomenclature used complies with the Helleborus purpurascens, Ranunculus acris, rules of the "International Code of Botanical Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficaria, Ranunculus Nomenclature" (Code de Melbourne 2012) and polyanthemos, Ranunculus repens, Ranunculus the book of Sârbu I. et al. 2013. In the floral sceleratus, ; Papaveraceae: inventory, the adopted classification system Chelidonium majus, Papaver rhoeas; was updated according to the most recent Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium holosteoides, publications (Cristea, 2014; Oroian, 2000; Dianthus armeria, Dianthus carthusianorum, Sârbu et al., 2013). Within each family, the Silene italica subsp. nemoralis, Silene latifolia, genera have been put in alphabetical order, as Silene otites, Silene vulgaris, Stellaria well as the species. graminea, Stellaria holostea; Chenopodiaceae: The medicinal plants were grouped Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum; according to the dominant active principles for Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus retroflexus; which they are used in traditional medicine, Polygonaceae: Fallopia , respectively in phytotherapy, adopting the Reynoutria sachalinensis, Polygonum grouping of plants after Eşianu and Laczkó amphibium, Polygonum aviculare, Rumex (2016) as well as the most recent specialized acetosa, Rumex acetosella, , publications (Istudor, 1998, 2001, 2005; Rumex sanguineus; Betulaceae: Carpinus Stănescu et al., 2002, 2004). betulus, Corylus avellana; : Morus The identification and classification of the alba (subspontan); Cannabaceae: protected plants were made on the basis of the lupulus; : ; Fagaceae: specialty literature (Bilz et al., 2011; Boșcaiu et Quercus robur; Juglandaceae: Juglans regia;

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ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70

Crassulaceae: Sedum maximum; Parnassiaceae: carvi, , Daucus carota Parnassia palustris; : Agrimonia subsp. carota, Eryngium campestre, Eryngium eupatoria, Crataegus monogyna, planum, Falcaria vulgaris, Ferulago sylvatica, ulmaria, , vesca, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium, Fragaria viridis, , Malus Laser trilobum, Oenanthe aquatica, Oenanthe sylvestris, anserina, Potentilla silaifolia, Pastinaca sativa subsp. urens, argentea, Potentilla arenaria, Potentilla recta, Peucedanum cervaria, Peucedanum avium, Prunus spinosa, , oreoselinum, Pimpinella , Sanicula Pyrus pyraster, Rosa canina, Rosa gallica, europaea, Sium latifolium; Hypericaceae: Rubus caesius, Sanguisorba minor; Fabaceae: Hypericum perforatum; Cistaceae: *Amorpha fruticosa, Anthyllis vulneraria, nummularium subsp. Astragalus austriacus, Astragalus glycyphyllos, nummularium; : Armoracia Astragalus monspenssulanus, Chamaecytisus rusticana, Brassica elongata, bursa- albus, Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Cytisus pastoris, Crambe tataria, Erophila verna, leucotrichus, Chamaespartium sagittale, Erysimum odoratum, Lepidium campestre, Coronilla varia, Dorycnium pentaphyllum Raphanus raphanistrum, amphibia, subsp. herbaceum, Genista tinctoria subsp. Rorippa pyrenaica, Sinapis arvensis; tinctoria, Lathyrus palustris, Lathyrus Salicaceae: Populus nigra, Populus tremula, tuberosus, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago Salix alba, Salix caprea, Salix cinerea; falcata, Medicago lupulina, Medicago minima, Tiliaceae: Tilia cordata; Malvaceae: Hibiscus Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Melilotus trionum, Lavathera thuringiaca, Malva officinalis, Onobrychis viciifolia, Ononis sylvestris; Cornaceae: Cornus sanguinea; arvensis, Robinia pseudacacia, Tetragonolobus Santalaceae: Thesium linophyllon; maritimus subsp. siliquosum, Trifolium : Anagallis arvensis, Anagallis ambiguum, Trifolium arvense subsp. arvense, foemina, nummularia, Lysimachia Trifolium campestre, Trifolium hybridum, vulgaris, veris; : Trifolium montanum, Trifolium pratense, (Fig. 2), Trifolium repens, Trifolium pannonicum, Vicia cruciata (Fig. 3); Apocynaceae: Vinca cracca, Vicia sepium; Onagraceae: Epilobium herbacea, Vinca minor; Asclepiadaceae: hirsutum, Epilobium palustre, Oenothera Vincetoxicum hirundinaria; : biennis; : ; Asperula cynanchica, , Haloragaceae: Myriophyllum spicatum; , album, Galium Aceraceae: Acer campestre, Acer tataricum; aparine, Galium mollugo, Galium odoratum, : Dictamnus albus; Oxalidaceae: Galium rivale, Galium rubioides, Galium Oxalis corniculata; : uliginosum, Galium verum; Oleaceae: catharticum, , Linum hirsutum, Ligustrum vulgare; : Sambucus ; Geraniaceae: Geranium ebulus, Sambucus nigra, Viburnum opulus; palustre, Geranium pratense; Polygalaceae: Valerianaceae: Valeriana officinalis subsp. Polygala comosa, Polygala major; officinalis; : Cephalaria radiata, Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus; Dispacus fullonum, laciniatus, : ; Euphorbiaceae: Knautia arvensis, Scabiosa ochroleuca; Euphorbia cyparissias; : : , Hippophaë rhamnoides; Araliaceae: Hedera Convolvulus arvensis; Cuscutaceae: Cuscuta helix; Apiaceae: Bupleurum falcatum, Carum epithymum, ; Solanaceae: 62

Silvia Oroian et Mihaela Sămărghițan

Datura stramonium, Physalis alkekengi (Fig. campestris subsp. campestris, Artemisia 4), Solanum dulcamara, Solanum nigrum; pontica, Artemisia vulgaris, Aster linosyris, : Anchusa officinalis, Cerinthe , Bidens cernua, Bidens minor subsp. minor, Echium russicum, Echium tripartita, Carduus acanthoides, Carlina vulgare, Myosotis scorpioides, Nonea pulla, vulgaris, apiculata subsp. spinulosa, Pulmonaria officinalis subsp. officinalis, Centaurea biebersteinii, Centaurea cyanus, Symphytum officinale; Scrophulariaceae: Centaurea rhenana, Cichorium intybus, Digitalis grandiflora, rostkoviana, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium canum, Conyza Euphrasia stricta, Linaria vulgaris, canadensis, Crepis biennis, Echinops arvense, Melampyrum barbatum, sphaerocephalus, acris, Eupatorium Melampyrum bihariense, Melampyrum cannabinum, Galinsoga parviflora, Pilosella cristatum, Odontites verna subsp. verna, officinarum, bauhini, Hieracium x rumelicus, Verbascum chaixii sulphureum, Hypochoeris maculata, subsp. austriacum, Verbascum lychnitis, Hypochoeris radicata, britannica, Inula Veronica beccabunga, Veronica chamaedrys, ensifolia, Inula hirta, Jurinea mollis, Veronica orchidea, Veronica teucrium; Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus, : Orobanche alba, Orobanche Leucanthemum vulgare, Matricaria perforata, lutea; Plantaginaceae: Plantago lanceolata, Matricaria recutita, Mycelis muralis, , Plantago media; Verbenaceae: Scorzonera purpurea, Senecio jacobaea, Verbena officinalis; Lamiaceae: Acinos Senecio paludosus, arvensis, , Ajuga chamaepitys, Ajuga palustris, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum genevensis, Ajuga laxmani, Ajuga reptans, officinale, Tragopogon pratensis subsp. Ajuga salicifolia, Clinopodium vulgare, orientalis, Tussilago farfara, Xanthium speciosa, Galeopsis x tetrahit, strumarium; Butomaceae: Butomus umbellatus; album, , Alismataceae: Alisma plantago-aquatica; cardiaca, europaeus, Mentha : Triglochin palustre; arvensis, Mentha longifolia, Mentha x Najadaceae: Najas marina; Potamogetonaceae: verticillata, Nepeta nuda (Nepeta pannonica), Potamogeton natans; Alliaceae: Allium Origanum vulgare, Phlomis tuberosum (Fig. albidum subsp. albidum, Allium paniculatum, 5), Prunella grandiflora (Fig. 6), Prunella Allium scorodoprasum subsp. scorodoprasum; laciniata, Prunella vulgaris (Fig. 7), Salvia Amaryllidaceae: Galanthus nivalis, Narcissus austriaca, Salvia nemorosa, , poeticus ssp. radiiflorus; : Iris Salvia pratensis, Salvia transsilvanica, Salvia aphylla, Iris pseudacorus, Iris ruthenica; verticillata, Scutellaria galericulata, Stachys Liliaceae: Anthericum ramosum, Asparagus germanica, Stachys officinalis, Stachys recta, officinalis, Convallaria majalis, Erythronium Teucrium chamaedrys, Thymus glabrescens, dens-canis, Muscari comosum, Muscari Thymus pannonicus, Thymus pulegioides; tenuiflorum, Ornithogalum pyramidale, Campanulaceae: Asyneuma canescens, Polygonatum latifolium, Polygonatum Campanula bononiensis, Campanula multiflorum, Polygonatum odoratum, Veratrum glomerata, Campanula persicifolia, nigrum (Fig. 8); Orchidaceae: Epipactis Campanula rapunculoides, Campanula palustris; Hammarbya paludosa, Orchis morio, sibirica; Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium, Orchis tridentata ssp. tridentata; : Achillea setacea, Anthemis tinctoria, Arctium Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus lappa, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia tenuis, Luzula campestris; Cyperaceae: Carex 63

ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 caryophyllea, Carex paniculata, Carex vulpina, (radix); phenolic : Filipendula Cyperus flavescent, Scirpus sylvaticus; ulmaria (flos), Populus sp. (gemma), Pyrus Typhaceae: Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia; pyraster (folium), Salix sp. (cortex), Viburnum Poaceae: capillaris, Agrostis opulus (cortex); anthraquinone derivatives: stolonifera, aequalis, Alopecurus Frangula alnus (cortex), Rumex crispus pratensis, , (rhizoma); naphtodianthrones: Hypericum , Brachypodium perforatum (herba); cardiac glycosides: pinnatum, media, Bromus erectus subsp. Convallaria majalis (herba), Digitalis erectus, Calamagrostis epigejos, Chrysopogon grandiflora (folium), Erysimum odoratum gryllus, , Dactylis (herba), Euonymus europaea (cortex), glomerata subsp. glomerata, Deschampsia Helleborus purpurascens (rhizoma et radix), caespitosa, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leonurus cardiaca (herba); saponins: rupicola subsp. rupicola f. hirsuta, Festuca Anagallis sp. (herba), Bellis perennis (flos), valesiaca, , lanatus, Eryngium sp. (herba), Equisetum arvense Lolium perenne, Phragmites australis, (herba), Hedera helix (herba), Ononis arvensis palustris, phleoides, viridis, (radix), Polygala sp. (herba), Primula veris Stipa tirsa (S. stenophylla), Trisetum (rhizoma cum radicibus), Ranunculus ficaria flavescens, Lemnaceae: Lemna minor. (radix); flavonoids: Bidens sp. (herba), Capsella bursa-pastoris (herba), Crataegus 3.2 Medicinal plants identified in monogyna (folium, fructus et flos), Eupatorium Fărăgău area and their uses in human cannabinum (rhizoma et radix), Filipendula disease ulmaria (herba), Linaria vulgaris (herba), Of the 397 taxa identified 164 species are Morus alba (folium), Pilosella officinarum medicinal. Thus, it was observed that most (herba), Polygonum aviculare (herba), Prunus plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins avium (stipites), Robinia pseudacacia (flos), (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages Sambucus nigra (flos), Veronica sp. (herba), (8.53%), coumarins (7.92%), saponins Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (radix); (7.31%), (6.70%), iridoids (5.48%), anthocyanins: Centaurea cyanus (flos), phenolic glycosides (4.87%), organic acids, Consolida regalis (flos), Papaver rhoeas (flos), vitamins and provitamins 2.43%), Rosa gallica (flos); coumarins: Cruciata sp. anthryquinone derivatives (1.21%), cardiotonic (herba), Galium sp. (herba), Heracleum glycosides (3.65%), bitter principles (2.43%), sphondylium (radix, folium et fructus), bitter-aromatic principles (4.26%), Medicago sp. (herba), Melilotus officinalis (flos homoglycans, senevoline glycosides, depside, et herba), Pastinaca sativa (radix), Pimpinella fatty oils, allantoin, resins, sulfurized saxifraga (radix); tannins: Agrimonia compounds and floroglucines (0.60% each). eupatoria (herba), Anthyllis vulneraria (flos), Thus, we mention medicinal herbs that contain Cornus sanguinea (cortex), Corylus avellana these principles: homoglicans: Arctium lappa (folium), Epilobium hirsutum (herba), Erigeron (radix); mucilage: Hibiscus trionum (herba), acris (summitates), Fragaria vesca (folium), Lavathera thuringiaca (radix), Malva sylvestris Geum urbanum (rhizoma), Juglans regia (flos et folium), Orchis morio, O. tridentata (folium), Lysimachia sp. (herba), Lythrum (), Plantago sp. (folium), Tussilago salicaria (herba), Polygonum aviculare (herba), farfara (folium), Verbascum sp. (flos); Potentilla anserina (herba), P. argentea, P. senevolic glycosides: Raphanus raphanistrum recta (rhizoma), Prunus spinosa (flos, fructus), 64

Silvia Oroian et Mihaela Sămărghițan

Quercus robur (cortex), Salix sp. (cortex); biennis, Agrimonia eupatoria, Origanum depsides: Cichorium intybus (herba et radix); vulgare, Artemisia absinthium, Papaver fatty oils: Oenothera biennis (semen); rhoeas, Carum carvi, Plantago lanceolata, essential oils: Achillea millefolium (flos), Centaurium erythraea, Polygonum Asarum europaeum (rhizoma), Carum carvi multiflorum, Chelidonium majus, Polygonum (fructus), Iris sp. (rhizoma), Matricaria aviculare, Crataegus monogyna, Primula veris, recutita (flos), Mentha sp. (folium), Nepeta Datura stramonium, Prunella vulgaris, nuda (summitates), Origanum vulgare (herba), Equisetum arvense, Quercus robur, Peucedanum oreoselinum (rhizoma), , Robinia psudacacia, (radix), Thymus sp. Frangula alnus, Rosa canina, Hedera helix, (herba), Tilia cordata (flos), Valeriana Salix sp., , Sambucus nigra, officinalis (radix), Xanthium strumarium Hypericum perforatum, , (herba); allantoin: Symphytum officinale Leonurus cardiaca, Tilia cordata, Lythrum (radix); resins: Humulus lupulus (strobuli); salicaria, Valeriana officinalis, Malva glycoresins: Calystegia sepium (herba), sylvestris, Verbena officinalis, Matricaria Convolvulus arvensis (herba); sulfur recutita, Urtica dioica, Melilotus officinalis. compounds: Armoracia rusticana (radix); Even if only partial, the data on Romania's iridoids: Ajuga sp. (herba), Euphrasia sp. medicinal flora clearly reveals two fundamental (herba), (herba), Sambucus features of it, namely: a great taxonomic ebulus (radix, flos, fructus), Stachys sp. diversity and an exceptional therapeutic (herba), Verbena officinalis (herba); alkaloids: potential. Flora from Fărăgău area can be an Aconitum anthora (tuber), Chelidonium majus important source of active ingredients for (herba), Conium maculatum (fructus), Datura achieving herbal extracts used in various stramonium (folium), (herba), diseases. The most numerous herbs are used in Galanthus nivalis (bulbus), Genista tinctoria disorders of the digestive system (27 taxa), (herba), Solanum dulcamara (stipes), respiratory system (15 taxa), skin disorders (9 Thalictrum minus (herba), Vinca sp. (herba); taxa), muscular and skeletal systems (11 taxa), bitter compounds: Centaurium erythraea genitourinary system (9 taxa), in (herba), Euphorbia cyparisias (herba), gynaecological disorders (4 taxa), Gentiana cruciata (radix), Taraxacum cardiovascular (3 taxa), CNS disorders (4 taxa) officinale (radix et herba); bitter-aromatic (Table 1). The paper highlights the importance compounds: Artemisia sp. (herba), Teucrium of herbs that can be used as remedies for chamaedrys (herba), Tanacetum corymbosum human diseases. The medicinal plants generally (flos), T. vulgare (herba); floroglucine: have significant less adverse effects compared Dryopteris filix-mas (rhizoma); organic acids, with synthesized substances and also people vitamins and provitamins: Daucus carota have a better tolerance to these plants than (radix), (fructus), synthetic drugs. Physalis alkekengi (fructus), Rosa canina (fructus), Urtica dioica (fructus). 3.3 Protected plants in Fărăgău area Of the 164 medicinal species included in The special interest manifested today in the floral inventory, 37 species supply plant the world for natural medicine, where products included in the Romanian phytotherapy occupies a privileged place, can Pharmacopoeia and European Pharmacopoeia, sometimes have negative repercussions for the the 8th edition: Achillea millefolium, Oenothera 65

ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70

Table 1. Medicinal plant used in various disorders Phytotherapy for Disorders of various systems Taxa human disease Phytotherapy of mouth Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia . gingivitis eupatoria, Centaurium erythraea, . stomatitis Geum urbanum, Lysimachia . periodontitis nummularia, Lythrum salicaria, . dental abscesses Matricaria chamomilla, Potentilla sp., . tonsillitis Quercus robur, Thymus sp. Equisetum arvense, Hypericum Hyperacid gastritis and ulcer perforatum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus disease officinalis, Symphytum officinale Gastric hypoacidity - dyspepsia, Artemisia vulgaris, Centaurium anorexia erythrea, Gentiana cruciata Acute and chronic liver disease Achillea millefolium, Hypericum perforatum, Taraxacum officinalis; Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia Phytotherapy for eupatoria, Cichorium intybus, digestive system Functional disorders of the Eupatorium cannabinum, Hypericum disorders gallbladder and biliary tract perforatum, Mentha longifolia,

Pastinaca sativa, Taraxacum officinale Cichorium intybus, Convolvulus Phytotherapy in constipation arvense, Rumex sp. Agrimonia eupatoria, Geum urbanum, Phytotherapy in diarrhea Lythrum salicaria, Potentilla anserina, Quercus robur, Rosa canina Vomiting - nausea Mentha longifolia Achillea millefolium, Matricaria Abdominal colic chamomilla, Mentha longifolia, Potentilla anserine, Salix sp. Flatulence (bloating) Carum carvi, Mentha longifolia Achillea millefolium, Dryopteris filix- Helminthiasis - anthelmintic mas, Gentiana cruciata, Rosa canina, plant Tanacetum vulgare, Thymus sp. Phytotherapy for Hearth failure Digitalis grandiflora cardiovascular system Convallaria majalis, Crataegus Cardiac neurosis disorders monogyna Angina pectoris Crataegus monogyna Achillea millefolium, Equisetum Immuno-stimulatory plant arvense, Hypericum perforatum, Rosa canina Phytotherapy for Datura stramonium, Plantago sp., Central and peripheral respiratory system Thymus sp., Tussilago farfara, antitussives disorders Verbascum lychnitis Eryngium planum, Hedera helix, Expectorant Primula veris, Picea abies Ajuga reptans, Datura stramonium, Asthma Origanum vulgare, Thymus sp. Equisetum arvense, Hibiscus trionum, Phytotherapy for Lamium album, Ononis arvensis, Diuretic / acvaretice genitourinary system Polygonum aviculare, Prunus avium, disorders Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica Equisetum arvense, Rosa canina, Urtica Urolithiasis dioica 66

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Phytotherapy for Menopausal Disorders Genista tinctoria, Medicago sp. gynecological disorders Dysmenorrhea Achillea millefolium, Artemisia vulgaris Acne Taraxacum officinale Eczema Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale Achillea millefolium, Populus sp, Dermatomycosis Thymus sp. Phytotherapy for skin Alopecia (hair loss) Urtica dioica disorders Equisetum arvense, Hypericum Wounds perforatum, Rosa canina, Populus sp., Plantago sp., Symphytum officinale Light burns Hypericum sp., Populus sp. Achillea millefolium, Symphytum Bruises officinale Filipendula ulmaria, Helleborus purpurascens, Hypericum perforatum, Phytotherapy for Plant products with anti- Rosa canina, Medicago sativa, Mentha locomotory system inflammatory / analgesic anti- longifolia, Picea abies, Salix alba, disorders rheumatic and hyperemic action Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica

Humulus lupulus, Hypericum sp., Phytotherapy for CNS Sleep disturbances; Nervousness. Valeriana officinalis, Viburnum opulus system disorders depression

conservation of some plant species in the are the families: Asteraceae (52 taxa), Fabaceae spontaneous flora. This can happen in cases (34 taxa), Lamiaceae (35 taxa), Poaceae (25 where the species vegetates in a restricted area taxa), Scrophulariaceae (16 taxa), Apiaceae (17 and the natural regeneration capacity is low. As taxa), Ranunculaceae (14 taxa) etc. The 164 a result of this study, we bring novel species of medicinal plants were grouped information about floristic richness of according to the dominant active principles: hayfields, an invaluable scientific value for the volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), Romania and Europe. In the follow we present flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%), some plants protected by law at European and coumarins (7.92%), saponins (7.31%), national level: Echium maculatum (Fig. 9), alkaloids (6.70%), and iridoids (5.48%). Of the Cephalaria radiata (Fig. 10), Crambe tataria 164 medicinal species, 37 species are included (Fig. 11), Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus in the Romanian Pharmacopoeia and the (Fig. 12), Salvia nutans (Fig. 13), , European Pharmacopoeia 2008. The identified Orchis morio (Fig. 14), Orchis tridentata, medicinal plants can be used in the treatment of Adonis vernalis (Fig. 15), Dictamnus albus various human diseases. Also, a significant (Fig. 16), Hammarbya paludosa etc. number of plants are protected by law at national and European level. Conclusions The work highlights the importance of Conflict of Interest medicinal plants in the Fărăgău area, which can The authors declare that the research was be used as remedies for human diseases. The conducted in the absence of any commercial or florist inventory includes 397 plant species, financial relationships that could be construed distributed in 82 families. The most represented as a potential conflict of interest.

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Fig. 2. Centaurium erythraea Fig. 3. Gentiana cruciata Fig. 4. Physalis alkekengi

Fig. 5. Phlomis tuberosa Fig. 6. Prunella grandiflora Fig. 7. Prunella vulgaris a b c

Fig. 8. Veratrum nigrum: a – general aspect, b – , c -

Fig. 9. Echium maculatum Fig. 10. Cephalaria radiata Fig. 11. Crambe tataria

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Silvia Oroian et Mihaela Sămărghițan

Fig. 12. Narcissus poeticus Fig. 13. Salvia nutans Fig. 14. Orchis morio ssp. radiiflorus

Fig. 15. Dictamnus albus Fig. 16. Adonis vernalis

References

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