DOCSLIB.ORG

Wisconsin Flora Tour Introduction to Course Numbers of Families, Genera

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Vascular Flora of Wisconsin 20 January 2009 Wisconsin Flora Tour Introduction to course Numbers of families, genera and species within major groupings in Wisconsin Group Families Genera Species Species Total Native Introduced Cryptogams 13 31 112 0 112 Gymnosperms 3 8 15 2 17 Angiosperms Dicotyledons 115 575 1161 573 1734 Monocots 27 171 601 106 707 TOTAL 158 785 1889 681 2570 Largest families (50 or more taxa) and genera (15 or more taxa) in the Wisconsin flora Family No. of Taxa Genus No. of Taxa Asteraceae 373 Carex (sedge) 168 Poaceae 254 Aster (aster) 80 Cyperaceae 251 Rubus (raspberry) 55 Rosaceae 187 Crateagus (hawthorn) 47 Fabaceae 88 Viola (violet) 33 Brassicaceae 87 Panicum (panic grass) 32 Scrophulariaceae 75 Potamogeton (pondweed) 32 Lamiaceae 72 Salix (willow) 31 Caryophyllaceae 63 Polygonum (smartweed) 30 Orchidaceae 57 Solidago (goldenrod) 30 Ranunculaceaee 53 Juncus (rush) 29 Helianthus (sunflower) 20 Ranunculus (buttercup) 20 Chenopodium (chenopod) 19 Eleocharis (spikerush) 19 Lonicera (honeysuckle) 18 Veronica (veronica) 18 Rosa (rose) 16 Galium (bedstraw) 15 Source: Wisconsin State Herbarium (http://www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium/) Four major floristic elements in the Wisconsin flora Boreal Alleghenian Ozarkian Prairie Two floristic provinces Northern hardwood Prairie forests Tension Zone Brief look at four plant communities Beech maple or southern mesic Oak forest or southern xeric Prairie Bog or fen Vascular Flora of Wisconsin 22 January 2009 Nomenclature and Vascular Cryptogams I Nomenclature vs. Classification Rank Ending Example genus no standard Rosa family -aceae Rosaceae order -ales Rosales subclass -idae Rosidae class -opsida Magnoliopsida phylum (division) -phyta Magnoliophyta Species Binomial nomenclature Common name versus scientific genus, specific epithet, and authority General rules Latin: italic in print and underline in writing Generic name must always be capitalized Specific epithet may always be in lower case Specific epithet may never be used alone Rules of priority specific epithet has priority and is retained oldest validly published name is the “correct” name Two examples of name changes Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. and Carex polygama Schkuhr Senecio aureus L. and Packera aurea (L.) Love and Love Synonyms Vascular Cryptogams Overview of alternation of generations sporophyte vs. gametophyte spores vs. gametes homosporous vs. heterosporous microphylls vs. megaphylls 2 phyla of Cryptogams (not considered a natural group) Lycopodiophyta : lycopods Polypodiophyta: ferns (including now Equisetophyta or the horsetails and Psilophyta or whisk ferns) Lycopodiophyta - lycopods Lycopodiaceae — clubmosses, groundpines, groundcedars Lycopodium obscurum, groundpine Huperzia lucidula, shining clubmoss [Lycopodium lucidulum] Diphasiastrum digitatum, crowfoot clubmoss, southern running-pine, southern ground-cedar [Lycopodium digitatum] Lycopodiella inundata, bog clubmoss [Lycopodium. inundatum] Sellaginellaceae — spikemosses Selaginella rupestris - rock spikemoss S. selaginoides - northern spikemoss Isoetaceae — quillworts Isoetes, quillwort Polypodiophyta – the unusual “ferns” Equisetaceae — horsetails Equisetum arvense, common horsetail, field horsetail E. hyemale, common scouring rush, pipes, scouring rush horsetail E. laevigatum - smooth horsetail or scouring rush E. scirpoides, dwarf scouring rush, sedge horsetail E. sylvaticum, wood horsetail, woodland horsetail Morphological terms helpful in identifying ferns and fern allies Botany 401, Spring 2009 FERNS: Phylum Polypodiophyta Ferns I. Vegetative morphology The leaf blade of a fern is called a frond. Fronds may be fertile or sterile, depending on whether they do or do not bear spores. Most of us recognize a fern based on the fertile frond, if the species produces dimorphic fronds, or by the vegetative morphology of the frond if the species produces fronds of only a single basic morphology. The frond in most of Wisconsin’s species is compound and made of the following vegetative parts: Stipe: The stalk that connects the frond to the rootstock or rhizome stalks may be glabrous, hairy, or scaly. Rachis: The axis to which all divisions of the frond connect. Pinna: A unit of the leaf that connects directly to the rachis; the pinnae (plural form of pinna) may be simple or compound. Pinnule: A unit of the pinna that connects to the midrib of the pinna. Lobe: The smallest unit of a pinna; lobe may be toothed or entire. Overall description of the frond form: Pinnate: Once-compound; the frond has pinnae that are not subdivided. Bipinnate: Twice-compound; pinnae are divided into unlobed pinnules. Tripinnate: Three-times compound; pinnules are lobed. Ferns II. Reproductive morphology Unlike seed plants, the reproductive structures of ferns and their allies are unprotected spores. Spores are borne within sporangia on the margins or lower surfaces of leaves. These sporangia are often found in visible clusters called sori (singular: sorus). You can often find sori on undersides of fertile fern fronds, and their characteristics are important for identification. Over the top of the sorus there is often an umbrella-like flap of tissue called the indusium (plural: indusia). The indusium may be attached at the edge, arching over the sorus, or it may be attached in the center. HORSETAILS: Phylum Polypodiophyta (previously placed in Equisetophyta) Horsetails have jointed, hollow stems that are rough to the touch. The leaves are small and scalelike, whorled at the nodes and often fused along the margin to form a sheath. The leaf tips are generally referred to as teeth, and they may fall from the plant quickly or persist for the duration of the growing season. Branches, when present, are narrow, needle-like structures that are often thought of as leaves. The branches have sheaths at each node, just like the main stem. Horsetail sporangia are borne in strobili, more commonly referred to as cones. CLUBMOSSES: Phylum Lycopodiophyta Unlike the ferns and horsetails, the leaves of clubmosses are microphylls (leaves with single veins, single leaf traces, not associated with a leaf gap). Sporangia are borne on sporophylls that are either unspecialized microphylls or specialized to form a strobilis. Vascular Flora of Wisconsin 27 January 2009 Vascular Cryptogams II and Gymnosperms Polypodiophyta — true ferns General characteristics: homosporous or heterosporous, fronds, stipe, circinnate vernation, sorus, indusium Classification: problematic for families!; leptosporangiate or eusporangiate ferns; horsetails and whisk fern phyla now part of ferns! Ferns in Wisconsin [see http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/pteridophytes/ pteridophytes_of_wisconsin01.htm] 9 families, 24 genera, 68 species Ophioglossaceae (2 genera / 14 species) Botrychium virginianum - rattlesnake fern Botrychium lunaria - moonwort Ophioglossum pusillum – adder’s-tongue Osmundaceae (1 genus / 3 species) Osmunda cinnamomea - cinnamon fern Osmunda claytoniana - interrupted fern Osmunda regalis - American royal fern Pteridaceae (4 genera / 7 species) Adiantum pedatum - northern maidenhair fern Cryptogramma stelleri - slender cliff-brake fern Dennstaedtiaceae (2 genera / 2 species) Pteridium aquilinum - bracken fern Thelypteridaceae (2 genera / 4 species) Thelypteris palustris - marsh fern Aspleniaceae (1 genus / 5 species) Asplenium platyneuron - ebony spleenwort Asplenium viride - green spleenwort Dryopteridaceae (10 genera / 30 species) Athyrium angustum - northeastern lady fern Dryopteris intermedia - glandular wood fern Onoclea sensibilis - sensitive fern Polystichum acrostichoides - Christmas fern Polypodiaceae (1 genus / 1 species) Polypodium virginianum - common polypody, rock-cap fern Azollaceae (1 genus / 2 species) Azolla caroliniana - mosquito fern Pinophyta — Gymnosperms Classfication: Four major groups: cycads, ginkgo, conifers, gnetophytes — these sometimes each considered its own phylum General characteristics: no vessel elements, needle or scale-like leaves, cones or strobili, no flowers (therefore “naked seeds”), pollination Gymnosperms in Wisconsin: 3 families, 8 genera, 13 species Cupressaceae (2 genera / 4 species) Juniperus communis - common juniper, oldfield juniper Juniperus horizontalis - creeping juniper Juniperus virginiana - eastern red-cedar Thuja occidentalis - eastern arborvitae, northern white cedar Taxaceae (1 genus / 1 species) Taxus canadensis - American yew, ground hemlock Taxus cuspidata – Japanese yew [not native, but planted] Pinaceae (5 genera / 8 species) Abies balsamea - balsam fir Larix laricina - tamarack, American larch Picea glauca - white spruce Picea mariana - black spruce Pinus banksiana - jack pine Pinus resinosa - red pine, Norway pine Pinus strobus - eastern white pine Tsuga canadensis - eastern hemlock Ginkgoaceae [not native, but planted] Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) Vascular Flora of Wisconsin 29 January 2009 Floral and Fruit Structure — Angiosperms Floral structure of Angiosperms Flowers as modified shoots with 4 sets of modified “leaves” Floral parts (terms & illustrations) Peduncle, pedicel Receptacle Sepals / calyx Petals / corolla Stamens (androecium): anthers, filaments Nectaries Carpels (gynoecium): ovary & ovules, style, stigma Placentation: marginal, axile, parietal, free-central, basal Arrangement of floral parts Numerical plan: spiral, 3-merous, 4-merous, 5-merous Symmetry actinomorphic / radial zygomorphic / bilateral Fusion of floral parts connation - fusion of similar parts adnation - fusion of different parts hypogynous ovary - superior ovary
Recommended publications
  • Toward a Resolution of Campanulid Phylogeny, with Special Reference to the Placement of Dipsacales

    Toward a Resolution of Campanulid Phylogeny, with Special Reference to the Placement of Dipsacales

    TAXON 57 (1) • February 2008: 53–65 Winkworth & al. • Campanulid phylogeny MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales Richard C. Winkworth1,2, Johannes Lundberg3 & Michael J. Donoghue4 1 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461–CEP 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. [email protected] (author for correspondence) 2 Current address: School of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji 3 Department of Phanerogamic Botany, The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106, U.S.A. Broad-scale phylogenetic analyses of the angiosperms and of the Asteridae have failed to confidently resolve relationships among the major lineages of the campanulid Asteridae (i.e., the euasterid II of APG II, 2003). To address this problem we assembled presently available sequences for a core set of 50 taxa, representing the diver- sity of the four largest lineages (Apiales, Aquifoliales, Asterales, Dipsacales) as well as the smaller “unplaced” groups (e.g., Bruniaceae, Paracryphiaceae, Columelliaceae). We constructed four data matrices for phylogenetic analysis: a chloroplast coding matrix (atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL), a chloroplast non-coding matrix (rps16 intron, trnT-F region, trnV-atpE IGS), a combined chloroplast dataset (all seven chloroplast regions), and a combined genome matrix (seven chloroplast regions plus 18S and 26S rDNA). Bayesian analyses of these datasets using mixed substitution models produced often well-resolved and supported trees.
  • Apiales, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, , Brassicales, Canellales

    Apiales, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, , Brassicales, Canellales

    Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, , Brassicales, Canellales, Caryophyllales, Celastrales, Ericales, Fabales, Garryales, Gentianales, Lamiales, Laurales, Magnoliales, Malpighiales, Malvales, Myrtales, Oxalidales, Picramniales, Piperales, Proteales, Rosales, Santalales, Sapindales, Solanales Family: Achariaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bixaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Calophyllaceae, Canellaceae, Cannabaceae, Capparaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Caricaceae, Caryocaraceae, Celastraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Emmotaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Goupiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Humiriaceae, Hypericaceae, Icacinaceae, Ixonanthaceae, Lacistemataceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Lecythidaceae, Lepidobotryaceae, Linaceae, Loganiaceae, Lythraceae, Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, Monimiaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Ochnaceae, Olacaceae, Oleaceae, Opiliaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Picramniaceae, Piperaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Proteaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Rhamnaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sabiaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Simaroubaceae, Siparunaceae, Solanaceae, Stemonuraceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae, Violaceae, Vochysiaceae Genus: Abarema, Acioa, Acosmium, Agonandra, Aiouea, Albizia, Alchornea,
  • Richard Chinn Environmental Training, Inc. Info

    Richard Chinn Environmental Training, Inc. Info

    Scientific Name Common Name Region 6 Habit Scientific Name Common Name Region 6 Habit Abies balsamea FIR,BALSAM FACW NT Amaranthus californicus AMARANTH,CALIFORNIA NI ANF Abutilon theophrasti VELVET-LEAF NI AIF Amaranthus crassipes AMARANTH,TROPICAL FAC+ AIF Acacia greggii ACACIA,CATCLAW UPL NST Amaranthus greggii AMARANTH,GREGGIS FAC ANF Acacia smallii HUISACHE FACU NTS Amaranthus obcordatus AMARANTH,TRANS PECOS NI ANF Acalypha rhomboidea COPPER-LEAF,COMMON UPL* ANF Amaranthus palmeri AMARANTH,PALMER'S FACU- ANF Acalypha virginica MERCURY,THREE-SEEDED UPL* ANF Amaranthus retroflexus AMARANTH,RED-ROOT FACU- ANF Acer negundo BOX-ELDER FACW- NT Amaranthus rudis AMARANTH,TALL FAC ANF Acer rubrum MAPLE,DRUMMOND RED FACW NT Amaranthus spinosus AMARANTH,SPINY FACU- ANF Acer rubrum MAPLE,TRIDENT RED NI NT Amaranthus tuberculatus AMARANTH,ROUGH-FRUIT NI ANF Acer rubrum MAPLE,RED FAC NT Ambrosia artemisiifolia RAGWEED,ANNUAL FACU- ANF Acer saccharinum MAPLE,SILVER FAC NT Ambrosia grayi BURSAGE,WOOLLY-LEAF FACW PNF Acer saccharum MAPLE,SUGAR UPL NT Ambrosia psilostachya RAGWEED,NAKED-SPIKE FAC- PNF Achillea millefolium YARROW,COMMON FACU PNF Ambrosia trifida RAGWEED,GREAT FAC ANF Acorus calamus SWEETFLAG OBL PIEF Amelanchier alnifolia SERVICE-BERRY,SASKATOON FAC- NS Adiantum capillus-veneris FERN,SOUTHERN MAIDEN-HAIR FACW+ PNF3 Amelanchier arborea SERVICE-BERRY,DOWNY FACU NT Adiantum pedatum FERN,NORTHERN MAIDEN-HAIR FAC PNF3 Amianthium muscaetoxicum FLYPOISON FAC PNF Adiantum tricholepis FERN,HAIRY MAIDEN-HAIR FAC PNF3 Ammannia auriculata AMMANNIA,RED-STEM
  • Northern Fen Communitynorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1

    Northern Fen Communitynorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1

    Northern Fen CommunityNorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1 Community Range Prevalent or likely prevalent Infrequent or likely infrequent Absent or likely absent Photo by Joshua G. Cohen Overview: Northern fen is a sedge- and rush-dominated 8,000 years. Expansion of peatlands likely occurred wetland occurring on neutral to moderately alkaline following climatic cooling, approximately 5,000 years saturated peat and/or marl influenced by groundwater ago (Heinselman 1970, Boelter and Verry 1977, Riley rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates. The 1989). community occurs north of the climatic tension zone and is found primarily where calcareous bedrock Several other natural peatland communities also underlies a thin mantle of glacial drift on flat areas or occur in Michigan and can be distinguished from shallow depressions of glacial outwash and glacial minerotrophic (nutrient-rich) northern fens, based on lakeplains and also in kettle depressions on pitted comparisons of nutrient levels, flora, canopy closure, outwash and moraines. distribution, landscape context, and groundwater influence (Kost et al. 2007). Northern fen is dominated Global and State Rank: G3G5/S3 by sedges, rushes, and grasses (Mitsch and Gosselink 2000). Additional open wetlands occurring on organic Range: Northern fen is a peatland type of glaciated soils include coastal fen, poor fen, prairie fen, bog, landscapes of the northern Great Lakes region, ranging intermittent wetland, and northern wet meadow. Bogs, from Michigan west to Minnesota and northward peat-covered wetlands raised above the surrounding into central Canada (Ontario, Manitoba, and Quebec) groundwater by an accumulation of peat, receive inputs (Gignac et al. 2000, Faber-Langendoen 2001, Amon of nutrients and water primarily from precipitation et al.
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018

    State of New York City's Plants 2018

    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
  • Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb

    Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb

    Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae maharukh LOCAL NAMES Arabic (ailanthus,neem hindi); English (ailanthus,coramandel ailanto,tree- of-heaven); Gujarati (aduso,ardusi,bhutrakho); Hindi (maharuk,ardu,ardusi,arua,horanim maruk,aduso,mahanim,mahrukh,maruf,pedu,Pee vepachettu,pir nim); Nepali (maharukh); Sanskrit (madala); Tamil (periamaram,peru,perumaran,pimaram,pinari); Trade name (maharukh) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Ailanthus excelsa is a large deciduous tree, 18-25 m tall; trunk straight, 60-80 cm in diameter; bark light grey and smooth, becoming grey-brown and rough on large trees, aromatic, slightly bitter. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound, large, 30-60 cm or more in length; leaflets 8-14 or more pairs, long stalked, ovate or broadly lance shaped from very unequal base, 6-10 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, often curved, long pointed, hairy gland; edges coarsely toothed and often lobed. Flower clusters droop at leaf bases, shorter than leaves, much branched; flowers many, mostly male and female on different trees, short stalked, greenish-yellow; calyx 5 lobed; 5 narrow petals spreading 6 mm across; stamens 10; on other flowers, 2-5 separate pistils, each with elliptical ovary, 1 ovule, and slender style. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, lance shaped, flat, pointed at ends, 5 cm long, 1 cm wide, copper red, strongly veined, twisted at the base The generic name ‘Ailanthus’ comes from ‘ailanthos’ (tree of heaven), the Indonesian name for Ailanthus moluccana. BIOLOGY The flowers appear in large open clusters among the leaves towards the end of the cold season. Male, female and bisexual flowers are intermingled on the same tree. The fruits ripen just before the onset of the monsoon.
  • Plant Conservation Alliance®S Alien Plant Working Group Tree of Heaven Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle Quassia Family (Sima

    Plant Conservation Alliance®S Alien Plant Working Group Tree of Heaven Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle Quassia Family (Sima

    FACT SHEET: TREE OF HEAVEN Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Quassia family (Simaroubaceae) NATIVE RANGE Central China DESCRIPTION Tree-of-heaven, also known as ailanthus, Chinese sumac, and stinking shumac, is a rapidly growing, deciduous tree in the mostly tropical quassia family (Simaroubaceae). Mature trees can reach 80 feet or more in height. Ailanthus has smooth stems with pale gray bark, and twigs which are light chestnut brown, especially in the dormant season. Its large compound leaves, 1-4 feet in length, are composed of 11-25 smaller leaflets and alternate along the stems. Each leaflet has one to several glandular teeth near the base. In late spring, clusters of small, yellow-green flowers appear near the tips of branches. Seeds are produced on female trees in late summer to early fall, in flat, twisted, papery structures called samaras, which may remain on the trees for long periods of time. The wood of ailanthus is soft, weak, coarse-grained, and creamy white to light brown in color. All parts of the tree, especially the flowers, have a strong, offensive odor, which some have likened to peanuts or cashews. NOTE: Correct identification of ailanthus is essential. Several native shrubs, like sumacs, and trees, like ash, black walnut and pecan, can be confused with ailanthus. Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), native to the eastern U.S., is distinguished from ailanthus by its fuzzy, reddish-brown branches and leaf stems, erect, red, fuzzy fruits, and leaflets with toothed margins. ECOLOGICAL THREAT Tree-of-heaven is a prolific seed producer, grows rapidly, and can overrun native vegetation.
  • Amorpha Canescens Pursh Leadplant

    Amorpha Canescens Pursh Leadplant

    leadplant, Page 1 Amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant State Distribution Best Survey Period Photo by Susan R. Crispin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Status: State special concern the Mississippi valley through Arkansas to Texas and in the western Great Plains from Montana south Global and state rank: G5/S3 through Wyoming and Colorado to New Mexico. It is considered rare in Arkansas and Wyoming and is known Other common names: lead-plant, downy indigobush only from historical records in Montana and Ontario (NatureServe 2006). Family: Fabaceae (pea family); also known as the Leguminosae. State distribution: Of Michigan’s more than 50 occurrences of this prairie species, the vast majority of Synonym: Amorpha brachycarpa E.J. Palmer sites are concentrated in southwest Lower Michigan, with Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Cass counties alone Taxonomy: The Fabaceae is divided into three well accounting for more than 40 of these records. Single known and distinct subfamilies, the Mimosoideae, outlying occurrences have been documented in the Caesalpinioideae, and Papilionoideae, which are last two decades from prairie remnants in Oakland and frequently recognized at the rank of family (the Livingston counties in southeast Michigan. Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Papilionaceae or Fabaceae, respectively). Of the three subfamilies, Recognition: Leadplant is an erect, simple to sparsely Amorpha is placed within the Papilionoideae (Voss branching shrub ranging up to ca. 1 m in height, 1985). Sparsely hairy plants of leadplant with greener characterized by its pale to grayish color derived from leaves have been segregated variously as A. canescens a close pubescence of whitish hairs that cover the plant var.
  • Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids

    Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids

    Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids . oaks, birches, evening primroses . a major group of the woody plants (trees/shrubs) present at your sites The Wind Pollinated Trees • Alternate leaved tree families • Wind pollinated with ament/catkin inflorescences • Nut fruits = 1 seeded, unilocular, indehiscent (example - acorn) *Juglandaceae - walnut family Well known family containing walnuts, hickories, and pecans Only 7 genera and ca. 50 species worldwide, with only 2 genera and 4 species in Wisconsin Carya ovata Juglans cinera shagbark hickory Butternut, white walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Leaves pinnately compound, alternate (walnuts have smallest leaflets at tip) Leaves often aromatic from resinous peltate glands; allelopathic to other plants Carya ovata Juglans cinera shagbark hickory Butternut, white walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family The chambered pith in center of young stems in Juglans (walnuts) separates it from un- chambered pith in Carya (hickories) Juglans regia English walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Trees are monoecious Wind pollinated Female flower Male inflorescence Juglans nigra Black walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous (drooping) catkins or aments on last year’s woody growth Calyx small; each flower with a bract CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0 Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Female flowers apetalous and terminal Calyx cup-shaped and persistant; 2 stigma feathery; bracted CA (4) CO 0 A 0 G (2-3) Juglans cinera Juglans nigra Butternut, white
  • Vegetative Growth and Organogenesis 555

    Vegetative Growth and Organogenesis 555

    Vegetative Growth 19 and Organogenesis lthough embryogenesis and seedling establishment play criti- A cal roles in establishing the basic polarity and growth axes of the plant, many other aspects of plant form reflect developmental processes that occur after seedling establishment. For most plants, shoot architecture depends critically on the regulated production of determinate lateral organs, such as leaves, as well as the regulated formation and outgrowth of indeterminate branch systems. Root systems, though typically hidden from view, have comparable levels of complexity that result from the regulated formation and out- growth of indeterminate lateral roots (see Chapter 18). In addition, secondary growth is the defining feature of the vegetative growth of woody perennials, providing the structural support that enables trees to attain great heights. In this chapter we will consider the molecular mechanisms that underpin these growth patterns. Like embryogenesis, vegetative organogenesis and secondary growth rely on local differences in the interactions and regulatory feedback among hormones, which trigger complex programs of gene expres- sion that drive specific aspects of organ development. Leaf Development Morphologically, the leaf is the most variable of all the plant organs. The collective term for any type of leaf on a plant, including struc- tures that evolved from leaves, is phyllome. Phyllomes include the photosynthetic foliage leaves (what we usually mean by “leaves”), protective bud scales, bracts (leaves associated with inflorescences, or flowers), and floral organs. In angiosperms, the main part of the foliage leaf is expanded into a flattened structure, the blade, or lamina. The appearance of a flat lamina in seed plants in the middle to late Devonian was a key event in leaf evolution.
  • Invisible Connections: Introduction to Parasitic Plants Dr

    Invisible Connections: Introduction to Parasitic Plants Dr

    Invisible Connections: Introduction to Parasitic Plants Dr. Vanessa Beauchamp Towson University What is a parasite? • An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense. Symbiosis https://www.superpharmacy.com.au/blog/parasites-protozoa-worms-ectoparasites Food acquisition in plants: Autotrophy Heterotrophs (“different feeding”) • True parasites: obtain carbon compounds from host plants through haustoria. • Myco-heterotrophs: obtain carbon compounds from host plants via Image Credit: Flickr User wackybadger, via CC mycorrhizal fungal connection. • Carnivorous plants (not parasitic): obtain nutrients (phosphorus, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pin nitrogen) from trapped insects. k_indian_pipes.jpg http://www.welivealot.com/venus-flytrap- facts-for-kids/ Parasite vs. Epiphyte https://chatham.ces.ncsu.edu/2014/12/does-mistletoe-harm-trees-2/ By © Hans Hillewaert /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6289695 True Parasitic Plants • Gains all or part of its nutrition from another plant (the host). • Does not contribute to the benefit of the host and, in some cases, causing extreme damage to the host. • Specialized peg-like root (haustorium) to penetrate host plants. https://www.britannica.com/plant/parasitic-plant https://chatham.ces.ncsu.edu/2014/12/does-mistletoe-harm-trees-2/ Diversity of parasitic plants Eudicots • Parasitism has evolved independently at least 12 times within the plant kingdom. • Approximately 4,500 parasitic species in Monocots 28 families. • Found in eudicots and basal angiosperms • 1% of the dicot angiosperm species • No monocot angiosperm species Basal angiosperms Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2016.67:643-667 True Parasitic Plants https://www.alamy.com/parasitic-dodder-plant-cuscuta-showing-penetration-parasitic-haustor The defining structural feature of a parasitic plant is the haustorium.
  • Vascular Flora of Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area, Anderson County, Texas

    Vascular Flora of Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area, Anderson County, Texas

    2003SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST 2(3):347–368 THE VASCULAR FLORA OF GUS ENGELING WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA, ANDERSON COUNTY, TEXAS 1 2,3 2 JASON R. SINGHURST , JAMES C. CATHY , DALE PROCHASKA , 2 4 5 HAYDEN HAUCKE , GLENN C. KROH , AND WALTER C. HOLMES ABSTRACT - Field studies in the Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area, which consists of approximately 4465.5 ha (11,034.1 acres) of the Post Oak Savannah of Anderson County, have resulted in an annotated checklist of the vascular flora corroborating its remarkable species richness. A total of 930 taxa (excluding family names), belonging to 485 genera and 145 families are re- corded. Asteraceae (124 species), Poaceae (114 species), Fabaceae (67 species), and Cyperaceae (61 species) represented the largest families. Six Texas endemic taxa occur on the site: Brazoria truncata var. pulcherrima (B. pulcherrima), Hymenopappus carrizoanus, Palafoxia reverchonii, Rhododon ciliatus, Trades- cantia humilis, and T. subacaulis. Within Texas, Zigadenus densus is known only from the study area. The area also has a large number of species that are endemic to the West Gulf Coastal Plain and Carrizo Sands phytogeographic distribution patterns. Eleven vegetation alliances occur on the property, with the most notable being sand post oak-bluejack oak, white oak-southern red oak-post oak, and beakrush-pitcher plant alliances. INTRODUCTION The Post Oak Savannah (Gould 1962) comprises about 4,000,000 ha of gently rolling to hilly lands that lie immediately west of the Pineywoods (Timber belt). Some (Allred and Mitchell 1955, Dyksterhuis 1948) consider the vegetation of the area as part of the deciduous forest; i.e., burned out forest that is presently regenerating.