14 September 2020 Cystopteridaceae (Bladder Ferns) __ Cystopteris bulbifera Bulblet Bladder Fern FIELD CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE KOFFLER SCIENTIFIC __ Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern RESERVE AT JOKERS HILL __ Gymnocarpium dryopteris Common Oak Fern King Township, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario (second edition) Aspleniaceae (Spleenworts) __ Asplenium platyneuron Ebony Spleenwort Tubba Babar, C. Sean Blaney, and Peter M. Kotanen* Onocleaceae (Sensitive Ferns) 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2Atlantic Canada Conservation Data __ Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern University of Toronto Mississauga Centre, P.O. Box 6416, Sackville NB, __ Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON Canada E4L 1G6 Canada L5L 1C6 Athyriaceae (Lady Ferns) __ Deparia acrostichoides Silvery Spleenwort *Correspondence author. e-mail: [email protected] Thelypteridaceae (Marsh Ferns) The first edition of this list was compiled by C. Sean Blaney and was published as an __ Parathelypteris noveboracensis New York Fern appendix to his M.Sc. thesis (Blaney C.S. 1999. Seed bank dynamics of native and exotic __ Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern plants in open uplands of southern Ontario. University of Toronto. __ Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/14382/). It subsequently was formatted for the web by P.M. Kotanen and made available on the Koffler Scientific Reserve website Dryopteridaceae (Wood Ferns) (http://ksr.utoronto.ca/), where it was revised periodically to reflect additions and taxonomic __ Athyrium filix-femina Common Lady Fern changes. This second edition represents a major revision reflecting recent phylogenetic __ Dryopteris ×boottii Boott's Wood Fern and nomenclatural changes and adding additional species; it will be updated periodically. __ Dryopteris carthusiana Spinulose Wood Fern __ Dryopteris cristata Crested Wood Fern This property was donated to the University of Toronto in 1995. This list is based on __ Dryopteris goldiana Goldie's Wood Fern observations at this site by C.S. Blaney, P.M. Kotanen, and many others beginning in 1997; __ Dryopteris intermedia Evergreen Wood Fern a partial list of contributors may be found in Blaney (1999). Care has been taken to include __ Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Wood Fern only species which have been identified with certainty, and numerous experts have __ Dryopteris ×triploidea Triploid Wood Fern assisted with observations and difficult identifications, notably P. Ball and M.T.J. Johnson __ Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern (University of Toronto), T. Dickinson and J. Bull (Royal Ontario Museum), A. Reznicek (University of Michigan), and W. Wagner (United States National Herbarium). Voucher Polypodiaceae (Polypodies) specimens have been collected for many difficult identifications. Approximately 160 __ Polypodium virginianum Rock Polypody species (indicated by †) are documented by specimens donated to the Royal Ontario Museum / University of Toronto herbarium (TRT); numerous additional species are GYMNOSPERMS represented in the Koffler Scientific Reserve on-site herbarium. The phylogenetic classification of ferns and allies follows the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I 2016: PINALES Pines and Spruces Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54, 563-603), classification for gymnosperms is based on Christenhusz et al. 2011 (Phytotaxa 19, 55-70), and classification for Pinaceae (Pines) angiosperms follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny IV system (APG IV 2016: Botanical __ Larix laricina Tamarack Journal of the Linnean Society 181, 1-20). Scientific and English nomenclature follow the __ Picea abies Norway Spruce Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/); __ Picea glauca White Spruce VASCAN or the first edition of this list may be consulted for synonymy. __ Picea pungens Blue Spruce __ Pinus banksiana Jack Pine This list includes all species known to be growing outside of cultivation within the Koffler __ Pinus resinosa Red Pine Scientific Reserve during the observation period. This includes a number of tree species __ Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine which are questionably established, but nonetheless are widely planted on the property. __ Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Also listed are 13 native species found in land adjacent to the Jokers Hill property, but not __ Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock yet found on the site (scientific name preceded by "*"). A total of 638 species and hybrids are listed; 450 taxa listed by VASCAN as native to Ontario (those listed in bold typeface) CUPRESSALES Cypresses and 188 are considered non-native (listed in regular typeface). Not all listed species still may occur on-site (e.g., American Ginseng – not seen since 2008). Information on any Cupressaceae (Cypresses) additional species (preferably with photographs or specimens) would be welcomed by the __ Juniperus communis Common Juniper authors. __ Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar __ Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar FERNS AND ALLIES Taxaceae (Yews) LYCOPODIALES Clubmosses __ Taxus canadensis Canada Yew
Lycopodiaceae (Clubmosses) ANGIOSPERMS __ Dendrolycopodium dendroideum Round-branched Tree-clubmoss __ Diphasiastrum digitatum Southern Ground-cedar MAGNOLIIDS __ Diphasiastrum tristachyum Blue Ground-cedar __ Huperzia lucidula Shining Firmoss PIPERALES Dutchman's-pipes __ Lycopodium clavatum Running Clubmoss Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman's-pipes) EQUISETALES Horsetails __ Asarum canadense Canada Wild-ginger
Equisetaceae (Horsetails) MONOCOTS __ Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail __ Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail ALISMATALES Alismatids __ Equisetum hyemale Common Scouring-rush __ Equisetum pratense Meadow Horsetail Araceae (Arums) __ Equisetum scirpoides Dwarf Scouring-rush __ Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit __ Equisetum sylvaticum Woodland Horsetail __ Lemna minor Small Duckweed __ Equisetum variegatum Variegated Horsetail __ Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duckweed __ Wolffia columbiana Columbia Watermeal OPHIOGLOSSALES Adder's-tongues Alismataceae (Water-plantains) Ophioglossaceae (Adder's-tongues) __ Alisma triviale Northern Water-plantain __ Botrychium matricariifolium Daisy-leaved Moonwort __ Sagittaria latifolia Broad-leaved Arrowhead __ Botrypus virginianus Rattlesnake Fern __ Sceptridium dissectum Cutleaf Grapefern Hydrocharitaceae (Frog-bits) __ Sceptridium multifidum Leathery Grapefern __ Najas flexilis Slender Naiad
OSMUNDALES Royal Ferns Potamogetonaceae (Pondweeds) __ Stuckenia pectinata Sago Pondweed Osmundaceae (Royal Ferns) __ Claytosmunda claytoniana Interrupted Fern LILIALES Lilies __ Osmunda regalis Royal Fern __ Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Cinnamon Fern Melanthiaceae (Bunchflowers) __ Trillium erectum Red Trillium POLYPODIALES Leptosporangiate Ferns __ Trillium grandiflorum White Trillium
Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Ferns) Colchicaceae (Colchicums) __ Adiantum pedatum Northern Maidenhair Fern __ Uvularia grandiflora Large-flowered Bellwort
Dennstaedtiaceae (Bracken Ferns) Smilacaceae (Catbriers) __ Dennstaedtia punctilobula Eastern Hay-scented Fern __ Smilax herbacea Herbaceous Carrionflower __ Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern __ Smilax tamnoides Bristly Greenbrier 1
Liliaceae (Lilies) __ Clintonia borealis Yellow Clintonia __ Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge __ Erythronium americanum Yellow Trout Lily __ Cyperus bipartitus Shining Flatsedge __ Medeola virginiana Indian Cucumber-root __ Cyperus lupulinus Hop Flatsedge __ Streptopus lanceolatus Rose Twisted-stalk __ Eleocharis erythropoda Red-stemmed Spikerush __ Eleocharis obtusa Blunt Spikerush ASPARAGALES Asparagoid Lilies __ Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Soft-stemmed Bulrush __ Scirpus atrovirens Dark-green Bulrush Orchidaceae (Orchids) __ Scirpus cyperinus Common Woolly Bulrush __ *Corallorhiza maculata Spotted Coralroot __ Scirpus microcarpus Red-tinged Bulrush __ Corallorhiza trifida Early Coralroot __ Cypripedium parviflorum Yellow Lady's-slipper Poaceae (Grasses) __ Cypripedium reginae Showy Lady's-slipper __ Agrostis gigantea Redtop __ Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine __ Agrostis scabra Rough Bentgrass __ Galearis spectabilis Showy Orchis __ Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bentgrass __ Liparis loeselii Loesel's Twayblade __ Alopecurus aequalis Short-awn Foxtail __ *Malaxis monophyllos White Adder's-mouth __ Avena sativa Cultivated Oats __ Platanthera aquilonis Tall Northern Green Orchid __ *Brachyelytrum erectum (s.l.) Southern Shorthusk __ Spiranthes cernua Sphinx Ladies'-tresses __ Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome __ Bromus inermis Smooth Brome Iridaceae (Irises) __ Calamagrostis canadensis Bluejoint Reedgrass __ Iris versicolor Harlequin Blue Flag __ Cinna latifolia Drooping Woodreed __ Sisyrinchium montanum Strict Blue-eyed Grass __ Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass __ Danthonia spicata Poverty Oatgrass Asphodelaceae (Asphodels) __ Dichanthelium acuminatum Tapered Panicgrass __ Hemerocallis fulva Orange Daylily __ Dichanthelium depauperatum Starved Panicgrass __ Dichanthelium linearifolium Linear-leaved Panicgrass Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllises) __ Digitaria ischaemum Smooth Crabgrass __ Allium tricoccum Wild Leek __ Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy Crabgrass __ Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass Asparagaceae (Asparaguses) __ Echinochloa muricata Rough Barnyard Grass __ Asparagus officinalis Garden Asparagus __ Elymus repens Quackgrass __ Maianthemum canadense Wild Lily-of-the-valley __ Elymus virginicus Virginia Wildrye __ Maianthemum racemosum Large False Solomon's Seal __ Eragrostis minor Little Lovegrass __ Maianthemum stellatum Star-flowered False Solomon's Seal __ Festuca rubra Red Fescue __ Polygonatum pubescens Hairy Solomon's Seal __ Festuca subverticillata Nodding Fescue __ Festuca trachyphylla Hard Fescue POALES Grasses & Allies __ Glyceria grandis Tall Mannagrass __ Glyceria striata Fowl Mannagrass Typhaceae (Cattails) __ Leersia oryzoides Rice Cutgrass __ Sparganium emersum Green-fruited Burreed __ Lolium arundinaceum Tall Ryegrass __ Typha angustifolia Narrow-leaved Cattail __ Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass __ Typha latifolia Broad-leaved Cattail __ Milium effusum Wood Millet __ Muhlenbergia mexicana Mexican Muhly Juncaceae (Rushes) __ Oryzopsis asperifolia Rough-leaved Mountain-rice __ Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush __ Panicum capillare Common Panicgrass __ Juncus brevicaudatus Short-tailed Rush __ Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canarygrass __ Juncus bufonius Toad Rush __ Phleum pratense Common Timothy __ Juncus compressus Compressed Rush __ Phragmites australis Common Reed __ Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush __ Poa alsodes Grove Bluegrass __ Juncus effusus Soft Rush __ Poa annua Annual Bluegrass __ Juncus nodosus Knotted Rush __ Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass __ Juncus tenuis Path Rush __ Poa palustris Fowl Bluegrass __ Juncus torreyi Torrey's Rush __ Poa pratensis Kentucky Bluegrass __ Schizachne purpurascens Purple False Melic Cyperaceae (Sedges) __ Setaria pumila Yellow Foxtail __ Carex albursina White Bear Sedge __ Setaria viridis Green Foxtail __ Carex aquatilis Water Sedge __ Sphenopholis intermedia Slender Wedge Grass __ Carex arctata Drooping Woodland Sedge __ Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed __ Carex aurea Golden Sedge __ Sporobolus neglectus Small Dropseed __ *Carex backii Back's Sedge __ Sporobolus vaginiflorus Sheathed Dropseed __ Carex bebbii Bebb's Sedge __ Carex blanda Woodland Sedge EUDICOTS __ Carex cephalophora Oval-leaved Sedge __ Carex communis Fibrous-root Sedge RANUNCULALES Poppies, Barberries & Crowfoots __ Carex cristatella Crested Sedge __ Carex deweyana Dewey's Sedge Papaveraceae (Poppies) __ Carex disperma Two-seeded Sedge __ Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine __ Carex flava Yellow Sedge __ Dicentra canadensis Squirrel-corn __ Carex gracillima Graceful Sedge __ Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot __ Carex granularis Limestone Meadow Sedge __ *Carex hirtifolia Pubescent Sedge Berberidaceae (Barberries) __ Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock's Sedge __ Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry __ Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge __ Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh __ Carex interior Inland Sedge __ Podophyllum peltatum May-apple __ *Carex intumescens Bladder Sedge __ Carex laevivaginata Smooth-sheathed Sedge Ranunculaceae (Crowfoots) __ Carex lasiocarpa Woolly-fruited Sedge __ Actaea ×ludovici Hybrid Baneberry __ Carex laxiflora Loose-flowered Sedge __ Actaea pachypoda White Baneberry __ Carex leptalea Bristle-stalked Sedge __ Actaea rubra Red Baneberry __ Carex leptonervia Finely-nerved Sedge __ Anemone cylindrica Long-fruited Anemone __ Carex lupulina Hop Sedge __ Anemone virginiana Tall Anemone __ Carex muehlenbergii Muhlenberg's Sedge __ Aquilegia canadensis Red Columbine __ Carex peckii Peck's Sedge __ Aquilegia vulgaris European Columbine __ Carex pedunculata Long-stalked Sedge __ Caltha palustris Yellow Marsh Marigold __ Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge __ Clematis virginiana Virginia Clematis __ Carex plantaginea Plantain-leaved Sedge __ Coptis trifolia Goldthread __ Carex platyphylla Broad-leaved Sedge __ Hepatica acutiloba Sharp-lobed Hepatica __ *Carex projecta Necklace Sedge __ Ranunculus abortivus Kidney-leaved Buttercup __ Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus-like Sedge __ Ranunculus acris Common Buttercup __ Carex radiata Eastern Star Sedge __ Ranunculus recurvatus Hooked Buttercup __ Carex retrorsa Retrorse Sedge __ Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup __ Carex rosea Rose Sedge __ Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadow-rue __ Carex scabrata Eastern Rough Sedge __ Thalictrum pubescens Tall Meadow-rue __ Carex schweinitzii × utriculata Hybrid Sedge __ Carex sparganioides Burreed Sedge __ Carex spicata Spiked Sedge __ Carex sprengelii Sprengel's Sedge __ Carex stipata Awl-fruited Sedge __ Carex tonsa Deep-green Sedge 2
SUPERROSIDS Rhamnaceae (Buckthorns) __ Rhamnus cathartica European Buckthorn SAXIFRAGALES Saxifrages & Allies Ulmaceae (Elms) Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazels) __ Ulmus americana White Elm __ Hamamelis virginiana American Witch-hazel Urticaceae (Nettles) Grossulariaceae (Currants) __ Boehmeria cylindrica Small-spike False Nettle __ Ribes alpinum Alpine Currant __ Laportea canadensis Canada Wood Nettle __ Ribes americanum American Black Currant __ Pilea fontana Lesser Clearweed __ Ribes cynosbati Eastern Prickly Gooseberry __ Pilea pumila Dwarf Clearweed __ Ribes hirtellum Swamp Gooseberry __ Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Stinging Nettle __ *Ribes lacustre Bristly Black Currant __ Ribes rubrum European Red Currant FAGALES Beeches, Walnuts & Birches __ Ribes triste Swamp Red Currant Fagaceae (Beeches) Saxifragaceae (Saxifrages) __ Fagus grandifolia American Beech __ Chrysosplenium americanum American Golden-saxifrage __ Quercus alba White Oak __ Mitella diphylla Two-leaved Mitrewort __ Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak __ Mitella nuda Naked Mitrewort __ Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak __ Tiarella cordifolia Heart-leaved Foamflower Juglandaceae (Walnuts) Crassulaceae (Orpines) __ Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory __ Hylotelephium telephium Garden Stonecrop __ Juglans cinerea Butternut __ Sedum acre Mossy Stonecrop __ Juglans nigra Black Walnut
ROSIDS Betulaceae (Birches) __ Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch VITALES Grapes __ Betula papyrifera Paper Birch __ Carpinus caroliniana Blue Beech Vitaceae (Grapes) __ Corylus cornuta Beaked Hazelnut __ Parthenocissus vitacea Thicket Creeper __ Ostrya virginiana Eastern Hop-hornbeam __ Vitis riparia Riverbank Grape CUCURBITALES Gourds FABALES Legumes & Milkworts Cucurbitaceae (Gourds & Cucumbers) Fabaceae (Legumes) __ Cucurbita sp. Domestic Gourd sp. __ Amphicarpaea bracteata American Hog-peanut __ Echinocystis lobata Wild Cucumber __ Desmodium canadense Showy Tick Trefoil __ Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust CELASTRALES Bittersweets __ Hylodesmum glutinosum Large Tick-trefoil __ Lotus corniculatus Garden Bird's-foot Trefoil Celastraceae (Bittersweets) __ Medicago lupulina Black Medick __ Celastrus scandens Climbing Bittersweet __ Medicago sativa Alfalfa __ Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus __ Melilotus albus White Sweet-clover __ Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweet-clover OXALIDALES Wood-sorrels __ Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust __ Trifolium campestre Low Hop Clover Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrels) __ Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover __ Oxalis montana White Wood-sorrel __ Trifolium pratense Red Clover __ Oxalis stricta European Wood-sorrel __ Trifolium repens White Clover __ Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch MALPIGHIALES Violets & Allies __ Vicia sativa Common Vetch __ Vicia tetrasperma Four-seed Vetch Hypericaceae (St. John's-worts) __ Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's-wort Polygalaceae (Milkworts) __ Hypericum punctatum Spotted St. John's-wort __ Polygaloides paucifolia Fringed Milkwort Violaceae (Violets) ROSALES Roses & Allies __ Viola arvensis European Field Pansy __ Viola blanda Sweet White Violet Rosaceae (Roses) __ Viola canadensis Canada Violet __ Agrimonia gryposepala Hooked Agrimony __ Viola cucullata Marsh Blue Violet __ Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry __ Viola labradorica Labrador Violet __ Amelanchier interior Inland Serviceberry __ Viola macloskeyi Macloskey's Violet __ Amelanchier laevis Smooth Serviceberry __ Viola pubescens Downy Yellow Violet __ Crataegus chrysocarpa Fireberry Hawthorn __ Viola renifolia Kidney-leaved Violet __ Crataegus sect. Coccineae Hawthorn sp. sect. Coccineae __ Viola rostrata Long-spurred Violet __ Crataegus macracantha Large-thorned Hawthorn __ Viola selkirkii Selkirk's Violet __ Crataegus monogyna English Hawthorn __ Viola sororia (s.l.) Wooly Blue Violet __ Crataegus punctata Dotted Hawthorn __ Crataegus submollis Quebec Hawthorn Salicaceae (Willows) __ Crataegus succulenta Fleshy Hawthorn __ Populus balsamifera Balsam Poplar __ Drymocallis arguta Tall Wood Beauty __ Populus grandidentata Large-toothed Aspen __ Fragaria vesca Woodland Strawberry __ Populus tremuloides Trembling Aspen __ Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry __ Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow __ Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens __ Salix bebbiana Bebb's Willow __ Geum canadense White Avens __ Salix discolor Pussy Willow __ Geum fragarioides Barren Strawberry __ Salix eriocephala Cottony Willow __ Geum laciniatum Rough Avens __ Salix ×fragilis Hybrid White Willow __ Geum rivale Water Avens __ Salix interior Sandbar Willow __ Geum urbanum Wood Avens __ Salix lucida Shining Willow __ Malus pumila Common Apple __ Salix petiolaris Meadow Willow __ Potentilla norvegica Rough Cinquefoil __ Salix serissima Autumn Willow __ Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil __ Prunus nigra Canada Plum Euphorbiaceae (Spurges) __ Prunus pensylvanica Pin Cherry __ Acalypha rhomboidea Common Three-seeded Mercury __ Prunus serotina Black Cherry __ Euphorbia glyptosperma Ridge-seeded Spurge __ Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry __ Euphorbia maculata Spotted Spurge __ Pyrus communis Common Pear __ Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge __ Rosa blanda Smooth Rose __ Euphorbia virgata Leafy Spurge __ Rosa carolina Carolina Rose __ Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose GERANIALES Geraniums __ Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny Blackberry __ Rubus idaeus Red Raspberry Geraniaceae (Geraniums) __ Rubus occidentalis Black Raspberry __ Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert __ Rubus odoratus Purple-flowering Raspberry __ Rubus pubescens Dwarf Raspberry MYRTALES Loosestrifes & Evening-primroses __ Sorbus aucuparia European Mountain-ash Lythraceae (Loosestrifes) __ Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife 3
Onagraceae (Evening-primroses) Amaranthaceae (Amaranths) __ Circaea alpina Small Enchanter's Nightshade __ Amaranthus albus White Amaranth __ Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis Canada Enchanter's Nightshade __ Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot Amaranth __ Epilobium ciliatum Northern Willowherb __ Atriplex patula Spear Saltbush __ Epilobium hirsutum Hairy Willowherb __ Chenopodiastrum simplex Maple-leaved Goosefoot __ Epilobium leptophyllum Linear-leaved Willowherb __ Chenopodium album Common Lamb's-quarters __ Epilobium parviflorum Small-flowered Hairy Willowherb __ Oxybasis glauca Oak-leaved Goosefoot __ Epilobium strictum Downy Willowherb __ Oxybasis rubra Red Goosefoot __ Oenothera biennis Common Evening-primrose __ Oenothera parviflora Small-flowered Evening-primrose Montiaceae (Water Chickweeds) __ Oenothera perennis Perennial Evening-primrose __ Claytonia caroliniana Carolina Spring Beauty __ Oenothera villosa ssp. villosa Hairy Evening-primrose Portulacaceae (Purslanes) SAPINDALES Sumacs, Maples & Allies __ Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane
Anacardiaceae (Sumacs) ASTERIDS __ Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac __ Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy CORNALES Dogwoods
Sapindaceae (Maples & Allies) Cornaceae (Dogwoods) __ Acer negundo Manitoba Maple __ Cornus alternifolia Alternate-leaved Dogwood __ *Acer nigrum Black Maple __ Cornus canadensis Bunchberry __ Acer platanoides Norway Maple __ Cornus rugosa Round-leaved Dogwood __ Acer rubrum Red Maple __ Cornus sericea Red-osier Dogwood __ Acer saccharinum Silver Maple __ Acer saccharum Sugar Maple ERICALES Heaths & Allies __ Acer spicatum Mountain Maple __ Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala Amur Maple Balsaminaceae (Touch-Me-Nots) __ Impatiens capensis Spotted Jewelweed MALVALES Mallows & Allies Primulaceae (Primroses) Malvaceae (Mallows) __ Lysimachia borealis Northern Starflower __ Malva neglecta Common Mallow __ Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife __ Tilia americana Basswood __ Tilia cordata Little-leaved Linden Ericaceae (Heaths) __ Chimaphila umbellata Common Pipsissewa Thymelaeaceae (Mezereums) __ Gaultheria procumbens Eastern Teaberry __ Dirca palustris Eastern Leatherwood __ Hypopitys monotropa Pinesap __ Moneses uniflora One-flowered Wintergreen Cistaceae (Rockroses) __ Monotropa uniflora Indian-pipe __ Lechea intermedia Large-pod Pinweed __ Pyrola americana Round-leaved Pyrola __ Pyrola asarifolia Pink Pyrola BRASSICALES Mustards & Allies __ Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf __ Vaccinium angustifolium Early Lowbush Blueberry Cleomaceae (Spiderflowers) __ Tarenaya hassleriana Pink-queen GENTIANALES Gentians, Bedstraws & Milkweeds
Brassicaceae (Mustards) Rubiaceae (Bedstraws) __ Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard __ Galium aparine Common Bedstraw __ Alyssum alyssoides Small Alyssum __ Galium boreale Northern Bedstraw __ Barbarea vulgaris Bitter Wintercress __ Galium circaezans Wild Licorice __ Camelina microcarpa Small-seeded False-flax __ Galium lanceolatum Lance-leaved Wild Licorice __ Capsella bursa-pastoris Common Shepherd's Purse __ Galium mollugo Smooth Bedstraw __ Cardamine diphylla Two-leaved Toothwort __ Galium palustre Common Marsh Bedstraw __ Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bittercress __ Galium tinctorium Dyer's Bedstraw __ Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania Bittercress __ *Galium trifidum Three-petalled Bedstraw __ Descurainia sophia Flixweed __ Galium triflorum Three-flowered Bedstraw __ Draba verna Spring Draba __ Galium verum Yellow Bedstraw __ Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed Wallflower __ Mitchella repens Partridge-berry __ Hesperis matronalis Dame's Rocket __ Lepidium campestre Field Peppergrass Gentianaceae (Gentians) __ Lepidium densiflorum Common Peppergrass __ Gentiana andrewsii Andrews' Bottle Gentian __ Nasturtium officinale Watercress __ Gentianopsis crinita Greater Fringed Gentian __ Rorippa palustris ssp. hispida Hispid Marsh Yellowcress __ Sinapis arvensis Corn Mustard Apocynaceae (Milkweeds) __ Sisymbrium officinale Common Tumble Mustard __ Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane __ Thlaspi arvense Field Pennycress __ Apocynum cannabinum Hemp Dogbane __ Turritis glabra Tower Mustard __ Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed __ Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed SUPERASTERIDS __ Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed __ Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle CARYOPHYLLALES Pinks & Allies __ Vincetoxicum rossicum European Swallowwort
Polygonaceae (Buckwheats) BORAGINALES Borages __ Fallopia convolvulus Eurasian Black Bindweed __ Persicaria hydropiper Marshpepper Smartweed Boraginaceae (Borages) __ Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Smartweed __ Buglossoides arvensis Corn Gromwell __ Persicaria maculosa Spotted Lady's-thumb __ Cynoglossum officinale Common Hound's-tongue __ Polygonum achoreum Leathery Knotweed __ Echium vulgare Common Viper's Bugloss __ Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed __ Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed __ Rumex acetosella Sheep Sorrel __ *Hydrophyllum canadense Bluntleaf Waterleaf __ Rumex britannica Great Water Dock __ Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf __ Rumex crispus Curled Dock __ Myosotis scorpioides True Forget-me-not __ Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock __ Myosotis sylvatica Woodland Forget-me-not
SOLANALES Nightshades & Allies Caryophyllaceae (Pinks) __ Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort Convolvulaceae (Bindweeds) __ Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed __ Calystegia sepium Hedge False Bindweed __ Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink __ Calystegia spithamaea Low False Bindweed __ Saponaria officinalis Bouncing-bet __ Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed __ Silene antirrhina Sleepy Catchfly __ Cuscuta gronovii Swamp Dodder __ Silene latifolia White Campion __ Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly Solanaceae (Nightshades) __ Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion __ Physalis heterophylla Clammy Ground-cherry __ Stellaria graminea Grass-leaved Starwort __ Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Nightshade __ Stellaria longifolia Long-leaved Starwort __ Solanum nigrum (s.l.) Black Nightshade __ Stellaria media Common Chickweed __ Solanum tuberosum Potato
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LAMIALES Mints & Allies __ Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce __ Lapsana communis Common Nipplewort Oleaceae (Olives) __ Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy __ Fraxinus americana White Ash __ Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed __ Fraxinus nigra Black Ash __ Nabalus altissimus Tall Rattlesnakeroot __ Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red Ash __ Packera aurea Golden Groundsel __ Ligustrum vulgare European Privet __ Pilosella aurantiaca Orange Hawkweed __ Syringa vulgaris Common Lilac __ Pilosella caespitosa Meadow Hawkweed __ Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed Plantaginaceae (Plantains) __ Pilosella piloselloides Tall Hawkweed __ Chaenorhinum minus Dwarf Snapdragon __ Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Fragrant Cudweed __ Chelone glabra White Turtlehead __ Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan __ Gratiola neglecta Clammy Hedge-hyssop __ Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan __ Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs __ Senecio viscosus Sticky Ragwort __ Penstemon digitalis Foxglove Beardtongue __ Senecio vulgaris Common Ragwort __ Plantago major Common Plantain __ Solidago altissima Tall Goldenrod __ Plantago lanceolata English Plantain __ *Solidago arguta Cut-leaved Goldenrod __ Plantago rugelii Rugel's Plantain __ Solidago caesia Blue-stemmed Goldenrod __ Veronica americana American Speedwell __ Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod __ Veronica arvensis Corn Speedwell __ Solidago flexicaulis Zigzag Goldenrod __ Veronica officinalis Common Speedwell __ Solidago gigantea Giant Goldenrod __ Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina Purslane Speedwell __ Solidago nemoralis Gray-stemmed Goldenrod __ Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell __ Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed Goldenrod __ Solidago uliginosa Bog Goldenrod Scrophulariaceae (Figworts) __ Sonchus arvensis Field Sow-thistle __ Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein __ Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle __ Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sow-thistle Verbenaceae (Vervains) __ Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum Amethyst Aster __ Verbena hastata Blue Vervain __ Symphyotrichum cordifolium Heart-leaved Aster __ Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain __ Symphyotrichum ericoides White Heath Aster __ Verbena urticifolia White Vervain __ Symphyotrichum lanceolatum White Panicled Aster __ Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Calico Aster Lamiaceae (Mints) __ Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England Aster __ Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil __ Symphyotrichum oolentangiense Sky-blue Aster __ Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle __ Symphyotrichum pilosum Old Field Aster __ Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy __ Symphyotrichum puniceum Purple-stemmed Aster __ Hedeoma hispida Rough False Pennyroyal __ Symphyotrichum urophyllum Arrow-leaved Aster __ Lamium amplexicaule Common Dead-nettle __ Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansy __ Leonurus cardiaca Common Motherwort __ Taraxacum erythrospermum Red-seeded Dandelion __ Lycopus americanus American Water-horehound __ Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion __ Lycopus uniflorus Northern Water-horehound __ Taraxacum palustre (s.l.) Marsh Dandelion __ Mentha canadensis Canada Mint __ Tragopogon dubius Yellow Goatsbeard __ Mentha ×piperita Peppermint __ Tragopogon pratensis Meadow Goatsbeard __ Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot __ Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot __ Nepeta cataria Catnip __ Prunella vulgaris Common Self-heal DIPSACALES Honeysuckles & Moschatels __ Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog Skullcap Adoxaceae (Moschatels) Phrymaceae (Lopseeds) __ Sambucus canadensis Common Elderberry __ Mimulus ringens Square-stemmed Monkeyflower __ Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry __ Phryma leptostachya Lopseed __ Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved Viburnum __ Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Viburnum Orobanchaceae (Broomrapes) __ Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush __ Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops __ Viburnum lentago Nannyberry __ Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides Wild Raisin ASTERALES Asters & Bellflowers __ Viburnum opulus var. opulus Cranberry Viburnum __ *Viburnum opulus var. americanum Highbush Cranberry Campanulaceae (Bellflowers) __ Campanula aparinoides Marsh Bellflower Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckles) __ Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Bellflower __ Diervilla lonicera Northern Bush-honeysuckle __ Campanula rapunculoides Common Bellflower __ Dipsacus fullonum Common Teasel __ Lobelia inflata Indian-tobacco __ Linnaea borealis Twinflower __ Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia __ Lonicera ×bella Bell's Honeysuckle __ Lobelia spicata Pale-spiked Lobelia __ Lonicera canadensis Canada Fly Honeysuckle __ Lonicera dioica Limber Honeysuckle Asteraceae (Asters) __ Lonicera hirsuta Hairy Honeysuckle __ Achillea borealis Common Yarrow __ Lonicera tatarica Tartarian Honeysuckle __ Ageratina altissima Common White Snakeroot __ Symphoricarpos albus Thin-leaved Snowberry __ Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed __ Triosteum aurantiacum Orange-fruited Horse-gentian __ Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting __ Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian __ Antennaria neglecta Field Pussytoes __ Antennaria parlinii Parlin's Pussytoes APIALES Carrots & Ginsengs __ Arctium lappa Great Burdock __ Arctium minus Common Burdock Araliaceae (Ginsengs) __ Artemisia biennis Biennial Wormwood __ Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla __ Artemisia ludoviciana Silver Wormwood __ Aralia racemosa American Spikenard __ Bidens cernua Nodding Beggarticks __ Panax quinquefolius American Ginseng __ Bidens frondosa Devil's Beggarticks __ Bidens tripartita (s.l.) Three-parted Beggarticks Apiaceae (Carrots) __ Bidens vulgata Tall Beggarticks __ Cryptotaenia canadensis Canada Honewort __ Carduus acanthoides Plumeless Thistle __ Daucus carota Wild Carrot __ Carduus nutans Nodding Thistle __ Hydrocotyle americana American Water-pennywort __ Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed __ Osmorhiza claytonii Hairy Sweet Cicely __ Cichorium intybus Wild Chicory __ Sanicula marilandica Maryland Sanicle __ Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle __ *Sium suave Common Water-parsnip __ Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle __ Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard __ Erigeron annuus Annual Fleabane __ Erigeron canadensis Canada Horseweed __ Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane __ Erigeron pulchellus Robin's-plantain Fleabane __ Erigeron strigosus Rough Fleabane __ Eupatorium perfoliatum Common Boneset __ Eurybia macrophylla Large-leaved Aster __ Euthamia graminifolia Grass-leaved Goldenrod __ Eutrochium maculatum Spotted Joe Pye Weed __ Galinsoga quadriradiata Hairy Galinsoga __ Inula helenium Elecampane __ Lactuca biennis Tall Blue Lettuce __ Lactuca canadensis Canada Lettuce 5