14 September 2020 Cystopteridaceae (Bladder Ferns) __ Cystopteris bulbifera Bulblet Bladder Fern FIELD CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR OF THE KOFFLER SCIENTIFIC __ Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern RESERVE AT JOKERS HILL __ Gymnocarpium dryopteris Common Oak Fern King Township, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario (second edition) Aspleniaceae (Spleenworts) __ Asplenium platyneuron Ebony Spleenwort Tubba Babar, C. Sean Blaney, and Peter M. Kotanen* Onocleaceae (Sensitive Ferns) 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2Atlantic Conservation Data __ Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern University of Toronto Mississauga Centre, P.O. Box 6416, Sackville NB, __ Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON Canada E4L 1G6 Canada L5L 1C6 Athyriaceae (Lady Ferns) __ Deparia acrostichoides Silvery Spleenwort *Correspondence author. e-mail: [email protected] Thelypteridaceae (Marsh Ferns) The first edition of this list was compiled by C. Sean Blaney and was published as an __ Parathelypteris noveboracensis Fern appendix to his M.Sc. thesis (Blaney C.S. 1999. bank dynamics of native and exotic __ Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern plants in open uplands of southern Ontario. University of Toronto. __ Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/14382/). It subsequently was formatted for the web by P.M. Kotanen and made available on the Koffler Scientific Reserve website Dryopteridaceae ( Ferns) (http://ksr.utoronto.ca/), where it was revised periodically to reflect additions and taxonomic __ Athyrium filix-femina Common Lady Fern changes. This second edition represents a major revision reflecting recent phylogenetic __ Dryopteris ×boottii Boott's Wood Fern and nomenclatural changes and adding additional ; it will be updated periodically. __ Dryopteris carthusiana Spinulose Wood Fern __ Dryopteris cristata Crested Wood Fern This property was donated to the University of Toronto in 1995. This list is based on __ Dryopteris goldiana Goldie's Wood Fern observations at this site by C.S. Blaney, P.M. Kotanen, and many others beginning in 1997; __ Dryopteris intermedia Evergreen Wood Fern a partial list of contributors may be found in Blaney (1999). Care has been taken to include __ Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Wood Fern only species which have been identified with certainty, and numerous experts have __ Dryopteris ×triploidea Triploid Wood Fern assisted with observations and difficult identifications, notably P. Ball and M.T.J. Johnson __ Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern (University of Toronto), T. Dickinson and J. Bull (Royal Ontario Museum), A. Reznicek (University of Michigan), and W. Wagner ( National Herbarium). Voucher Polypodiaceae (Polypodies) specimens have been collected for many difficult identifications. Approximately 160 __ Polypodium virginianum Rock Polypody species (indicated by †) are documented by specimens donated to the Royal Ontario Museum / University of Toronto herbarium (TRT); numerous additional species are GYMNOSPERMS represented in the Koffler Scientific Reserve on-site herbarium. The phylogenetic classification of ferns and allies follows the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I 2016: PINALES Pines and Spruces Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54, 563-603), classification for gymnosperms is based on Christenhusz et al. 2011 (Phytotaxa 19, 55-70), and classification for Pinaceae (Pines) angiosperms follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny IV system (APG IV 2016: Botanical __ Larix laricina Tamarack Journal of the Linnean Society 181, 1-20). Scientific and English nomenclature follow the __ Picea abies Norway Spruce Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/); __ Picea glauca White Spruce VASCAN or the first edition of this list may be consulted for synonymy. __ Picea pungens Blue Spruce __ Pinus banksiana Jack Pine This list includes all species known to be growing outside of cultivation within the Koffler __ Pinus resinosa Red Pine Scientific Reserve during the observation period. This includes a number of species __ Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine which are questionably established, but nonetheless are widely planted on the property. __ Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Also listed are 13 native species found in land adjacent to the Jokers Hill property, but not __ Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock yet found on the site (scientific name preceded by "*"). A total of 638 species and hybrids are listed; 450 taxa listed by VASCAN as native to Ontario (those listed in bold typeface) CUPRESSALES Cypresses and 188 are considered non-native (listed in regular typeface). Not all listed species still may occur on-site (e.g., American Ginseng – not seen since 2008). Information on any Cupressaceae (Cypresses) additional species (preferably with photographs or specimens) would be welcomed by the __ Juniperus communis Common Juniper authors. __ Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar __ Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar FERNS AND ALLIES Taxaceae (Yews) LYCOPODIALES Clubmosses __ Taxus canadensis Canada Yew

Lycopodiaceae (Clubmosses) ANGIOSPERMS __ Dendrolycopodium dendroideum Round-branched Tree-clubmoss __ Diphasiastrum digitatum Southern Ground-cedar MAGNOLIIDS __ Diphasiastrum tristachyum Blue Ground-cedar __ Huperzia lucidula Shining Firmoss PIPERALES Dutchman's-pipes __ Lycopodium clavatum Running Clubmoss Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman's-pipes) EQUISETALES Horsetails __ Asarum canadense Canada Wild-ginger

Equisetaceae (Horsetails) MONOCOTS __ Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail __ Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail ALISMATALES Alismatids __ Equisetum hyemale Common Scouring-rush __ Equisetum pratense Meadow Horsetail Araceae (Arums) __ Equisetum scirpoides Dwarf Scouring-rush __ Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit __ Equisetum sylvaticum Woodland Horsetail __ Lemna minor Small Duckweed __ Equisetum variegatum Variegated Horsetail __ Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duckweed __ Wolffia columbiana Columbia Watermeal OPHIOGLOSSALES Adder's-tongues Alismataceae (Water-plantains) Ophioglossaceae (Adder's-tongues) __ Alisma triviale Northern Water-plantain __ Botrychium matricariifolium Daisy-leaved Moonwort __ Sagittaria latifolia Broad-leaved Arrowhead __ Botrypus virginianus Rattlesnake Fern __ Sceptridium dissectum Cutleaf Grapefern Hydrocharitaceae (Frog-bits) __ Sceptridium multifidum Leathery Grapefern __ Najas flexilis Slender Naiad

OSMUNDALES Royal Ferns Potamogetonaceae (Pondweeds) __ Stuckenia pectinata Sago Pondweed Osmundaceae (Royal Ferns) __ Claytosmunda claytoniana Interrupted Fern LILIALES Lilies __ Osmunda regalis Royal Fern __ Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Cinnamon Fern Melanthiaceae (Bunchflowers) __ Trillium erectum Red Trillium POLYPODIALES Leptosporangiate Ferns __ Trillium grandiflorum White Trillium

Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Ferns) Colchicaceae (Colchicums) __ Adiantum pedatum Northern Maidenhair Fern __ Uvularia grandiflora Large-flowered Bellwort

Dennstaedtiaceae (Bracken Ferns) Smilacaceae (Catbriers) __ Dennstaedtia punctilobula Eastern Hay-scented Fern __ Smilax herbacea Herbaceous Carrionflower __ Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern __ Smilax tamnoides Bristly Greenbrier 1

Liliaceae (Lilies) __ Clintonia borealis Yellow Clintonia __ vulpinoidea Fox Sedge __ Erythronium americanum Yellow Trout Lily __ Cyperus bipartitus Shining Flatsedge __ Medeola virginiana Indian Cucumber- __ Cyperus lupulinus Hop Flatsedge __ Streptopus lanceolatus Rose Twisted-stalk __ Eleocharis erythropoda Red-stemmed Spikerush __ Eleocharis obtusa Blunt Spikerush Asparagoid Lilies __ Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Soft-stemmed Bulrush __ Scirpus atrovirens Dark-green Bulrush (Orchids) __ Scirpus cyperinus Common Woolly Bulrush __ *Corallorhiza maculata Spotted Coralroot __ Scirpus microcarpus Red-tinged Bulrush __ Corallorhiza trifida Early Coralroot __ Cypripedium parviflorum Yellow Lady's-slipper Poaceae (Grasses) __ Cypripedium reginae Showy Lady's-slipper __ Agrostis gigantea Redtop __ Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine __ Agrostis scabra Rough Bentgrass __ spectabilis Showy Orchis __ Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bentgrass __ Liparis loeselii Loesel's Twayblade __ Alopecurus aequalis Short-awn Foxtail __ *Malaxis monophyllos White Adder's-mouth __ Avena sativa Cultivated Oats __ Platanthera aquilonis Tall Northern Green Orchid __ *Brachyelytrum erectum (s.l.) Southern Shorthusk __ Spiranthes cernua Sphinx Ladies'-tresses __ Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome __ Bromus inermis Smooth Brome Iridaceae (Irises) __ Calamagrostis canadensis Bluejoint Reedgrass __ Iris versicolor Harlequin Blue Flag __ Cinna latifolia Drooping Woodreed __ Sisyrinchium montanum Strict Blue-eyed Grass __ Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass __ Danthonia spicata Poverty Oatgrass Asphodelaceae (Asphodels) __ Dichanthelium acuminatum Tapered Panicgrass __ Hemerocallis fulva Orange Daylily __ Dichanthelium depauperatum Starved Panicgrass __ Dichanthelium linearifolium Linear-leaved Panicgrass Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllises) __ Digitaria ischaemum Smooth Crabgrass __ Allium tricoccum Wild Leek __ Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy Crabgrass __ Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass Asparagaceae (Asparaguses) __ Echinochloa muricata Rough Barnyard Grass __ Asparagus officinalis Garden Asparagus __ Elymus repens Quackgrass __ Maianthemum canadense Wild Lily-of-the-valley __ Elymus virginicus Virginia Wildrye __ Maianthemum racemosum Large False Solomon's Seal __ Eragrostis minor Little Lovegrass __ Maianthemum stellatum Star-flowered False Solomon's Seal __ Festuca rubra Red Fescue __ Polygonatum pubescens Hairy Solomon's Seal __ Festuca subverticillata Nodding Fescue __ Festuca trachyphylla Hard Fescue Grasses & Allies __ Glyceria grandis Tall Mannagrass __ Glyceria striata Fowl Mannagrass Typhaceae (Cattails) __ Leersia oryzoides Rice Cutgrass __ Sparganium emersum Green-fruited Burreed __ Lolium arundinaceum Tall Ryegrass __ Typha angustifolia Narrow-leaved Cattail __ Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass __ Typha latifolia Broad-leaved Cattail __ Milium effusum Wood Millet __ Muhlenbergia mexicana Mexican Muhly Juncaceae (Rushes) __ Oryzopsis asperifolia Rough-leaved Mountain-rice __ Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush __ Panicum capillare Common Panicgrass __ Juncus brevicaudatus Short-tailed Rush __ Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canarygrass __ Juncus bufonius Toad Rush __ Phleum pratense Common Timothy __ Juncus compressus Compressed Rush __ Phragmites australis Common Reed __ Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush __ Poa alsodes Grove Bluegrass __ Juncus effusus Soft Rush __ Poa annua Annual Bluegrass __ Juncus nodosus Knotted Rush __ Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass __ Juncus tenuis Path Rush __ Poa palustris Fowl Bluegrass __ Juncus torreyi Torrey's Rush __ Poa pratensis Bluegrass __ Schizachne purpurascens Purple False Melic (Sedges) __ Setaria pumila Yellow Foxtail __ Carex albursina White Bear Sedge __ Setaria viridis Green Foxtail __ Carex aquatilis Water Sedge __ Sphenopholis intermedia Slender Wedge Grass __ Carex arctata Drooping Woodland Sedge __ Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed __ Carex aurea Golden Sedge __ Sporobolus neglectus Small Dropseed __ *Carex backii Back's Sedge __ Sporobolus vaginiflorus Sheathed Dropseed __ Carex bebbii Bebb's Sedge __ Carex blanda Woodland Sedge __ Carex cephalophora Oval-leaved Sedge __ Carex communis Fibrous-root Sedge Poppies, Barberries & Crowfoots __ Carex cristatella Crested Sedge __ Carex deweyana Dewey's Sedge Papaveraceae (Poppies) __ Carex disperma Two-seeded Sedge __ Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine __ Carex flava Yellow Sedge __ Dicentra canadensis Squirrel-corn __ Carex gracillima Graceful Sedge __ Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot __ Carex granularis Limestone Meadow Sedge __ *Carex hirtifolia Pubescent Sedge Berberidaceae (Barberries) __ Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock's Sedge __ Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry __ Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge __ Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh __ Carex interior Inland Sedge __ Podophyllum peltatum May-apple __ *Carex intumescens Bladder Sedge __ Carex laevivaginata Smooth-sheathed Sedge (Crowfoots) __ Carex lasiocarpa Woolly-fruited Sedge __ Actaea ×ludovici Hybrid Baneberry __ Carex laxiflora Loose-flowered Sedge __ Actaea pachypoda White Baneberry __ Carex leptalea Bristle-stalked Sedge __ Actaea rubra Red Baneberry __ Carex leptonervia Finely-nerved Sedge __ cylindrica Long-fruited Anemone __ Carex lupulina Hop Sedge __ Anemone virginiana Tall Anemone __ Carex muehlenbergii Muhlenberg's Sedge __ Aquilegia canadensis Red Columbine __ Carex peckii Peck's Sedge __ Aquilegia vulgaris European Columbine __ Carex pedunculata Long-stalked Sedge __ Caltha palustris Yellow Marsh Marigold __ Carex pensylvanica Sedge __ Clematis virginiana Virginia Clematis __ Plantain-leaved Sedge __ Coptis trifolia Goldthread __ Broad-leaved Sedge __ Hepatica acutiloba Sharp-lobed Hepatica __ *Carex projecta Necklace Sedge __ Ranunculus abortivus Kidney-leaved Buttercup __ Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus-like Sedge __ Ranunculus acris Common Buttercup __ Carex radiata Eastern Star Sedge __ Ranunculus recurvatus Hooked Buttercup __ Carex retrorsa Retrorse Sedge __ Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup __ Carex rosea Rose Sedge __ Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadow-rue __ Carex scabrata Eastern Rough Sedge __ Thalictrum pubescens Tall Meadow-rue __ Carex schweinitzii × utriculata Hybrid Sedge __ Carex sparganioides Burreed Sedge __ Carex spicata Spiked Sedge __ Carex sprengelii Sprengel's Sedge __ Carex stipata Awl-fruited Sedge __ Carex tonsa Deep-green Sedge 2

SUPERROSIDS Rhamnaceae (Buckthorns) __ Rhamnus cathartica European Buckthorn SAXIFRAGALES Saxifrages & Allies Ulmaceae (Elms) Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazels) __ Ulmus americana White Elm __ Hamamelis virginiana American Witch-hazel (Nettles) Grossulariaceae (Currants) __ cylindrica Small-spike False Nettle __ Ribes alpinum Alpine Currant __ Laportea canadensis Canada Wood Nettle __ Ribes americanum American Black Currant __ Pilea fontana Lesser Clearweed __ Ribes cynosbati Eastern Prickly Gooseberry __ Pilea pumila Dwarf Clearweed __ Ribes hirtellum Swamp Gooseberry __ Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Stinging Nettle __ *Ribes lacustre Bristly Black Currant __ Ribes rubrum European Red Currant FAGALES Beeches, Walnuts & Birches __ Ribes triste Swamp Red Currant Fagaceae (Beeches) Saxifragaceae (Saxifrages) __ Fagus grandifolia American Beech __ Chrysosplenium americanum American Golden-saxifrage __ Quercus alba White Oak __ Mitella diphylla Two-leaved Mitrewort __ Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak __ Mitella nuda Naked Mitrewort __ Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak __ Tiarella cordifolia Heart-leaved Foamflower Juglandaceae (Walnuts) Crassulaceae (Orpines) __ Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory __ Hylotelephium telephium Garden Stonecrop __ Juglans cinerea Butternut __ Sedum acre Mossy Stonecrop __ Juglans nigra Black Walnut

ROSIDS Betulaceae (Birches) __ Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch VITALES Grapes __ Betula papyrifera Paper Birch __ Carpinus caroliniana Blue Beech Vitaceae (Grapes) __ Corylus cornuta Beaked Hazelnut __ Parthenocissus vitacea Thicket Creeper __ Ostrya virginiana Eastern Hop-hornbeam __ Vitis riparia Riverbank Grape CUCURBITALES Gourds FABALES Legumes & Milkworts Cucurbitaceae (Gourds & Cucumbers) Fabaceae (Legumes) __ Cucurbita sp. Domestic Gourd sp. __ Amphicarpaea bracteata American Hog-peanut __ Echinocystis lobata Wild Cucumber __ Desmodium canadense Showy Tick Trefoil __ Gleditsia triacanthos Locust CELASTRALES Bittersweets __ Hylodesmum glutinosum Large Tick-trefoil __ Lotus corniculatus Garden Bird's-foot Trefoil Celastraceae (Bittersweets) __ Medicago lupulina Black Medick __ Celastrus scandens Climbing Bittersweet __ Medicago sativa Alfalfa __ Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus __ Melilotus albus White Sweet-clover __ Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweet-clover OXALIDALES Wood-sorrels __ Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust __ Trifolium campestre Low Hop Clover Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrels) __ Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover __ Oxalis White Wood-sorrel __ Trifolium pratense Red Clover __ Oxalis stricta European Wood-sorrel __ Trifolium repens White Clover __ Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Violets & Allies __ Vicia sativa Common Vetch __ Vicia tetrasperma Four-seed Vetch Hypericaceae (St. John's-worts) __ Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's-wort Polygalaceae (Milkworts) __ Hypericum punctatum Spotted St. John's-wort __ Polygaloides paucifolia Fringed Milkwort Violaceae (Violets) Roses & Allies __ Viola arvensis European Field Pansy __ Viola blanda Sweet White Violet (Roses) __ Viola canadensis Canada Violet __ gryposepala Hooked Agrimony __ Viola cucullata Marsh Blue Violet __ arborea Downy Serviceberry __ Viola labradorica Labrador Violet __ Amelanchier interior Inland Serviceberry __ Viola macloskeyi Macloskey's Violet __ Amelanchier laevis Smooth Serviceberry __ Viola pubescens Downy Yellow Violet __ chrysocarpa Fireberry Hawthorn __ Viola renifolia Kidney-leaved Violet __ Crataegus sect. Coccineae Hawthorn sp. sect. Coccineae __ Viola rostrata Long-spurred Violet __ Crataegus macracantha Large-thorned Hawthorn __ Viola selkirkii Selkirk's Violet __ Crataegus monogyna English Hawthorn __ Viola sororia (s.l.) Wooly Blue Violet __ Crataegus punctata Dotted Hawthorn __ Crataegus submollis Hawthorn Salicaceae (Willows) __ Crataegus succulenta Fleshy Hawthorn __ Populus balsamifera Balsam Poplar __ arguta Tall Wood Beauty __ Populus grandidentata Large-toothed Aspen __ Fragaria vesca Woodland Strawberry __ Populus tremuloides Trembling Aspen __ Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry __ Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow __ Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens __ Salix bebbiana Bebb's Willow __ Geum canadense White Avens __ Salix discolor Pussy Willow __ Geum fragarioides Barren Strawberry __ Salix eriocephala Cottony Willow __ Geum laciniatum Rough Avens __ Salix ×fragilis Hybrid White Willow __ Geum rivale Water Avens __ Salix interior Sandbar Willow __ Geum urbanum Wood Avens __ Salix lucida Shining Willow __ Malus pumila Common Apple __ Salix petiolaris Meadow Willow __ norvegica Rough Cinquefoil __ Salix serissima Autumn Willow __ Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil __ Prunus nigra Canada Plum (Spurges) __ Prunus pensylvanica Pin Cherry __ rhomboidea Common Three-seeded Mercury __ Prunus serotina Black Cherry __ glyptosperma Ridge-seeded Spurge __ Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry __ Euphorbia maculata Spotted Spurge __ Pyrus communis Common Pear __ Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge __ Rosa blanda Smooth Rose __ Euphorbia virgata Leafy Spurge __ Rosa carolina Carolina Rose __ Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose GERANIALES Geraniums __ Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny Blackberry __ Rubus idaeus Red Raspberry Geraniaceae (Geraniums) __ Rubus occidentalis Black Raspberry __ Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert __ Rubus odoratus Purple-flowering Raspberry __ Rubus pubescens Dwarf Raspberry Loosestrifes & Evening-primroses __ Sorbus aucuparia European Mountain-ash Lythraceae (Loosestrifes) __ Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife 3

Onagraceae (Evening-primroses) (Amaranths) __ alpina Small Enchanter's Nightshade __ Amaranthus albus White Amaranth __ Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis Canada Enchanter's Nightshade __ Redroot Amaranth __ ciliatum Northern Willowherb __ Atriplex patula Spear Saltbush __ Hairy Willowherb __ Chenopodiastrum simplex -leaved Goosefoot __ Epilobium leptophyllum Linear-leaved Willowherb __ album Common Lamb's-quarters __ Small-flowered Hairy Willowherb __ Oxybasis glauca Oak-leaved Goosefoot __ Epilobium strictum Downy Willowherb __ Oxybasis rubra Red Goosefoot __ Oenothera biennis Common Evening-primrose __ Oenothera parviflora Small-flowered Evening-primrose (Water Chickweeds) __ Oenothera perennis Perennial Evening-primrose __ Carolina Spring Beauty __ Oenothera villosa ssp. villosa Hairy Evening-primrose (Purslanes) Sumacs, & Allies __ Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane

Anacardiaceae (Sumacs) __ Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac __ Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy CORNALES Dogwoods

Sapindaceae (Maples & Allies) Cornaceae (Dogwoods) __ Acer negundo Manitoba Maple __ Cornus alternifolia Alternate-leaved Dogwood __ *Acer nigrum Black Maple __ Cornus canadensis Bunchberry __ Acer platanoides Norway Maple __ Cornus rugosa Round-leaved Dogwood __ Red Maple __ Cornus sericea Red-osier Dogwood __ Acer saccharinum Silver Maple __ Sugar Maple ERICALES Heaths & Allies __ Acer spicatum Mountain Maple __ Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala Amur Maple Balsaminaceae (Touch-Me-Nots) __ Impatiens capensis Spotted Jewelweed MALVALES Mallows & Allies Primulaceae (Primroses) Malvaceae (Mallows) __ Lysimachia borealis Northern Starflower __ Malva neglecta Common Mallow __ Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife __ Tilia americana Basswood __ Tilia cordata Little-leaved Linden Ericaceae (Heaths) __ Chimaphila umbellata Common Pipsissewa Thymelaeaceae (Mezereums) __ Gaultheria procumbens Eastern Teaberry __ Dirca palustris Eastern Leatherwood __ Hypopitys monotropa Pinesap __ Moneses uniflora One-flowered Wintergreen Cistaceae (Rockroses) __ Monotropa uniflora Indian-pipe __ Lechea intermedia Large-pod Pinweed __ Pyrola americana Round-leaved Pyrola __ Pyrola asarifolia Pink Pyrola Mustards & Allies __ Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf __ Vaccinium angustifolium Early Lowbush Blueberry Cleomaceae (Spiderflowers) __ Tarenaya hassleriana Pink-queen Gentians, Bedstraws & Milkweeds

Brassicaceae (Mustards) (Bedstraws) __ Garlic Mustard __ aparine Common Bedstraw __ alyssoides Small Alyssum __ Galium boreale Northern Bedstraw __ Barbarea vulgaris Bitter Wintercress __ Galium circaezans Wild Licorice __ Camelina microcarpa Small-seeded False-flax __ Galium lanceolatum Lance-leaved Wild Licorice __ Capsella bursa-pastoris Common Shepherd's Purse __ Galium mollugo Smooth Bedstraw __ diphylla Two-leaved Toothwort __ Galium palustre Common Marsh Bedstraw __ Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bittercress __ Galium tinctorium Dyer's Bedstraw __ Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania Bittercress __ *Galium trifidum Three-petalled Bedstraw __ sophia Flixweed __ Galium triflorum Three-flowered Bedstraw __ verna Spring Draba __ Galium verum Yellow Bedstraw __ Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed Wallflower __ Mitchella repens Partridge-berry __ Hesperis matronalis Dame's Rocket __ Lepidium campestre Field Peppergrass Gentianaceae (Gentians) __ Lepidium densiflorum Common Peppergrass __ Gentiana andrewsii Andrews' Bottle Gentian __ Nasturtium officinale Watercress __ Gentianopsis crinita Greater Fringed Gentian __ Rorippa palustris ssp. hispida Hispid Marsh Yellowcress __ Sinapis arvensis Corn Mustard Apocynaceae (Milkweeds) __ Sisymbrium officinale Common Tumble Mustard __ Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane __ Thlaspi arvense Field Pennycress __ Apocynum cannabinum Hemp Dogbane __ Turritis glabra Tower Mustard __ Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed __ Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed SUPERASTERIDS __ Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed __ Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle Pinks & Allies __ Vincetoxicum rossicum European Swallowwort

Polygonaceae (Buckwheats) Borages __ Fallopia convolvulus Eurasian Black Bindweed __ Persicaria hydropiper Marshpepper Smartweed (Borages) __ Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Smartweed __ Buglossoides arvensis Corn Gromwell __ Persicaria maculosa Spotted Lady's-thumb __ Cynoglossum officinale Common Hound's-tongue __ Polygonum achoreum Leathery Knotweed __ Echium vulgare Common Viper's Bugloss __ Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed __ Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed __ Rumex acetosella Sorrel __ *Hydrophyllum canadense Bluntleaf Waterleaf __ Rumex britannica Great Water Dock __ Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf __ Rumex crispus Curled Dock __ Myosotis scorpioides True Forget-me-not __ Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock __ Myosotis sylvatica Woodland Forget-me-not

SOLANALES Nightshades & Allies Caryophyllaceae (Pinks) __ Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort (Bindweeds) __ Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed __ sepium Hedge False Bindweed __ Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink __ Calystegia spithamaea Low False Bindweed __ Saponaria officinalis Bouncing-bet __ Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed __ Silene antirrhina Sleepy Catchfly __ Cuscuta gronovii Swamp Dodder __ Silene latifolia White Campion __ Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly Solanaceae (Nightshades) __ Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion __ Physalis heterophylla Clammy Ground-cherry __ Stellaria graminea Grass-leaved Starwort __ Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Nightshade __ Stellaria longifolia Long-leaved Starwort __ Solanum nigrum (s.l.) Black Nightshade __ Stellaria media Common Chickweed __ Solanum tuberosum Potato

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LAMIALES Mints & Allies __ Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce __ Lapsana communis Common Nipplewort Oleaceae (Olives) __ Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy __ Fraxinus americana White Ash __ Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed __ Fraxinus nigra Black Ash __ Nabalus altissimus Tall Rattlesnakeroot __ Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red Ash __ Packera aurea Golden Groundsel __ Ligustrum vulgare European Privet __ Pilosella aurantiaca Orange Hawkweed __ Syringa vulgaris Common Lilac __ Pilosella caespitosa Meadow Hawkweed __ Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Plantains) __ Pilosella piloselloides Tall Hawkweed __ minus Dwarf Snapdragon __ Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Fragrant Cudweed __ Chelone glabra White Turtlehead __ Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan __ Gratiola neglecta Clammy Hedge-hyssop __ Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan __ Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs __ Senecio viscosus Sticky Ragwort __ Penstemon digitalis Foxglove Beardtongue __ Senecio vulgaris Common Ragwort __ Plantago major Common Plantain __ Solidago altissima Tall Goldenrod __ Plantago lanceolata English Plantain __ *Solidago arguta Cut-leaved Goldenrod __ Plantago rugelii Rugel's Plantain __ Solidago caesia Blue-stemmed Goldenrod __ Veronica americana American Speedwell __ Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod __ Veronica arvensis Corn Speedwell __ Solidago flexicaulis Zigzag Goldenrod __ Veronica officinalis Common Speedwell __ Solidago gigantea Giant Goldenrod __ Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina Purslane Speedwell __ Solidago nemoralis Gray-stemmed Goldenrod __ Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell __ Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed Goldenrod __ Solidago uliginosa Bog Goldenrod Scrophulariaceae (Figworts) __ Sonchus arvensis Field Sow-thistle __ Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein __ Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle __ Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sow-thistle Verbenaceae (Vervains) __ Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum Amethyst Aster __ Verbena hastata Blue Vervain __ Symphyotrichum cordifolium Heart-leaved Aster __ Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain __ Symphyotrichum ericoides White Heath Aster __ Verbena urticifolia White Vervain __ Symphyotrichum lanceolatum White Panicled Aster __ Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Calico Aster Lamiaceae (Mints) __ Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New Aster __ Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil __ Symphyotrichum oolentangiense Sky-blue Aster __ Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle __ Symphyotrichum pilosum Old Field Aster __ Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy __ Symphyotrichum puniceum Purple-stemmed Aster __ Hedeoma hispida Rough False Pennyroyal __ Symphyotrichum urophyllum Arrow-leaved Aster __ Lamium amplexicaule Common Dead-nettle __ Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansy __ Leonurus cardiaca Common Motherwort __ Taraxacum erythrospermum Red-seeded Dandelion __ Lycopus americanus American Water-horehound __ Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion __ Lycopus uniflorus Northern Water-horehound __ Taraxacum palustre (s.l.) Marsh Dandelion __ Mentha canadensis Canada Mint __ Tragopogon dubius Yellow Goatsbeard __ Mentha ×piperita Peppermint __ Tragopogon pratensis Meadow Goatsbeard __ Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot __ Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot __ Nepeta cataria Catnip __ Prunella vulgaris Common Self-heal DIPSACALES Honeysuckles & Moschatels __ Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog Skullcap Adoxaceae (Moschatels) Phrymaceae (Lopseeds) __ Sambucus canadensis Common Elderberry __ Mimulus ringens Square-stemmed Monkeyflower __ Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry __ Phryma leptostachya Lopseed __ Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved Viburnum __ Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Viburnum Orobanchaceae (Broomrapes) __ Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush __ Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops __ Viburnum lentago Nannyberry __ Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides Wild Raisin Asters & Bellflowers __ Viburnum opulus var. opulus Cranberry Viburnum __ *Viburnum opulus var. americanum Highbush Cranberry Campanulaceae (Bellflowers) __ Campanula aparinoides Marsh Bellflower Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckles) __ Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Bellflower __ Diervilla lonicera Northern Bush-honeysuckle __ Campanula rapunculoides Common Bellflower __ Dipsacus fullonum Common Teasel __ Lobelia inflata Indian-tobacco __ Linnaea borealis Twinflower __ Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia __ Lonicera ×bella Bell's Honeysuckle __ Lobelia spicata Pale-spiked Lobelia __ Lonicera canadensis Canada Fly Honeysuckle __ Lonicera dioica Limber Honeysuckle (Asters) __ Lonicera hirsuta Hairy Honeysuckle __ Achillea borealis Common Yarrow __ Lonicera tatarica Tartarian Honeysuckle __ Ageratina altissima Common White Snakeroot __ Symphoricarpos albus Thin-leaved Snowberry __ Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed __ Triosteum aurantiacum Orange-fruited Horse-gentian __ Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting __ Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian __ neglecta Field Pussytoes __ Antennaria parlinii Parlin's Pussytoes Carrots & Ginsengs __ Arctium lappa Great Burdock __ Arctium minus Common Burdock (Ginsengs) __ Artemisia biennis Biennial Wormwood __ nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla __ Artemisia ludoviciana Silver Wormwood __ Aralia racemosa American Spikenard __ cernua Nodding Beggarticks __ Panax quinquefolius American Ginseng __ Bidens frondosa Devil's Beggarticks __ Bidens tripartita (s.l.) Three-parted Beggarticks Apiaceae (Carrots) __ Bidens vulgata Tall Beggarticks __ Cryptotaenia canadensis Canada Honewort __ acanthoides Plumeless Thistle __ Daucus carota Wild Carrot __ Carduus nutans Nodding Thistle __ Hydrocotyle americana American Water-pennywort __ Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed __ Osmorhiza claytonii Hairy Sweet Cicely __ Cichorium intybus Wild Chicory __ Sanicula marilandica Maryland Sanicle __ Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle __ *Sium suave Common Water-parsnip __ Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle __ Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard __ annuus Annual Fleabane __ Erigeron canadensis Canada Horseweed __ Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane __ Erigeron pulchellus Robin's-plantain Fleabane __ Erigeron strigosus Rough Fleabane __ perfoliatum Common Boneset __ Eurybia macrophylla Large-leaved Aster __ Euthamia graminifolia Grass-leaved Goldenrod __ Eutrochium maculatum Spotted Joe Pye __ quadriradiata Hairy Galinsoga __ helenium Elecampane __ Lactuca biennis Tall Blue Lettuce __ Lactuca canadensis Canada Lettuce 5