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Aaron, Michelle 228, 230 and struggle to change media Abel, Sue 413, 416 representation 4, 15 absence activity levels and gender erasure of transpeople 335–7, 340 children’s television commercials in mainstream media 279, 281 385, 386 ‘symbolic annihilation’ and and male gaze 420 representation of women 366, 367 and sexuality in Internet women in media professions 8–9, representation 529–30 43, 371 actors academic research see scholarship ‘ for pay’ performers 539–40, action heroes in film 110, 159 544, 546 action babe cinema 308 gender and Internet representation of construction of masculine prototypes in sexuality 528–9, 530 genre films 135–54 invisibility of actors post-9/11 resurgent protective in Brazil 351–5, 358–9 paternalism 157–70 online representations of gender and see also female protagonists; fight figures sexuality 528 in film and narrators and gender in children’s active audiences television commercials 384–5, 386, and camp sensibility 298 387, 389–90, 391 and encoding/decoding theory 262, Adam, A. 422 374–5 Adams, G. R. 384 and LGBT representations in mainstream adolescent girls media 262COPYRIGHTEDDutch MATERIAL Moroccan girls’ instant and The L Word 228–9, 231, 233–7 messaging performance see also queer readings of mainstream 436–52 texts and fanfiction and webnovelas in activism of women Brazil 13–14, 71–85 civic activism in Chile and media 28–9 adventure films model of women’s media action 16 historical context 137–41 political activities and representation in see also action heroes in film; sword media 4–5, 12 and sorcery (S&S) films

The Handbook of Gender, Sex, and Media, First Edition. Edited by Karen Ross. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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advertising amateur online 210, 462–3 children’s television commercials and Amateur Straight Guys website 544 gender identity 383–98 American History X (film) 120, 130 stereotypes in 384, 385, 394, American Men’s Studies Association 112 396, 398 American Standard Code for Information ‘erotic male’ image 190, 197–8, 543 Interchange (ASCII) 440–1 ethnic stereotypes 371 Anderson, A. 285 fragmentation of female body 371 androgyny and gender binary norm 244–5, gender-specific products and roles 372 256, 283–4, 286 and children’s advertising 384, 390–1 Pirates of the Caribbean characters 303, impact of feminism 371 307–9 on MSN instant messaging site 447–8 Ang, Ien 227, 229 sex and violence and representation of Anis, J. 78–9 women 4, 6 anonymity and webnovelas in Brazil 79–80 social semiotics and commercial anti-trafficking films and use of irony 192–201 470–84 use of irony 473 antiquity and masculinity in film 121, young people and gendered readings 138–40 of the ‘knowing wink’ 401–17 anxiety: women and video Advocate, The (gay newspaper) 211–12 technology 426–31, 432 affect Apostolova, Y. 44–5 ideology and The Sex Inspectors 496–7 appearance see body; personal appearance see also queer affect Arabic in online media 440–1, 445 African Americans Arthurs, Jane 459 and LGBT representation 217, 232 Atkinson, Max 129–30 see also race and gender Atkinson, Michael 297 age ATKOL Internet forums 549n and analysis of and ’s Attwood, F. 461 media uses and readings 266, audiences 268–9, 271, 274 and gender media research 374–6 and online representations of sexuality and LGBT media representations and gender 528–9 analysis of lesbian and gay men’s media and online video engagement 424–5 uses and readings 260–74 see also children’s television commercials; female sports films and lesbian young people viewers 277–92 aggression The L Word and active viewing and gender in children’s television strategies 228–9, 231, 233–7 commercials 385, 386, 387, 390–1, The L Word and responses to queer 397 identities and transgender see also violence characters 241, 245–57 Ahmed, S. 285–6, 287, 288, 289, 290, see also queer readings of mainstream 291 texts Akass, Kim 227 masculine audience for HBO Akrich, M. 507 channel 176 Al Khalil, M. 440–1 passivity 228, 314, 374–5, 383, 384 Albero-Andrés, M. 439 and pornography research 459–63 Albury, Kath 460–1, 462 research on women and media 11–14, Aldana, Claudia 30 375–6 Alexander, J. 339 see also active audiences; ‘knowing’ media Allende, Isabel 25 readings allocution and male protagonists in authenticity film 120, 129–32 and celebrity images 58, 59, 60, 65, Althusser, Louis 235, 369 66–7 Alvear, Michael 487, 489–91, 496 and ‘real’ in gay pornography 548–9

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authority Bird, Elizabeth 483 adolescent girls’ gatekeeping of instant Bird, S. E. 11–12 messaging space 449–50 Birmingham Centre for Contemporary charismatic authority and rhetorical Cultural Studies 5, 12 masculinity in film 119–20, 129–32 in media representations 210 as male preserve in advertising 372 Internet sites and sexuality and and protective masculinity 160–1 gender 517, 525 see also power relations see also lesbian, gay, bisexual and Avramova, M. 44–5 transgender (LGBT) media representations; sexual identity Babington, B. 136, 137 Bissell, K. 422 Babuscio, Jack 221 Block, Kael 332–3 ‘baby bump watch’ and gossip blogs blockbusters 13, 56 destabilization of heteronormativity in Bachelet, Michelle 7, 20–31 Pirates of the Caribbean 295–6, Baitbus gay pornography website 297, 303–10 545–6, 547 see also action heroes in film Baker, B. 112 blogs Bang, H. 328 gossip blogs and celebrities 13, 53–68, Bangbus gay porn website 545, 546 210 Barker, J. 284–5, 287 Katy Lost in Cambodia blog 480–2 Barker-Plummer, B. 4, 9 transmen blogs 328, 333–6, 337, 341 Barnard Conference (1982) 458 vlogs and LGBT narratives 219 Barthes, Roland 62 women as authors 12–13 Baudrillard, Jean 543, 548 blondes Bauer, G. R. 326, 336 blonde jokes on the Internet 13, 88–103 bearwww.com gay dating website 502, portrayal of female politicians in 504–13 Bulgaria 46, 47 Beatie, Thomas 241 Bloom, Orlando 307 beauty see personal appearance; physical see also Pirates of the Caribbean film beauty franchise Beciu, C. 7 Blue Crush (film) 278, 279, 281–3 Beck, Ulrich 220 body Becker, R. 263 and construction of gender 243 behavior and gender androgyny and transgenderism and and children’s television commercials deviance from gender norms 385, 392, 393, 396, 398 244–5, 246–56, 283–4, 286 and Internet use 519 and definition of masculinity 109–10 readings of postfeminist advertising in enacting in online dating New Zealand 405–11 sites 502–14 see also stereotypes resistance to hegemonic body Bend it Like Beckham (film) 278, 279, ideal 511 281–3 enhancement for film promotion Benshoff, H. M. 137, 297–8, 299, 305 310–11n Berger, John 420 ‘erotic male’ and advertising 190, Berlant, Lauren 220, 484 197–8, 543 Bernard, J. 131 female sports films and lesbian Bernstein, E. 459 viewers 277–92 Beverly Hills 90210 (TV series) 313, ‘active and masculinized’ body as 315–17, 318, 319–20, 321–2, 323–4 signifier 280, 282 Beynon, J. 190, 191 embodiment 279, 280, 284–92 Bilefsky, D. 43 fragmentation of female body 371, 447 binary gender roles see gender binary gossip blogs and female celebrity polarization body 56–68

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masculine prototype in sword and agency and gender 504 sorcery films 135, 136, 145–6 definition of gender 243 and masculinity in The Sopranos 181, parodic nature of sex/gender 184–5 roles 543 video technologies and gender and body performativity of gender 346, 368, image 422, 426–7, 432 420–1, 432, 441 see also embodiment; objectification; and sex/gender debate 366, 367–8, personal appearance; physical beauty 369, 375 Body of Lies (film) 158, 161–2 Byerly, Carolyn M. 9, 11, 16 Bondanella, P. 140 Boneva, B. S. 439–40 Cabral, Ivam 352–3, 354 Bonnafous, S. 7 Calhoun, C. 243–4, 255 Bonny, Anne 307 ‘camgirls’ and gendered gaze 423 Bordo, S. 190, 197 camp sensibility 213, 221–2 Borisov, Boiko 43, 45, 47–8 blockbuster films 296, 298 Boulding, E. 4 and reflexivity 221 Boyd, D. 439 campaigns see activism Bozhkov, Alexander 43 Campbell, H. 404 Bradley, K. 439 Campbell, J. 119 Bragg, S. 84 Campbell, J. E. 214, 504, 510, 512 Branigan, E. 126 Canada Online report 421 Braun, V. 492, 493 Cante, R. 461 Brazil, Fabianna 359 capitalism Brazil and emergence of gay identities 547–8 adolescent girls and fanfiction and and individualistic empowerment in webnovelas 13–14, 71–85 Chile 26–8, 29 reproduction of transgender and LGBT ‘immaterial labor’ 221, 222 stereotypes 344–60 see also commodification British children’s commercials and gender Caputi, J. 6 identity 383–98 Carandiru (film) 351–2 broadband visual communication (BVC) carnival in Brazil and transgender and gendered usage 419–33 stereotypes 345 Broke Straight Boys website 535, 541 Carrigan, T. 190 Bronfren, Elizabeth 302 Carter, C. 31 Brooks, Cleanth 107–8 Castells, M. 516, 517, 521 Brouwer, L. 449, 450 Caudwell, J. 281 Brown, Patricia Leigh 160 celebrity Bruckheimer, Jerry 298 and gossip blogs 13, 53–68, 210 Bryson, V. 368 ‘microcelebrity’ and online videos Buckingham, D. 84, 384, 391, 393 423, 432 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series) and philanthropic promotion 482–3 314–15, 319 and sex advice 487, 488, 489, 498–9 Bulc, G. 37 Chambers, S. A. 233 Bulgaria and gendered portrayal of female Chandler, D. 192 politicians 8, 35–50 charismatic authority and rhetorical Communist era 37, 38–41, 48 masculinity in film 119–20, post-Communist era 37, 38tab, 42–9 129–32 Burg, B. R. 300 Chase, David 175 Burger, John 536 chat rooms see instant messaging (IM) Burns, K. 245 Che, Part Two (film) 120, 121–2 butch/ identities and gender binary Chen, W. F. 446 norm 243–4, 283–4 child pornography 457, 463–4 Butler, David 299 child sex-trafficking and effect of irony in Butler, Judith 255, 305, 374 campaign films 474–7, 482–3

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children’s television commercials and and political satire 471 gender identity 383–98 of sex 459, 522 children’s awareness of gender transactional nature of gay sex 547–9 polarization 389–91, 397 see also consumerism stereotypes in 384, 385, 394, 396, 398 ‘commodity capitalism’ 189 Chile: media images and discourse of ‘commonsense’ sexuality and mediated sex women 7, 20–31 advice 487, 489, 492–3 Chou, P. N. 446 Communism and female politicians in Chow-White, P. A. 519, 521, 522, 530 Eastern European media 37, Cillessen, A. 77 38–41, 48 cinema see film computer games see game playing ‘cisnormativity’ hegemony 336, 339 Conan the Adventurer (TV series) 151 civic activism in Chile and media 28–9 Conan the Barbarian (film) and Cixous, Hélène 374 construction of masculine Clash of the Titans (film) 141 prototype 135–54 class division legacy of prototype 148–51 representations of women in Chilean Conan the Destroyer (film) 148 media 23, 26 Condit, C. M. 371 and women’s lack of commonality 23, Connell, B. 190 26, 30, 478, 479 Connell, R. W. 111, 136, 189–90, 403, Close, Roberta (Luiza Bambine 404, 544 Moreira) 348 constructivist/essentialist gender ‘coded’ references to homosexuality/ debate 242–3, 244 lesbianism 262 and homosexuality 521 female sports films 279–83 redundancy of 365–6, 368, 369 Pirates of the Caribbean films 295–6, and The L Word 247–54, 255–6 304, 305–6 see also social construction: of gender Cohan, S. 136, 146 consumerism Cohen, J. R. 410 commercial masculinity and Studio5ive. Cohn, R. 327, 336 com 189–201 Colebrook, Claire 229–30 masculine hostility towards in Fight Collier, Richard 404 Club 128, 131 Collins, Patricia Hill 6, 16 see also commodification colonialism consumption of media see audiences ‘colonial gaze’ and ‘sex-trafficking’ context and blonde jokes 96–8 campaign films 475–6 Contreras, Consuelo 23 as context for Pirates of the convergence culture 83, 85n Caribbean 302–3 and LGBT representation 208, 209, women in postcolonial readings 6–7 212, 215, 216, 220, 222 color and gender polarization in children’s conversation and rhetorical masculinity in advertising 307–8, 391–3, 397–8 film 127–9 comic books and graphic novels 113 Conway, Lynn 330–1 ‘coming out’ Cooke, A. 138 and LGBT representation in media 219, Cooper, Brenda 402, 405, 408 264, 267–9, 271, 273 Cooper, Margaret 211, 212 in teen television series and cooperation and gender in children’s homophobic abuse 219, 313–24 television commercials 385, 386, commercial masculinity 189–201 391, 394, 397 and Studio5ive.com 192, 193, 194–201 Cordingly, David 310n commodification cosmetics and commercial masculinity 192, and effect of irony in anti-trafficking 194–201 campaign films 470, 475, 476, Coulomb-Gully, M. 7 478, 479 Coupland, J. 197 of heterosexual masculinity 543 Cox, Tracey 487, 489–91, 496

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Craig, S. 370 Destiny’s Child 6 Creed, B. 280 detraditionalization and LGBT self- Cribs (MTV EXIT film) 477, 478 reflexivity 220–1 ‘crisis of masculinity’ 120 Devor, H. 327 and The Sopranos 177 Di Girolamo, Claudia 22 Crisp, Quentin 538–9 Die Hard 4.0 (film) 158, 162, 163, Crocker, Chris 218 164, 169 cross-dressing ‘digital gender divide’ 421–2, 425 Brazilian travestis and 346–7 digital media see Internet; new media pirates 304, 307 technologies Croteau, D. 372–3 ‘digital natives’ and fanfiction and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon webnovelas in Brazil 13–14, 71–85 (film) 6–7 disembodiment and online identities Cruise Patrol/Cruising Guys websites 503–4, 511 546, 547 Disney 296 cultural studies: absence of study of Dixon, Wheeler Winston 304 men 108–9, 112–15 Dolan, Jill 236 Currah, P. 340–1 domestic abuse issues in Chile 24, 29 Currie, Mark 230 domestic labor Cvetkovich, Ann 220 class divisions and women’s lack of cybersex 463 commonality 23, 30, 478, 479 cyberfeminist views of 520 domestic worker exploitation campaign cyberstalking 422, 449–50 films 478–80 ‘double shift’ for working women 25–6 Danner, L. 9 positive aspects 411 Danova, M. 36, 37 sex-role stereotypes in media 367, 371, Daskalova, K. 40 372, 385, 410, 411, 433 dating see online dating sites traditional gender divisions in Chile 23, Davidson, J. O. 521 24–5 Davies, A. 136, 137 domestic sphere Davies, C. 245 failure in and protective paternalism 160, Davies, Christie 93, 102n 161, 163, 164, 165 Davies, H. 393 and feminine consumption in The Davis, G. 262, 264, 314, 315, 318 Sopranos 185 Dawson’s Creek (TV series) 313, 314, gender stereotypes and ‘Kiwi bloke’ in 315–16, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322–4 New Zealand 406, 410–11, 412, de Angelis, M. 306 415 de Bruyn, E. H. 77 and girls in children’s television de Camp, L. S. 142 advertising 385, 394 de Lauretis, Teresa 366, 368–9, 375, 421 masculinity and inversion in Fight decoding see encoding/decoding Club 131 communication theory pornography in/of 460 D’Emilio, John 547 women as mothers in Chilean demonization of female politicians in media 21–2 Bulgaria 45 see also public sphere Depp, Johnny 306–7 Donald, R. R. 144 see also Pirates of the Caribbean film Doncheva, Juliana 44 franchise Doty, Alexander 213, 295, 310n Derrida, Jacques 230, 374 Douglas, S. J. 58 desire Dow, Bonnie J. 322, 371 lesbian desire and embodiment in female shows in Brazil 345, 347, sports films 280, 283–92 349–50 see also sexual identity; sexuality and Drama Queens (video project) 344, 352–5 sexual practice Driver, Susan 264, 314

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Ducat, Stephen J. 160 see also ‘coded’ references to Duits, L. 464 homosexuality/lesbianism dumb blonde stereotype 89, 90, 92, 93–4 entertainment media see gossip blogs Dungeons and Dragons franchise 150–1 erasure of transpeople 335–7, 340 Durgurova, Muesin 41 ‘erotic male’ and advertising 190, Durham, M. G. 442, 494 197–8, 543 Durrheim, K. 495 Esmark, A. 328 Dutch Moroccan girls’ instant essentialism see constructivist/essentialist messaging 436–52 gender debate DVDs and study of television series 176 ethnicity see African Americans; race and Dworkin, Andrea 519, 537, 538 gender Dyer, Richard 53, 56, 67, 345, 350, 358, ethnofiction and transgender stereotypes in 537–8 Brazil 355–8, 359 ethnographic approach and LGBT media Eagly, Alice 27 research 214, 245–6 Eastern Europe: gendered news coverage of Eurovision Song Contest 264, 270 female politicians 36–50 expert advice: The Sex Inspectors 487–99 Eco, Umberto 152, 369 expressive culture of instant economics of gay sex 547–9 messaging 441–2, 445 Edelman, Lee 220, 300, 303, 305 Edge of Darkness (film) 158, 162, 164–5 Fabos, B. 446 Edwards, T. 143, 261, 274, 539 Faderman, Lillian 231, 236 Eftimova, Margarita 40 Fairbanks, Douglas 138 Egan, Tracie 64 Fairclough, K. 59 Ekins, R. 326, 338, 339 fairy tales and blondes 89–90 Eleá, Ilana 13–14 fake profiles for writing webnovelas Elvis and Madonna (film) 359 79–80, 81 embodiment Faludi, Susan 157, 161, 168, 170, 299 athletic female body and lesbian family representability 279, 280, 284–92 and ‘coming out’ in teen television and Internet usage 440–1, 503–4, 511 series 317 emergency contraception controversy in and gendered portrayals of female Chile 25 politicians in Bulgaria 39–40, emotional labor of LGBT people in 46–7 media 221 and gendered use of video employment technology 429–30, 431, 432–3 and blonde jokes 90–1, 96 as ideological core of post-9/11 fantasy ‘feminized’ occupations in Bulgaria 40–1 films 299 sex-role stereotypes in media post-9/11 resurgent protective representations 367, 371 paternalism 157–70 sexism and working women in and sex-role stereotypes in media 367, Chile 25–6 371, 433 women in media industry 9–11, 14, and The Sopranos 174, 175–6, 184, 186 371, 372–3, 422 traditional role of women in Chile 24 work and masculine identity 131 see also mother ideal empowerment Fandakova, Yordanka 47, 48, 49 and expectations of women’s sexual fanfiction and webnovelas in Brazil 13–14, performance 488 71–85 and femininity in Pirates of the fans Caribbean 309 audience interaction with The L individualistic nature in Chilean Word 233–7 media 26–8, 29, 30 see also audiences encoding/decoding communication ‘fantasising lesbians’ and mainstream theory 262, 374–5 media 228, 234

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fantasy films feminism construction of masculine cyberfeminism and cybersex 520 prototypes 135–54 feminist research as expression of political resistance 299 diversity of approaches 373, 375–6 queer sensibility 299–300 and gender in media 370, 371, see also Pirates of the Caribbean film 373–4, 375–6, 451 franchise need to address difference 376–7 Farvid, P. 493 and representation of women in fathers: protective paternalism in film media 3–17 157–70 and lessening power of hegemonic Feasey, Rebecca 112, 168–9 masculinity 189, 190, 201 Feil, Ken 298 and online representations of sexuality Fejes, F. 262, 263 and gender 516, 517, 521 female protagonists see also postfeminism action babe cinema 308 feminist media studies 373–4 in films set in antiquity 139, 141 ‘feminist public sphere’ 16 and gender prototypes in sword and ‘feminization’ of men sorcery films 135–6, 141, 144, minority men 111 146–8, 150–1 and paternal role 160, 164 limited roles in early films 137 in self-help group in Fight Club 131 subversion through stereotypes 6–7 Fight Club (film) 120, 127–8, 130–2 transgression of athletic female characters fight figures in film in sports films 279, 280–1, and rhetorical masculinity 118–32 283–4, 286 see also Conan the Barbarian female sexuality film moral disapprobation of female academic study of in 108, celebrities 58, 65, 67, 68 110, 115, 136–7 promiscuity of women in blonde analysis of lesbian and gay men’s media jokes 89, 90, 92, 95–6, 97 use 267, 268tab, 269 femicidio (‘femicide’) in Chile 29 construction of masculine prototypes in femininity genre films 135–54 butch/femme lesbian binary 243–4, destabilization of heteronormativity in 283–4 Pirates of the Caribbean 294–311 and construction of gender prototypes in and dumb blonde stereotype 89 Conan the Barbarian 135–6, effects of irony in ‘sex-trafficking’ 146–8, 150–1 campaign films 470–84 and consumption in The Sopranos female sports films and lesbian 185 viewers 277–92 empowerment in Pirates of the lesbian readings of mainstream film 228 Caribbean 309 LGBT representations in mainstream lesbian chic as preferred film 210, 228, 271 representation 227–8 male protagonists and rhetorical and online representations of gender and masculinity 118–32 sexuality 518 resurgence of protective and promotion of commercial paternalism 158–66 masculinity 192, 194–201 and transgender stereotypes in queer identity and gender norms Brazil 351–2, 359 243–4, 286 film studies and queer theory 346 destabilization in Pirates of the Fish, Stanley 228, 233 Caribbean 296, 307–9 Fiske, R. 404–5 repudiation in war films 144 Fleet, Carl 406, 408 vulnerability endorses protective focus groups and advertising 401–2 paternalism 161, 163–70 Forshey, G. E. 140 see also ‘feminization’ of men Foucault, Michel 369, 374, 458, 492, 536

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‘found irony’ 480 responses of The L Word Fowkes, Katherine A. 301 audience 246–56 Frank, A. 218 self-conscious destabilization in Pirates Frankfurt School 417n of the Caribbean 295–6, 297, Fratmen television website 543 303–10 Frederickson, B. L. 198 see also gender binary polarization Freud, Sigmund 369 Dutch Moroccan girls and instant Freymiller, L. J. 264 messaging as performance of Froelich, R. 11 self 436–52 FTM-Portal.net (website) 328, fluid distinctions and sexual 329, 338 identity 241–2, 243–5, 247–54, Fung, Richard 538 256, 261, 295, 334–5, 368, 375 gendered readings of the ‘knowing wink’ Gallagher, M. 8, 10, 11 in postfeminist advertising game playing 401–17 and cybersex 463 gendered sexual subjectivity and The Sex gender roles in games 150 Inspectors 487, 488, 493–5 and gender stereotypes 518–19 and media representations of and LGBT audiences 214 women 365–77 Gamson, Joshua 54, 221, 261 and sexuality in Internet gangster genre: homosexuality and representations 516–32 masculinity in The Sopranos 177–86 use of term xix Garber, M. 311n see also gender binary polarization; García Vázquez, Rodolfo 352–3, 354–5 gender differences; social Gates, Phillipa 159 construction: of gender Gauntlett, David 263, 356 gender binary polarization Gavey, N. 492 and children’s television gay issues see homosexuality; lesbian, gay, commercials 383–98 bisexual and transgender (LGBT) children’s awareness of polarization in media representations advertising 389–91, 397 gay movement and lessening power of indeterminacy 109 hegemonic masculinity 189, Pirates of the Caribbean 303–9, 310 190, 201 and LGBT identities 243–4, 365–6 gay pornography 461, 535–49 exclusion of lesbian desire 280, ‘alibis’ for gay sexuality 540–7, 548 283–4 ‘straight’ men as homoerotic object 535, queer theory and sexual pluralities 538–47 297–8 gay pride contradiction 216–17, 218, 219 responses to deviance from gender gaze norms 244–5, 246–56, 286 ‘colonial gaze’ and ‘sex-trafficking’ transgender stereotypes in Brazil campaign films 475–6 350–1, 358 gendered gaze and use of video transpeople and hegemony of technology 420, 423, 431–2 cisnormativity 336, 339 lesbian gaze and cinema 213, 277, 282, and oppression of women 111, 115, 283–92 366, 370, 516–17 recontextualization in The L Word 233 transgressive behavior 368, 369 see also male gaze athletic female bodies in sports gender films 279, 280–1, 283–4, 286 agency and gender identity 504 tomboyism 280–1, 283, 307, 308 debates on nature of 242–3, 244, 365, gender differences 367–9, 370 active/passive dichotomy 108, 111, deviation from norms of 242, 243–5 146, 283 ‘masculinized’ athletic female analysis of lesbian and gay men’s media body 280, 282, 286, 287 use 266–7, 269–70, 274

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gender-appropriate behavior and Gray, Ann 375 children’s advertising 392, 393, Gray, Mary 214, 219 396, 398 Green, A. I. 261, 263, 266, 274 instant messaging and self-presentation Green, James N. 345 445–8 Greenberg, S. 440 video usage and acceptability 419–33 Griffin, Sean 137, 299 Gender Links 10 Griffiths, M. 386, 391, 395 ‘gender piracy’ 332–3 Grinter, R. E. 439 gender prototypes in genre films 135–54 Gross, Larry 208, 212, 262, 263 ‘gender scripts’ and online dating Guevara, Che 120, 121–2 practices 502–3, 505, 507–10 Gumucio, R. 21 gender studies and media 370–3 Günsberg, Maggie 139 feminism and gender media Gwenllian Jones, S. 237–8 studies 373–6 see transgender and Habermas, Jürgen 16 transexual media representations Halberstam, J. 346, 357, 358 gendered mediation: portrayal of female Hall, Stuart 262, 374–5 politicians in Bulgaria 35–50 Hallensteins advert 404–7, 409–11, Genz, S. 452n 413–14 geographical location and online dating Halliday, Michael 193 practices 510 Hammarberg, Thomas 340 Geraghty, Christine 53, 57, 59 ‘haptic visuality’ 284, 290 Gerbner, George 366 Hardy, Simon 459 German, Mikhail 406 Hark, I. R. 136, 139, 146 Gettysburg (film) 120–1, 124–6 ‘hegemonic masculinity’ 111, 168–9, Giddens, Anthony 189, 215, 219, 482 189–90, 374 Gill, Rosalind 96, 375, 493 and gay ‘bear culture’ 505, 508–9 gender and media studies 373, 374, 421 ‘Kiwi bloke’ and gendered readings of and irony 101, 413 postfeminist advertising 401–17 on postfeminism 403, 416 and online representations of gender and ‘technology of sexiness’ 464 sexuality 517–22 Girlfight (film) 278, 279, 286–91 ‘re-masculinization’ of gender Giroux, H. 131–2 relationships 517, 519, 522, 530–1 Gize-Poleszczuk, A. 39 and semiotics of Studio5ive.com 194–5 Gladiator (film) 120, 121 as white heterosexual masculinity 158–9, GLBT see lesbian, gay, bisexual and 167, 190, 263–4, 297–8, 544 transgender (LGBT) media hegemony of cisnormativity 336, 339 representations Hennen, P. 505, 511 Glee (TV series) 213, 222 Hercules as masculine prototype 138–9 Global Media Monitoring Project Hermes, J. 169 8–9, 372 heroes see action heroes in film; male globalization protagonists and academic study of masculinities in Heroes (TV series) 158, 166–9 popular media 113–14 heroine principle in genre films 146–7 and blonde jokes 89, 92 Herring, S. C. 450 ‘global’ interpretations 100, 102 heteronormative representational Goldstein, Richard 160 conventions Goodwin, Daisy 490 and ‘coming out’ as character’s end gossip: as female activity 410–11 point 315, 318 gossip blogs 13, 53–68, 210 constraints on sexual pluralities 297–8 and ‘baby bump watch’ 13, 56, 57–68 heterosexualization of LGBT Gossip Girl (TV series) 317, 319 figures 278, 282, 283 Graner, Barbara 346, 347, 348, 349, 354 and lesbian appropriation 279–83, graphic novels and comic books 113 286–92

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heteronormative representational Honeyfield, J. 404 conventions (cont’d) Hoogland, R. C. 263 and online representations of sexuality Howard, Robert E. 135, 142 and gender 531 Hoynes, W. 372–3 online dating sites 511, 512, 525 Hudson’s FTM Resource Guide self-conscious destabilization in Pirates of (website) 328, 329–30 the Caribbean 295–6, 297, 303–10 Huffer, Ian 307 and The Sex Inspectors television human rights and transgender people 339, show 487–99 340–1, 359 and sexual practices 457–8, 459 humor and sexuality-related websites 525 blonde jokes on the Internet 13, 88–103 and ‘troubling’ female athletic comic irony in ‘sex-trafficking’ campaign body 279, 280, 283–4, 286–90 films 477–83 heterosexual men as homoerotic and ‘gay for pay’ setups 545 object 535, 538–47 gendered use of video technology 430–1 Higgins, Vanessa de M. 9 and impact of children’s advertising 396 Hill, Brian 474 ‘knowing wink’ and ‘Kiwi bloke’ adverts Hilton, Perez 55, 61, 62–4, 65, 66, 408, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415 67, 210 see also irony Hines, S. 244, 251 hustling and gay sexuality 542 hip-hop culture and hybrid Huston, A. C. 385 belongings 445–6 Hutcheon, Linda 472–3 Hochschild, Arlie 221 Hutchins, B. 115 Holland, G. 463 hybrid belongings: Dutch Moroccan girls Holmes, S. 57 and instant messaging 438, 445–8 homophobia and LGBT representation 216–17 ideal masculinity as catalyst for ‘coming out’ in teen benefits of male complicity 190 television series 219, 313–24 and protective paternalism 161–2, 164 hostility towards travestis in Brazil 347, see also ‘hegemonic masculinity’ 351, 359 ideal mother see mother ideal and new media technologies 218 identity homosexuality changing masculinities 109–10, 111, ‘bear culture’ and online dating site 502, 136, 158–9 505–10, 511 children’s television commercials and commercial masculinity and gender identity 383–98 advertising 190 construction of adolescent girls’ gay characters in US television series 178 identities in instant messaging 438 gay pornography and ‘gay for pay’ and gendered usage of video phenomenon 535–49 technologies 419–33 ‘straight’ man as homoerotic identity construction and object 535, 538–47 webnovelas 79–80, 81 and hegemonic masculinity 189–90 work and masculine identity 131 homoeroticism in Pirates of the see also sexual identity Caribbean 295–6, 304 ideological analysis of media 373 and masculinity in The Sopranos 177–86 see also masculine ideology online representation of sexuality and Idol, Ryan 538 gender 517, 521, 523, 525, 526, ‘immaterial labor’ of LGBT people in 527, 528, 529–30, 531 media 221 repression and masculinity in war In the Company of Men (film) 126–8 films 144 inequality and employment of women see also lesbian, gay, bisexual and in media 10, 11 transgender (LGBT) media sexism in workplace in Chile 25–6 representations see also domestic labor

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Inness, S. 22, 244 and The Sopranos 175, 176 instant messaging (IM) stars as intertextual signs 53 adolescent girls in Brazil and fanfiction intimacy in The Sex Inspectors 494, 495 and webnovelas 72, 74, 80, 82–3 ‘Into the Heart of Africa’ (museum and cybersex 463 exhibition) 472–3, 475–6 Dutch Moroccan girls and performance Irigaray, Luce 369, 374 of self 436–52 irony adolescent usage and peer and blonde jokes 101 connectivity 438–40 and camp reflexivity 221 International Women’s Day news The L Word and production of identity coverage 7 through 226–39 Internet and misinterpretations of Fight Club 132 analysis of lesbian and gay men’s media popularization in mainstream media 227 use 267–8 and postmodernity 229–30 blonde jokes on the Internet 13, in ‘sex-trafficking’ campaign films 88–103 470–84 commercial masculinity and Studio5ive. ambivalent effects in More Precious com 189–201 than Gold 470, 474–7 ‘digital natives’ and webnovelas in comic satire in MTV EXIT Brazil 13–14, 71–85 campaign 477–80 dominant and alternative sexual ironic reversals 480–3 representations 516–32 young people and gendered readings of Dutch Moroccan girls and instant postfeminist advertising 401–17 messaging as performance of Isanovic, A. 36 self 436–52 Islam: Dutch Moroccan girls and instant gay men’s online sexual messaging 442, 449, 450 communities 214 Italian adventure films and masculine and gender discourse 518–19 prototype 139–41 gossip blogs and celebrities 13, Ito, Mizuko 510 53–68, 210 Ivanova, Nenka 39 and ironic philanthropy 480–2 Ivanova, Yana 39 and LGBT media research 212–13, 214 online communities and The L Jackson, Rosemary 299 Word 236–7 Jacobs, G. E. 443 online dating practices 502–14 Jacobs, K. 461 pornography ‘jammer girls’ 448 gay pornography and ‘gay for pay’ Jean, Aymar 219 phenomenon 535–49 Jeffords, Susan 159 and interpersonal interaction 460, Jenkins, Henry 76, 83, 208, 209, 213, 461, 463 216, 460 research on 461–2, 520–1, 538 Jennings, N. 385 research on gender and use 12–13, Jensen, Robert 462 421–2, 519 Jess-Cooke, Carolyn 301 ‘digital gender divide’ 421–2, 425 Jewish humor and blonde jokes 102n self-representation of LGBT Jezebel (feminist gossip blog) 61, 64, identities 207, 208–9, 210–11, 66, 68 217–18 Johansson, S. 54 transmen’s online discourse 326–41 Johnson, F. L. 386 video technology and gendered use and jokes: blonde jokes on the Internet 13, acceptability 419–33 88–103 see also blogs Joseph, Ammu 10, 14 intertextuality Journey to the End of the Night (film) 351 and The L Word 226, 233–5, 236, Juang, R. M. 340–1 237–9 Juffer, Jane 460

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Kacerguis, M. A. 384 masculine language of new Kailey, Matt 326, 327 technologies 518 Kapon, Maria 46 representing Arabic in online Karlyn, Kathleen 160–1 media 440–1, 445 Katy Lost in Cambodia blog 480–2 see also rhetoric Kaya, A. 445–6 Laplanche, J. 539 Kelley, P. 393 Larson, M. S. 385, 386, 387 Kellner, D. 5 Lavery, David 176–7 Kimmel, Michael 414 Law Abiding Citizen (film) 165–6 King, D. 326, 338, 339 Law, R. 404 Kitzinger, C. 277–8 Lawrence, D. H. 107 Kitzinger, J. 277–8 Lazzarato, Maurizio 221 Kivel, B. 264 Lecheva, Vessela 46 ‘Kiwi bloke’ in postfeminist Lee, J. 190 advertising 401–17 Leiber, Fritz 141 Kleiber, D. 264 Lemish, D. 103n, 264, 396–7 Klein, Alan 542 Lemke, J. 192–3 Knightley, Keira 307–8 Lenhart, A. 438 see also Pirates of the Caribbean film lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender franchise (LGBT) media ‘knowing’ media readings representations 207–23 comic irony and ‘sex-trafficking’ analysis of lesbian and gay men’s and campaign films 477–84 media uses and readings 260–74 young people and gendered readings audience reception of queer identities of postfeminist advertising and transgender characters 241–57 401–17 centre–periphery model 209–12, 214 see also ‘coded’ references to destabilization of heteronormativity in homosexuality/lesbianism; queer Pirates of the Caribbean 294–311 readings of mainstream texts female sports films and lesbian Kolbe, R. 385 viewers 277–92 Koscina, Sylva 139 heterosexualized representation 278, Kostadinova, T. 42 282, 283 Kotzeva, T. 41 homophobic abuse as catalyst for ‘gay teen Kranich, K. 7, 9, 16 coming out’ character 219, 313–24 Kress, G. 193, 194, 197 importance of ‘normal’ Kristeva, Julia 369, 374 representations 213, 270–1, 272–3 Krusteva, K. 44–5 The L Word and production of Kulick, Don 345, 349, 351 identity 226–39 model of sexual minority L Word, The (TV series) production 208, 212 and audience reception of queer and online dating practices 503, 505–6, identities and transgender 508–11, 512–13, 513, 525 characters 241–57 pornography and audiences 461 irony and production of identity 226–39 reproduction of transgender stereotypes La Pastina, A. C. 345, 350, 356 in Brazil 344–60 labor market see employment research and shifting emphases 212–22 Lacan, Jacques 374 transmen’s online discourse 326–41 Lafky, S. A. 11 see also homosexuality; queer readings of Lane, R. 244, 247 mainstream texts Lang, G. E. 8 ‘lesbian gaze’ and cinema 213, 277, 282, Lang, Robert 295–6 283–92 language Lewis, C. 446 and gender in children’s Lewis, O. 438 advertising 394–5 libido and The Sex Inspectors 494

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Liebert, R. M. 9 and oppression of women and men lifestyle activities and online representations 110–11 of sexuality and gender 526, 527, male protagonists in film 529–30 construction of masculine prototypes in Lindsay Lohan’s Indian Journey genre films 135–54 (TV documentary) 482–3 post-9/11 resurgent protective Lip Service (TV series) 239 paternalism 157–66 Lippman, Walter 345 and rhetorical masculinity 118–32 ‘’ and irony 227, 231 see also action heroes in film Lipton, M. 264, 274 male style in children’s television Lloyd, M. 244 advertising 386, 394–6, 398 locality and embeddedness of the Internet Mansfield, Harvey C. 160, 168 in everyday life 510 Manuel, S. 245, 249, 253 Lohan, Lindsay 482–3 marginalized groups Longman, Phillip 160 alternative sexualities and the Louie, K. 113 Internet 516–17, 519, 521, Love, Heather 217, 219, 220 531, 532 love and its role in sex in The Sex LGBT identities and Inspectors 495 representations 207, 216, 251, Lukic, J. 40 252, 282 Lumby, Catharine 460–1 transgender people in Brazil 351, 357, 358 McCabe, Janet 227 relevancy and readings of McCarthy, Anna 315 oppression 404–5 MacDonald, Myra 411 ‘symbolic annihilation’ of women in the McKay, J. 115 media 366, 367 McKee, Alan 460–1 Marks, L. U. 284 McKercher, C. 11 Marody, M. 39 MacKinnon, K. 190 Martín-Barbero, J. 83 Macklin, M. 385 masculine ideology McLean, A. L. 57–8 communism and portrayal of female McLelland, M. 245 politicians 39–41, 48 McNair, Brian 459 and representational research 5–6, 8 McPhillips, K. 492 masculinity macro-level aspects of media 14 commercial masculinity and Studio5ive. McRobbie, Angela 157 com 189–201 Magnet, S. 522 construction of Magnolia (film) 120, 130 masculine prototypes in genre makeover shows for sex and films 135–54 relationships 487–99 as social and cultural Malagreca, M. 245 construction 370, 371 male gaze and exploration of sexual identity 544 and advertising for men 196–8 gendered readings of postfeminist as dominant gaze for media images 420, adverting 401–17 431–2 lack of academic study of men in popular ‘lesbian’ female body and voyeuristic media 107–15, 136–7 gaze 233, 277–8, 282 difficulty of defining and changing and ‘sex-trafficking’ campaign films identities 109–10, 136, 158–9 475, 476 ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and constant male privilege redefinition 111, 158–9 dominance of male sexuality male style in children’s television online sex sites and representations of advertising 386, 394–6, 398 gender and sexuality 517 masculine space as setting for blonde in The Sex Inspectors 495, 498, 499 jokes 97

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masculinity (cont’d) Millar, M. S. 422 ‘masculinized’ female body as Miller, L. 244–5 signifier 280, 282, 308 Mirassos, Fabia 349, 352, 353–8, 359 post-9/11 resurgent protective model of women’s media action 16 paternalism 157–70 Modleski, Tania 162 and ‘appeal to victim’ status 157–8 money and masculine domination of and derogated masculinity 158–9, media 14 162, 163 monitoring of media queer identity and gender norms 243–4 and employment of women 10 reconfiguration of male heroism in and representation of women 8–9, Pirates of the Caribbean 303 372–3 rhetorical masculinity in film 118–32 Montecino, Sonia 24 and sexuality in The Sopranos 174–86 Moorcock, Michael 141 and swordplay in Pirates of the Moore, Candace 231, 232–3 Caribbean 295–6 moral panics see also ‘hegemonic masculinity’; male pedophiles 463–4 privilege sex trafficking 470, 471 ‘masculinization’ of democratic transition More Precious than Gold (UNICEF film) in Eastern Europe 35–6 470, 474–7 Maslarova, Emilia 43 Morley, David 375 match.com dating website 502, 504–13 Morrell, R. 114 ‘mateship’ and ‘Kiwi bloke’ Morris, Meaghan 229 masculinity 404 Mosco, V. 11 Mead, J. 35 Moser, Anastasia 46 medicinal language and advertising to mother ideal men 198–200 blondes as hopeless mothers in jokes 94 Meehan, E. R. 14, 15 ‘celebrity mom profile’ in entertainment Meirelles, Savana ‘Bibi’ 349, 352, media 58 352–8, 359 Chilean media 21–3, 24 Mellen, Joan 108, 112 portrayal of female politicians in Melnick, Jeffrey 157, 161 Bulgaria 41, 46–7 men see also ‘baby bump watch’ and gossip as butt of jokes 101 blogs men’s studies as academic Mott, Louis 350 discipline 111–12 Mowlabocus, Sharif 461, 538 see also masculinity MSN Messenger Meng, J. 422 Brazilian girls 72, 74, 82–3 Meraz, S. 12–13 Dutch Moroccan girls 436–52 Mercer, Kobena 538 MTV EXIT campaign 477–80, 481 Mercurio, El (Chilean newspaper) 21 Muecke, D. C. 230 Merskin, D. 447–8 multi-user object-oriented worlds Messerschmidt, J. W. 403 (MOOs) 423 ‘meta-blonde’ discourse and humor 89, Mulvey, Laura 118, 146, 420 98–100, 101 Muslim girls and instant messaging 442, ‘metrosexual’ men 189, 192 449, 450 Michaels, M. W. 58 My So-Called Life (TV series) 314, 318 ‘microcelebrity’ and online videos My Straight Buddy website 543 423, 432 mythical setting for adventure movies migrant youth see Dutch Moroccan girls’ 138–9, 141 instant messaging Mihalec, K. 35 Namaste, V. K. 335 Mihaylova, Ekaterina 45 names and gender in instant Mihaylova, Nadezhda 43, 45 messaging 445, 446 Mikosza, J. 115 Nana, La/The Maid (film) 23

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narrative normative representations in gay porn films 538 LGBT characters 213, 245, 263–4, narrativization and LGBT self- 270–1, 272–3 reflexivity 219–20 audience response and deviation from and use of irony in ‘sex-trafficking’ norm 242, 243–56 campaign films 473–77 heterosexualization 278, 282, 283 narrators and transgender stereotypes in and effects of irony in ‘sex-trafficking’ Brazil 357–8 campaign film 474, 475, 476, 477 see also heteronormative representational and gender in children’s television conventions commercials 384–5, 386, 387, nudity and sexuality-related websites 389–90, 391 525–6, 528, 530 National Research Council of Canada 419–20 objectification Neale, S. 140, 147 of male body in advertising 197–8, Needham, G. 262, 264 199–200 Negra, Diane 160 of women neoliberal discourse and The Sex advertising and female body 371 Inspectors 488, 491, 497, 499 and debate on sexualization 464–5 Nerve website 461 and dominance of male gaze 420, networking and sexuality-related 431–2 websites 526, 527, 529–30 gendered portrayal of female new literacy studies and ‘digital politicians in Bulgaria 43–6 natives’ 71–2 ‘lesbian’ female body and male new media technologies gaze 277–8 ‘digital gender divide’ 421–2, 425 in online pornography 528, 530 ‘digital natives’ and webnovelas in promiscuity and blonde jokes Brazil 13–14, 71–85 95–6, 97 and LGBT media research 212–13, 214 and ‘sex-trafficking’ campaign and sexual practices 464, 535 films 475–6 see also Internet; self-representation in O’Day, Marc 308 new media; social networking Oldenziel, R. 422 media; video technologies One Tree Hill (TV series) 313, 315–16, ‘new racism’ 16 317–18, 320–1, 323–4 ‘new (sensitive) man’ 110, 190, 201 O’Neil, S. 264 news media online dating sites and analysis of lesbian and gay men’s and enactment of body image 502–14 media use 266–7, 269, 272 and representations of sexuality and gendered coverage of female politicians gender 517, 523, 525, 526, 527, in Bulgaria 36–50 528, 529 research on employment of women oppression in 10–11, 372 gender binary polarization and research on representation of women oppression of women 111, 115, 4, 7–8 366, 370, 516–17 content analysis 372–3 and institutionalization of male newspapers: portrayal of female politicians privilege 110–11 in Bulgaria 37–49 relevancy and gendered readings 404–5 Newton, Esther 222 Oring, E. 90–1 nicknames and gender in instant O’Riordan, Kate 212, 503, 512 messaging 445, 446 ‘othering’ of women by women Nikolova, Eleonora 46 divisive effect of blonde jokes 100 Nikolova, M. 43, 46–7 and domestic service in Chile 23 9/11 and protective paternalism 157–70 OurChart social networking site 236–7 Noonan, Peggy 160 Ouzgane, L. 114

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ownership and masculine domination of performance media 14 Dutch Moroccan girls and instant messaging as performance of Paasonen, Susanna 462 self 436–52 Palen, L. 439 see also performativity and gender Palfreyman, D. 440–1 ‘performative’ utterances and rhetorical Parallel Lives (MTV EXIT film) 477, 478 masculinity 123, 127 Parameswaran, R. 6, 12 performativity and gender 368, 420–1, parents on children’s commercials 388–9, 432, 543 396–7 and transgender identity in Brazil 344, Parker, Kathleen 160 345, 346–59 passivity personal appearance of audiences 228, 314, 374–5, instant messaging ‘display pictures’ and 383, 384 gender 446–7 and erasure of transpeople 336, 341 and video interaction 426–7, 432 gender and active/passive women and male gaze 420, 431–2 dichotomy 108, 111, 146, 283 Personal Best (film) 277–8 of women 97, 146, 410 personal interaction and male gaze 420, 518 and online pornography 460, 461, 463 and online representations 422, 529 as outcome of online dating and sexual activity 372 practices 510–11, 512–13 and victim narrative 474 women and video interaction 427–8, past 432 and irony in The L Word 230–3, see also social networking media 235–6 Petrich, K. 262 and LGBT detraditionalization 220–1 Petrova, Hristina 46 temporality of irony 230 phenomenology: embodiment and lesbian paternalism: resurgent protective desire 284–92 paternalism after 9/11 157–70 philanthropy patriarchy celebrity promotion 482–3 ‘death of patriarchalism’ 516, 517 ironic reversals 480–3 and female politicians in Bulgaria 40, 46, Phillips, David 212 48–9 Phillips, J. 404 and online representation of sexuality physical beauty and gender 527 adolescent preoccupation with 447 oppressive masculinity in Pirates of the alternative online representations 511, Caribbean 301–2 512, 525 protective masculinity in film 160–1 gendered portrayal of female politicians and representational research 5, 8, 9 in Bulgaria 43–6 and rhetorical masculinity in film hegemonic models and online dating 118–32 sites 502–3, 511 traditional male authority in Chile see also personal appearance 23–5 Pike, J. 385 Patriot, The (film) 120, 122–4 pink and gender polarization in children’s Patterson, Zabet 548 advertising 391–3, 396, 397–8 pedagogical agenda of teen television Pink is the New Blog (gossip blog) 61 series 319–20 Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise 213, pedophiles 463 273, 294–311 Peirce, Charles Sanders 149 Plantinga, C. 285 peplum films and masculine Plummer, Ken 215, 261, 458–9 prototype 139–41, 145–6 Polan, D. 177, 186 female roles 135–6, 139, 140–1, 150 polarization see gender binary polarization PerezHilton (gossip blog) 55, 61, 62–4, policing of female body in gossip 65, 66, 67, 210 blogs 62–7, 68

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political economy theory 15 post-Communism and female politicians in politics Eastern European media 37, 38tab, capitalism and transactional nature of gay 42–9 sex 547–9 postfeminism fantasy films as expression of conceptualization as sensibility 403, 416 resistance 299 and gendered readings of the ‘knowing gendered portrayal of female politicians wink’ in advertising 401–17 in Bulgarian 8, 35–50 and meaning of blonde jokes 100, 101 and LGBT self-reflexivity 220–1 and mediated sex advice 487–8, media images and discourse of women in 498–9 Chile 7, 20–31 and resurgence of protective political activities of women and media paternalism 157, 158–62, 170 representation 4–5, 12 see also irony political engagement and feminist postmodernism research 16–17 intertextuality and The L Word 237–8 political satire and use of irony 471–2, irony and The L Word 226, 229–33 475, 476 Postoutenko, K. 340 proportion of female representatives in poststructuralism Chile 28–9, 42 feminism and sex/gender debate 366, rhetoric of media broadcasts 129 367–9, 375 Polycom 419 polysemic meaning 374, 375 Pomerance, Murray 306–7 power relations Pontalis, J. 539 and feminist research 376–7 PopSugar (gossip blog) 61–2, 65, 66 gender and new media and video Poptodorova, Elena 45 technologies 419, 422, 432 popular media/popular culture and masculinities 111 academic attitudes towards 115, 137, 152 and ‘Kiwi bloke’ masculinity in lack of academic study of men in 107–15 New Zealand 403–4, 406–9, pornography 411–12, 415 ‘alternative’ producers 461–2 and sex tourism 521–2 campaigns against 4, 462, 465 see also authority; sexual violence extremism as reflection of mainstream Powrie, P. 136, 137 culture and life 462 predatory gay male stereotype 546–7 impact on users 4, 537 press lack of research on 459 coverage of female politicians in lesbianism and male gaze 277 Bulgaria 35–49 as modern invention 457 see also women’s magazines ‘money shots’ in The Sex Inspectors 496 Price Minter, S. 340–1 objectification of women 95–6, privacy issues and online video 528, 530 technology 426, 428–9, 431 online amateur and semi-professional private life of celebrities and gossip pornography 210, 462–3 blogs 56–68 online pornography and representations private space of instant messaging 438, of sexuality and gender 517, 520–1, 442–3 523, 524–5, 528–9, 530 adolescent control and gatekeeping pornographification in media 4, 6, 448–50 509, 520 invasion by advertising 447–8 research on private sphere see domestic sphere; public diversity and significance of 459–63, sphere 520–1 production and women in media: and ephemeral nature of 537 scholarship on 9–11 gay pornography 537–8 profiles for online interaction historicist approach 536–7 fake profiles for writing see also gay pornography webnovelas 79–80, 81

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profiles for online interaction (cont’d) lesbian appropriation of female sports ‘gender scripts’ and online dating films 277, 278–83 practices 502–3, 505, 507–14 queer embodiments 285–6 instant messaging profiles 445, 446 queer theory 261, 273–4 Projansky, Sarah 403 and film studies 346 promiscuity as stereotype in blonde foregrounding in Pirates of the jokes 89, 90, 92, 95–6, 97 Caribbean 294–311 anti-sex-trafficking campaign films race and gender 470–84 and effects of irony in representations of hustling and gay sexuality 542 African peoples 472–3, 475–6 and travesti stereotypes in Brazil 344, hybrid belongings and Dutch 345, 347, 348, 349, 351–2, 353–4 Moroccan girls’ instant protective paternalism in popular media messaging 445–8 157–70 and LGBT representation 217, 232 public sphere ‘new racism’ 16 female celebrities and media attention 57 racialized sexuality ‘feminist public sphere’ 16 in gay pornography 538 public discourse on production and of women 6, 371–2, 493–4, 521–2, control of sex 458 527, 529 public/private sphere and protective and representations of masculinity paternalism 160, 161–2, 163–6, 111, 167 168–9 stereotypical representation of women in sex in 459, 496–7 media 6, 371–2 transmen discourse on the Internet 328, Rachels, J. 151–2 337–8, 339, 341 Radway, J. 12 women in New Zealand and ‘Kiwi bloke’ Rainie, L. 438 masculinity 404, 417n Rakow, L. F. 7, 9, 16 women in politics in Chile 28–9 Rao, N. 522 see also domestic sphere rape in online sex sites and representations Pullen, Christopher 212, 215–16, 217, of gender and sexuality 517, 521, 219, 220 523, 525, 526–7, 529, 530–1 Pursell, C. 422 Ratto, C. G. 83 Pusnik, M. 37 Read, Mary 307 reality television and LGBT quality and popular media representation 210, 212, 221, Conan the Barbarian 151–2 239, 273 The Sopranos as quality television 175–8 Rebelde virtual community 72, 74 Quayle, E. 463 reception strategies see active audiences queer affect 207 reciprocity and queer self-representation 217–18, 222 film and lesbianism 279, 285 role of shame and suffering 219–20 and LGBT reflexivity in convergence Queer as Folk (TV series) 241, 245, 253 culture 222 Queer Eye for the Straight Guy (TV series) Red Sonja (film) 135, 144, 150 217, 273 Redmond, S. 57 queer identity and fluidity of sexual Reeves, Steve 139 identity 241–2, 243–5, 247–54, reflexivity see self-reflexivity 256, 261, 295, 334–5, 543 Rehling, N. 112, 158–9, 167 queer pornographic strategies 545–6 relationships queer readings of mainstream texts 212, as context for blonde jokes 97–8 260, 262–3, 264 makeover shows for sex and knowing complicity of Pirates of the relationships 487–99 Caribbean franchise 213, 273, ‘relevancy’ and gendered readings 402, 294–311 404–5

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representational research on women and Schweitzer, D. 142 media 5–8 scientific language and advertising to research see scholarship men 198–200 resistance scopophilia and male gaze 420 fantasy films as expression of Scott, A. O. 165 resistance 299 Sedgwick, E. K. 218, 222 and hegemonic body ideals 511 Seiter, Ellen 324 reading as 12 self-branding and online images 423 Restivo, A. 461 self-consciousness of women and video Revista Ya (Chilean women’s interaction 427–8, 432 magazine) 21, 22–3, 24, 27, 30 self-help shows for sex and Reyero, C. 513n relationships 487–99 rhetoric self-indulgence and commercial irony and political satire 471–2, masculinity 192 475, 476 self-reflexivity rhetorical masculinity in film 118–32 and LGBT experience and media 213, Rich, Adrienne 231 215–22 Ringo, C. P. 327–8 camp reflexivity 221–2 Riordan, E. 6–7, 14, 15 and detraditionalization 220–1 Riverdale, Joshua 330, 333, 337 and irony in The L Word television Roberts, T.-A. 198 series 226, 230–3, 235–6, 238–9 Robinson, G. J. 11, 14 and narrativization 219–20 Roman, D. 37 and queer affect 217–18, 222 romance self-conscious queering in Pirates of the female sports films and lesbian Caribbean films 294–311 viewers 277, 281–3, 287 Transfiction ethnofiction film feminist research on reading 12 project 355–8, 359 and online representations of sexuality see also irony and gender 524, 527, 530 self-representation in new media online dating sites 509–10, 512, 524 Dutch Moroccan girls’ instant messaging in webnovelas 74, 83–4 performance 436–52 Rome, Open Salon (video project) 344 LGBT identities 207, 208–9, 210–11 Rosello, M. 359 and self-reflexivity 213, 215–22 Ross, Karen 12, 16, 35–6, 519 transmen’s online discourse 326–41 Rouch, Jean 355 online dating profiles 502–3, 505, Rubin, Gayle 457–8, 459, 462 507–14 self-revelation and ‘striptease culture’ 459 sadomasochistic pornography 529, 546–7 semi-professional gay pornography 210, ‘saint’: transgender stereotypes in 462–3 Brazil 345, 347, 348, 352, 354 semiotics Samuels, C. 244 advertising and commercial Sandfort, T. 265, 267 masculinity 192–201 Santiago, I. E. 72 Conan legacy and masculine Santoro, Rodrigo 351–2, 359 prototype 149–50 Sarnavka, S. 35 maleness in popular media 109 satire and use of irony and representation of women in comic satire in MTV EXIT media 7, 16, 373 campaign 477–83 see also signs and signifiers political satire 471–2, 475, 476 Senft, T. M. 423 Schatz, Thomas 297 ‘sensitive’ masculinity 110, 159, 160, 165, Schilt, K. 244, 248 170, 190 Schuyf, J. 267 and return to ‘hegemonic Schwarzenegger, Arnold 135 masculinity’ 406 see also Conan the Barbarian Serano, Julia 336

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Serrano, Paula 24, 30 new media and effect of self- ‘sex’ reflexivity 215–22 and gender construction 254, 255–6 politics of inappropriate groupings in media and representations of Brazil 358 women 365–77 queer identity and fluidity of 241–2, indeterminacy 109 243–5, 247–54, 256, 261, 295, use of term xix 334–5, 543 see also gender; sexual identity; sexuality reception of queer identities and and sexual practice transgender characters in The L Sex and the City (TV series) 30, 231, 483 Word 241–57 sex industry straight men and gay sex in online ethics and sex media workers 462 pornography 538–47, 548 negative effects of Western and ‘trans’ terminology 326, 344 philanthropy 481–2 transgender identities in Brazil 353–4, see also pornography; prostitution 356–7, 358 Sex Inspectors, The (TV series) 487–99 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual and sex-role stereotypes in media 367, 370, transgender (LGBT) media 371–2, 433 representations and children’s television sexual politics and values commercials 384, 385 and ‘good’ and ‘bad’ sex 457–8, 459 and sexual behaviour in The Sex and Internet representations 517 Inspectors 495 sexual violence sex tourism websites 517, 521–2, 523, in advertising and media 4, 6 525, 526, 528, 529–30 homophobic abuse and ‘coming out’ sex-trafficking: effects of irony in campaign scenes in gay teen television films 470–84 series 313, 315–16, 319–24 sexism and male subjugation of women gendered readings of the ‘knowing wink’ 4, 24 in postfeminist advertising 401–17 and online representations of gender and in postfeminist guise of sex advice 488, sexuality 517, 521, 523, 525, 498, 499 526–7, 528, 529, 530–1 and promotion of women in Bulgaria 49 sexuality and sexual practice ‘sexist’ meaning of blonde jokes 100–1 adolescent writers and erotic content in in workplace in Chile 25–6 webnovelas 79, 81, 82, 83–4 ‘sexting’ 464 commodification of sex 459, 522 ‘sexual entrepreneurs’ and gendered sexual effects of irony in ‘sex-trafficking’ labor 488, 491, 493–5, 498 campaign films 470–84 sexual identity enactment of body in online dating gender binaries and LGBT practices 502–14 identities 243–4, 283–4, 297–8, fear of deviance 463–4, 465 336, 358, 365–6 gay pornography and ‘gay for pay’ ‘gender scripts’ and online dating phenomenon 535–49 practices 502–3, 505, 507–10 gendered sexual subjectivities 487, 488, homophobic abuse and ‘coming out’ 493–5 narratives in teen television ‘good’ and ‘bad’ sex 457–8, 459 series 313–24 heteronormative view of The Sex indeterminacy in Pirates of the Inspectors 487–99 Caribbean 303–9, 310 recipe for ‘great sex’ 491–3, 498 inscription and transmen’s online Internet and dominant and alternative discourse 336 sexual representations 516–32 The L Word and production of identity and masculinity in The Sopranos through irony 226–39 174–86 lesbian and gay men’s media uses and queer theory and sexual readings 260–74 pluralities 297–8

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research on 457–65 Sordo, Pilar 24, 27 concerns over sexualization of ‘spectacular’ films and gender society 463–5 prototypes 139, 145–6 diversity and significance of speech(es) and rhetorical masculinity pornography 459–63, 520–1 118–32 ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ sex and Spigel, Lynn 375 ‘sexperts’ 491 ‘spoiled identity’ and deviance theory 111 shift to ‘recreational’ mode of sex 458–9 sports films and lesbian viewers 277–92 see also female sexuality; pornography; Sprafkin, J. N. 9 sexual identity Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. 35–6 sexualization of media representations 372, Steiner, L. 31 375–6, 463–5, 519 Steinhoff, Heike 301, 303 ‘sexy’ ideal of women in Chilean stereotypes xx–xxi media 21–3, 25 and blonde jokes 89, 92–6, 98–9, 100–1 Shakespeare, William 107–8, 120 and children’s advertising 384, 385, shame and suffering and gay 394, 396, 398 experience 216–17, 218, 219–20 and female politicians in Bulgaria 35, 36, Shaw, Adrienne 214 39–41, 43–8 Shelley, C. A. 326, 327 gender and representation of women signs and signifiers and ethnicity 6, 371 blondes in jokes as empty sign 101 sex-role stereotypes in media 367, stars as intertextual signs 53 370, 371–2, 433 see also ‘coded’ references to ‘symbolic representation’ of homosexuality/lesbianism; women 366–7 encoding/decoding communication and Internet content 422 theory; semiotics and LGBT media representations 217, Simpson, Ashlee 56, 60–8 270, 273 Simpson, Mark 189 ‘lipstick lesbian’ and irony 227, 231 skepticism and sex-trafficking 484 and MSN instant messaging skin care products and commercial advertising 447–8 masculinity 194–201 predatory gay male porn Skype 419, 422, 428 stereotype 546–7 Smale, S. 440 reproduction of Brazilian transgender Smith, Clarissa 461 stereotypes 214, 344–60 Snorton, Riley 217 traditional norms and pressure on Snyder, C. R. 452n women in Chile 24, 27, 29–30 Sobchack, V. 284 women and news media 9, 372–3 social construction young people and gendered readings of of gender 242–3, 244, 255–6, 365–77, ‘Kiwi bloke’ adverts 401–17 420–1 see also sex-role stereotypes in media of masculinity 370, 371 Straayer, Chris 346, 350–1 women in Chilean media 26–8, 30 Straight Hell gay porn website 546–7 social networking media ‘straight’ men as homoerotic object 535, and gendered usage of video 538–47 technology 423, 429–30 Studio5ive.com and commercial and LGBT self-representation 211, 218 masculinity 192, 193, 194–201 OurChart site and The L Word 236–7 stupidity and women in blonde jokes 89, transmen’s online discourse 330, 337 90, 92, 93–4, 98–9 see also instant messaging (IM); Internet style and commercial masculinity 192, 194 social semiotics and commercial Successful Transmen (website) 328, 329, masculinity 192–201 330–1 socialization and sex-role stereotypes 367, Sudar, N. 35 397, 398 suffering and gay experience 216–17, 218, Sopranos, The (TV series) 174–86 219–20, 222

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SuicideGirls online community 461, 462, Thomas, J. B. 102n 522, 525, 526, 528, 530, 531 Thomas, Joe 538 Sullivan, Lou 330 Thomas, K. 339, 340 Sullivan, Nikki 295 Thompson, J. B. 128 Sunita Multipurpose (MTV EXIT film) Thornham, S. 30 478–80 300 (film) 122 Superman Returns (film) 162 Three Musketeers, The (film) 137, 138 Swift, Jonathan 471–2, 475, 476 Timmons, Stuart 231, 236 ‘sword and sandal’ films 139–41 Toerien, M. 495 and female roles 135–6, 139, 140–1 Tolson, A. 131 sword and sorcery (S&S) films tomboyism and gender transgression construction of masculine 280–1, 283, 307, 308 prototypes 135–54 Touraine, Alain 27 female roles and male principle 135, ‘traditional’ masculinity 110, 190, 191, 192 141, 146–8 post-9/11 revival 160 historical origins 138–41 see also ‘hegemonic masculinity’ ‘symbolic representation’ of women in trafficking see sex-trafficking media 366–7 Traister, R. 58 systemic functional linguistics (SFL) 193–4 trans rights movement 339, 340–1 Transfiction (ethnofiction film) 344, 346, Tacheva, Miglena 47 355–8 ‘take back the night’ campaigns 4 transformistas in Brazil 347, 349 Taken (film) 158, 162, 163, 164–5, 169 transgender and transexual media Tasker, Yvonne 160, 284, 543 representations 210, 213 Tassel, A. 80 audience reception and The L Word 241, Taylor, J. S. 521 242, 244, 246–56 Taylor, M. 463 reproduction of Brazilian transgender ‘technologies of gender’ 368–9 stereotypes 214, 344–60 ‘technologies of sexiness’ 488 ‘trans’ terminology 326, 344 technology transmen’s online discourse 326–41 and gender difference 422, 425, 426, multiplicity of discourses 338–41 429–31, 431 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual and and pornography and production of transgender (LGBT) media sexualities 535–6 representations teenagers see young people TransGuys.com (website) 328, 329, 330 television TransMann e.V. (website) 328, 329, analysis of lesbian and gay men’s media 331–2 use 266–70 Transmann.or.at (website) 328, 329, 331 children’s commercials and gender travel and sexual representations on the identity 383–98 Internet 527 homophobic abuse as catalyst for ‘gay travestis in Brazil 344, 345–6, 347, teen coming out’ character 219, 348, 349 313–24 stereotypes in television and film 351–2, masculinities in popular media 112–13 356, 359 post-9/11 protective paternalism Troche, Rose 228 166–70 Troy (film) 120, 121 The Sex Inspectors 487–99 Truth (MTV EXIT film) 477–8 telenovelas and transgender stereotypes Tsacheva, Tsetska 47 in Brazil 350–1, 356, 359 Tsang, Daniel 538 see also L Word, The; Sopranos, The Tuchman, Gaye 8, 366–7 Tercera, La (Chilean newspaper) 21 Turley, Hans 300 Terman, Lewis M. 108 Turner, Guinevere 228, 233 Thelma and Louise (film) 405 24 (TV series) 158, 166, 167, 169–70 Thiel-Stern, S. 443, 447 Tyler, Melissa 493

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Ugly Betty (TV series) 213, 222 cultural and institutional erasure UNICEF anti-sex-trafficking film 470, 335–7, 340 474–7 visual social semiotics (VSS) 193–4 United Nations: conferences on status of vlogs and LGBT narratives 219 women 9 Vodaphone advert 405–9, 411–12, United Nations Commission on the Status 413–14 of Women 4 Von Gunden, K. 143, 146 United Nations Decade for Women 5 voyeurism audience in The Sex Inspectors 496–7 van Doorn, N. 445 gendered perceptions of video van Leeuwen, T. 193, 194, 197 technologies 420, 423, 429, van Zoonen, L. 445, 464, 519 431, 432 Vanegas, Trent 64 and ‘lesbian’ female body 233, 277–8, Vasilieva, Ivanka 41 282 Verna, M. E. 385, 386, 387 Veronica Mars (TV series) 313, 315–16, Wackwitz, L. 16 318, 319 Waddell, T. 303 victim narrative and sex-trafficking Wajcman, J. 518 campaigns 473–4 Walder, P. 20, 21 video technologies Walker, Joseph 177 gendered usage and acceptability 419–33 Walsh, L. 9 comfort levels on camera 425–6, war as context for masculinity in film 427–8, 432 121–6, 144 concern with personal War of the Worlds (film) 120, 299 appearance 426–7, 432 Warner, Marina 89–90 perceived gender differences in Waskul, D. D. 463 usage 426, 429–31, 432–3 Waugh, Tom 536, 537, 540, 541, 548 privacy/safety issues 426, 428–9, 431 Web 2.0 technology and research on transgender stereotypes and ‘architecture of participation’ 72 in Brazil 344–60 LGBT self-representation 211, 337 use in The Sex Inspectors 489, 496–7 and online pornography 461 see also YouTube video sharing site webcams videoconferencing: gender and usage gendered use and women’s agency 423 419, 420 and ‘wrong’ kind of sex in The Sex violence Inspectors 495, 496–7 against women webnovelas and fanfiction in Brazil 13–14, campaign against media images 15 71–85 in Chile 24, 29 websites see Internet aggression and gender in children’s Weeks, Jeffrey 261, 274, 458 television commercials 385, 386, Weiss, Andrea 213, 279, 280 387, 390–1, 397 Welch, R. 385, 386, 395 vigilantism and protective Wentz, Pete 60–1 paternalism 157, 158, 161, 163–6, West, C. 412 167, 169–70 Westbrook, L. 244, 248 see also sexual violence Weston, Jessie L. 107 virtual reality Whatling, Calre 228, 279 and cybersex 463 Whelehan, Imelda 227, 237–8 and real-life encounters 512–13 White, Michel 423, 431, 432 see also game playing White, P. 280, 291 visibility and LGBT representation 217, white heterosexual masculinity as dominant 218, 221, 228, 232, 236, 270 trope 158–9, 167, 190, 263–4, ‘coded’ references 262, 279–83 297–8 transmen’s Internet discourse and and online representation of sexual avoidance of invisibility 326–41 violence 521, 527, 531

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Whittle, S. 506 Women Against Violence Against Williams, Linda 278, 460, 535–6, 537 Women 15 Williams, Robbie 474, 475, 476, 477 women’s magazines Willis, S. 167 ‘celebrity mom’ profiles 58 Wittig, M. 516–17 representations of women in Chile 21, women 22–3, 24, 27, 30 accessibility of ‘domesticated porn’ 460 Wonder, Claudia 349, 352 adolescent girls and fanfiction and Woodhill, B. M. 244 webnovelas in Brazil 13–14, 71–85 work see domestic labor; employment anxiety and use of video World Association for Christian technology 426–31, 432 Communication 372 blonde jokes on the Internet 13, 88–103 Wright, Les 513 gender prototypes in Conan the Wright, Susan 499n Barbarian 135–6, 146–8, 150–1 Wyatt, S. 445 gender roles in New Zealand and ‘Kiwi bloke’ 404 Xena, Princess Warrior (TV series) 135, 151 gendered portrayal of female politicians XTube video sharing site 461 in Bulgaria 8, 35–50 xxboys.net (website) 329, 332–3, 335 and gendered sexual performance 488 gossip blogs and celebrity pregnancy 13, Young, Iris Marion 160, 170, 286 53–68 Young, K. 386 media images and discourse in Chile 7, young people 20–31 adolescent girls and fanfiction and in media industry webnovelas in Brazil 13–14, 71–85 research on employment of women in Dutch Moroccan girls and instant news media 10–11, 372 messaging as performance of scholarship on 9–11, 14, 371, 375–6 self 436–52 media representation gendered readings of ‘knowing wink’ in scholarship on 3–17, 373–6 advertising 401–17 and sex/gender debate 365–77 homophobic abuse as catalyst for ‘gay teen and online pornography 520–1 coming out’ character 219, 313–24 stereotypical role in Brazil 348 YouTube video sharing site 219, 330, women’s sites and representations of 482–3 gender and sexuality 517, 518, 522, gender and usage 419, 420, 422 523, 525, 526, 530, 532 see also XTube video sharing site see also female sexuality; femininity; gender Zimmerman, D. H. 412

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