An Integrative Approach to Understand Constitutive Forces in the Emerging

CEU eTD Collection

An integrative approach understand to constitutive Bear cultureBear São of Paulo: the field masculinity of Support supervisor: Support Main Main supervisor: Author: Author:

INWOMEN’S AND GENDER STUDIES ERASMUSMUNDUS MASTER José Luís GomezJosé Júnior Gonzalez Budapest,September 2012 LiamarDurán Almarza - Oviedo de Universidad Eszter Timar- European Central University M. A. Thesis

forces in the emerging genderand capital

CEU eTD Collection LuisJavie family, thank my to Ilike Daniel, would possi Program for making the GEMMA Ito amgrateful during comments and the intensesupport insightful my Tima supervisors Eszter Igratefullyacknowledge f who were Ithe all participants interviewed thank

Acknowledgments i

or this research. research. orthis r, Sarah, Carmen, Pavla, and Rebekka. and Rebekka. r,Pavla, Sarah, Carmen, whole process of writing this thesis. thesis. this of wholewriting process r and Liamar Durán Almarza, for the LiamarAlmarza, rDurán and ble this unique experience.unique blethis CEU eTD Collection rvd Bas ih aube aia nt ny within only not capital valuable with Bears provide precisely the research question of this thesis. Bas thesis. this of question research the precisely constitut the are what but since, growingever been masculinity, but also in the field of masculinity. the field of in also masculinity, masculinity. but as (such Bearphernalia the of elements and stocky) characteristics bodily behaviour”), “masculine and 234 (p. ideal” hegemonic the from, varying or with, to masculinity own their considered they contrary, margi or subordinated being of not were masculinity that argued (2008) Coles th what capital, illustrate adequately gender of form specific a presenting By members eleven with fieldwork on based was research import most the Paulo, São of culture Bear emerging t approach integrative an develop to is thesis this gend of concept the and (2008) Coles by masculinity The Bear culture in Brazil started to flourish in t in flourish to started Brazil in culture Bear The Abstract ii

ed on the theoretical model of the field of of field the of model theoretical the on ed ive forces of this emerging culture? That is That is culture? emerging this iveforces of (such as body hair, Bear belly and being being and belly Bear hair, body as (such nalized by hegemonic masculinity; to the the masculinity;to hegemonic by nalized ). Their attitude (such as “going natural” natural” “going as (such attitude Their ). be dominant despite being incompatible incompatible being despite dominant be o understand constitutive forces in the the in forces constitutive understand o ant city of the Bear scene in Brazil. This This Brazil. in scene Bear the of city ant er capital by Bridges (2009), the aim of of aim the (2009), Bridges by capital er en, hce sit, as n boots) and caps shirts, checked jeans, of the Bear community of São Paulo. São of community Bear the of oe e’ “ie eprecs of experiences “lived men’s some he second half of the 1990s and it has it and 1990s the of half second he is study demonstrated that Bears Bears that demonstrated study is the subfields of Bear and gay gay and Bear of subfields the CEU eTD Collection and gay masculinity”, sino también en “the field o en también “the field andsino gay masculinity”, capita valioso un Bears los a proporcionan botas) y panta como (tales Bearphernalia la de elementos los c "un del pelo y el como (tales corporales características natural" "going ejemplo, (por actitudes Sus incomp ser de pesar a dominante la era masculinidad ho estos contrario, el por hegemónica, masculinidad s de son no masculinidad la de vividas experiencias qu lo ilustran adecuadamente Bears los que demostró específica forma una Presentando Paulo. São de Bear eltrabajo se basóde Brasil.en Esta investigación c la Paulo, São de Bear cultura la de constitutivas in enfoque un desarrollar es tesis esta de objetivo conce el y 2008) (Coles, mascunility” of field “the pregunta precisamentela Esa es culturaemergente? ¿cu pero entonces, desde creciendo estado ha y 1990 a utr Ba e Bai cmnó foee e la en florecer a comenzó Brasil en Bear cultura La Resumen iii

campo con once miembros de la comunidad de la comunidad campomiembros con once iudad más importante de la escena Bear en en Bear escena la de importante más iudad cuerpo, el vientre Bear y ser rechoncho) y rechoncho) ser y Bear vientre el cuerpo, f masculinity”. fmasculinity”. l no sólo dentro de los “subfields of Bear Bear of “subfields los de dentro sólo no l lones vaqueros, camisas a cuadros, gorras cuadros, a camisas vaqueros, lones de esta tesis. Basado en el modelo teórico teórico el modelo Basadoen esta tesis. de t gne aia” Bigs 09, el 2009), (Bridges, capital” “gender pto atible con el ideal hegemónico "(p. 234). 234). "(p. hegemónico ideal el con atible áles son las fuerzas constitutivas de esta de constitutivas fuerzas las son áles e Coles (2008) argumenta, que “algunas “algunas que argumenta, (2008) Coles e tegrador para comprender las fuerzas fuerzas las comprender para tegrador ubordinación o marginación por la la por marginación o ubordinación be cnieaa qe u propia su que consideraban mbres de “gender capital”, este estudio estudio este capital”, “gender de omportamiento masculino"), las las masculino"), omportamiento segunda mitad de la década de de década la de mitad segunda CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX 2: TRANSLATED CONSENT FORM FORM TRANSLATED APPENDIXCONSENT 2: ...... IN PORTUGUESE FORMORIGINAL APPENDIX1: CONSENT ... REFERENCES ...... CONCLUSION ...... BEARMASCULINITIES 5. COMMUNITY THE CHAPTER WITHIN INTERVIEWGUIDELINE APPENDIX3: ...... CHAPTER 4. INTERVIEWANALYSIS 4. CHAPTER ...... CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 3. CHAPTER ...... CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL 2. FRAMEWORK CHAPTER ...... CHAPTER 1. PRESENTING THE BEAR COMMUNITY PRESENTINGBEAR 1. COMMUNITY CHAPTER THE ......

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ...... 4.1 Chapter’s conclusion Chapter’s 4.1 conclusion ...... and interview ofProfile 3.4 the proce participants Ethical issues 3.3 ...... 3.2 Qualitativemethods...... 3.2 genderculture,Beargoals, and Feminist politi 3.1 2.3 The Field of Masculinity and Gender Capital and Gender Capital The 2.3 Field of Masculinity ... and field...... Bourdieu: 2.2 capital, habitus, Hegemonic 2.1 masculinity ...... 1.6 Chapter’s conclusion Chapter’s 1.6 conclusion ...... 1.5 Bear community in Brazil and São Paulo and Paulo São Brazil Bear 1.5 community in ...... class Bearphernalia,Marketability, 1.4 and ...... 1.3 Bear nation, race, and inclusivity inclusivity and Bear 1.3 race, nation, ...... Bear 1.2 History ...... 1.1 How to define aHow define Bear? 1.1 to ...... Table of Contents of Table ...... iv ...... ss ss ...... cs ...... 78 ...... 3 ...... 77 ...... 41 ...... 5 ...... 71 ...... 68 ...... 57 ...... 1 ...... 54 ...... 37 ...... 16 ...... 3 ...... 19 ...... 7 ...... 23 ...... 9 ...... 36 ...... 43 ...... 13 ...... 36 ...... 28 ...... 47 ...... 79 18 18

CEU eTD Collection probably because the majority of the attendees of t of attendees the of majority the because probably Rio mspae i a in (mis)placed different person from the majority of the attendees majority of the the differentfrom person gay subculture, namely, the Bears gaynamely, the subculture, attri physical some had newcomer the that expressed statem that club, the of attendees regular the from club!” stateme the meanings other Despite 2007). (França, me gay to refer to community gay Paulo’s São within newcom the of characteristics bodily The hairy. and physi his to rather but sweet, or cute was newcomer h wrs tdy bear” “teddy words The welco for Paulo São in clubs gay biggest the of one word in lowercase referring to the animal bear. bear. theanimal to referring inlowercase word capital by Bridges (2009), which seek to better und better to seek which (2009), Bridges by capital Co by masculinity of field the of model theoretical qu research the precisely is That culture? emerging 1 From now on, I will use the word Bear in capital l incapital Bear word willthe use I on, now From 20) n i hsbe goig vr ic,bt wha but since, ever growing been has it and 2007) ,

ol hv hd i i rlvn t da atnin to attention draw to relevant is it had, have could “Here comes the teddy bear of the club!” the of bear teddy the comes “Here The Bear culture in Brazil started to flourish in t in flourish to started Brazil in cultureBear The barbies’

etoe i ta saeet ee o rltd o the to related not were statement that in mentioned pc. eie mkn eiet ht h nwoe wa newcomer the that evident making Besides space. 1 . . INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION etters when referring to it as a gay subculture; an subculture; gay a as it to whenreferring etters 1 1

of the club was arriving there;a arriving of the club was was the utterance made by the hostess of hostess the by made utterance the was erstand how the notions of masculinity are are masculinity of notions the how erstand ent also assigned a designation to him; it it him; to designation a assigned also ent hat club were club hat cal attributes: a man whose body was big big was body whose man a attributes: cal ming a man who was just arriving there. there. arriving just was who man a ming n who have a muscular and toned body body toned and muscular a have who n butes that are characteristic of another of characteristic are that butes les (2008) and the concept of gender gender of concept the and (2008) les nt “Here comes the teddy bear of the the of bear teddy the comes “Here nt er were neatly noticed by the hostess hostess the by noticed neatly were er he second half of the 1990s ( 1990s the of half second he sin f hs hss Bsd n the on Based thesis. this of estion t are the constitutive forces of this this of forces constitutive the are t the fact that it indicates that a a that indicates it that fact the barbies , a term often used used often term a , fact that this this that fact

s different different s d the same the d teddy bear teddy bear Ursos do Ursos

CEU eTD Collection position the methodology used in this study the the methodology in this used in position conclusions of this research. research. of conclusions this F Paulo. São in community Bear the in specifically me the problematize and on reflect to aims turn, in “Mascul Paulo. São of community Bear the of members r the present to seeks chapter Analysis” “Interview partic the of profile the both describe and issues; importa the present to aims “Methodology”, chapter, gende of concept the and 2008); (Coles, masculinity fiel and capital, habitus, of concepts Bourdieusian Connell’ culture: Bear the analyse to used concepts Framework” “Theoretical Subsequently, Paulo. São in ra and community; Bear class, the of elements characteristic of issues address phenomenon; Bear the of of definition the what explain to seeks community”, city important Brazil. most the Bear in scene of e the in forces constitutive understand to approach thi of aim the experience, lived men’s in reflected h peet hss s iie i sx hpes The chapters. six in divided is thesis present The 2 2 field of qualitative research; address ethical ethical address fieldof research; qualitative s concept of hegemonic masculinity; the the masculinity; hegemonic of concept s ; h tertcl oe o te il of field the of model theoretical the d; egn Ba clue f ã Puo the Paulo, São of culture Bear merging inally, the last chapter presents the main main the presents chapter last the inally, Bear may comprise; present the history history the present comprise; may Bear introduce the Bear culture in Brazil and Brazil in culture Bear the introduce anings masculinity has for Bears, more more Bears, for has masculinity anings ipants and the interview process. The The process. interview the and ipants focuses on the explanation of the main main the of explanation the on focuses s thesis is to develop an integrative integrative an develop to is thesis s esults of the interviews with eleven eleven with interviews the of esults r capital (Bridges, 2009). The third third The 2009). (Bridges, capital r inities within the Bear community”, community”, Bear the within inities culture; Bear the studying of nce e ad nlsvt; ecie the describe inclusivity; and ce, first one, “Presenting the Bear Bear the “Presenting one, first CEU eTD Collection ers dniyn caatrsis n h wl” ( wild” the in characteristics identifying bear's efmnt mneim” Ti i epand n detai in explained community”. is This mannerisms”. “effeminate 2 followed by a cuddly body. Body or facial fur can b can fur facial or Body body. cuddly a by followed and “First animal, same-name the of characteristics of hair” and bodies lots diverse masculinity( with of (2011) Bridges by given description the as such a definition of a Bear that also considers a very m very a considers also that Beara of definition a bodily andfacial with man bisexual gayor stocky a most the of One cover. may concept this what grasp importan is it is, Bear a what determine to seeking member each on depending even or world the over all d different a have may concept this Since meaning. (2005) Hennen task. easy an not is all Bear 2001) a (1997, Defining Wright and (2002) Suresha (2005), to Bear? a define How 1.1 h msuie eenu rfr t mn h hv a r a have who men to refers demeanour masculine The t s lo osbe o id eiiin o Bas as Bears of definitions find to possible also is It

PRESENTING THE BEAR COMMUNITY COMMUNITY BEAR PRESENTINGTHE CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER1 Monaghan, 3 3 l in the chapter 5, “Masculinities within the Bear Bear the within “Masculinities 5, chapter the in l ugged masculinity, in opposition to those who have have who those to opposition in masculinity, ugged asculine p. 83). p. er miig list, mailing Bears t to approach usual definitions in order to to order in definitions usual approach to t hair. Besides this, it is not unusual to find to unusual not is it this, Besides hair. Part of the magic of the Bear label is that Bearof Part the that magic label of is the foremost [Bear] is a cuddly demeanor, demeanor, cuddly a is [Bear] foremost frequent images associated with Bears is is Bears with associated images frequent efinition depending on each Bear group group Bear each on depending efinition “a group that celebrates a more rugged rugged more a celebrates that group “a state that Bear does not have a unique a have not does Bear that state e important, since they are some of a a of some are they since important, e Big handsome men, othersBears and handsome Big 2 demeanor as an essential attribute,essential an asdemeanor of each community, rather than than rather community, each of , McCormick (2011), Monaghan Monaghan (2011), McCormick , sociated with cuddling and and cuddling with sociated it escapes precise definition escapes it definition precise 1995). In addition to to addition In 1995).

CEU eTD Collection but very nice and gentle at times as well” (Baus & (Baus well” as times at gentle and nice very but physical characteristics, some other characteristic other some characteristics, physical do not care about fashion or aesthetics, wearing ge or aesthetics, care wearing not aboutfashion do i which 2002), (Suresha, natural” “going men gay as sexual “gay a as just considered also be Bears can defining a Bear, “Just the animal itself, you know know you itself, animal the “Just Bear, a defining http://www.leskwright.com http://www.leskwright.com 3 and evolution the and history the on books two has and ad h as sae ta sm cnie Bas s “t as Bears 2). p. 1997, categorization”(Wright, consider some that states also he hand, g are they that fact the celebrate and body; shaved ideal the challenge who men gay are Bears some, for meaning and definition own his in filled has years, “Eac Bear: a define to criteria fixed having not of to define whether someone is a Bear or not, this re this not, or Bear a is someone whether define to experie personal shared a more often is that spirit association, card-carrying members-only, organized, phen Bear the understand better to insight valuable gave explanation The culture. this with associated ultimat an reach to not is here intention the Bear, Les K. Wright founded the Bear History Project in Project History theBear founded Wright Les K. The Bear book II book Bear The The American scholar Les K. Wright, who is the foun the is who Wright, K. Les scholar American The Although it would be possible to write a number of number a write to possible be would it Although ), presents a statement that suitably describes the describes suitably that statement a presents ), 1994 in Boston. For more information of this matter this of moreinformation For inBoston. 1994 4 4 nce” (p. xix). Thereby, rather than seeking than rather Thereby, xix). (p. nce” s of the animal bear are also applied when when applied also are bear animal the of s enerally corpulent and hirsute. On the other other the On hirsute. and corpulent enerally e truth, but rather to grasp usual meanings usual grasp to rather but truth, e nerally jeans and flannel shirts. shirts. andnerallyflannel jeans 2) or (Wright, p. 1997, desirability” iconof it, big and masculine, and very aggressive, aggressive, very and masculine, and big it, omenon, “We are not dealing with a well- a with dealing not are “We omenon, ” (Wright, 1997, p. 2). He points out that, that, out points He 2). p. 1997, (Wright, ” Hunt, 2008). Apart from these meanings, meanings, these from Apart 2008). Hunt, sl-dniyn Ba, vr h ls ten last the over Bear, self-identifying h search is based on the premise that it is is it that premise the on based is search but instead the advent of a pervading pervading a of advent the instead but of the Bear subculture ( subculture Bear the of s often associated with those men who men those with associated often s of beauty related to a toned, slim, and slim, toned, a to related beauty of y atn 19) rvds s ih a with us provides (1997) Martin by e boue eua t sbi to submit to refusal absolute he pages on different definitions of a of definitions different on pages der of the Bear History ProjectHistory Bear the of der problematic question question problematic The Bear book book Bear The see see 3

CEU eTD Collection Thus, “Castro Clone” refers to the notion that gay that the notion to refers Clone” “Castro Thus, the clone look was look clone the Distric Castro the Francisco, San of neighbourhood” 4 community. other memberswith of this b consequently, and, Bears as themselves define who are there that fact the to attention draw to worthy stocky or overweight, became visible and, also, ero also, and, visible became overweight, or stocky Thereby, uninfected. healthy, being with associated whi AIDS; from dying or sick being to related often Wrigh by argued as 1980s, early the in hit epidemic I turn now to some important aspects Iimportant some of to the history now turn 1.2 Bear History Bear 1.2 History a cmuiy n te troyia iae f a me gay of image stereotypical the and community gay t namely, reasons, particular two to mainly related mid-1980s. the in Francisco self-i to start who men San of groups first the of One in appeared (1997), “Subcultures multi are asdefended Rofes by (2002): contri factors of variety a consider to appropriate o emergence the to explanation single one attribute version. unique a have not does community Bear the h tr “ato ln” ae rfrne o h ter the to reference makes clone” “Castro term The Having given a brief explanation of some meanings r meanings some of explanation brief a given Having Similar to the definition of a Bear that does not h not does that Bear a of definition the to Similar the the [emphasis in original] in [emphasis

look for the postcloset urban denizen of the gay gh gay the of denizen urban postcloset the for look men from Castro act and look alike. alike. look and act Castro from men t. According to Levine (1998): “By the end of the 1 the of end the “By (1998): Levine to According t. “a coe ad o h pplry nw a te “ga the as known popularly the to and clone” “gay m 5 5 thousands of individuals in many countries countries many in individuals of thousands buting to the formation of this community, community, this of formation the to buting he devastation of the AIDS epidemic in the in epidemic AIDS the of devastation he of this community. of this the figure of a Bear, of someone who is is who someone of Bear, a of figure the faceted (p. 17). realities” ticized. Moreover, Bronski (2002) also also (2002) Bronski Moreover, ticized. le being fat or gaining extra weight was was weight extra gaining or fat being le te er hnmnn i ses more seems it phenomenon, Bear the f t (1997), the image of a thin man was was man thin a of image the (1997), t The advent of Bear communities is is communities Bear of advent The elieve they share similar experiences experiences similar share they elieve dentify as Bears, according to Wright Wright to according Bears, dentifyas ave a unique meaning; the history of of history the meaning; unique a ave Again here, rather than seeking to to seeking than rather here, Again a “ato clones” “Castro as n elated to the definition of a Bear, Bear, a of definition the to elated 4 Atr the After . etto” (p. 58). 58). (p. etto” 970s, 970s, y CEU eTD Collection ons u a itrsig at eadn te corres the regarding fact interesting an out points rejected and removed from the scene rejectedfrom b andsuddenly that removed 18) (p. repressed” the of “return the as understood Europe Eastern Latin, Italian, as such – attributes me of eroticization the that considers (2002) Rofes simila to also but behave, or wear to used they way 5 urban” (Bronski, 2002, p. 31). urban” p. 2002, (Bronski, to flight fantasy a was result “The place, infected community Bear the of appeal nature” “back-to- the AIDSepidemic. Since AIDS andwa Bearthe community group and as an ideal to be achieved: beachieved: groupandto as an ideal seemed which stereotype, gay clone” “Castro the to WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. Protestant. Anglo-Saxon White for stands WASP en a atatv a ta bod pet-o, good pretty-boy, blond, that as attractive as being men – particularly Italian, Latino, and Eastern Eur Eastern and Latino, Italian, particularly – men ethnic white other to happens what images, cultural themselves by creating alternatives to the mainstre to alternatives creatingthemselves by from the cultural ‘ideal’. When one-specific, Anglo one-specific, When ‘ideal’. cultural the from As demonstrated above, the sameness among gay men men gay among sameness the above, demonstrated As In addition to this, the emergence of the Bear comm Bear the of emergence the this, to addition In The Bear subculture reflects a kind of reaction or or reaction of kind a reflects subculture Bear The 6 6 ans and I also include Bears – may also be be also may – Bears include also I and ans the natural and the woods, and the non- the and woods, the and natural the pondence between the emergence of the the of emergence the between pondence r physical attributes they seemed to have. have. to seemed they attributes physical r , which means something that had been had that something means which , ecame desirable. ecamedesirable. n who did not have these “mainstream” “mainstream” these have not did who n to consider gay men as a homogenous a as men gay consider to epd o rae fnay f non- a of fantasy a create to helped s associated with urban life and gay, urbanlife and with associated s am culture. (Rofes, 2002, p. 18) p. 2002, amculture. (Rofes, backlash of men who look different look who men of backlash opeans, who are not perceived as as perceived not are who opeans, -Nordic, WASPy-Nordic, s who look different? Those other other Those different? look who s unity is also related to a response response a to related also is unity loig ye se t affirm to seek – type -looking a nt ny eae t the to related only not was 5 look dominates dominates look CEU eTD Collection flag, flag, phenomenon. He explains that the gay community grew community gay the that explains He phenomenon. a b osre b te rain f smo t repr to symbol (see flag a Brotherhood of creation the by observed be can importance The years. few last the in place taking tourism some where Syria, and Lebanon in especially presence the out points also (2011) McCormick this, 2 (Wright, Russia Turkey, 2005), (Hennen, Australia an Central of areas many in also but States, United t Nowadays, grown. exponentially has it then, since of a bear paw in the upper left. According to resou to According left. upper the in paw bear a of w beige, yellow, orange, brown, – colours different inclusivity race, Bear 1.3 nation, and needed of availa moremasculinities become kinds to gaym for issue critical a is gender because happen gay importance the to also and community gay the in by valued masculinity of kind B the and segmentation, him, For segmented. and divided was community gay to occurs it as and, 1990s; the in one enormous an re valuable a out brings (2002) Rofes Furthermore, 2004; 2004; The Bear community, as already mentioned, started t started mentioned, already as community, Bear The What is the Bear flag, flag, Bear the is What iue 1Figure eo) Ti fa cmrss ee hrzna strip horizontal seven comprises flag This below). 05, h Ba fa ws eeoe y ri Byrnes Craig by developed was flag Bear the 2005), 7 7 rce websites for Bears (Bears for websites rce en – as more men flooded into gay venues, gayvenues, into flooded men more as – en other communities that get extremely big, big, extremely get that communities other and visibility this community has gained gained has community this visibility and d South America, Europe, New Zealand, Zealand, New Europe, America, South d hite, grey, and black – and has an image image an has and – black and grey, hite, here are groups of Bears not only in the the in only not Bears of groups are here ble and gay-ified” (Rofes, 2002, p. 17). gay-ified”17). p. 2002, bleand (Rofes, 005) and Japan (Shimko, 2002). Besides 2002). (Shimko, Japan and 005) them is related to the profusion of men men of profusion the to related is them practices addressed to Bears have been been have Bears to addressed practices of Bear events in the Middle East, East, Middle the in events Bear of men place to gender; “Bears had to to had “Bears gender; to place men from a small group in the 1970s to 1970s the in group small a from flection on the advent of the Bear Bear the of advent the on flection esent it, the International Bear Bear International the it, esent o flourish in the mid-1980s and, mid-1980s the in flourish o as r oe ucm o this of outcome one are ears History of the Bear the of History s of es in in CEU eTD Collection class”. class”. 6 ofthroug the bear animal coloursand nationalities co different the and mind, in inclusivity with 1995 eae eeoeul er” p 26. h possibilit The 246). (p. bears” heterosexual female be lesbian or ursulas, Hernandez); (Mike transbears be male) ‘(gay of masculinity homegrown of umbrella (20 Wright by out pointed as members, its among men possi the on debates current the concerns community cha an to making are effort discourse inclusive and that out points also he time, same the At 31). (p. com Bear the colour, skin the account into take not t although that argues (2005) Hennen States, United

o-ht mn ihn h Ba community Bear the within men non-white An analysis of the interplay of race and class is is class and race of interplay the of Ananalysis Figure 1. 1. Figure eie ti, nte pit ot mninn regard mentioning worth point another this, Besides Despite the fact that the flag seeks to represent i represent to seeks flag the that fact the Despite

InternationalBrotherhoodflag. Bear described in the section 1.4 “Marketability, Bearph “Marketability, 1.4 thesection in described 6 . Based on his fieldwork in a large city of the the of city large a in fieldwork his on Based . 8 8 hout the world. hout llenge the hierarchical ranking of races. races. ranking llengeof the hierarchical many Bear organizations have a racially racially a have organizations Bear many he majority of the definitions of Bears do do Bears of definitions the of majority he munity “remains overwhelmingly white” white” overwhelmingly “remains munity lours of the stripes indicate different fur fur different indicate stripes the of lours

bility of having lesbians and transexual transexual and lesbians having of bility Copyright © 1995, Craig Byrnes. Byrnes. Craig 1995, © Copyright ars’ is being increasingly embraced by by embraced increasingly being is ars’ r (ay Glie) ad ae and male and Gulliver); (Tanya ars y of the inclusion of lesbians and and lesbians of inclusion the of y nclusivity, it is not so usual to find find to usual so not is it nclusivity, 05), “Even the evolution of the the of evolution the “Even 05), n te nlsvt o te Bear the of inclusivity the ing ernalia, and and ernalia, CEU eTD Collection epe O te te hn, oe h sad oppositio stand who some hand, other the On people. 7 spirit very the that position the defend favour in communi the in debates generated has men transexual 1.4 Marketability, Bearphernalia, and class Bearphernalia, Marketability, 1.4 is also a feeling of threat that this space g this that might a also feeling is of threat wer who peoplea forspaceprovide to order in also th at that infer to possible is it positions, these Bears, and even the use of a particular language, t a Bears,language, particular the anduse of even cou find to possible is it the as explored, of extensively potential commercial The 14). (p. occurring” contemp the in community and “identity of formation Rof what confirming interest, commercial attracting tak has community this dimension major the indicate pres the as well as community Bear the in part take found a space for themselves, it is not appropriate not is it themselves, for space a found For more information of this debate, see Baus and and Baus see debate, this of moreinformation For

The fact that heterosexual men and women, lesbians lesbians women, and men heterosexual that fact The Hunt (2008). (2008). Hunt 9 9 e same time that this community was founded founded was community this that time same e et jeopardized. et he “Bear slang” (Baus & Hunt, 2008). Hunt, &he“Bearslang” (Baus You are a community or you an are Youaidentity are community or of Bears is intrinsically related to include include to related intrinsically is Bears of e not included in mainstream spaces, there there mainstream spaces, in included not e to include different membersdifferent include to ntless events and products addressed to to addressed products and events ntless ence of Bears in a number of countries countries of number a in Bears of ence ty and divided opinions. Some of those those of Some opinions. divided and ty s 20) ttd ta tee s o a not is there that stated, (2002) es orary world without commodification commodification without world orary en. Such a visibility has also been been also has visibility a Such en. n argue that now that Bears finally finally Bears that now that argue n er omnt apas o be to appears community Bear and transexuals are willing to to willing are transexuals and when you whenmarket a are niche Baus &Baus Hunt, 7 . Based on Based . Bear Run

CEU eTD Collection pool), “husBear” (a husband who is a Bear), “furgas Bear), a is who husband (a “husBear” pool), the events organized by the Bear community is the f the is community Bear the by organized events the Bear”. Mr. “International contest the and Jungle” Rendevouz”, Bear “International the as such events, plan States United the in events Bear in part take no is it (2008), Hunt and Baus to According others. weekends, camping parties, pool parties, types: of -u” “egBa” a er egbu) “er soup” “Bear neighbour), Bear (a “neighBear” b-que”, par and together get Bears of group a when is which Some statement. this confirms precisely slang Bear f for feature indispensable an is (1997), Wright to 2008) Hunt, & (Baus slang” “Bear or language” “Bear o vocabulary the of part makes often communityvery called “OktoBEARfest”called 11 10 9 8

eae t ti cmuiy Fr xml, h nm of name the “BEARcelona” example, For community. this to related the in only not used repeatedly is word this fact, (Wright, 1997). (Wright,1997). Hun & (Baus Montreal in Weekend” Bear “Sugar 2011), a Weekend” International Arabia “Bear Trip”, Summer Ibid. http://www.bearcelo from 2012, March, 11 Retrieved Retrieved 11 March, 2012, from http://www.bearsoni from 2012, March, 11 Retrieved http://www.oktobear from 2012, March, 11 Retrieved

There are several events organized by the Bear comm Bear the by organized events several are There The word “Bear” word The 8 , a cruise trip addressed to Bears is a “Bear Cruis “Bear a is Bears to addressed trip cruise a , 10

or any other word that makes reference to the unive the to reference makes that word other any or , a weekend trip to Reykjavik called “Bears on Ice” on “Bears called Reykjavik to trip weekend a , na.org na.org 10 10 ce.org fest.de fest.de name of the events, but in almost everything almost in but events, the of name ounding a community; and it seems that the that seems it and community; a ounding their vacations around some of these Bear Bear these of some around vacations their

One notable characteristic of the name of of name the of characteristic notable One t uncommon that many men who like to to like who men many that uncommon t ty, “big Bear hug”, “Bear-a-oke”, “Bear- “Bear-a-oke”, hug”, Bear “big ty, uce, etns n as tis among trips, bars, in meetings lunches, requent presence of the word “Bear” word the of presence requent f its members, which can even be called called be evencan which members, its f illustrative expressions are “Bear run”, “Bear are expressions illustrative h “er rk cle “er i the in “Bears called Trek” “Bear the m” (when two Bears have an orgasm) orgasm) an have Bears two (when m” . Having its own language, according language, own its Having . a ubr f er i a swimming a in Bears of number (a nd “Mr. Bear Arabia” (McCormick, (McCormick, Arabia” Bear “Mr. nd Ba cu i Breoa is Barcelona in club Bear a t, 2008) and the “Bear Pride” Pride” “Bear the and 2008) t, unity and they include a variety a include they and unity e” 9 , an event in Germany in event an , 11 rse of the Bear the of rse , “Bear Arabia “Bear , . In CEU eTD Collection pins, shirts, watches, and rings. Most of them are are them of Most rings. and watches, shirts, pins, masculinity is elucidated by Barrettbyelucidated and masculinity(2 Pollack is clas middle are most, not if many, yet masculinity, pr “Bears explains: (2005) Hennen as working-class, live not do them of number significant a curiously, although Nevertheless, masculinity. working-class the within masculinity of ideal the that and woods, d often is Bear a of fantasy the that states (2002) r directly not is them, with associated masculinity suspender checked asshirts, offlannel Bears, such of number a are there that state America, of States their on (2008), Hunt and Baus Bear. a of image the 13 12 younger“ Bear, Bear,Bear”and a “muscle “cub”for th for Bears” “polar Bears”, “Asian Bronski,2002), Bears” “marsupial as such Bears, of types different sla Bear The 2008). Hunt, & (Baus “cyBearspace” and

1997). It includes magazines ( magazines includes It 1997). co this of members the to addressed products of set ( Tales from the Bear Cult, Bearerotica, the Bear Handbo Bear the Bearerotica, Cult, Bear the from Tales Ibid. (2005). inHennen As cited

It is curious to notice that the image of Bears, in Bears, of image the that notice to curious is It In addition to this, the Bear slang can also be fou be also can slang Bear the this, to addition In BEAR Magazine, American Bear, American Grizzly American Bear, American Magazine, BEAR 11 11 rawn upon the image of a lumberjack in the the in lumberjack a of image the upon rawn elated to the reality of many of them. Rofes Rofes them. of many of reality the to elated clothing accessories that are representative representative are that accessories clothing 005): 005): boots. and , jeans,leather caps emblazoned with the Bear flag colours or colours flag Bear the with emblazoned e ones with grey hair; “otter” for a slender aslender for “otter” greyhair; with eones Bear community is frequently related to to related frequently is community Bear in the rural area and do not come from from come not do and area rural the in chubby Bear”. Bear”.chubby ” p 3) Te neato o cas and class of interaction The 30). (p. s” mmunity, the “Bearphernalia” (Wright, (Wright, “Bearphernalia” the mmunity, this image is pervasive among Bears, Bears, among pervasive is image this (the ones from Australia, as cited in in cited as Australia, from ones (the documentary on Bears in the United United the in Bears on documentary cluding their type of clothes and the the and clothes of type their cluding nd in the name given to describe the the describe to given name the in nd esent an image of working-class working-class of image an esent ok) g lo nlds dfnto of definition a includes also ng 13 , cups, buttons, patches, vest vest patches, buttons, cups, , ) 12 , books , CEU eTD Collection (Wright, 1997, p. 13). This quote makes reference t reference makes quote This 13). p. 1997, (Wright, ude yas g, hs ehi groups ethnic these ago, years hundred Scandin Jewish, Armenian, Italian, Irish, – strains furriness labor, manual suggest bodies large “While aclnt, u as wt ohr er characteristi Bear other with also but masculinity, 1997, p. 89). p. 1997, erotici “middle-class the of example appropriate an clas middle the for fascination erotic an held long the illustrate to seems class middle are community tha fact the Furthermore, class. middle than rather mas of ideal its that plausible is it 83), p. 2011, Bear community”. community”. Bear 14

More details on the importance of body hair for Be for hair body of theimportance on details More n h ohr ad wrigcas e ae o ol a only not are men working-class hand, other the On Being the Bear culture “a group that celebrates a m a celebrates that group “a culture Bear the Being tone. negotiable(p. 440) in expec are behavior and language where and expected, rel a of demonstrations where prowess, and strength mor being as characterized is that class middle the dis very is masculinity of conception working-class and prowess, heterosexual strength, of physical) or rep are that behaviors and language unsophisticated phy more and refined less being as characterized is ma that assumption cultural a is there general, In were ars are explained in chapter 5 “Masculinities withi “Masculinities 5 chapter explainedin are ars 12 12 [emphasis in original] the poor immigrants” immigrants” poor the original] in [emphasis s” (Hennen, 2005, p. 31). Bears seem to be to seem Bears 31). p. 2005, (Hennen, s” avian men. At the height of factory labor a labor factory of height the At men. avian uiiy s soitd ih working-class, with associated is culinity argument that “working-class bodies have have bodies “working-class that argument s sc a sokns ad oy hair body and stockiness as such cs, zation of workingmen’s bodies” (Rofes, (Rofes, bodies” workingmen’s of zation t the majority of members of the Bear Bear the of members of majority the t o the reality of the U.S. and depicts the the depicts and U.S. the of reality the o is most associated with certain ethnic ethnic certain with associated most is sculinity among working-class men men working-class among sculinity sical, expressed through relatively relatively through expressed sical, ore rugged masculinity” (Bridges, (Bridges, masculinity” rugged ore tinct from the one promulgated in in promulgated one the from tinct impatience with weakness. This This weakness. with impatience lete with demonstrations (verbal (verbal demonstrations with lete e nuanced in its expression of of expression its in nuanced e atively emotional empathy are are empathy emotional atively ssociated with a more rugged rugged more a with ssociated ted to be more refined and and refined more be to ted nthe 14 . CEU eTD Collection possible to observe a major popularity of the Bear Bear the of popularity major a observe to possible Facebook 1.5 Bear community in Brazil and São Paulo São and Brazil Bear 1.5 communityin community. th of indicative be also can men, white as Bears of an whiteness of intertwining the maybe Furthermore, collected from a popular social network, network, social popular a from collected concern data official no is there since and Brazil, Paulo the most representative state, with 5629 memb 5629 with state, representative most the Paulo North (North, country the of part make that regions Perna Ceará, Alagoas, Piauí, Goiás, Santo, Espírito Pa São Curitiba, Catarina, Santa Sul, do Grande Rio the of fourteen least at of Bears of groups observe pa various in phenomenon Bear the of popularity the er, uh s ak acif, n o te major the of one Radcliffe, Jack as such Bears, obse be can hair body and whiteness of intertwining Jew Italian, Irish, – strains white with associated t possible is it quote, this From labor. manual of men, working-class as time that of immigrants hairy

nomto, uh s h nme o pol wo might who people of number the as such information, (being Paraná the most representative state, with 1 with state, representative most the Paraná (being n re t peet n siae ie o te dimens the of idea estimated an present to order In , rather than represent the exact number of Bears, of number exact the represent than rather , 13 13 Facebook. ing Bears, in this section I will refer to data data to refer will I section this in Bears, ing 26 states that form part of Brazil, namely, Brazil, of part form that states 26 ish, etc. Concerning the Bear culture, the the culture, Bear the Concerning etc. ish, 405 members) and Northeast (being Bahia (being Northeast and members) 405 mbuco, Paraíba and Bahia. From the five five the From Bahia. and Paraíba mbuco, east, Midwest, Southeast and South), it is it South), and Southeast Midwest, east, phenomenon in the Southeast (being São São (being Southeast the in phenomenon e low number of non-white Bears in the the in Bears non-white of number low e and their large bodies as a consequence consequence a as bodies large their and ers on the on ers o apprehend that being hairy is most most is hairy being that apprehend o d body hair, and the consequent image image consequent the and hair, body d vd n h iae ue t symbolize to used images the in rved rts of the country. It was possible to to possible was It country. the of rts Due to the shortcomings of that that of shortcomings the to Due ulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Gerais, Minas Janeiro, de Rio ulo, white not access the internet or not use use not or internet the access not data provided here might indicate indicate might here provided data ion of the Bear phenomenon in in phenomenon Bear the of ion er cn (rgt 2001). (Wright, icons Bear Facebook community), South South community), CEU eTD Collection people people in the LGBT Pride Parade of São Paulo has re has Paulo São of Parade LGBTPride the in people five years (years five Prid LGBT biggest the and America Latin in hospital s largest the has it that example, for demonstrate, 19 18 17 16 15 members 1106 with state, representative most the

Madrid Pride, with approximately two million people million approximately two with Pride, Madrid importance in Brazil. Data from the municipality of municipality the from Data Brazil. in importance Sã capital, national the not is it Although 2010). (Institut inhabitants million eleven than more with the North of Brazil, no information on existing Bea existing on Brazil,information no the Northof of it. ofit. prol a with 2001) (Sassen, city global a represents observe online Bear communities in the Midwest (e.g Midwest the in communities Bear online observe São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (Janeiro de Rio and Paulo São emerge it that apprehend to possible is it country, eree 1 a, 02 rm http://www.facebook.com/ from 2012 May, 1 01. on http://www.facebook.com/groups/ursosdegoias/ retrieved http://www.facebook.com/groups/198906590218828/) http://www.facebook.com/associacao.u from 2012 May, Retrieved 1 June, 2012, from http://sfpride.org/h from 2012, June, 1 Retrieved http://www.pridetoro from 2012, June, 1 Retrieved http://orgullolgtb.or from 2012, June, 1 Retrieved 250 has Brasília from Bears of group Facebook The São from Facebook on communities Bear the of Data 18 Brazil has more than 190 million inhabitants, being inhabitants, million 190 than more has Brazil From the few Brazilian sources that report the hist the report that sources Brazilian few the From ad a Facso rd (ih prxmtl oe m one approximately (with Pride Francisco San and ) Parada, Parada, 2010), a number much higher than the biggest Europe biggest the than higher much number a 2010), Ursos do Ursos

Rio eritage/2011.html eritage/2011.html g/2011/in-english/ g/2011/in-english/ nto.com/about/ nto.com/about/ 07.2012. 14 14 , 2007 , members and from Goiás has 136 members, respectivel members, 136 has Goiás from and members rsosdesp, http://www.facebook.com/ursosdoparana and http://www.facebook.com/ursosdoparana rsosdesp, Paulo, Paraná and Bahia were respectively retrieved respectively were Bahia and Paraná Paulo, tock exchange in South America, the largest largest the America, South in exchange tock d in the second half of the 1990s, initially in in initially 1990s, the of half second the in d o Paulo has a major economic and cultural cultural and economic major a has Paulo o ific gay scene, being the Bear culture part part culture Bear the being scene, gay ific r communities in that region was found. found. region that was in rcommunities São Paulo ( Paulo São ; Ursos de Pernambuco, de Ursos ;

o Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estatística, e Geografia de Brasileiro o 15 ached more than three million in the last last the in million three than more ached 17 ., in Brasília and Goiásand Brasília in ., e Parade in the world. The number of number The world. the in Parade e . eie ti, t s lo osbe to possible also is it this, Besides ). ), Toronto Pride (with over 1,2 million 1,2 over (with Pride Toronto ),

ory of the Bear phenomenon in the in phenomenon Bear the of ory São Paulo the most populous city city populous most the Paulo São Cidade de São Paulo São de Cidade lin people illion ursos.dodf and and ursos.dodf an Pride (namely, (namely, Pride an 16 2010). Both of Both 2010). 19 ). Concerning ). . ã Paulo São ). , 2011) , 1 1 y

CEU eTD Collection party is one of the biggest regular Bear parties in parties Bear regular biggest the of one is party websites and blogs on Bear culture, such as culture, Bear websiteson such and blogs edgeand Hot Hot o the in working been has who Artur, research, this part Bear biggest the being attendees, hundred five pcfcly o er, uh as such Bears, to specifically Br popular are there this, Besides members. 54,000 http://www.hothotsite.com.br/blog/ http://www.hothotsite.com.br/blog/ http://www.bearnerd.co , http://www.woofbrasil.com/ 21 20 website the is Bears for network Nowa meetings. first their organize and acquainted the of importance the emphasize also sourcesthese

bevd n h nraie o fv o te interview the of five of narratives the in t observed and muscular a have and manly look who men gay to it atnes ( attendees fifty pl take to used it time that at and 2005 in created “U party the is city the in gained has culture Bear represen most the of One increasing. been has Paulo hostility) in relation to to hostility)relation in narrati the in find to rare not is It visible. more als it but city, the in Bears of popularity greater Retrieved 23 May, 2012 respectively from http://ww http://bernardomagz. from respectively 2012 May, 23 Retrieved from 2012, June, 1 Retrieved n h ohr ad i te at ope f er, the years, of couple past the in hand, other the On The presence of Bear parties in many different club different many in parties Bear of presence The Ursound 21 , have also included in their included programin have , a regular par also barbies nd) Nwdy, t ae pae vr to ek w weeks two every place takes it Nowadays, n.d.). , – a term often used within São Paulo’s gay Paulo’s communi São within a – term often used enro MagzBernardo Ursos (1999), which was created in 1999 and has more tha more has and 1999 in created was which (1999), WoofBrasil m.br/ m.br/ w.bearcantho.com.br/, http://bearplanet.com.br/ an http://bearplanet.com.br/ w.bearcantho.com.br/, 15 15 and and ves of Bears a marked distinction (and even, even, (and distinction marked a Bears of ves ace one Sunday a month with approximately approximately with month a Sunday aceone o helps to make different types of gay men men gay of types different make to helps o the world. Other clubs, such as Cantho, D- Cantho, as such clubs, Other world. the com.br/ , http://www.bearmaismagazine.com.br/ , , http://www.bearmaismagazine.com.br/ , com.br/ internet as a tool that allowed Bears to get to Bears allowed that tool a as internet rganization of Ursound, claimed that this this that claimed Ursound, of rganization rsound”. The Bear party “Ursound” was was “Ursound” party Bear The rsound”. y in Brazil. One of the interviewees for for interviewees the of One Brazil. in y er as Magazine Mais Bear e (uut, er, ui, als and Carlos Julio, Pedro, (Augusto, ees as a ey oua Baiin social Brazilian popular very a days, tative examples of the popularity the the popularity the of examples tative and azilian online magazines addressed addressed magazines online azilian s of São Paulo not only indicates a a indicates only not Paulo São of s Bearnerd oned body (França, 2007) –, as as –, 2007) (França, body oned ubr f er ate i São in parties Bear of number ty dedicated to Bears. Bears. to dedicated ty 20 . . ; and a number of of number a and ; t mr than more ith ty refer to d d n n CEU eTD Collection hairy men. hairymen. associ the explained also was It man. working-class a of image symbolic the to contrast in – area urban wh overwhelmingly are community Bear the of members issues addressed I Fourthly, Bears. to exclusively market, niche a represents also it and continents, commu a is it that described I Thirdly, stereotype. res a to related is community Bear the of emergence definition own his has man each even and community P São in and Brazil in phenomenon Bear the describe important tool for the dissemination of this cultur this of dissemination the for tool important Paul São in initially 1990s, the of half second the fatties”. Nevertheless, it may also indicate that that indicate also may it Nevertheless, fatties”. “Nowadays Pedro, by stated as interests, parties commercial Bear of profusion the Maybe Artur. stated 1.6 Chapter’s conclusion Chapter’s 1.6 conclusion has expanded” rigid,(Artur). the limit pcs wih nld sae uuly tedd by attended usually spaces include which spaces, only not Bears of presence the represents audience tha clubs in parties Bear of presence The Roberto).

Furthermore, Ithe Bear that described also Furthermore, phenome This chapter sought to present important elements t elements important present to sought chapter This 16 16 “the barrier between Bears and Bears between barrier “the e throughout the country. Finally, I pointed pointed I Finally, country. the throughout e o and Rio de Janeiro, being the internet an an internet the being Janeiro, de Rio and o Bear as a lumberjack from the woods or a a or woods the from lumberjack a as Bear of race and class, by pointing out that the that out pointing by class, and race of with a wide range of products addressed addressed products of range wide a with in marginalized, but also gay mainstream mainstream gay also but marginalized, in barbies t traditionally did not use to target this this target to use not did traditionally t ponse to AIDS and the “Castro clone” clone” “Castro the and AIDS to ponse ation of the working-class with white white with working-class the of ation nity spread in many countries of all all of countries many in spread nity of Bear. Secondly, I explained that the that explained I Secondly, Bear. of vrbd wns oe fo the from money wants everybody aulo. Firstly, I introduced that each each that introduced I Firstly, aulo. in São Paulo is mainly related to to related mainly is Paulo São in hat shape the Bear community and community Bear the shape hat . “Nowadays Bears are trendy”, trendy”, are Bears “Nowadays . non started to flourish in Brazil in Brazil in in started non flourish to t, idecas e, rm the from men, middle-class ite, barbies is less less is CEU eTD Collection emerging Bear culture, which is the goal of this th the goal is this emergingculture,Bear which of approach integrative an develop to applied concepts Framewor “Theoretical based. is research this which has gained increasing popularity in recent years. recent hasin gained popularity increasing a with city global a represents Paulo São that out

tr nw o h nx catr wih is o build to aims which chapter, next the to now turn I 17 17 esis. esis. prolific gay scene and the Bear subculture subculture Bear the and scene gay prolific to understand constitutive forces in the the in forces constitutive understand to ” rvds n xlnto o the of explanation an provides k” a theoretical foundation upon upon foundation theoretical a CEU eTD Collection and Bridges (2009). and(2009). Bridges par has and masculinities of experience lived men’s kn of bodies two these of combination The combined. men on studies the in separately used are Bourdieu masculinity. of embodiment and domination masculine h capital and field habitus, of concepts Bourdieu’s bee has which masculinity, hegemonic of concept the for responsible as regarded is former The Bourdieu. scholar main two of theories of use the observed is Hen (2005), McLean and Henwood, Gill, 2009), (2008, employed later to analyse the constitutive forces i theemployed constitutive analyse to later of field the field, capital, habitus, masculinity, (Brid capital gender of concept the and 2009) 2008; theoreti the explain then will chapter this (2009), theo the of development the for basis the are which and capital, habitus, of concepts Bourdieusian the

This chapter aims, first, to present Connell’s conc Connell’s present to first, aims, chapter This n eet netgtos n e ad masculinities, and men on investigations recent In

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER2 18 18 cal model of the field of masculinity (Coles, (Coles, masculinity of field the of model cal n the emerging Bear culture. Bear the n emerging culture. ticularly been used by Coles (2008, 2009) 2009) (2008, Coles by used been ticularly aclnt ad edr aia wl be will capital gender and masculinity and masculinities, but also they are used used are they also but masculinities, and ave been widely applied to analyse the the analyse to applied widely been ave field. Having presented these concepts, concepts, these presented Having field. ries of Coles (2008; 2009) and Bridges Bridges and 2009) (2008; Coles of ries ges, 2009). The concepts of hegemonic hegemonic of concepts The 2009). ges, the development and dissemination of dissemination and development the owledge seems to enrich the studies of of studies the enrich to seems owledge s, namely, R. W. Connell and Pierre Pierre and Connell W. R. namely, s, Not only the theories of Connell and Connell of theories the only Not nen (2005) and Monaghan (2005), it it (2005), Monaghan and (2005) nen n a key one in the field. In turn, turn, In field. the in one key a n ept of hegemonic masculinity and and masculinity hegemonic of ept uh s rde (09, Coles (2009), Bridges as such

CEU eTD Collection points that constitute this concept. constitute that points research effort on men and masculinity” (p.834). Th (p.834). masculinity” and men on effort research framew a as served masculinity hegemonic of concept analys the that conclude reasonably may “We stated: as masculinities; and men on researches influenced t on, 80s the of end the From 2005). Messerschmidt, n eeoi msuiiy n epaie femininity emphasized and masculinity hegemonic on (2005). (2005). 22 masculinity Hegemonic 2.1

80s the following quote: thefollowing quote: various to relation in also but women, to relation hegemo that fact the to attention draw to important hege a constitute to contributes way also and organized the shapes dominance Such (p.183). women” over interrelatio fa structural crucial one by marked are masculinity the that argues (1987) Connell whole. For detailed information of the use of the concept the of use the of information detailed For 22 , but it only gained greater recognition in 1987 du only greater1987 recognitionit in gained , but h saitcl es; ny mnrt o mn might men of minority a only sense; statistical the w masculinity Hegemonic masculinities. subordinated h cnet f eeoi msuiiy a frt prop first was masculinity hegemonic of concept The Hegemonic masculinity concerns the existent dynamic existent the concerns masculinity Hegemonic eeoi msuiiy a dsigihd rm other from distinguished was masculinity Hegemonic in the beginning of the 80s, see Connell and Messe and Connell see 80s, the of beginning the in 19 19 subordinated masculinities, as observed in in observed as masculinities, subordinated ct, namely, “The global dominance of men men of dominance global “The namely, ct, monic form of masculinity in society. It is is It society. in masculinity of form monic nic masculinity is not only constructed in in constructed only not is masculinity nic is section focuses on some of the main the of some on focuses section is e to the publication of Connell’s article Connell’s of ethe publication to his concept has deeply affected and and affected deeply has concept his is of multiple masculinities and the the and masculinities multiple of is n of the forms of femininity and and femininity of forms the of n Connell and Messerschmidt (2005) (2005) Messerschmidt and Connell in in r fr uh f h developing the of much for ork edr n Power and Gender relationships among men are are men among relationships enact it. But it was certainly certainly was it But it. enact as not assumed to be normal in in normal be to assumed not as s of gender in the society as a a as society the in gender of s osed in the beginning of the the of beginning the in osed masculinities, especially especially masculinities, Cnel & (Connell rschmidt rschmidt CEU eTD Collection oe, n as t spotn te aneac o “p of maintenance the supporting to also and power, primarily by creating an illusion of an ideal mascu ancreatingillusion primarily by

relation to subordinated masculinities. The latter, The masculinities. subordinated to relation f aclnt i cets n te oe i wed a wields it masculinitynormative. power the and creates it masculinity of priv the Thereby, 31). p. 2009, (Coles, women” over ha to linked intrinsically is masculinity hegemonic A 31). p. 2009, (Coles, power” state and material and“honour, t described is prestigeterms of it in “patri the as designated was benefit This 185). (p. they as it sustain to contribute them of many that f aclnt ta i eprecd y ot e, but men, most by experienced is that masculinity of for model reference a as ideal, an as indeed works precis is that however exaggeration, an as regarded wor the know I achieved. be to masculinity of ideal characteristics all comprises masculinity Hegemonic co be to seems latter the behaviour, male ideal the w they power the on lies masculinities subordinated global subordination of women to men. (Connell & men. (Connell womento globalMe of subordination it, to relation in themselves position to men other w honored most currently the Itembodied normative. Although hegemonic masculinity is not enacted by mo by enacted not is masculinity hegemonic Although diffe main the of one that suggests above quote The The major influence hegemonic masculinity has in so in has masculinity hegemonic influence major The 20 20 he right to command, as well as in relation to relation as to in command, as to well right he archal dividend” (Connell, 1995, p. 82) and and 82) p. 1995, (Connell, dividend” archal “benefit from the subordination of women” women” of subordination the from “benefit according to Connell (1987), do not even even not do (1987), Connell to according line man. line masculinity; it does not represent the type type the represent not does it masculinity; ield: whereas the former is a reference to reference a is former the whereas ield: ileged position it gives to men, the ideal ideal the men, to gives it position ileged ig piiee psto ad (more) and position privileged a ving ccording to this logic, men supporting supporting men logic, this to ccording to be a “proper” manly man; it is an an is it man; manly “proper” a be to ely my goal. Hegemonic masculinity masculinity Hegemonic goal. my ely siue a a epne o h former. the to response a as nstituted ds “all”, “proper” and “ideal” can be be can “ideal” and “proper” “all”, ds tirh ad hi dmnn position dominant their and atriarchy t ahr an srnt i society in strength gains rather it and it ideologically legitimated the legitimated ideologically it and ll contribute to make hegemonic hegemonic make to contribute ll ay of being a man, it required all all required it man, a being of ay ciety can also be observed in its its in observed be also can ciety rences between hegemonic and and hegemonic between rences sserschmidt, 2005, p. 832) p. 2005, sserschmidt, st men, Connell (1987) argues argues (1987) Connell men, st CEU eTD Collection but receive the benefits of receive patriarchy,as but stated b benefits the masculinit Hegemonic 233). p. 2008, (Coles, it” by as other or subordinated. as other or subordinated. masculinit legitimize not and masculinity hegemonic the of logic The them. of recognition cultural the order social patriarchal the masculinity, of forms the at society: in gender of dynamics the of aspect 186). (p. unconsciousness” to privacy, to ghettos, recogn and definition cultural gaining alternatives hegemo “achieving since defined, clearly be to need

among men showing a complicit masculinity, which me which masculinity, complicit a showing men among desp masculinity, hegemonic supporting in complicit ma hegemonic support not do they that mean not does f xmlr o msuiiy eg, rfsinl spo professional (e.g., masculinity of exemplars of as masculinity, of models of creation the comprises thi support powerful that being not despite who men powerf of existence the to only related necessarily u wa ssan ter oe ad ht ag number large what and power their sustains what but The public face of hegemonic masculinity is not nec not is masculinity hegemonic of face public The ec, h preuto o hgmnc aclnt in masculinity hegemonic of perpetuation the Hence, p.185)1987, s in collaborate many Stallones, or Bogarts are men implies generally ‘hegemony’ of notion The support. It is important to emphasize that the fact of men e men of fact the that emphasize to important is It 21 21 elow: works in such a way that does not promote not does that way a such in works ul men, but rather to the existence of many of existence the to rather but men, ul same time that there are non-hegemonic non-hegemonic are there that time same it “works in part through the production production the through part in “works it y seems to gain more relevance precisely precisely relevance more gain to seems y ition as alternatives, confining them to to them confining alternatives, as ition This quote sheds light to an important important an to light sheds quote This ies different from it, which are regarded regarded are which it, from different ies rts stars), symbols that have authority authority have that symbols stars), rts ny may consist precisely in preventing preventing in precisely consist may ny ite being subordinated or marginalized or subordinated being ite patriarchal social order aims to exalt exalt to aims order social patriarchal s ideal. Hegemonic masculinity often often masculinity Hegemonic ideal. s ans among those who do not enact it it enact not do who those among ans sculinity; instead, “Most men are are men “Most instead, sculinity; nacting subordinated masculinities masculinities subordinated nacting ustaining those images. (Connell, (Connell, images. those ustaining a large measure of consent. Few consent. of measure large a essarily what powerful men are, men powerful what essarily the society as a whole is not not is whole a as society the s of men are motivated to to motivated are men of s CEU eTD Collection Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci.Antonio of Notebooks Prison illustrative form of subordinated masculinity. masculinity. form of subordinated illustrative heterosex being to related primarily is masculinity accor society, contemporary In it. to subordinated masc other for spacea provides that way a in works po is it Thereby, 184). (p. eliminated” than rather “ot that but alternatives, of suppression the imply atte draws (1987) Connell dominance. cultural total within ‘commonsense’ subtly of that alternotions establi are valuation of systems or ideas new which org It domination. of process cultural “a to refers use the by achieved is ascendancy when hegemony not Messerschm & (Connell persuasion” and institutions, a meant it force; by supported be could it although hegemony mentioning when understood be to essential 23 Gramsci’s make (1987) Connell “hegemony”. term the of meaning does goalwork it as a starscharacters), and film mas of experience lived men’s from far quite be can full not obs to do possible is It 846). p. boys 2005, Messerschmidt, and men most that fact the despite

For more information on Gramsci’s work on hegemony work on Gramsci’s on moreinformation For Nevertheless, because hegemony is achieved by cultu by achieved is hegemony because Nevertheless, nte fnaetl hrceitc f eeoi mas hegemonic of characteristic fundamental Another 23 nlss n sae ta is enn i coey re closely is meaning its that states and analyses New York: International Publishers. Publishers. International York: New 22 22 , see Gramsci, A. (2005 [1971]) [1971]) A.(2005 Gramsci, see , that many men are inclined to reach. to many inclined are that men fields of practice” (Bridges, 2009, p. 88). 88). (Bridges, p. 2009, fieldsof practice” ssible to infer that hegemonic masculinity masculinity hegemonic that infer to ssible anizes, monitors and restricts the ways in in ways the restricts and monitors anizes, erve that although hegemonic masculinity masculinity hegemonic although that erve her patterns and groups are subordinated subordinated are groups and patterns her ulinities to exist; however, they only exist exist however,only they exist; to ulinities ntion to the fact that hegemony does not not does hegemony that fact the to ntion shed, eliminated or naturalized in ways in naturalized or eliminated shed, culinity (such as the examples of sports of examples the as (such culinity idt, 2005, p.832). That means that it is it that means That p.832). 2005, idt, ual, while homosexuality is a very very a is homosexuality while ual, of guns or threats. Hegemony instead instead Hegemony threats. or guns of scendancy achieved through culture, culture, through achieved scendancy ding to Connell (1987), hegemonic hegemonic (1987), Connell to ding s ht t dd o ma violence, mean not “did it that is s use of this term in reference to to reference in term this of use s lv u t te” Cnel & (Connell them” to up live y ral domination, it does not mean mean not does it domination, ral culinity is related to the very very the to related is culinity ae t acnac. ht is What ascendancy. to lated Selections from from Selections CEU eTD Collection atclr ie i i nt h sm sne h begin the since same the not is it time; particular s men, to position privileged more a not or provide historical conditions: conditions: historical comprise masculinity hegemonic that here mentioning

ooiu shlr o te eod af f h twenti the of half second the of scholars notorious and field capital, habitus, Bourdieu: 2.2 society. in powe of interplay the to light shedding by and time represe by therefore, importance, gains masculinity theor useful a masculinity hegemonic of concept the are subordinated) and hegemonic as (such society in fixed along fluidity or of characteristic This historically. rigid not is it that means which fluidity, patriarchy, which guarantees (or is taken to guaran to taken is (or guarantees which patriarchy, and the subordination of women. (Connell, 1995, 77) 1995, women.(Connell, of and the subordination mois h crety cetd nwr o h probl the to answer accepted currently the embodies configu the as defined be can masculinity Hegemonic t rather masculinity of form one time, given any At Besides sexual orientation, Connell (1995) points o points (1995) Connell orientation, sexual Besides Based on this passage, we can infer that hegemonic hegemonic that infer can we passage, this on Based h Fec pioohr n scooit ire Bourd Pierre sociologist and philosopher French The 23 23 with the depiction of layers of masculinities masculinities of layers of depiction the with uch as age, class and ethnicity. It is worth is It ethnicity. and class age, as uch nting the model of masculinity at a given a at masculinity of model the nting r between different forms of masculinity masculinity of forms different between r the central factors, I consider, that make make that consider, I factors, central the ning of time, but rather it depends on on depends it rather but time, of ning eth century and his works have been been have works his and century eth etical tool. The concept of hegemonic hegemonic of concept The tool. etical in time, but rather that it changes changes it that rather but time, in s a set of features that are exalted at a a at exalted are that features of set a s tee) the dominant position of men men of position dominant the tee) ut other factors that contribute to to contribute that factors other ut

masculinity is also defined by its its by defined also is masculinity han others is culturally exalted. exalted. culturally is others han ration of gender practice which which practice gender of ration ieu was one of the most most the of one was ieu em of the legitimacy of of legitimacy the of em CEU eTD Collection but rather they sought to overcome this dualism by dualism this overcome to sought they rather but of taste involves three main concepts, ofthree namely, taste habi involves main inequa and hierarchies status roles, norms, certain the are turn in interactions These position. class socializing with individual the of interactions the argue (1984) Bourdieu tastes, individual understand distinctions” status his social and in tastes “individual observed better be can agency, and structure Th 34). p. 2009, (Coles, structures” objective and that considers considers that namely, masculinities, scholarshipof habit men and Bourd of concepts important cover will section this con the analyse to is which thesis, this of aim the a for have they applicability the to related mainly research. current in cited and analysed extensively

rcie s ht niiul ae ete completely neither are individuals that is practice The theories of Bourdieu did not seek to privilege privilege to seek not did Bourdieu of theories The 34) p. 2009, ru or norms objective to according behave to forced The practices. individual their through structures suppor individuals how considers that structuralism intr Bourdieu so, doing In life. everyday in agents s various the and shaped is practice individual how The major contribution of Bourdieu is associated wi associated is Bourdieu of contribution major The 24 24 stitutive forces in the emerging Bear culture, culture, Bear emerging the forcesin stitutive wide range of academic disciplines. Due to Due disciplines. academic of range wide agents, such as family, social relations and relations social family, as such agents, lities in society (Bridges, 2009). The theory theory The 2009). (Bridges, society in lities e interplay of objectivism and subjectivism, and objectivism of interplay e (Bridges, 2009, p. 89). When intending to to intending When 89). p. 2009, (Bridges, ones that contribute to the reproduction of reproduction the to contribute that ones tus, capital, and field. capital, and tus, field. us, capital, and field. capital, us, and field. The great importance of his theories is is theories his of importance great The s that it is essential to take into account account into take to essential is it that s “integrating both subjective experience experience subjective both “integrating ieu that are thoroughly used in the the in used thoroughly are that ieu theory of taste, which describes describes which taste, of theory re o hoe hi dsiis nor destinies their choose to free oduces the notion of constructivist constructivist of notion the oduces either objectivism or subjectivism, subjectivism, or objectivism either of theory Bourdieu’s of inference t and challenge dominant social social dominant challenge and t les imposed upon them. (Coles, (Coles, them. upon imposed les th his approach to social theory theory social to approach his th trategies that are employed by by employed are that trategies CEU eTD Collection

dichotomy between objectivism and subjectivism, sin dichotomyobjectivism between comprise institutions, they are not necessarily the necessarily not are they institutions, mentio comprise worth is It 35). p. 2009, (Coles, education” and operates habitus which in setting social the of s of domains for metaphor a “is concept This field. intimate concept Bourdieusian another consideration language” (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 466). p. language”(Bourdieu,1984, functioning and society in demands the to responses individual the and social the between mediator a as dive a ma is it as adjustment each considering consciously to adjust continuously can “individuals that but of, conscious is individual the that something importan is It 34). p. 2009, (Coles, improvisation” that situations everyday through way their navigate aiu i a ey lutaie xml o a concept a of example illustrative very a is Habitus Thereby, habitus guides the manner of conducting on conducting of manner the guides habitus Thereby, n re t bte udrtn te ocp o habitu of concept the understand better to order In p. 316) p. in the form of lasting of form the in s way the is, that internality’, of externalization int ‘the capturing by social the and individual the habitus is a is habitus responses to the constraints and solicitations of t and solicitations constraints responsesthe to which ways, determinate in act and feel, think, to mediating mediating notion that helps us revoke the common sense dualit sense thecommon revoke us helps that notion dispositions , or trained capacities and structured propensities structured and capacities trained or , 25 25 institution itself; “Fields may be inter – or or – inter be may “Fields itself; institution and laws as such institutions social include t to mention that habitus does not refer to to refer not does habitus that mention to t de” (Bridges, 2009, p. 89). Habitus works works Habitus 89). p. 2009, (Bridges, de” ocial life. . . . Fields shape the structure structure the shape Fields . . . life. ocial instead it is non-reflexive; which means means which non-reflexive; is it instead , providing the basis for the individual’s individual’s the for basis the providing , ce “below the level of consciousness and and consciousness of level the “below ly related to it, namely, the concept of of concept the namely, it, to related ly require a degree of flexibility and and flexibility of degree a require ning here that although fields may may fields although that here ning ociety becomes deposited in persons in deposited becomes ociety heir extant milieu. (Wacquant, 2004, milieu. heirextant st o sca stain without situations social of rsity ernalization of externality and the the and externality of ernalization then guide them in their creative their in them guide then , t s eesr t tk into take to necessary is it s, eself; it allows “individuals to “individuals allows it eself; that aims to overcome the the overcome to aims that y between ybetween

CEU eTD Collection rdcd n rpoue, ah f h poete att properties the of each reproduced, and produced f edr a oelp ih h fed f ls. n a In class. relations: fieldsconcerns characteristic power of of field the with overlap may gender of with overlap may masculinity of field the example, s and influenced get and others with overlaps field insu and rigid not areboundaries its fields; other (such as th institutions andandsocial femininity) su of number a comprise also can and education, and conside be can gender that demonstrates he concept; by given example An 120). p. 1997, (Swartz, fields” institu span can they scope; in intra-institutional

he ifrn ye:“cnmccptl hc ref which capital, “Economic types: different three Bourdieusi The 36). p. 2009, (Coles, fields” within conseq which capital, valued by regulated are field (p.113 field” each of laws specific the by efficacy pr only and exists only which energy “an as capital th capital of value the on depends (1993), Bourdieu against their subordinated status (heterodoxy). (Co status againsttheir subordinated the within orthodoxy of superiority the to attempt tho and (orthodoxy), position dominant their defend those between relationship dichotomous a in result pow over struggles are there field given any Within It is important to notice that a particular field d field particular a that notice to important is It aig dmnn o sbriae psto wti a within position subordinated or dominant a Having 26 26 rmountable, but instead it is possible that one that possible is it instead but rmountable, e family, for example). efamily, example). for tions, which may represent positions within positions represent may which tions, ). Social relations of power within a certain certain a within power of relations Social ). oduces its effects in the field in which it is it which in field the in effects its oduces the field of femininity, as well as the field the as well as femininity, of field the ers to financial resources; social capital, capital, social resources; financial to ers an concept of capital comprises mainly mainly comprises capital of concept an defines (1984) Bourdieu have. actors e bfields (such as the fields of masculinity masculinity of fields the as (such bfields ety eoe te ojc o struggle of “object the becomes uently red a field among others, such as class as such others, among field a red ached to class is given its value and and value its given is class to ached Coles (2009) helps to elucidate this this elucidate to helps (2009) Coles haped by them (Swartz, 1997). For For 1997). (Swartz, them by haped oes not work alone or separated from from separated or alone work not oes ddition to this, another important important another this, to ddition les, 2008, p.34)2008, les, in positions of dominance who who dominance of positions in er and position that necessarily necessarily that position and er hierarchical order and struggle struggle and order hierarchical se who are subordinated and and subordinated are who se certain field, according to to according field, certain CEU eTD Collection by her/his interactions with socializing agents. Th agents. socializing with interactions her/his by interaction is associated with social status distin social status with associated interactionis on rather but externality, or internality society, the following quote by Bridges (2009): (2009):Bridges thefollowing quote by within own a determines their positions individuals (Coles distinctions” class as operate that forth so ski cultural one’s considers broadly which capital, statu the and networks social one’s to refers which

well as the concepts of habitus and field, indicate field, and habitus of concepts the as well object and subjectivism of dualism the transcend to beginn the in mentioned theories Bourdieu’s of aims thi believe also I Finally, society. in has capital he/ capital the of because not power gains actor an practice. (p. 89) practice.(p.89) niiul wti priua sca sae perceiv only capital cultural of content spaces The accumulation. social particular within individuals dispo tastes, knowledge, of repertoires specific to resources than it does with the objective resources objective the with does it than resources

One last characteristic of the concept of capital w capital of concept the of characteristic last One This quote suggests that capital has value to the e the to value has capital that suggests quote This Capital has much more to do with the perceptual sta perceptual the with do to more much has Capital 27 27 s quote illustrates very well one of the central the of one well very illustrates quote s ctions. s how an individual’s practice is influenced influenced is practice individual’s an how s , 2009, p. 36). Hence, the valued capital capital valued the Hence, 36). p. 2009, , ere is no emphasis only on subjectivity or or subjectivity on only emphasis no is ere certain field. field. certain lls, tastes, preferences, qualifications, and qualifications, preferences, tastes, lls, ivism. The example of cultural capital, as as capital, cultural of example The ivism. she owns, but because of the value this value the of because but owns, she ing of this section, namely, the intention intention the namely, section, this of ing the interaction of both and how this this how and both of interaction the s of individuals therein; and cultural cultural and therein; individuals of s orth mentioning here is described in in described is here mentioning orth themselves. themselves. xtent that it has social recognition; recognition; social has it that xtent matters as it is evaluated in social in evaluated is it as matters sitions and objects of desire that that desire of objects and sitions tus of – and relations between – – between relations and – of tus e and employ for status status for employ and e Cultural

capital refers CEU eTD Collection been analysed as the relation between dominant and and dominant between relation the as analysed been believe the works of Coles (2008, 2009) and Bridges and 2009) (2008, Coles of works the believe 2.3 The Field of Masculinity and Gender and Capital Masculinity Field The 2.3 of

ideal” (p. 30). ideal”(p. 30). despite other to men, relation in “dominant can be fluidity the to given been has attention little and variety of dominant masculinities” (p. 30). Masculi 30). (p. masculinities” dominant of variety id dominant culturally the as masculinity hegemonic the to relation in “Particularly limitations, some o study the in importance crucial a have Connell of formore specifically th and menand masculinities, genderwellan as to capital, ofas masculinity and pr precisely to sectionis this of aim The capital. conce the consideration into taking capital, gender field. of concept Bourdieusian the and masculinity mainly based masculinity of field the called model co Bear the analyse to ideas their of applicability oin o msuiiy r rfetd n e’ lived men’s in reflected are masculinity of notions in theories Bourdieu’s and Connell combine to seek exist in men’s lives, and therefore he incorporates thereforehe and men’s lives, in exist Concerning the field of masculinity, Coles (2009) c (2009) Coles masculinity, of field the Concerning As stated in the first paragraph of this chapter, t chapter, this of paragraph first the in stated As Coles (2009) argues that it is necessary to have a a have to necessary is it that argues (2009) Coles 28 28 esent and explain both the notions of the field the of the notions both explain and esent of masculinity and how men’s masculinities masculinities men’s how and masculinity of mmunity. The former proposed a theoretical theoretical a proposed former The mmunity. disparity between the theoretical concept of of concept theoretical the between disparity alyse their importance for the scholarship of the scholarship of for alyse their importance the Bourdieusian concepts of field, habitus, habitus, of field, concepts Bourdieusian the being subordinate in relation to the cultural the cultural to relation in subordinate being pts of hegemonic masculinity and cultural cultural and masculinity hegemonic of pts e analysis of the Bear community. Bearecommunity. of analysis the nity, according to Coles (2009), has often often has (2009), Coles to according nity, The latter, in turn, developed the idea of of idea the developed turn, in latter, The f men and masculinities, it also presents also it masculinities, and men f (2009) are particular relevant due to the the to due relevant particular are (2009) subordinate/marginalized masculinities, subordinate/marginalized xeine Aog te shlr, I scholars, other Among experience. eal and men’s lived experiences of a a of experiences lived men’s and eal order to better understand how the the how understand better to order n onl’ nto o hegemonic of notion Connell’s on here are a number of scholars who scholars of number a are here closer look to the masculinities that masculinities the to look closer onsiders that although the theories the although that onsiders CEU eTD Collection positions strive to conserve the status quo by mono byquo status the conserve to strive positions domin alternative and masculinity hegemonic between aclnt ad uodntd aclnte, oe ( Coles masculinities, subordinated and masculinity only masculinity of field the that considering than masculin of field the of case the 1993), (Bourdieu, everydaytheir or position negotiating situations, fact the to light sheds He (p.234). lives” everyday at them subordinate necessarily to it allow not did cultura a is there that recognizing men of fact the 234 (p. ideal” hegemonic the from, varying or with, to masculinity own their considered they contrary, margi or subordinated being of not were masculinity con (2008) Coles Australia, in 18) of age the (over n Cnels hois Cls 20) eeos h t the masculinity,which develops (2009) Coles theories, Connell’s and masc hegemonic of notion Connell’s with capital and

ewe dmnn ad uodnt gop o mn The men. of groups subordinate and dominant between capital within the field of masculinity. (p. 30) masculinity. (p. 30) the field of capitalwithin determined complicity and resistance for rationale a as reproduced and produced both are masculinities mode The masculinity. of field a by bound subfields ae o hs ulttv rsac o 4 semi-struct 41 of research qualitative his on Based s n gvn il ivle srgls ewe domin between struggles involves field given any As nrdcs h psiiiy f utpe oiat mas dominant multiple of possibility the introduces 29 29 within the field of masculinity. the field of masculinity. within the individual level in the context of their their of context the in level individual the lly hegemonic type of masculinity, “They “They masculinity, of type hegemonic lly polizing definitions of masculinity and the and ofmasculinity definitions polizing of men negotiating masculinities in their in masculinities negotiating men of nalized by hegemonic masculinity; to the the masculinity;to hegemonic by nalized be dominant despite being incompatible incompatible being despite dominant be includes struggles between hegemonic hegemonic between struggles includes ity is not different. Nevertheless, rather rather Nevertheless, different. not is ity ). Coles (2008) emphasizes that despite that emphasizes (2008) Coles ). ulinity. By the combination of Bourdieu of combination the By ulinity. cluded that “their lived experiences of of experiences lived “their that cluded ant masculinities. “Those in dominant dominant in “Those masculinities. ant 2009) also points out the struggles struggles the out points also 2009) heoretical model of the field of of field the of model heoretical by what is deemed to be valued valued be to deemed is what by l also outlines the ways in which which in ways the outlines also l rd neves ih dl men adult with interviews ured uiiis ht prt within operate that culinities ant and subordinate positions positions subordinate and ant consequence of struggles struggles of consequence se struggles also provide a a provide also struggles se CEU eTD Collection efrig uaiu mre srtge. oe (2009 Coles strategies. market audacious performing oth the On 42). p. 2009, (Coles, capital” physical ma of versions dominant represent strength physical n’ bd ad oil eaiu. oe (09 illus masculinityentangled: are (2009) Coles behaviour. social and body one’s versions the body; his/her by masculinity expresses mas Embodied 1048). (p. masculinity” of discourses identit gender to relation in habitus of conceiving McDo and Smith, Visser, De As masculinity. of field multiple dominant masculinities. dominant multiple conte specific each on depending differently valued (p. historically” and culturally located as well as contex and this drawn from need be masculinities to exalted culturally is which that be may masculinity masc dominant and valued highly is capital economic “ in example, For masculinity. of field the within valued or not subordinati one means marginalization capita masculine valued owing whereas possess: they field the within actors the of position the field, (Co change” for mechanisms and flux generating thus subordinat while capital, of distribution and value

Furthermore, the Bourdieusian concept of habitus is habitus of concept Bourdieusian the Furthermore, Coles (2009) presents some examples that better ill better that examples some presents (2009) Coles 30 30 of masculinity depends on the value of capital of value the on depends masculinity of e challengers look to subversive strategies, strategies, subversive to look challengers e 3. y xliig ht aclnte are masculinities that explaining By 33). er hand, in the field of financial markets, markets, financial of field the in hand, er i te ujcie moiet f social of embodiment subjective the is y tualized within a given field (or subfield), asubfield), given field (or within tualized the field of militia, toughness and brute brute and toughness militia, of field the on. xt, Coles (2009) argues the existence of of existence the argues (2009) Coles xt, of masculinity that are observable by by observable are that masculinity of les, 2009, p. 36). Similar to any given any to Similar 36). p. 2009, les, l means a privileged status, owning a a owning status, privileged a means l clnt, n te oy s aud as valued is body the and sculinity, t n gvn ie bt dominant but time, given any at ulinity may be represented by men men by represented be may ulinity culinity involves the way someone someone way the involves culinity rts o hbts n embodied and habitus how trates nnell (2009) state, “One way of of way “One state, (2009) nnell ustrate the types of valued capital capital valued of types the ustrate ) emphasizes that “hegemonic “hegemonic that emphasizes ) also related to the model of the the of model the to related also CEU eTD Collection

the hegemonic one. thehegemonic one. masculinities dominant of number a of existence the The 235). p. 2008, (Coles, valued” is own they that a identity in masculine dominant a assume may “They subordi as considered be may men some although that masc of field the within “subfields as (2008) Coles ma disabled masculinity, working-class masculinity, gay of fields The 42). (p. masculinities” of matrix suc fields, other of influence the by characterized the fi within masculinities howmen negotiate their le or more a with associated consequently and 1048) of discourses social of embodiment “subjective the of the also social versions feature and individual ext ma embodied of 316), p. 2004, (Wacquant, internality’” internalization ‘the capturing by social the original] ersnig h etra ad h itra, s well as internal, the and external the representing oh ual ad rnpsbe mn s masculinity use men transposable, and durable both The concept of habitus also works to describe how m how describe to works also habitus of concept The n h ohr ad Cls 20) ons u ta the that out points (2009) Coles hand, other the On aiu ad h ebdmn o msuiiy oh pres both masculinity of embodiment the and Habitus masculinity.(p. 38) cin elc hssrtg (.. otr, gait, posture, (e.g., strategy this reflect actions b the men their Without everyday functionin lives.

notion that helps us revoke the common sense dualit sense common the revoke us helps that notion 31 31 masculinity enacted by someone. Habitus, as as Habitus, someone. by masculinityenacted h as age and ethnicity, forming “a complex “a forming ethnicity, and age as h eld of masculinity. eldof masculinity. ulinity” (p. 235). It is important to mention to importantIt is 235). (p. ulinity” s hbts s a is “habitus as notion of subfields, therefore, recognizes recognizes therefore, subfields, of notion sculinity, among others, are described by by described are others, among sculinity, masculinity” (De Visser et al., 2009, p. 2009, al., et Visser (De masculinity” ss form of valued capital, contributes to to contributes capital, valued of form ss in the field of masculinity that are not not are that masculinity of field the in sculinity represents at the same time an an time same the at represents sculinity n alternate subfield in which the capital capital the which in subfield alternate n black masculinity, aged masculinity, gestures, speech, etc.) of performing performing of etc.) speech, gestures, raiy n te xenlzto of externalization the and ernality eing consciously aware of it, men’s men’s ofit, aware eingconsciously ae b hgmnc masculinity, hegemonic by nated en negotiate masculinity. Being Being masculinity. negotiate en field of masculinity is also also is masculinity of field y between the individual and individual the between y as a resourceful strategy to to strategy resourceful a as ent the characteristic of of characteristic the ent mediating epai in [emphasis CEU eTD Collection hegemonic ideal. hegemonicideal. po subordinated a having although one, subordinated ma gaymen some 245), p. 2008, (Coles, masculinity” masc gay dominant of “versions presenting by Hence, suc others, over masculinity dominant a considering cri other and capital, of form valued less a not is t Within p.243). 2008, (Coles, gaymasculinity” of posi dominant their on “focusing by recognition and h being not for (precisely masculinity of field the negotiate negotiate Nevert heterosexual. not are they because activity, becau exactly masculinity subordinatedhegemonic by a the for relevant particularly masculinity, gay of negotia to appropriate is example An “for 243). (p. masculinity” use masculinity, of ideal cultural the st the of one is subfield certain a within dominant

This quote suggests that although gay men do not ha not do men gay although that suggests quote This p.243)2008, (Coles, t able were they position, dominant their supported o elements on drawing By ‘fairies’. and ‘queens’ as position dominant a assumed they Here masculinity. o their on attention their fixing by position their eie ti, oe (08 pit ot ht aig a having that out points (2008) Coles this, Besides 32 32 eterosexual), they are able to gain privileges privileges gain to able are they eterosexual), rategies that men, who are subordinated by by subordinated are who men, that rategies teria, in turn, are taken into account when when account into taken are turn, in teria, im of this work, gay men are regarded as as regarded are men gay work, this of im heless, despite being subordinate, they can can they subordinate, being despite heless, he field of gay masculinity, homosexuality homosexuality masculinity, gay of field he explain this passage. If we take the case case the take we If passage. this explain tion in relation to other men in the field field the in men other to relation in tion y experience their masculinity is not the the not yis their masculinity experience h as not being a “queen” or a “fairy”. “fairy”. a or “queen” a being not as h se of the same-sex attraction and sexual and attraction same-sex of the se ting their position in the field of of field the in position their ting wn valued capital in the field of gay of field the in capital valued wn iin n eain o h culturally the to relation in sition ulinity valued in the field of gay gay of field the in valued ulinity o validate their own masculinity. masculinity. own their validate o in relation to other gay men such such men gay other to relation in masculinity that is valued as as valued is that masculinity ve a privileged position within position privileged a ve f hegemonic masculinity that that masculinity hegemonic f CEU eTD Collection be adequately applied to analyse the Bear community Bear the analyse to applied adequately be are read, and read differently by different social social different by differently read and read, are o not are “Bodies masculinity, hegemonic of notions emb to seek individuals although that states author o form a as acting interaction, of fields different ma “hegemonic that argues (2009) Bridges community, men in relation to other men. other relation to men in g analyse to only not useful are they specifically, be vary that valuation of “systems analyse to tools capita cultural of concepts the both that considers concept Bourdieusian the and based masculinity hegemonic is (2009) Bridges by developed capital gender cultur Bear emerging the in forces constitutive the chapter the anoth of introduction the to in now turn I community”. drawn be will Bears and masculinity ‘fairies’”such24 asp. 2008, (Coles, ‘queens’ and “dominant a have masculinities their experience may th represent not do Bears Although masculinity. gay to seems times at Bears some by claimed masculinity masculinity” gay of may field the community within Bear masculinities the of members some masculinity,

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interview data interview and fieldwork ethnographic on Based A detailed explanation of the relation between the the between relation the of explanation detailed A The interplay between different forms of masculini of forms different between interplay The 33 33 f cultural capital: gender capital” (p. 84). The The 84). (p. capital” gender capital: cultural f roups of men in relation to women, but also but women, to relation in men of roups 3). e, namely, gender capital. The concept of of concept The capital. gender namely, e, tween and among groups” (p. 84). More More 84). (p. groups” among and tween l and hegemonic masculinity are useful useful are masculinity hegemonic and l actors and in different settings” (p.83). (p.83). settings” different in and actors er concept that will be applied to analyse to applied be will that concept er e hegemonic ideal of masculinity, they they masculinity, of ideal hegemonic e have a higher status within the field of of field the within status higher a have nly inscribed with gender, inscriptions inscriptions gender, with inscribed nly d hgmnc daiain, uh as such idealizations, hegemonic ody . By presenting a more rugged type of of type rugged more a presenting By . position in relation to other gay men men gay other to relation in position Cls 20, . 9. h tp of type The 39). p. 2009, (Coles, of cultural capital. Bridges (2009) (2009) Bridges capital. cultural of clnt tks ifrn sae in shapes different takes sculinity any n onl’ nto of notion Connell’s on mainly ty within subfields, I consider, can can consider, I subfields, within ty Msuiiis ihn h Bear the within “Masculinities theoretical model of the field of of field the of model theoretical from a U.S. male bodybuilding bodybuilding male U.S. a from ersn “oiat gay “dominant represent CEU eTD Collection oy a as e osdrd s fr o gne cap gender of form a as considered be also can body here Itis capital. gender of embodiment physical central element. The case of male bodybuilders, pre bodybuilders, male of case The element. central meaningsand valu genderhas different also capital it Since contexts. different on depending feminine can confidence that example, for describes, (2009) contex some in women and men for different be might a actors social different on depending feminine, or w which in analyse to tool theoretical a provide to presentat gendered of value relative the on context 96), p. even being ofstig the gym” (Bridges, 2009, “more appear may masculinity bodybuilders’ gym, the vary masculinity of notions the that argues (2009) pra masculine a considered is bodybuilding Although

who have it, representing a form of gender capital.gendera form of who have representing it, soci provide may attributes bodily those community, valu be can depilated body the having not and toned communit Bear the analyse to applied be can capital oyules rvd a eclet xml o hw su how of example excellent an provide bodybuilders bdl) aia, n wa I m aln ‘edr cap ‘gender calling am I what and capital, (bodily) Although not being the only element that constitute that element only thebeing not Although h cnet f edr aia “teps o foregrou to “attempts capital gender of concept The Furthermore, another important aspect pointed out b aspect Furthermore,important out pointed another 34 34 where I consider that the concept of gender gender of concept the that consider I where

ions of self” (Bridges, 2009, p.92). It seeks Itseeks p.92). 2009, (Bridges, self” of ions matized outside the gym setting. gym the outside matized ays some attributes are taken as masculine masculine as taken are attributes some ays es within different eswithin fields. by context. Despite having high status in in status high having Despite context. by ed as (more) masculine. Within the Bear the Within masculine. (more) as ed sented by Bridges (2009), illustrates the the illustrates (2009), Bridges by sented y. The overweight, not toned, and hairy and toned, not overweight, The y. al recognition and high status for those those for status high and recognition al is characteristic of any given capital, capital, given any of characteristic is nd different situations. Gender capital capital Gender situations. different nd be valued as more masculine or more more or masculine more as valued be ts and might overlap in others. Bridges Bridges others. in overlap might and ts ital among Bears; being not thin, not not thin, not being Bears; among ital subordinate in the interaction outside outside interaction the in subordinate tc i ams ay etn, Bridges setting, any almost in ctice s gender capital, bodies represent a represent bodies capital, gender s y that Bridgesis (2009) ital’. Wacquant (1995a, 1995b) 1995b) (1995a, Wacquant ital’. nd the independent effect of of effect independent the nd clue mntr cultural monitor bcultures CEU eTD Collection ewe ad ihn rus Te artvs f h me the of narratives The groups. within and between aesthetic standards, what could be called ascould bethe “B called aestheticwhat standards, su in works – shirts checked flannel and jeans with Be a of ideal the how illustrate may community Bear d are 1984) (Bourdieu, dispositions’ ‘aesthetic how these chapters, I present now the methodology emplo nowthe Imethodology these chapters, present the within “Masculinities and Analysis” “Interview t within forces constitutive the analyse to capital o explanation detailed more a as well as interviews also but Bears, non and Bears between only not vary capi gender the for meanings multiple suggest Paulo meanings the how also but capital, gender of form a w the onlyanalyse not to important is communityit I bodybuilders, the of analysis the to Similar 87). discursiv and physically they that ways the discuss h a with relationship a have bodybuilders that ways

The case of bodybuilders, pugilists and I also incl also I and pugilists bodybuilders, of case The of theview’. ‘pugilistic point (p. 86) tow 1984) (Bourdieu, dispositions’ ‘aesthetic their fi for preparation in world boxing the in way evaluated diverse the explain to capital bodily discusses To conclude, Bridges (2009) emphasizes that it is n is it that emphasizes (2009) Bridges conclude, To

35 35 he Bear culture are the aims of the chapters chapters the of aims the are culture Bear he ear point of view”. earof view”. point elineated within a specific subculture. The The subculture. specific a within elineated ay certain bodily characteristics constitute constitute characteristics bodily certain ay f the application of the concept of gender gender of concept the of application the f believe that when it comes to the Bear Bear the to comes it when that believe ely manage capital field-specifically” (p. (p. field-specifically” capital manage ely yed research. this in ar – a stocky hairy man from the woods woods the from man hairy stocky a – ar and values of this gender capital vary vary capital gender this of values and egemonic masculine form, but also to to also but form, masculine egemonic tal embodied by them; meanings that that meanings them; by embodied tal Bear community”. Before moving to to moving Before community”. Bear mbers of the Bear community of São São of community Bear the of mbers h wy ht oios ois and bodies monitors that way a ch within Bears. The results of the the of results The Bears. within ude Bears can be representative of of representative be can Bears ude ard what Wacquant (1995b) terms terms (1995b) Wacquant what ard ecessary to analyse not only “the “the only not analyse to ecessary ghts – how the subculture alters alters subculture the how – ghts s through which bodies are are bodies which through s CEU eTD Collection participants and the interview process. process. participantsand the interview

hs netgto; n, ial, h fut sectio fourth the finally, and, investigation; this th the Subsequently, research. qualitative of field pos to intends section second The culture. Bear the one first The sections. four in divided is chapter the of presentation the organize to order In Paulo. mem with interviews semi-structured eleven involved based was methodology the subculture, Bear emerging meets feminist goals by researching the everyday li everyday the researching by goals feminist meets develo Hence, 2011). (McCormick, Syria and Lebanon, ( Russia Turkey, 2005), (Hennen, Australia Zealand, Ce North, in as such countries, many in communities possi is it Bears, about know not do women, and men time same the At mid-1980s. the since world the of subcul a is it hand, other the on and, culture; gay on the on gaycommunity that, the subculturewithin gender politi Bear culture, goals, Feminist and 3.1 s h am f hs eerh s o etr understand better to is research this of aim the As

h aayi o te er omnt gis importance gains community Bear the of analysis The METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER3 36 36 seeks to present the importance of studying studying of importance the present to seeks am t dsrb bt te rfl o the of profile the both describe to aims n ture that has rapidly grown in various parts parts various in grown rapidly has that ture ird section addresses the ethical issues of of issues ethical the addresses section ird methodological aspects of this study, this this study, this of aspects methodological e hand, is marginalized by the hegemonic hegemonic the by marginalized is ehand, fe of a number of gay and bisexual men, bisexual and gay of number a of fe cs to te ehdlg ue hr i the in here used methodology the ition ntral, and South America, Europe, New New Europe, America, South and ntral, that many people, including many gay gay many including people, many that Wright, 2005), Japan (Shimko, 2002), 2002), (Shimko, Japan 2005), Wright, bers of the Bear community of São São of community Bear the of bers l oosreteeitneo Bear of existence the observe to ble ig rsac o ti community this on research a ping on a qualitative approach and and approach qualitative a on the constitutive forces in the the in forces constitutive the because it is an emergent emergent an is it because CEU eTD Collection hnmnn s o a oiia mvmn, hs os n does this movement, political a not is phenomenon rel social of part and embedded are they rather but individu and identities Bodies, agendas. political subject matter. This means that qualitative researc qualitative that means This matter. subject “ to refers that (2003) Lincoln and Denzin givenby I thesis, this of methodology the For assumptions. 24 r and challenge masculinity time same the at Bears that observe mal on centred hierarchy gender the of reproduction feminine the of devaluation the hand, other the On s the disrupting by masculinity hegemonic challenge hand, one the On masculinity. hegemonic and culture illustrativ the as such 1983), (Goffman, reproduced the represent practices and bodies identities, how B the studying By politics. gender for implications worldwide an existent is a lightto subculture that p. 1992, (Reinharz, researchable” is personal “The

3.2 Qualitative methods methods Qualitative 3.2 “Masculinities within the Bear community”. Bear the within “Masculinities

More details of the interplay between Bear culture Bear between theinterplay of details More ulttv rsac i a ope tr ta involve that term complex a is research Qualitative n diin o hs suyn te er utr i a is culture Bear the studying this, to addition In 24 . .

and hegemonic masculinity are explained in the chap inthe explained are masculinity hegemonic and 37 37 d is frequently invisible. frequently is d invisible. al practices are not only an individual issue, individual an only not are practices al way interactional orders are produced and produced are orders interactional way relied on the notion of qualitative research research qualitative of notion the on relied hers study things in their natural settings, settings, natural their in things study hers an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its its approachto naturalistic interpretive, an ations (Adkins, 2003). Although the Bear Bear the Although 2003). (Adkins, ations 426); it meets feminist goals by shedding shedding by goals feminist meets it 426); ear community, it is possible to examine to possible is it community, ear within the Bear community indicates the indicates community Bear the within tereotype of manly man as heterosexual. as man manly of tereotype e dominance. Thereby, it is possible to to possible is it Thereby, dominance. e e case of the interplay between Bear Bear between interplay the of case e al mn aig aesx sex same-sex having men manly poue oin o hegemonic of notions eproduce ot mean that it does not have have not does it that mean ot s rltd o set o gender- of aspects to related lso a ubr f different of number a s ter 5 5 ter CEU eTD Collection problematic moments and meanings in individuals’ li individuals’ in meanings and moments problematic interactive process” (Denzin & Lincoln,& (Denzin 3) interactive p. 2003, process” “The results, the to directions new give may may process the that aware is and role significant research, and the researcher as a research,researcher and the trope the of use make also authors Moreover,these interview study, case as such materials, empirical the comprises research Qualitative 2). (p. them” to phenomen interpret, or of, sense make to attempting

hs os o ma ta the that mean not does this cha undergo to susceptible construction a to refers a idea; original the from form different a take may result that may be not known by the the by known not maybe that result quali represent to illustrative very is bricolage a whole. a shape to order in combined and articulated also but research, qualitative in methods multiple rcie ta poie ouin t a rbe i a in problem a to solutions provide that practices The Lincoln, 2003, p. 2) Lincoln,2) p. 2003, a techniques and methods, tools, different as forms 161) p. 1991, Weinstein, & (Weinstein construction’ bioae wih s h rsl o the of result the is which (bricolage) h wr bioae sd n h qoe bv rfr n refers above quote the in used bricolage word The bricoleur rdcs bioae ta i, pieced-together, a is, that bricolage, a produces bricoleur bricoleur bricoleur bricoleur bricoleur s psie iue n ht rcs, h/e ly a plays she/he process, that in figure passive a is , as stated in the following quote: the following in quote: as , stated 38 38 at the beginning. That means that the bricolage the that means That beginning. the at tative research to the extent that it refers to a to refers it that extent the to research tative bricoleur bricoleur and visual texts, that “describe routine and and routine “describe that texts, visual and to the process in which these methods are are methods these which in process the to . . nges and take new forms. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, forms. new take and nges of a bricolage when describing qualitative qualitative describing when bricolage a of It is important to notice that the trope of trope the that notice to important is It pass through changes that influence and and influence that changes through pass bricoleur’s s stated in the quote above, a bricolage bricolage a above, quote the in stated s a in terms of the meanings people bring bring people meanings the of terms in a ves” (Denzin and Lincoln, 2003, p. 2). p. 2003, Lincoln, and (Denzin ves” study and analysis of a number of of number a of analysis and study re added to the puzzle. (Denzin and(Denzin puzzle. the to added re concrete situation. ‘The solution solution ‘The situation. concrete understands that research is an an is research that understands that changes and takes new new takes and changes that ot only to the application of of application the to only ot ehd s n [emergent] an is method ls-nt e of set close-knit

CEU eTD Collection i Sye ih w priiat (uut ad Fernan and (Augusto participants two with Skype via 25

this research. research. this t of explanation brief a give will I it, explain to t of development the describe to adequate forms,is oin f Ba i a tcy a o bsxa mn wi man bisexual or gay stocky a is Bear a of notion u a having not to related is which one, significant provided interviews preliminary those findings many bricolage, of characteristics the of one like and, inter preliminary these of impact The conversation. face-to-face interview, and proved to be the most s proved beface-to-faceto the most and interview, see Skype via videoconference Thereby, interviewee. conversation, telephone t a of display the by affected also are communication be would it as audio, the re a having th having of advantage the of has also videoconference benefit the qu presents written sending videoconference of possibility the to d comparison solution, appropriate alternatives most the other be to Among demonstrated Paulo. São in fieldwork do and time to due Nevertheless, Brazil. Paulo, São of In order to respect the anonymity of the interview the of theanonymity torespect order In h toe f bioae ad h ssetblt to susceptibility the and bricolage, a of trope The In order to get more prepared for the interviews, I interviews, the for prepared more get to order In gay with interviews conduct to was idea initial My ees, I use fictional names. names. fictional use I ees, 39 39 it gave a new form to my research. From the From research. my to form new a gave it he process of designing the methodology for for methodology the designing of process he nique definition of a Bear. The stereotypical stereotypical The Bear. a of definition nique uitable for the purposes of this research. research. offor uitable this the purposes he methodology of this thesis; and in order andorder in thesis; this of hemethodology he images of both the interviewer and the the and interviewer the both of images he budget constraints, it was not possible to possible not was it constraints, budget e image of the participants; it is not only only not is it participants; the of image e views on my future work was decisive decisive was work future my on views me, I will present here only the most most the only here present will I me, e t b te pin ot iia to similar most option the be to med do ue to two main reasons. First, in in First, reasons. main two to ue th a hairy body, facial hair and a a and hair facial body, hairy a th conducted preliminary interviews preliminary conducted but rather the interaction and and interaction the rather but sinars o h participants, the to estionnaires men identified as Bears in the city the in Bears as identified men 25 undergo changes and take new new take and changes undergo , hc wr lk a informal an like were which ), al-time interaction. Secondly, Secondly, interaction. al-time , videoconference via Skype Skype via videoconference , CEU eTD Collection born in São Paulo, overweight, with facial and body and facial with overweight, Paulo, São in born 26 man?masculine a define uneasi this “Bear” word the with shares “masculine” behaviour feminine a or masculine a what determine quot in is masculine word The attitude. “masculine”

n i sole ad one ot ht ay e wo l who men many that out pointed and shoulder his on as identified easily be to order in body, their on t said Augusto that is mentioning worth fact second h Bear, a was Augusto that explicitly state not did alw have boyfriends his all that emphasizing Bears, his with was Augusto interviews, preliminary these define someone as a Bear? asdefinea someone necessarily define him as a Bear. a Bear. necessarilyas him define t often goes and hairy overweight, was he that fact beca also and that me told friend my because one as I thought I Bear, a as himself consider not did he iden not does he but parties, Bear to goes often he Be the on research a conducting was I that him told interviewed. be to Bear a indicate could he me told I Augusto. participants, the of one with interview A more detailed debate on masculinity ispresented masculinity on debate moredetailed A Nevertheless, two other facts deserve closer attent closer deserve facts other two Nevertheless, h dfiut o dfnn smoe s Ba i wel is Bear a as someone defining of difficulty The 26 How can we measure a masculinity of a certain man? certain a of masculinity a measure we can How in chapter 5 “Masculinities among Bears”. Bears”. among “Masculinities 5 inchapter 40 40 one. Augusto showed me his bear paw tattoo tattoo paw bear his me showed Augusto one. was expecting that he would define himself himself define would he that expecting was tify himself as a Bear. When Augusto said said Augusto When Bear. a as himself tify got to know him by a friend of mine, who mine, of friend a by him know to got Augusto is a 36 year-old white gay man, man, gay white year-old 36 a is Augusto hat some Bears have a bear paw tattooed tattooed paw bear a have Bears some hat hair. In the beginning of the interview, I interview, the of beginning the In hair. ation marks because it is not that easy to to easy that not is it because marks ation idctd ht I adto t ti, the this, to addition In that. indicated e ar community and Augusto told me that that me told Augusto and community ar ness to grasp their meaning. How do we we do How meaning. their grasp to ness ays been Bears. Although his boyfriend boyfriend his Although Bears. been ays use of my own stereotypical ideas. The The ideas. stereotypical own my of use boyfriend, who claimed to date only only date to claimed who boyfriend, is; and, maybe in this case, the word word the case, this in maybe and, is; o Bear parties (obviously) does not not does (obviously) parties Bear o ike Bears find this tattoo sexually sexually tattoo this find Bears ike ion. The first one is that in one of one in that is one first The ion. ilsrtd y h preliminary the by illustrated l How do we do How CEU eTD Collection 27 Bear.as a of issue defining someone an the believe I Thereby, benefit. his for – tattoo a but characteristics, bodily own his only not uses as describes (2005) Monaghan what partners, sexual B the within valued is what knows also he and such, is he Bear, a as himself identify not does Augusto to him helps tattoo this having that and arousing,

3.3 Ethical issues Ethical 3.3 from now on members of the Bear community fromnow members on of t in part take who men to Bears only from research: redefinition a was there bricolage, a of changes to emerging the in forces constitutive the understand tha knowledge valuable a provide also can community themsel identify not do who men also and masculine, onl to interviewees restrict to sense) make not did conclud me made participants, other with interviews that the political aspect of a research is not only not is research a of aspect political the that re be must they rather but negligible, or worthless that means which dimension; political its consider Detailed information about the profile of theinte of profile the about information Detailed Concerning the methodology of my thesis, the first first the thesis, my of methodology the Concerning When conducting a feminist research, Reinharz (1992 Reinharz research, feminist a conducting When

rviews is given in the section 3.4. 3.4. section the givenin is rviews 41 41 27 . . ecdote of Augusto illustrates the problematic problematic the illustrates Augusto of ecdote associated with focusing on the everyday everyday the on focusing with associated garded as politics. It is relevant to mention mention to relevant is It politics. as garded the phenomena of the everyday life are not not are life everyday the of phenomena the lso a certain Bear attribute – the bear paw paw bear the – attribute Bear certain a lso find sexual partners. Despite the fact that that fact the Despite partners. sexual find aware that many gay men identify him as as him identify men gay many that aware Bear culture. Similar to the susceptibility susceptibility the to Similar culture. Bear y Bears. Men who are not big, hairy, or hairy, big, not are who Men Bears. y e that it was not necessary (and maybe it it maybe (and necessary not was it that e of the selection of interviewees in my my in interviewees of selection the of ear community when it comes to attract attract to comes it when community ear ves as Bears but participate in the Bear the in participate but Bears as ves e er omnt, hc I il call will I which community, Bear he t fits the goal of my thesis, which is to to is which thesis, my of goal the fits t “sexual currency” (p. 101). Augusto Augusto 101). (p. currency” “sexual interview with Augusto, and also also and Augusto, with interview ) emphasizes that it is crucial to to crucial is it that emphasizes ) CEU eTD Collection atcpns te hie f sn Baiin ae w names Brazilian using of choice the participants; ca latter the interviews, the conduct to permission rvc ws rtce b nt etoig hi real their mentioning not by protected was privacy on their own identities and behaviours. behaviours. and their on own identities the not or consider they why not, or Bears are they m that in that seemed it self-reflection; for space ob to possible was It Bear. a define would they how Iaske when is this of example good One interviews. tak was this and thing, political a also is someone I life. people’s in intervening with also but life,

research, privacy and anonymity. anonymity. research,and privacy in and 1, appendix in found be can form consent the c the with (ornot) agreeing areply for and asking from confirmation written a have to possible still w them by signed form consent the having continent, Skype via conducted were interviews the Since form. Brazilian reality. Brazilianreality. th Brazil, in typical very are here mentioned names privacy the to related was concern ethical Another Wi Gray, 2004; (O’Leary, research the to contribute researc both to essential was form consent informed eie ti, mjr tia ise f hs researc this of issue ethical major a this, Besides h fc ta te atcpto i te eerh was research the in participation the that fact The 42 42 nterviewing and asking personal questions to to questions personal asking and nterviewing onditions of the consent form. The model of of The model form. of the consent onditions the interviewees by sending them an e-mail e-mail an them sending by interviewees the oment the interviewees reflected whether whether reflected interviewees the oment me to know whether and how they could they how and whether know to me mselves as a Bear; they seemed to reflect reflect to seemed they Bear; a as mselves and anonymity of the interviewees. Their interviewees. the of anonymity and her and participants, while the former got former the while participants, and her ey do not represent the real names of the the of names real the represent not do ey d to the members of the Bear community community Bear the of members the to d volves the voluntary participation in the in participation voluntary the volves ould be a difficult task. However, it was was it However, task. difficult a be ould en into account when I conducted the the conducted I when account into en and the participants were in a different different a in were participants the and serve that this question often opened a opened often question this that serve ae (emn 19) Atog all Although 1997). (Neuman, names as rather to make reference to the the to reference make to rather as lliamson, Karp, & Dalphin, 2007). 2007). Dalphin, & Karp, lliamson, h concerned the informed consent consent informed the concerned h outr ad hr ws an was there and voluntary CEU eTD Collection based on a guideline that can be found in appendix in found be can that guideline a on based translations. The length of the interviews varied varied interviews the of length The translations. all and English, to translated were interviews The al and interview each during notes took extensively of Accordi men” (p.236). the understandinglives in his of part as interviews of types these conducted the to similar is interviews semi-structured using Janua between conference, video Skype via conducted 3.4 Profile of the participants and proce and interview the participants Profile 3.4 of

of this community. ofthis probability the and other; each know community gay n is it Paulo, São as large as metropolis a in Even m because Paulo, São of community Bear the studying belie I nevertheless, participants; the of identity nesadn o te atcpns on perspectives depthas well as structure interviewingallowedfor own participants’ the of respo probe understanding to flexibility the providing also while across results of comparing and contrasting the for The semi-structured interviews were conducted as an as conducted were interviews semi-structured The eisrcue itriw wr ue bcue hy h they because used were interviews Semi-structured eleven included research this of data empirical The Regarding anonymity, in a variety of types of resea of types of variety a in anonymity, Regarding 43 43 ve anonymity is particular relevant when when relevant particular is anonymity ve one described by Coles (2008), who also also who (2008), Coles by described one the quotes present in this research are my my are research this in present quotes the ng to Coles (2008): ng(2008): Coles to ot uncommon that many members of the the of members many that uncommon ot eerh o “netgtn maig and meaning “investigating for research ss ss rm 7 iue t ams to hours, two almost to minutes 27 from I and Portuguese in done were They 3. so immediately after each one of them. them. of one each after immediately so is higher when it comes to a subculture a to comes it when higher is ry and May 2012. The justification of of justification The 2012. May and ry any of its members know each other. other. each know members its of any . (p. 236) (p. . 236) rch it is necessary to preserve the the preserve to necessary is it rch the range of men interviewed, interviewed, men of range the informal conversation and were and conversation informal ave the advantage of allowing allowing of advantage the ave ss n egg i greater in engage and nses semi-structured interviews, interviews, semi-structured ; that is, semi-structured semi-structured is, that ; CEU eTD Collection participants was snowball sampling and volunteer sa volunteer and sampling snowball was participants participants were employed by the time they were in were they time the by employed were participants professions of the participants neither professionstheirof caree the participants interviewer, including race, class, ethnicity and g and ethnicity class, race, including interviewer, hmevs s er, u tk pr feunl i Be in frequently part take but Bears, as themselves ind interviews preliminary the nevertheless, Bears; inter to was aim initial the before, stated already c Bear the of events the in part take and Paulo São must participants criteria: following the involved hour. one approximately lasted them of most having

Lincoln (1994), Lincoln characte different with subjectivities two these of charact the also but characteristics, interviewee’s other, each know community Bear the of members many c undergraduate an started had one undergraduate and interviewed, their doing were two well), as degree (t degree Bachelor’s a have participants eleven the A city. this from originally not were them of three P São in living were them of all Although years. 53 researc of the present meetcould also the purposes alt Bear, a as others by identified is who Augusto, ocrig h poes f neveig i i worth is it interviewing, of process the Concerning Regarding the characteristics of the interviewees, interviewees, the of characteristics the Regarding “T his method [interview] is influenced by the persona the by influenced is [interview] method his 44 44 rs in order to protect their privacy. order privacy.in protect to their rs eristics of the interviewer and the encounter encounter the and interviewer the of eristics view only people who define themselves as as themselves define who people only view ender” (p.353) and it must be considered as considered be must it and (p.353) ender” be men, they must be older than 18, live in live 18, than older be must they men, be bout their educational background, eight of of eight background, educational their bout h. h. icated that also people who do not identify identify not do who people also that icated hough he does not consider himself one – – one himself consider not does he hough terviewed and, as already mentioned that that mentioned already as and, terviewed ristics. As emphasized by Denzin and and Denzin by emphasized As ristics. mpling. The selection of the participants the of selection The mpling. aulo by the time they were interviewed, interviewed, were they time the by aulo wo out of these eight have a Master’s Master’s a have eight these of out wo ar events – like like – events ar muiy o a lat w yas As years. two least at for ommunity us bt i nt iih t Al the All it. finish not did but ourse h mto epoe t recruit to employed method The they ranged in age between 25 and 25 between age in ranged they studies by the time they were were they time the by studies I chose to not disclose the the disclose not to chose I mentioning not only the the only not mentioning l characteristics of the the of characteristics l chasers and men like like men and CEU eTD Collection atcpts n h itriw rm priua soc particular a from interview the in participates Estratégicos, Estratégicos, as other’s person constructions of reality and as a as and reality of constructions person other’s as pr a or truth absolute an as interviews considering the members of a Bear community in a large city of city large a in community Bear a of members the lo i priua hsoia psto ad i rel his and position historical particular his also o “not reflect narratives out, points (2007) Shopes anal when critical was subjectivities interviewer’s middle-class gay men. In his empirical investigatio empirical his In men. gay middle-class interviewees and I have similar backgrounds. backgrounds.I intervieweesandsimilar have own my from far not people friends, of friends with voluntee and sampling snowball was participants the is worthmentioning factor the second this, Besides hrceitc a as a a wie ide ls ma influencedthe interviews. class middle white gay a also as characteristics 28 menclass the All construction. intersubjectivity of space a

exchange between between exchange the middle class is the class most likely to invest to likely most class the is class middle the gay, white, by mainly formed is – U.S. in community w to similar – Paulo São in community Bear the that And these are also characteristics of the Bear com Bear the of characteristics also are these And The fact that the interview is the result of the en the of result the is interview the that fact The The profile of the participants can be associated w associated be can participants the of profile The 28 ad hs caatrsis rmd hi discourses their framed characteristics these and , 02, t s luil ta ams al interviewees all almost that plausible is it 2012), two two epai i oiia] ujcs (otli 19, p 1995, (Portelli, subjects” original] in [emphasis n, Hennen (2005) also pointed out that only less th less only that out pointed also (2005) Hennen n, the United States were non-white. non-white. were States United the 45 45 uiyo SoPuo wihi mil fre y whit by formed mainly is which Paulo, São of munity in higher education ( education higher in performance. Thereby, when analysing the the analysing when Thereby, performance. oof of authenticity, we shall consider them them consider shall we authenticity, of oof interviewees were white, gay, and middle middle and gay, white, were interviewees ationship with the interviewer, who also also who interviewer, the with ationship that, since the method employed to recruit recruit employed to the method since that, social circle –, it is not surprising that the the that surprising not is it –, circle social sn ad nepeig h nraie. As narratives. the interpreting and ysing nly a narrator’s individual creativity but but creativity individual narrator’s a nly r sampling – which included contacting contacting included which – sampling r hat Hennen (2005) described of a Bear Bear a of described (2005) Hennen hat and middle class men. Since in Brazil in Since men. class middle and a psto” p11. ahr than Rather (p.151). position” ial n from São Paulo may also have have also may Paulo São from n counter of the interviewee and the the and interviewee the of counter ith two main factors. The first is is first The factors. main two ith Sne a itrve i an is inter/view “an Since . have a Bachelor’s degree. degree. Bachelor’s a have Secretaria de Assuntos Assuntos de Secretaria .31), my my .31), an 5% of of 5% an e e CEU eTD Collection results of the interviews with the members of the B the members with of the of results the interviews rese this of issues ethical the and methodology the 2007) as a interpretativeresear (Shopes, authority context proper the give to struggled I interviews,

Having presented the profile of the participants an participants the of profile the presented Having 46 46 cher. cher. ear community of São Paulo. Paulo. São community ear of arch, I turn now to the presentation of the of presentation the to now turn I arch, to the narratives and be aware of my my of aware be and narratives the to d the interview process, as well as well as process, interview the d CEU eTD Collection but rather a masculine gay posture”. Armando, in t in Armando, posture”. gay masculine a rather but need to be proud of your Inaddition masculinity”. need beto proudof ownmasculinity, his of beingproud with associated in extensively explained chapter;is ratherit but Be among masculinity of notions the of analysis The co “second and issues, age non-Bears), and men thin Bears for internet the of importance the community, commu Bear the makes what Paulo, São in events Bear gl a as Paulo São of importance the Paulo, São from de include: categories The categories. into grouped topics important most the Subsequently, narratives.

hair. It is masculinity in essence; an imposing fig imposing an essence; in masculinity is It hair. fashio depilation, aesthetic, gay current the about Felipe (2005). Hennen of research empirical the in r is Bear a being that stated Leandro) and Carlos, eleven, of out (six interviewees the of Most Paulo. types, but more masculine, not fairies. They use a use They fairies. not masculine, more but types, weight his assuming of problem no has who man gay a h aayi o te neves osse frt f n of first consisted interviews the of analysis The The first category concerns the definition of Bears of definition the concerns category first The INTERVIEW ANALYSIS INTERVIEW CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER4 47 47 the next one. thenext ure of masculinity. It is not about being fat, being about not is It masculinity. of ure n clothing, do I do not know what with the with what know not do I do clothing, n elated to a “certain attitude”, as also found also as attitude”, “certain a to elated to this, Julio considered a that Bear this, to Julio is namely, Julio, Felipe, Armando, Augusto, Augusto, Armando, Felipe, Julio, namely, finition of Bears given by the participants participants the by given Bears of finition urn, stated that being a Bear is something something is Bear a being that stated urn, “you do not need to be a Rambo, but youbut Rambo, bea to need not do “you of the narratives were highlighted and and highlighted were narratives the of ming out” (Hamelin & Langway, 2010). 2010). Langway, & (Hamelin out” ming , issues of prejudice (effeminate Bears, Bears, (effeminate prejudice of issues , stated that being a Bear is not “caring “caring not is Bear a being that stated obal city, the current popularization of of popularization current the city, obal ars is not addressed in the present present the in addressed not is ars nity different from the broader gay gay broader the from different nity given by the participants from São São from participants the by given lot of beard. It involves style and and style involves It beard. of lot umerous close readings of the the of readings close umerous and hair. There are various various are There hair. and CEU eTD Collection participants (Francisco, Roberto and Fernando) made Fernando) and Roberto (Francisco, participants Bears and an ideal Bear community. Bearcommunity. Bears and an ideal als are interviewees those seems it masculine, more idealization. an suggest also Fernando and Roberto, lumb a woods, the from man a of masculinity of type Bear a of definition the how describe to “fantasy” 3 (p. woods” the and natural the to flight “fantasy (20 Bronski by mentioned idea the with similarities f different is Paulo São in community Bear the that an essential attribute. anessential attribute. Bears American of examples mention both who (2008), demonstrated as way, same the in masculinity value observe to possible is it masculine, more are Bears Roberto Although hairy.” and fat someone is Brazil] Bear many are There Brazil. of case the not is that countries manyEuropean in that say “TheyFernando, f and old bodies; their like not did who men or fat m strong, big, is he “lumberjack, a with associated Rob example, For America. of States United the and

posture. The style of dress changes a lot [from non [from lot a changes dress of style The posture. n h ohr ad we aseig o te wud de would they how answering when hand, other the On he chains;and silver neckthe community, necklaces Moreover, I believe the answers of Francisco, Rober Francisco, of answers the believe I Moreover, 48 48 asculine”; while in Brazil, Bears are “very “very are Bears Brazil, in while asculine”; that not all Bear communities in the U.S. the in communities Bear all not that 1). Bronski (2002) made use of the word word the of use made (2002) Bronski 1). o referring to a fantasy, a fantasy of ideal ideal of fantasy a fantasy, a to referring o is embedded by idealization, such as the as such idealization, by embedded is s here that are not masculine; a Bear [in [in Bear a masculine; not are that here s When saying that in the U.S. Bears are are Bears U.S. the in that saying When at people”. Similar opinion is stated by by stated is opinion Similar people”. at a distinction between Bears from Brazil Brazil from Bears between distinction a and U.S. the masculine is more valued, valued, more is masculine the U.S. and 2 ta te er omnt i lk a like is community Bear the that 02) by Wright (1997) and Baus and Hunt Hunt and Baus and (1997) Wright by n Frad sae ta i te U.S. the in that stated Fernando and rom (or worse than) the U.S., have have U.S., the than) worse (or rom erto stated that in the U.S. a Bear is is Bear a U.S. the in that stated erto who do not consider masculinity as as masculinity consider not do who rak Te nwr o Francisco, of answers The erjack. -Bear gays]: Bear paw, T-shirt of of T-shirt paw, Bear gays]: -Bear avy things. avythings. to, and Fernando, when affirming affirming when Fernando, and to, fine a Bear, three of the the of three Bear, a fine CEU eTD Collection the Bear community: theBear community: non-mas that stating opinion, opposite an expresses no is idea this that but past, the in Bears the for fromand repor the 1980s the reality. current Artur a out pointed Pedro) and (Artur interviewees the of I decided to remain the very literal meaning and pu meaning and veryliteral toremain the decided I 29

The original word used by Pedro was “sensorialidad was Pedro by wordused original The place of socialization, acceptance and resistance. resistance. and acceptance socialization, of place against hegemonic models. It se about increasing againsthegemonic is models. and segregating, dumb, is It men. heterosexual find expression gender and Feminisms opposite. the quite different body types, other models and sexual pract sexual and models c other types, body different a with comes Bear] of concept [the origin, its At From the narrative above, Artur considered that mas that considered Artur above, narrative the From careappearance. his of standard, aesthetic overall the with identification feather of lots and Cher to listen who affectation, mo Bears, be to want not do who Bears Bears, muscle mascul 100% be to was Bear a Originally mannerisms. identify not did who man a was Bear a past, the In In addition to this, still concerning the question question the concerning still this, to addition In textures. This does not prevent sleeping with thin thin with sleeping prevent not does This textures. t it between quotation marks. marks. quotation between it t es”, which is also not common in Brazilian Portugue inBrazilian common not whichisalso es”, 49 49 t current anymore. On the other hand, Pedro Pedro hand, other the On anymore. current t ted: ted: culine men are not well-accepted within within well-accepted not are men culine difference between the idea of a Bear Bear a of idea the between difference of how they would define a Bear, two two Bear, a define would they how of which is a slim gay man who takes takes who man gay slim a is which s. Today, Bear is related to the non- the to related is Bear Today, s. Nevertheless, the model in Brazil is is Brazil in model the Nevertheless, lf-esteem, not a competition. a not competition. lf-esteem, or muscular bodies. It should be a a be should It bodies. muscular or misogynist. It is not easy to fight fight to easy not is It misogynist. ices, other ‘sensorialities’ other ices, culinity was an essential attribute essential an was culinity re effeminate Bears, with much much with Bears, effeminate re with the gay aesthetic and the the and aesthetic gay the with s are repelled. People want to to want People repelled. are s ine. It changed a lot, there are are there lot, a changed It ine. omprehensive proposal, with with proposal, omprehensive 29 , other , se, so so se, CEU eTD Collection personally when they moved to that city. Felipe sai Felipe city. that to moved they when personally osdrbe nrae n h nme o pris dedi parties of number the in increase considerable moving São Bears to heuntil had about heard never b Bear a of internet the through existence the knew th said he Bears; to dedicated events or bar no was Paulo, São from originally not are who interviewees for reference major a is Paulo São that surprising its has that – culture Bear the as such references, mos cities Brazilian the of one is it that fact the Pau São that fact The 349). p. 2001, (Sassen, City” part and alike, become will world the around cities “According city. global a being Paulo São of fact relation to non-masculine men. non-masculine relationto tha in communities Bear some are there inclusivity; emergen the although that stated also (1997) Wright on apply not does community Bear the of inclusivity mention worth is It inclusivity. with associated is state latter the masculine, be to needed originally idea. original this about understandings different t from different are nowadays Bears that state them

n diin o hs svn atcpns ttd that stated participants seven this, to addition In The second category created based on the narratives the on based created category second The t s neetn t cmae h nraie fo Ar from narratives the compare to interesting is It 50 50 d that the emergence of the Bear community Bear the of emergence the that d ing here that what Pedro said about the non- the about said Pedro what that here ing origin in the U.S. For that reason, it is not is it reason, that For U.S. the in origin lkl t asr ad elc international reflect and absorb to likely t to the global city model, the various global global various the model, cityglobal the to icularly, that they will resemble New York New resemble will they that icularly, at before moving to São Paulo, he already he Paulo, São to moving before at Bears in Brazil and that two of the three three the of two that and Brazil in Bears d that he came from a city in which there there which in city a from came he that d ar in the city. Roberto, in turn, stated that that stated turn, in Roberto, city. the in ar While the former considers that a Bear Bear a that considers former the While lo is a global city can be associated with with associated be can city global a is lo Paulo. Paulo. ce of Bears in the U.S. is associated with associated is U.S. the in Bears of ce ly to the city of São Paulo. For example, example, For Paulo. São of city the to ly e rgnl da te hv completely have they idea, original he cuty ht r nt o nlsv in inclusive so not are that country t ae t Bas n ã Puo Artur Paulo. São in Bears to cated only came to know Bear events events Bear know to came only of the interviews is related to the the to related is interviews the of tur and Pedro. Although both of of both Although Pedro. and tur nowadays there has been a a been has there nowadays CEU eTD Collection e eae t te mrec o te is Ba group Bear first the of emergence the to related be per party Bear a have to Bears,started partiesfor 30 acq get to Bears helping internet the of importance in meetings Bear first the in part take to claimed i The networks”. social the of because is it think n is there Itseems superficial. Itseems networks. know to seems “everybody that fact the is community mo the of one Julio, For community. gay broader the leave to due the venue, get the club, decided into and friends, his he, that said He line. waiting the Bearfirstpar its promoting was gay that a club to Felip example, For some. for dissatisfaction causes popul becoming are events Bear that is consequences in nightlife Paulo’s São in popularity considerable D-Ed as such clubs, gay-friendly in parties Bear of and asgay some Vermont that venues,explained such

Bear phenomenon in the U.S., as bymentioned U.S., BearWright the phenomenon in i but reality, Brazilian the to related only not is u The online”. out came they and out, not were them di people Many online. built been all has community IRC (Internet Relay Chat) refers to a software for software a to refers Chat) Relay IRC(Internet I turn now to the answers concerning what makes the makes what concerning answers the to now turn I chatting online. online. chatting 51 51 t is also associated with the emergence of the the of emergence the with associated also is t few other Bears who were waiting in line to line in waiting were who Bears other few iodically. Artur also mentioned the existence existence the mentioned also Artur iodically. to the “few Bears that were there”. there”. the “few Bearswere that to o privacy and everything is connected, and I and connected, is everything and privacy o ty, because he could hardly see any Bears in in Bears any hardly see could he because ty, mportance Julio placed on the internet can can internet the on placed Julio mportance Brazil in the mid-1990s, both stressed the stressed both mid-1990s, the in Brazil uainted. “We used to use IRCuse to used “We uainted. e told he was disappointed when he went went he when disappointed was he told e the last couple of years, and one of the the of one and years, of couple last the se of the internet enabling Bears to meet to Bears enabling internet the of se d not use to attend gay places, many of of many places, gay attend to use not d Cantho, that did not use to have special have use to not special did that Cantho, i Bai. ru ad rad, who Armando, and Artur Brazil. in s (1997) and Suresha (2002). (2002). and Suresha (1997) ge and Vegas. Bears have gained a a gained have Bears Vegas. and ge t akd hrceitc o te Bear the of characteristics marked st ar not only among Bears; fact that that fact Bears; among only not ar each other, especially in social social in especially other, each Bear community different from from different community Bear 30 . The Bear The . CEU eTD Collection rae gy omnt i te o-xlso o ft p fat of non-exclusion the is community gay broader to worry if your belly is apparent of not”. Inyouraddi worry to apparent of not”. if is belly communit Bear the [in prejudiced, is that community

stigmatization, the Bear community seems to be a we bethe Bear to a community stigmatization, seems men gay old although that out point masculinities, their on (2010), Linneman and Slevin men. gay older communi Bear the in that suggests it age; of issues Besidesmuscularthi body. toned or a having ornot there seems it community, Bear Inthe communities. the within way same the in found not are overweight prejudices and desires of the gay community in gene thegay prejudicescommunity in of and desires young, be Imay right? community, Bear the of part People are going to beat me because of that stateme that of because me beat to going are People m I community. gay the of language typical the have Bear the makes what Carlos, for hand, other the On 504-505) 504-505) els than admiration of level greater a with treated respite, welcome a bears the find men gay old some Ther value. to tends gaycommunity the broader that (w norms body strict the rejects community bear The h ases bv fo Cro ad rnic express Francisco and Carlos from above answers The com gay the in happen not does which music, old and Bears do not have to wear fashionable clothes, or h or clothes, fashionable wear to have not do Bears 52 52 tion to this, Francisco that this, to tion argues s, the narrative of Francisco also mentions mentions also Francisco the narrative s, of is a greater acceptance of being not thin, thin, not being of acceptance greater a is lcoming place for them: forthem: lcoming place ty there is also a greater acceptance of of acceptance greater a also is there ty y] you can be yourself, you do not need not do you yourself, be can you y] Bear community and within other gay other within and community Bear ih eprec a tms double a times at experience might work on old gay men’s bodies and and bodies men’s gay old on work ewhere in the gay community. (p. (p. community. gay the in ewhere efore, it should be no surprise that surprisethat beno should efore,it ral. ral. I may be old. I can hear both new new both hear can I old. be may I ol, dfeet rm h gay the from “different eople, nt [laughs]. After all, chasers are are chasers all, After [laughs]. nt air, or perfume. I do not need to to need not do I perfume. or air, ay be fat, but I can also be thin. thin. be also can I but fat, be ay munity. I can be apart from the the from apart be can I munity. omnt dfeet rm the from different community ashboard abs, hairless torsos) torsos) hairless abs, ashboard as their aging bodies will be be will bodies aging their as that prejudices for being being for prejudices that CEU eTD Collection body, are stocky, and pass for muscle Bears. All th All Bears. muscle for pass and stocky, are body, no longer keep fit and start to go to Bear parties. Bear to go to start and fit keep longer no values same the share not do and community Bear the m gay many attracts also it men, gay older welcomes ment Pedro hand, other the On maturity”. and safety Bearcommuni the in most me attracts “What Leandro,

autophagy; attraction and dating occur within the g the within occur dating and attraction likes autophagy; Bear a that common more is “it that expressed effeminate men may not fit (as fit and stated Felipe by effeminate men may not are they that idea an also is there 1997), (Wright, tha time same the at that here observe to important partie gay in fatties against sides: both on exists acce not do they community; closed much a are Bears hai and fat of side, other the on dictatorship a is now thethe started mus past exclude in to excluded Ca prejudice. of types other no are there that mean o and overweight against example for community, gay the same values as the members of this community. asthe community. themembers same of values this older for also but chasers, and Bears onlyfor not c Bear the that suggests statement Pedro’s Thereby, One of the images associated with Bears is that of of that is Bears with associated images the of One In addition to this, still related to the idea of B of idea the to related still this, to addition In Although the Bear community seems not to have the s the have to not seems community Bear the Although 53 53 ry men.” Felipe, in turn, stated, “That is why why is “That stated, turn, in Felipe, men.” ry s and against thin men in Bear parties.” It is is It parties.” Bear in men thin against and s gay men who are not Bears and do not share not do and Bears not are who gaymen Older Armando). Armando). cular men, the skinnies, the effeminates. It the effeminates. cularmen, the skinnies, roup”. Artur was referring to the fact that that fact the to referring was Artur roup”. is is sad. I am sorry for all this” (Pedro). this” all for sorry am I sad. is is ommunity represents a welcoming space space welcoming a represents ommunity ioned that because the Bear community Bear the because that ioned a closed community, where thin and and thin where community, closed a en who got older but never took part in part took never but older got who en t Bears are associated with inclusivity inclusivity with associated are Bears t ty is that Bears provide me a feeling of of feeling a me provide Bears that ty is as its members. “Old queens that can can that queens “Old members. its as ears being a closed community, Artur community, closed a being ears rlos pointed out, “Those who were were who “Those out, pointed rlos pt this feminine gay aura. Prejudice Prejudice aura. gay feminine this pt another Bear than a chaser. It is is It chaser. a than Bear another dr e, hs os o necessarily not does this men, lder barbies mature and older men, as stated by by stated as men, older and mature ame prejudices as the broader broader the as prejudices ame , that cannot keep the same the keep cannot that , CEU eTD Collection Suresha (2002), the definition of a Bear is not uni not is Bear a of definition the (2002), Suresha that, observe to possible was It chapter. next the the worth summarizing is it communityof Paulo, São 4.1 Chapter’s conclusion Chapter’s 4.1 conclusion out”. coming having “second their relat closet first the being – closets second their a being assume who men that consider (2010) Langway (Mart stereotypes gay non-traditional to attraction ass and stereotypes, gay traditional from different ass relations, same-sex in engaged being represents non-hegemonic following involve all chaser or Bear, poss is It out. coming a as it to refer also (2010) M gay, being assuming of idea the with similarities of idea the Since Bears.” liking assuming up ended te to ashamed be to used he but parties, Bear to go h other the On Bear.” a being assume you lifestyle, a (being Bears liking and Bear a being assuming of of few are them a most of rela this; have like them ar Bears many believe “I Leandro, by stated also is se and relationships have Bears that rare not is it

aig rsne te aeois rm h interviews the from categories the presented Having Another category created based on the narratives of narratives the on based created category Another 54 54 xual relations mostly with other Bears. As it As Bears. other with mostly relations xual ed to assuming being gay – and, therefore, therefore, and, – gay being assuming to ed uming liking Bears represents admitting the the admitting represents Bears liking uming in, 1997, p. xx). Besides this, Hamelin and Hamelin this, Besides xx). p. 1997, in, tionship with non-Bears”. with tionship que and comprises a number of meanings, meanings, of number a comprises and que bet bev ht oigot sa gay, a as out coming that observe to ible e very elitist, they only like Bears, at least at Bears, like only they elitist, very e ll that to his friends, “Until one day that I that day one “Until friends, his to that ll and, Julio reported that he used to like to to like to used he that reported Julio and, as already stated by Wright (1997) and and (1997) Wright by stated already as artin (1997) and Hamelin and Langway and Hamelin and (1997) artin most important points before moving to to beforemoving points important most assuming being a Bear or a chaser has chaser a or Bear a being assuming uming being a Bear represents being being represents Bear a being uming chaser). Felipe states that “Bear is a a is “Bear that states Felipe chaser). models; while assuming being gay gay being assuming while models; Bear or a chaser are coming out of out coming are chaser a or Bear the interviews concerns the idea idea the concerns interviews the with the members of the Bear Bear the of members the with CEU eTD Collection in detail in the next chapter “Masculinities within “Masculinities nextchapter inthe indetail mascul rugged more a involves which capital, gender 31 that mean necessarily not does this looks; diff comprises and stereotype clone” “Castro the to ga although that consider to possible Itis attention. broader the within and community Bear the within be difference The welcome. so be not might men thin parti some community, Bear the within men older and getBearsmeans acqu for to represents an important meetin Bear first the that internet the through was in the that ha indicated also interviews to the Moreover, use not did that clubs gay mainstream in also onl not found are parties Bear Nowadays increased. the and Paulo São in popularity gained Bears years Bea the for reference major a is Paulo São nowadays too Brazil in meetings Bear first the that fact the wit city global a being Paulo São that demonstrated indivi each on even and community each on depending

embracing marginalized gay men (such as older, over older, as (such men gay marginalized embracing Bea the that suggests them as values same the share a up ending community Bear the of Bears by reported that the Bear community may not have its own normsown its have not may community Bear the that to nonconformity represent Bears because not is It On the contrary, the interviews demonstrated how t how demonstrated interviews the contrary, the On Furthermore, it was observed that although there is there although that observed was it Furthermore, the Bear community”. community”. Bear the any inity and a hairy and stocky body; issues that are are that issues body; stocky and hairy a and inity he Bear culture regulates and produces a specific t specific a produces and regulates culture Bear he 55 55 man is well-accepted in the Bear community. community. Bear the in well-accepted is man the Bear phenomenon emerges as a response response a as emerges phenomenon Bear the k place in this city and also to the fact that that fact the to also and city this in place k ainted. ternet has a central role among Bears. It Bears. among role central a has ternet numbers of parties dedicated to them has them to dedicated parties of numbers erent types of masculinities, bodies, and bodies, masculinities, of types erent h a prolific gay scene is associated with associated is scene gay prolific a h the norms of the mainstream gay world world gay mainstream the of norms the r culture in Brazil. In the past couple of of couple past the In Brazil. in culture r r culture is not necessarily a space for for space a necessarily not is culture r y in the margins of the gay scene, but but scene, gay the of margins the in y ttracting men who got older and do not not do and older got who men ttracting tween the type of prejudices that exist exist that prejudices of type the tween it today still and organized were gs weight, and hairy), but rather a space space a rather but hairy), and weight, 31 iat rpre ta efmnt and effeminate that reported cipants ve Bears as their target audience. audience. target their as Bears ve . In addition to this, the discontent the this, to addition In . ul I adto t ti, t was it this, to addition In dual. y community deserves a closer closer a deserves community y no stigmatization of overweight overweight of stigmatization no analysed analysed ype of of ype CEU eTD Collection Paulo. Paulo. masculin of notions the of analysis the to now turn when others” “the represent the to seem Bears men, ot “the as regarded be can men gay while Bears: and para a draw to possible is it Here, 2010). Langway, havin something, assuming of idea the to related is any in part taking of experience the share who men for

space, but rather a Bear’s space. Bear’sratheraspace. space, but Finally, the interviews also indicated that being a being that indicated also interviews the Finally, 56 56 llel between the representation of gay men men gay of representation the between llel a community defined as “Bear”; it is not not is it “Bear”; as defined community a hers” when compared with heterosexual with compared when hers” compared with mainstream gay men. I men. gay mainstream with compared ity within the Bear community of São São of community Bear the within ity g a “second coming out” (Hamelin & & (Hamelin out” coming “second a g Bear or feeling attraction to a Bear Bear a to attraction feeling or Bear CEU eTD Collection

Bears, more specifically in the Bear community in S in the Bear community Bears,in more specifically prob and on reflect to is thereby, chapter, this of unde is it how to attention draw to important is it charact the of one is masculinity Since elucidated. are guy” gay masculine “a and attitude” “masculine effeminat being of stereotype the meet not does gay that utterances the of some are guy” gay masculine considered that “a certain type of attitude” is a d a is attitude” of type certain “a that considered hand other the On behaviour. masculine a having men jean generally wearing aesthetics, or fashion about me other have may natural” “going of characteristic natural” “going men gay are Bears that mentioned is masculinit with associated often are Bears describe conc analyses interesting present authors two These certa “a having and 2002) (Suresha, natural” “going d to used expressions other two with common in much “ h epesos msuie tiue ad a masculi “a and attitude” “masculine expressions The He does not seem like gay”, “he is gay, but has a m a has but gay, is “he gay”, like seem not does He MASCULINITIES WITHIN THE BEAR COMMUNITY WITHIN THE MASCULINITIES CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER5 passes for straight until hethe dancefloo passesto gets for until straight 57 57 Here is a definition of a Bear.who of He a Herea man is a definition is

efining characteristic of a Bear, this attitude, this Bear, a of characteristic efining rstood within this community. The purpose purpose The community. this within rstood lematize the meanings masculinity has for for has masculinity meanings the lematize eristics associated with the image of Bears, Bears, of image the with associated eristics s and flannel shirts –, it may also refer to to refer also may it –, shirts flannel and s y. The first author points out that when it it when that out points author first The y. erning how those definitions employed to to employed definitions those how erning ão Paulo. ãoPaulo. e. Nevertheless, although the expressions expressions the although Nevertheless, e. often seek to express that a man who is who man a that express to seek often anings – such as men who do not care not do who men as such – anings (Suresha, 2002, p. 16), although this this although 16), p. 2002, (Suresha, , Hennen (2005) states that when it is is it when that states (2005) Hennen , in type of attitude” (Hennen, 2005). 2005). (Hennen, attitude” of type in often heard, they are not so often often so not are they heard, often escribe Bears, namely, as gay men men gay as namely, Bears, escribe e a gy, cnie, have consider, I guy”, gay ne asculine attitude” and “he is a is “he and attitude” asculine Baus Hunt, and Bear Run Bear Run r. r.

CEU eTD Collection osbe o bev a eauto o te eiie a feminine the of devaluation a observe to possible object is not just the choice of a-body-with-penis; of choice the just not is object gender and sex between correspondence logical a was idea essentialist an with associated is attitude”, thing” (p. 26). thing”(p. 26). related be also can meanings, possible other among

od ue i te il o ti atce ae refere make article gay asainterviewee, man: defined this of title the in used words intriguing very a with masculinities gay on article or beto artificial deemed ais masculine attitude havi man a that natural” “going expression the from men. heterosexual as “natural” 2008), Hunt, & (Baus woul gays some as mannerisms effeminate have not do heterosexual be to appearing with associated be to men gay are Bears that stated is it When natural”. re to possible is it believe I and men heterosexual in Connell, 1992, p. 746) p. 1992, Connell, in Ithere it. That's all to is understand suppose. it and leather And point. strong fairly a That's one. hs asg, s el s h epesos gig nat “going expressions the as well as passage, This iia t tee osdrtos s h aayi dev analysis the is considerations these to Similar r Bears masculinity the that mentions (2005) Hennen If you're a guy why don't you just act like a guy? a like act just you don't why guy a you're If 58 58 of men being naturally masculine; as if there there if as masculine; naturally being men of not appropriate – not “natural”. appropriate “natural”. not – not late this idea to the characteristic of “going “going of characteristic the to idea this late title, namely, “A very straight gay”. The The gay”. straight very “A namely, title, it is the choice of embodied-masculinity. embodied-masculinity. of choice the is it “going natural”, the word “natural” seems seems “natural” word the natural”, “going men. It seems to express that some Bears some that express to seems It men. ng effeminate mannerisms or not having not or mannerisms effeminate ng nd that “the choice of a man as sexual sexual as man a of choice “the that nd I am a very straight gay. (Mark as cited cited Igay.as (Mark a very straight am to being masculine, “The masculinity masculinity “The masculine, being to (Butler, 1993). Besides this, it is also also is it this, Besides 1993). (Butler, Moreover, it is also possible to infer to possible also is it Moreover, nce to the following speech of an an of speech following the to nce d do; they are just “regular guys” guys” “regular just are they do; d You're not a female, don't act like like act don't female, a not You're eloped by Connell (1992) in an an in (1992) Connell by eloped l ti ohr az I ut don't just I jazz, other this all efer to is also associated with with associated also is to efer ural” and a “certain type of of type “certain a and ural” CEU eTD Collection ons u ta wie egt bl, n sbtne a substance and bulk, weight, while that out points pointed out by Monaghan (2005). On his article on on article his On (2005). Monaghan by out pointed be eroticized by being stocky or fatter; neverthele fatter; or stocky being by eroticized be Chubbies as “typically more expansive than Bears, t Bears, than expansive more “typically as Chubbies 32 masculinity body male a having of fact the to related only not men gay some for that suggests citation This 746). (generally are masculinity of meanings cultural The

eroticized as more masculine, Bears seem adequat to as eroticized more masculine, (p.86). women for expected are smoothness and loss, represents body bigger a having of (2002) McGann of this thin”, so not is who one the is man masculine is to attention draw I masculinity with associated will that topics other; each to contradictory even of range wide a comprises masculinity that observed are not about being thin, but something between, but in are about thin, being not order to get fat as one possibly can. It rather see Itrather can. possibly one as fat get to order delimi needs behaviour male a with associated meals expansiv and spontaneously eat to manly the of mark have to supposed “are they that men, from expected There are other subcultures in which body weight i weight body which in subcultures other are There From the interviews with the members of the Bear co Bear the of members the with interviews the From Similar to the idea of McGann (2002), Bordo (1993) (1993) Bordo (2002), McGann of idea the to Similar this personhas. this heir expressions of self-acceptance are lessassure are self-acceptance of expressions heir fat male embodiment, Monaghan (2005) describes gay describes (2005) Monaghan embodiment, male fat s more specifically valued, such as gay male Chubbi male gay as such valued, specifically more s 59 59 ms that Bears are not about being obesebeingabout not are Bears that ms body size. When Carlos stated that “a more more “a that stated Carlos When size. body ss, being a Bear is not about eating at lot in lot at eating about not is Bear a being ss, “natural”, as described by Armando. by“natural”, asArmando. described be detailed from now on. The first topic topic first The on. now from detailed be statement can be associated with the idea idea the with associated be can statement ) part of the package” (Connell, 1992, p. p. 1992, (Connell, package” the of part ) ely fit this logic. logic. this elyfit the attraction for the same-sex person is is person same-sex the for attraction the e soitd ih alns; lightness, manliness; with associated re “-oywt-ei”,bt ahr o the to rather but (“a-body-with-penis”), tation when analysing Bears. Bears can can Bears Bears. analysing when tation larger eating of idea The 108). (p. ely” hearty, even voracious appetites. It is a a is It appetites. voracious even hearty, possibilities and meanings, sometimes sometimes meanings, and possibilities a male characteristic. McGann (2002) (2002) McGann characteristic. male a Thereby, if a man being stocky is is stocky being man a if Thereby, affirms that compulsive eating is is eating compulsive that affirms mmunity in São Paulo, it was it Paulo, São in mmunity d” (p. 87). (p. d” 32 es, as es, and male male CEU eTD Collection but not with soft bodies, as illustrated by Armando by illustrated as bodies, soft with not but ois Bro 20) ons u ta bde ta ar that bodies that out points (2000) Bordo bodies. uh s ak acif, n o te ao Ba icons Bear b ahard, representedratherthan soft, men with by major the of one Radcliffe, Jack as such “ so not they are built, be can bellies their true; thei how about worry not to appearing Bears despite dis a not is it but it, with disdain apparent an is B society. our in reference masculine a as regarded metaph a is body hard proud, “the while femininity,

also associated with a masculine attribute. Armando attribute. masculine a with associated also prestig gives that something only not represents It nlds lo nte iprat set nml, the namely, aspect, important another also includes commu order health,in accepted the be to in better st they and fat be to means Bear a being that think proble health have to starting am I weight, lose to wa ex-boyfriend My diabetic. and obese is community b overweight are community Bear the of members many communit Bear the of members other by accepted more grow and weight gain to started he and by went time h because parties, Bear to going uncomfortable feel t moved Felipe When Pedro. and Felipe of narratives The belly seems to be valued as a specific form of of form specific a as valued be to seems belly The co Bear the within weight gaining of importance The n diin o hs te da f ann wih and weight gaining of idea the this, to addition In 60 60 natural”. The images used to symbolize Bears, Bears, symbolize to used images The natural”. dain”. Armando was referring to the fact that that fact the to referring was Armando dain”. elly. elly. nity. nity. , “the belly has a very important role, there there role, important very a has belly“the , art to eat a lot, without taking care of their of care taking without lot, a eat to art e and social recognition to Bears, but it is is it but Bears, to recognition social and e ears are much associated with fatter man, fatter with associated much are ears ms.” Pedro also stated that some people people some that stated also Pedro ms.” states that the clothes are worn in a way way a in worn are clothes the that states e was thin and did not have a beard. As As beard. a have not did and thin was e r belly looks like, this is not necessarily not is this like, looks belly r o São Paulo, he reported that he used to used he that reported he Paulo, São o or for mastery and power” (p. 49), and and 49), (p. power” and mastery for or out his beard, he said he started to feel feel to started he said he beard, his out meanings attributed to hard and soft soft and hard to attributed meanings nted me to get fatter; I said no, I have have I no, said I fatter; get to me nted e soft are typically associated with with associated typically are soft e Wih, 01, r ms likely most are 2001), (Wright, y. Pedro, in turn, considered that that considered turn, in Pedro, y. capital, namely, as gender capital. capital. gender as namely, capital, yn haty iis “h Bear “The limits: healthy eyond its association with masculinity masculinity with association its mmunity is illustrated by the the by illustrated is mmunity CEU eTD Collection baggy; usually they go under the belly. The belly i belly The belly. the under go they usually baggy; represent virility. representvirility. (p contacts)” sexual labor, physical sports, (i.e., b a see one which in society our in situations “The femini with associated necessarily is body hairless Ke & Tiggeman 1998; Braman, & (Basow attractiveness tradi is hair body although that out pointing worth th stated he him, attract most that characteristics Felipe When hair. body is Bears among masculinity depilated has been increasing. They state: They depilatedstate: increasing. has been year recent in that out bring depilation, body male that strategically places the belly. “Tight pants, pants, “Tight belly. the places strategically that guy bod a natural rathera masculinewho man has is belly “non-hegemonic a public, in abdomen non-toned showin by only not enhanced be to seems masculinity ab toned a having not “despite public, in shirt his C comment, Armando’s to Similar (Armando). it” show presence of body hair (i.e., some level of hirsuten of level some (i.e., hair body of presence Cafri, & Thompson, 2005, p. 640). p. Cafri,& 2005, Thompson, once were that behaviors sanctions it because also ide changing ever the understanding better for only ie te itrcl mhss n h rltosi b relationship the on emphasis historical the Given Besides this, Boroughs, Cafri, and Thompson (2005) Thompson and Cafri, Boroughs, this, Besides In addition to body size and the belly, another bod another belly, the and size body to addition In 61 61 . 126). Therefore, a bare male body may also also may body male bare a Therefore, 126). . domen”, is a sign of masculinity. Thereby, Thereby, masculinity. of sign a is domen”, but not so tight; baggy shorts, but not so so not but shorts, baggy tight; so not but t I hn i i al bu bd hi” I is It hair”. body about all is it think “I at tionally associated with virility and men’s men’s and virility with associated tionally are chested male strongly suggest potency potency suggest strongly male chested are s very important, men are not ashamed to to ashamed not are men important, very s nity. As stated by Vernis & Roll (1970), (1970), Roll & Vernis by stated As nity. y, shaped”. not s the number of men having their body body their having men of number the s g the belly in public, but by showing a showing by but public, in belly the g arlos considered that a man taking off off taking man a that consideredarlos nyon, 1998), we cannot affirm that a a that affirm cannot we 1998), nyon, ess), such a shift has importance not not importance has shift a such ess), ”. As illustrated by Armando, “a “a Armando, by illustrated As ”. a rfrig o n o te male the of one to referring was als of attractiveness for men, but but men, for attractiveness of als ily characteristic associated with with associated characteristic ily reserved for women (Boroughs, (Boroughs, women for reserved , on their empirical research on on research empirical their on , etween masculinity and the the and masculinity etween CEU eTD Collection oy ar a b rgre a msuie ihn h B the within masculine as regarded be can hair body oy eiain s eesrl adesd o a men gay to addressed necessarily is depilation body jeans, caps, suspenders, and boots, which are repea arewhich boots, and suspenders, caps, jeans, perfume, as it is not considered as “a mark of masc of mark “a as considered not is it as perfume,

the gay male thegay male 19 (Simpson, men metrosexual of phenomenon cultural the representation of masculinity. therepresentation of masculinity. ma a Although feminine. typically was that activity norms, gender disrupts depilated body their having men that precisely is above quote the on emphasize B What effeminate. as men gay of idea stereotypical p this of audience target the also are men nowadays also associated with specific sexual acts. Pedro st Pedro acts. sexual specific with associated also Bears as – highly valued and – identified more also mascul Bear of field the in capital of form a be to of accessories and clothes of range The community. elements of clothing specifically associated with B with associated specifically clothing of elements observe already As look. they how about care not do car not they do that claim Bears some although that communit Bear some are there that out brought Artur tha argues Pedro aesthetics. with non-preoccupation If traditionally body depilation was considered a p a considered was depilation body traditionally If In addition to this, from the analysis of the inter the of analysis the from this, to Inaddition nte caatrsi pitd u b te interview the by out pointed characteristic Another barbies barbies from São Paulo are examples of the intertwining of of of the intertwining examples are Paulo São from 62 62 ated that “among some Bears being passive passive being Bears some “among that ated tedly used by many of the members of this this of members the of many by used tedly . . e about fashion, it does not mean that they that mean not does it fashion, about e ractice. And this does not mean that male that mean not does this And ractice. ears, such as flannel and checked shirts, shirts, checked and flannel as such ears, the universe of the Bearphernalia seems seems Bearphernalia the of universe the – including hetero, bi and homosexual – homosexual and bi hetero, including – by the fact that they are engaging in an an in engaging are they that fact the by ulinity”. It is important to mention here here mention to important is It ulinity”. n who does not care about shaving his his shaving about care not does who n inities, by which men are more easily easily more are men which by inities, t Bears do not care about fashion and and fashion about care not do Bears t oroughs, Cafri, and Thompson (2005) (2005) Thompson and Cafri, oroughs, views, the notions of masculinity were of masculinity notions the views, d in the first chapter, there are some some are there chapter, first the in d ear community (Artur, Felipe); the the Felipe); (Artur, community ear ies where the members do not use use not do members the where ies 94), the professional sportsmen and sportsmen professional the 94), a oe ol tik u t the to due think could one as , ractice addressed only to women, women, to only addressed ractice ees related to masculinity is the the is masculinity to related ees depilated bodies and and bodies depilated CEU eTD Collection penetrated, even if it is a woman, is regarded as m as regarded is woman, a is it if even penetrated, penetrated has a major influence on gender. Differe gender. on influence major a has penetrated eul eain. n ht es, abrtm (1998) Halberstam sense, that In relations. sexual a masculine very are who women of case illustrative masculinity and penetration between relation the of that being passive indicates a behavior that is not is that a behavior beingthat indicates passive researc empirical his in reached (1997) Kulick that P of narrative The valuation”. certain a to related i when shame; of sign a is it inferior, be to means

and they might be regarded as “inferior” (Pedro). (Pedro). as “inferior” regarded and they might be passive being masculinity, rugged more a for claim is it community, Bear the analyse to logic this of practicedb is that sexualact a is it risk; at man Re intertwined. are sexuality and gender of notions notion the to related intimately more is gender of America. (Valentine, 1999) America.(Valentine,1999) non-normat of discussion the in intervention direct arg In gender. for implications necessary no having notion the around formulated increasingly is which under U.S. contemporary from different quite system binary a in - acts sexual of perceptions or – acts Thus, Kulick argues, gender in Brazilian culture, i culture, Brazilian in gender argues, Kulick Thus, The quote above suggests that in Brazilian culture culture Brazilian in that suggests above quote The The work of Halberstam (1998) on female masculinity female on (1998) Halberstam of work The 63 63 y “not-men” (Kulick, 1997). When making use making When 1997). (Kulick, y “not-men” proper for men. propermen. for n fact being active or passive should not be not should passive or active being fact n edro has similarities with the conclusions the with similarities has edro h with Brazilian transgendered prostitutes, prostitutes, transgendered Brazilian with h . She argues that a body that refuses to be be to refuses that body a that argues She . nt from the U.S., where the understanding the where U.S., the from nt ceptive anal sex puts the masculinity of a a of masculinity the puts sex anal ceptive may indicate that they are not that manly, manly, that not are they that indicate may ore masculine. Stone butches can be an be can butches Stone masculine. ore possible to consider that as some Bears Bears some as that consider to possible f dniy i ses ht n rzl the Brazil in that seems it identity, of nd do not receive penetration in their their in penetration receive not do nd system of men and not-men. This is a is This not-men. and men of system points out that masculinity is not not is masculinity that out points ive genders and sexualities in Latin Latin in sexualities and genders ive s defined precisely through sexual sexual through precisely defined s of identity, with sexual preference preference sexual with identity, of standing of gender and sexuality sexuality and gender of standing uing such, Kulick is making a a making is Kulick such, uing h sxa at f en anally being of act sexual the also reveals valuable insights insights valuable reveals also CEU eTD Collection by Connell (1987). By affirming that hegemonic masc hegemonic that affirmingBy (1987). Connell by matter of attitude.” matterof attitude.” bein about worry not does who Someone feminine. the fem to opposition in … masculine define to how know masculine as considered he what explain to seeking more masculine. moremasculine. seem active only be to claim who Bears here, Again rathe but sex, genital the to related (necessarily)

rather than representing the masculinity enacted by enacted masculinity the representing than rather conc the with associated be can do) would everybody what answer to struggled participants that fact The they answered them of five interviewees, eleven the not is thefeminine it not: is describedit what by wha describe to used was definition negative a that Bea some for behavior non-desirable a as considered and masculine hegemonic the to relation in devalued very Pedro by stated as voice, effeminate more a has who a of idea the with associated mostlyare mannerisms answe the By mannerisms”. feminine have not do “who po Pedro both Artur and the interviewees. by ornot macho The concept of masculinity is rather complex to be to complex rather is masculinity of concept The i it Roberto, and Pedro, Artur, of answers the From Moreover, the way a man behaves was also interprete also was behaves man a way the Moreover, and when they open their mouth they talk like crow like talk they mouth their open they when and 64 64 . . r to the renouncement of being penetrated. penetrated. being of renouncement the to r t a masculine behavior is; masculinity was was masculinity is; behavior masculine a t inted out that a masculine man is someone someone man is a that masculine out inted most of men, I consider Connell (1987) (1987) Connell consider I men, of most did not know how to define masculinity. masculinity. define to how know not did man gesturing as he speaks and to a man a to and speaks he asgesturing man behavior, Roberto reported that “I do not not do “I that reported Roberto behavior, eptualization of hegemonic masculinity hegemonic of eptualization ulinity works as an ideal to be achieved be to ideal an as works ulinity masculinity is (as I consider almost almost consider I (as is masculinity rs. Besides this, it is curious to notice notice to curious is it this, Besides rs. to fit this logic of being considered as as considered being of logic this fit to , “Do you know these guys that seem seem that guys these know you “Do , inine, someone who moves away from from away moves who someone inine, g hairy or not, about aesthetics, it is a is it aesthetics, about not, or hairy g how a feminine behavior can be be can behavior feminine a how defined (Gutmann, 1997). Among Among 1997). (Gutmann, defined rs of the interviewees, feminine feminine interviewees, the of rs osre hw h eiie is feminine the how observed s d as a masculine characteristic characteristic masculine a as d s?” In addition to this, when this, to addition In s?” CEU eTD Collection people see a man doing shopping, they do not seem a seem not do they shopping, doing man a see people possible to be clearly defined works so strongly in strongly so works defined clearly be to possible does not need to prove his masculinity” (Felipe). masculinity” need does(Felipe). not proveto his that not is “It masculinities; other to opposition wou masculinity of type one if as authenticity, for sugges might stereotype the (as men heterosexual of t fact the is here interesting is What masculinity. essent express Armando and Felipe of narratives the gay masculine a as than rather man, a as identified not dance mark their difference from “other gays”; “other from difference their mark dance not da the to gets he until straight for passes who man Baus what of opposite the is do, gays” “other while Bears "naturally” have a masculine attitude: masculineattitude: a"naturally” Bears have veryof masculin concept lackof the of objectivity youconsid do “What question the to know” not “I do mascu (hegemonic something how demonstrate to seeks

do not. The sexual attraction is to another to is man. attraction The not. sexual do Gays this. like already is he because masculinity, masculinity. prove to trying about is It masculine. uiul, ht eie xrse aot er nt da not Bears about expressed Felipe what Curiously, On the other hand, when answering what a masculine masculine a what answering when hand, other the On The masculine attitude makes the Bears different. I different. Bears the makes attitude masculine The Similar to Felipe’s opinion, Armando reported that that reported Armando opinion, Felipe’s to Similar 65 65 other gay men are not masculine, but a Bear Bear a but masculine, not are men gay other hat masculinity is not an essentialist feature essentialist an not is masculinity hat ity. ity. ld be the authentic (Bear’s masculinity), in in masculinity), (Bear’s authentic the be ld the society as a whole. Maybe answering answering Maybe whole. a as society the nce floor”. In the first case, Bears who do do who Bears case, first the In floor”. nce and Hunt (2008) stated that a Bear “is a a “is Bear a that stated (2008) Hunt and in the second case, Bears who do dance dance do who Bears case, second the in er a masculine behavior?” representsthe behavior?” masculine a er t), but rather of Bears. There is a claim claim a is There Bears. of rather but t), man. “When I go to the supermarket, supermarket, the to go I “When man. masculine gay guy” (Armando). Both Both (Armando). guy” gay masculine aie ad auaie ntos of notions naturalized and ialized linity) that is not tangible and not not and tangible not is that linity) dance Britney and Rihanna, Bears Bears Rihanna, and Britney dance t is not that other gay men are not not are men gay other that not is t Ba de nt ed o prove to need not does Bear A behavior is, Felipe reported that reported Felipe is, behavior aclnt fr i i t be to is him for masculinity cn “rte ad Rihanna” and “Britney ncing CEU eTD Collection but rather it comprises a variety of masculinities. of variety a comprises it rather but position in the field of Bear masculinity. the field of in Bear masculinity. position accessorie clothing the and stocky) being and belly masculine more as regarded elements The positions. have a “natural” belly or are muscle Bears. areBears. or“natural” have musclebelly a voi deeper with or crows like talk who floor, dance constit only not is community Bear the that observe co the in Bears” “effeminate are there nowadays and 100% be to was Bear a “originally despite that out masculinity “the today but culture, Bear the within 19 the during that reported Augusto nowadays. Bears f edr aia. er wo rsn ti fr o g of form this present who Bears capital. gender of t to position privileged more a provide to seemed – natural”, going men “gay attitude”, of type certain b struggles involves also masculinity Bear of field o field the within subfields existing the represent not dance, since dancing is characteristic is of dance, “othe not since dancing At masculinity. hegemonic from Bears differentiates hegemon about not are Bears that out point to seems “until word The community. Bear the within existing r may This men. straight from difference their mark

The co-existence of various types of masculinities masculinities of types various of co-existence The Furthermore, Augusto and Artur stated that masculin that Artur stated and Furthermore, Augusto 66 66 r gays”, maybe the not so masculine ones. masculineones. gays”, maybe so r the not It includes Bears who dance or not on the on not or dance who Bears includes It f Bear masculinity. As any given field, the the field, given any As masculinity. Bear f issue is decadent”. Artur, in turn, pointed pointed turn, in Artur, decadent”. is issue s (such as jeans, checked shirts and boots) and shirts checked jeans, as (such s hair, body as (such characteristics bodily hose who have them, representing a form form a representing them, have who hose ces, who are passive or active, and who and active, or passive are who ces, epresent the variety of masculinities co- masculinities of variety the epresent masculine”, this idea has changed a lot, lot, a changed has idea this masculine”, uted by one single form of masculinity, of form single one by uted the same time, there are Bears that do do that Bears are there time, same the ic masculinity; there is this “until” that “until” this is there masculinity; ic ender capital may assume a dominant dominant a assume may capital ender mentioned in this chapter – such as “a “a as such – chapter this in mentioned ” in “until he gets to the dance floor” floor” dance the to gets he “until in ” mnt. hrb, t s osbe to possible is it Thereby, mmunity. 90s masculinity was highly valued valued highly was masculinity 90s etween dominant and subordinate subordinate and dominant etween within the Bear community may may community Bear the within ity is not an essential attribute for for essentialattribute anity not is CEU eTD Collection position within the field within ofmasculinity. position

field of Bear masculinity. fieldof Bear masculinity. the experience can Bears community, Bear the within th as nevertheless, masculinity; hegemonic of ideal old overweight, homosexual, Being 235). (p. valued” subfiel alternate an in identity masculine dominant fi the within masculinity hegemonic by subordinated ufed mn h ae uodntd y eeoi mas hegemonic by subordinated are who men subfield, ha by that (2008), Coles of argument the illustrate The mannerisms”. “effeminate have who gaymen those privile more a occupy therefore, and, 2008) Hunt, & behavi masculine” “more a having By masculinity. of subfi the in also but masculinity, Bear of subfield er se t ilsrt wa Cls 20) rud t argued (2008) Coles what illustrate to seem Bears h gne cptl nce b Bas rvds high a provides Bears by enacted capital gender The 67 67 eld of gay masculinity and in the very field field very the in and masculinity gay of eld ving a dominant position within a certain a within position dominant a ving ged position in the gender hierarchy than than hierarchy gender the in position ged d in which the capital that they own is is own they that capital the which in d er and hairy may be far distant from the the from distant far be may hairy and er ir masculinities are dominant within the within dominant are masculinities ir our, Bears can “pass for straight” (Baus (Baus straight” for “pass can Bears our, eld of masculinity, they may assume a a assume may they masculinity, of eld ese characteristics are highly valued valued highly are characteristics ese reby, I consider that Bears adequatelyBears that Iconsider reby, culinity are able to negotiate their their negotiate to able are culinity er value not only within the the within only not value er hat “although men may be be may men “although hat CEU eTD Collection eetees So al, s goa ct, a refl may city, Be global a as the Paulo, São Nevertheless, within observed issues relevant problematize r dfeet esos f h dfnn eeet of elements defining the of versions different are rse ad r mc mr fud n cmlx Ti s This complex. and fluid more much are and grasped experience lived men’s in reflected are bett masculinity to seeks 2010) Coles, 2009; (Bridges, research Altho communities. Bear other for neither city this genera a for claim to intend not does and Paulo São white, middle-class men from the urban. fromthe urban. white,middle-class men th to U.S. the to similar is Paulo São in community similari have may community this of characteristics tuge o have to struggle (A belly” “natural the A interviewees. discourseof repeti the by observed be could which culture, Bear

work as a form to validate the claim for anauthent the for claim validate formworkto as a which in contexts various The (Felipe). masculine” effemi not are who men gay to or wear to what about making 2002) (Suresha, natural” “Going (Francisco). me those to also and (Armando) fit keep to struggle h fnig o ti suy eeld cam o an for claim a revealed study this of findings The Although there is a claim for an authentic Bear ide Bear authentic an for claim a is there Although This research was based on fieldwork with eleven me eleven with fieldwork on based was research This a a toned abdomen. A “natural body” referring to those those to referring body” “natural A abdomen. toned CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 68 68 ic Bear identity and masculinity. icand Bear masculinity. identity rmando) referring to those men who do not not do men who referringthose rmando)to e extent that is mainly constituted by gay, gay, by constituted mainly is that extent e lization for the entire Bear community of of community Bear entire the for lization the word “natural” is employed seem to to seem employed is “natural” word the n who do not have their body depilated depilated body their have not do who n ties with others. For example, the Bear the example, For others. with ties the Bear culture. While Bears can be be can Bears While culture. Bear the , realities are not possible to be fully fully be to possible not are realities , reference to gay men who do not care not do who men gay to reference ect not only the Brazilian reality; the the reality; Brazilian the only not ect ugh the theoretical foundation of this this of foundation theoretical the ugh nate. Bears as “men who are naturally naturally are who “men as Bears nate. ie s o te od ntrl i the in “natural” word the of use tive er understand how the notions of of notions the how understand er uy ahr ie t ilmnt and illuminate to aimed rather tudy ntity, this study showed that there there that showed study this ntity, ar community of São Paulo. Paulo. São of community ar uhni msuiiy ihn the within masculinity authentic mbers of the Bear community of of community Bear the of mbers e wo o not do who men CEU eTD Collection eaiu”, oiy hrceitc (uh s oy h body as (such characteristics bodily behaviour”), eeoi iel (. 3) Ter tiue sc as (such attitude Their 234). (p. ideal” hegemonic being despite dominant be to masculinity own their masculini hegemonic by marginalized or subordinated experien “lived men’s some that argued (2008) Coles demonst study this capital, gender of form specific cul Bear emerging in forces constitutive understand capi gender of concept the and masculinity of field oftenshared more is experie that a personal spirit of premise the on based developed was research this p escapes it that is label Bear the of magic the of or hairy not, or masculine are who Bears are there resu the Furthermore, inclusive. being of direction masc a on emphasis the inclusivity, with associated Bears (1977). Foucault by described strai “normalization” for “passing of idea the this, to addition In devaluation a suggests also thereby, straight”, for Hun & (Baus straight” for pass “they gay, like look the because precisely not is it community, straight the field of masculinity; they “pass for straight” “pass thefor field of masculinity; they subfields the within only not capital valuable with check jeans, as (such Bearphernalia the of elements The main contribution of the present study was to a to was study present the of contribution main The t s ot mninn ta we i i sae that stated is it when that mentioning worth is It 69 69 (Baus & Hunt, 2008). & 2008). Hunt, (Baus nce” (Martin, 1997, p. xix). xix). p. 1997, nce”(Martin, and stigmatization of effeminate gay men. men. gay effeminate of stigmatization and not, older or not, stocky or not. Since “part “part Since not. or stocky not, or older not, recise definition” (Monaghan 2005, p.86), 2005, (Monaghan definition” recise rated that Bears adequately illustrate what what illustrate adequately Bears that rated of Bear and gay masculinity, but also in in also but masculinity, gay and Bear of y are gay, but rather because they do not not do they because rather but gay, are y t, 2008). The discourse of Bears “passing “passing Bears of discourse The 2008). t, tal to develop an integrative approach to to approach integrative an develop to tal ed shirts, caps and boots) provide Bears Bears provide boots) and caps shirts, ed h” a b rltd o h cnet of concept the to related be can ght” uline Bear identity goes in the opposite the in goes identity Bear uline lts of the interviews demonstrated that that demonstrated interviews the of lts incompatible with, or varying from, the the from, varying or with, incompatible i, er el ad en sok) and stocky) being and belly Bear air, the Bear phenomenon as “a pervading pervading “a as phenomenon Bear the ces of masculinity were not of being being of not were masculinity of ces ue f ã Puo B peetn a presenting By Paulo. São of ture ty; to the contrary, they considered considered they contrary, the to ty; “going natural” and “masculine “masculine and natural” “going ’ engagement with hegemonic hegemonic with engagement ’ pply the theoretical model of the the of model theoretical the pply er ae elacpe i the in well-accepted are Bears CEU eTD Collection pass for straight, but also different gender identi gender different also but straight, for pass phenomenon is not a political movement, it does hav does it movement, political a not is phenomenon chaos in society” (Saez, 2012). chaossociety” in (Saez, 33 society. in stigmatization regarded not are that identities) stigmatized other Bear the iden and masculinities multiple includes community, Since 37). (p. accepted” silently be often gende whose “Homosexuals stated, (2000) Warner what behavior. effeminate, of instead masculine, a have norma of notions the reproduce to seems masculinity

carpenter. Well, we are not safe anymore, anyone ca anyone anymore, safe not are we Well, carpenter. b can husband “My feminine. be not may men gay that ( instability” “interesting an create to contribute monit culture Bear the how illustrate can depilated beard, their out growing men of interviews the from (Br field-specifically” capital manage discursively she study This agendas. gender-political of aspects Author’s free translation (Spanish-English). (Spanish-English). translation free Author’s ial, tdig h Ba clue a particularly was culture Bear the studying Finally, 70 70 Saez, 2012) in the gender order, they indicate indicate they order, gender the in 2012) Saez, ties (including effeminate gay men and many and men gay effeminate (including ties idges, 2009, p. 87). The examples taken taken examples The 87). p. 2009, idges, as “normal” could also experience less less experience also could “normal” as d light to the way Bears “physically and and “physically Bears way the to light d getting fatter and not having their body body their having not and fatter getting Bears passing as straight also illustrate illustrate also straight as passing Bears tities, it is vital that not only Bears who Bears only not that vital is it tities, e implications for gender politics. Bears politics. gender for implications e lization: what is “normal” for men is to to is men for “normal” is what lization: r gne cptl Atog te Bear the Although capital. gender ors n be gaybe n omnt, n as te LGBT the also and community, e gay, as well as the butcher or the the or butcher the as well as gay, e r conforms more to the norm can can norm the to more conforms r eeat eas i concerns it because relevant 33 . We Bears create too much too create Bears We . CEU eTD Collection er miig list. mailing Bears Baus, J. W. (Producer), & Hunt, D. (Director). (20 (Director). D. Hunt, & (Producer), W. J. Baus, Bergman, D. (2002). You can lead a Bear to culture to Bear a lead can You (2002). D. Bergman, Bordo, S. (2000). (2000). S. Bordo, Bordo, S. (1993). (1993). S. Bordo, Basow, S., & Braman, A. (1998). Women and body hair body and Women (1998). A. Braman, & S., Basow, art, . . & olc, . . 20) Woe gay Whose (2005). M. L. Pollack, & C., D. Barrett, Boroughs, M., Cafri, G., & Thompson, J. K. &J. Thompson, G., Boroughs,Cafri, M., (2005). Bridges, T. S. (2009). Gender capital and the male male the and capital Gender (2009). S. T. Bridges, Bourdieu,(1993). P. Adkins, L. (2003). Reflexivity: freedom or habit of or freedom L.habit (2003). Adkins, Reflexivity:

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ht s h Ba fa? ( flag? Bear the is What Verinis, J. S., & Roll, S. (1970). Primary and seco and Primary (1970). S. Roll, & S., J. Verinis, subculture Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology Encyclopedia Economic of prostitutes January: 243-247. January:243-247. male subculture http://www.resourcesforbears.com/faq/#flag http://www.resourcesforbears.com/faq/#flag Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. University Harvard Cambridge,Press. MA: [Review of the book book the of [Review and large penis stereotypes. stereotypes. andlarge penis . Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press. NY:The Press. Haworth Binghamton, . , by D. Kulick]. , byD.Kulick]. The Bear book II: Further readings in the history an history the in readings Further II: book Bear The The Bear book: Readings in the history and evolution evolution and history the in Readings book: Bear The h tobe ih oml Sx pltc, n te eth the and politics, Sex, normal: with trouble The . Binghamton, NY:The Press. Haworth Binghamton, . Travesti: sex, gender, and culture among Brazilian t Brazilian among culture and gender, sex, Travesti: Anthropological Quarterly, Anthropological Psychological Reports, 26 Psychological Reports, 05. eree 1 Mrh 21, from 2012, March, 11 Retrieved 2005). (pp. 315–319). London: Routledge. (pp. 315–319). 76 76 ndary male characteristics: The hairiness hairiness The characteristics: male ndary y in Brazil and the Southern Philippines Philippines Southern the and Brazil in y ities. ities.

2-2. 123-126. , aiosi (Eds.), Zafirovski 72 e ad aclnte, 7 Masculinities, and Men (4), 183-187. (4),183-187. d evolution of a gay gay a of evolution d ics of queer life. life. queer of ics of a gay male male gay a of International International ransgendered ransgendered (3), CEU eTD Collection participante. participante. pesquisa da participar em recusa A termo. esse por p benefícios entanto No estudo. do participarem por Central European University e poderão ser divulgado eCentralUniversity European ser poderão també resultados Os obtidos. resultados os informar situação. p outras para benefícios gerar poder estudo do além re uma participante cada a permitem referidos acima participantes. pelos experiênciasvividos pro o com semi-estruturadas, entrevistas utilizadas gênero de perspectiva uma de através compreender é desenvolv venho (GEMMA), Studies Gender and Women’s

Orientadores Responsáveis: Profa. Dra. Timar OrientadoresResponsáveis: Eszter psusdr ooas à ipsço a atr e o de partir a disposição, à coloca-se pesquisador O do privacidade da e identidade da torno em sigilo O compensação nenhuma receberão não participantes Os Erasm do aluno Júnior, Gonzalez Gomez Luís José Eu, ORIGINAL CONSENT FORM IN PORTUGUESE FORM PORTUGUESE IN ORIGINALCONSENT Pesquisador: José Luís Gomez Gonzalez Júnior Luís Gonzalez Júnior José Pesquisador: Gomez Day, Month, 2012 2012 Day, Month, APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX1 77 77

essoas que estejam vivenciando a mesma mesma a vivenciando estejam que essoas odem ser gerados, pois os procedimentos os pois gerados, ser odem óio e be dsrçe d mno e mundo do descrições obter de pósito flexão em torno da experiência em foco, em experiência da torno em flexão s para fins acadêmicos. acadêmicos. fins paras m ficarão disponíveis na biblioteca da da biblioteca na disponíveis ficarão m não implicará em nenhum prejuízo ao ao prejuízo nenhum em implicará não a comunidade Bear. Para tanto, serão serão tanto, Para Bear. comunidade a e Profa. Dra. Liamar Durán Dra. e Profa. endo uma pesquisa cujo objetivo objetivo cujo pesquisa uma endo s participantes ficam garantidos ficam participantes s us Mundus Master’s Degree in in Degree Master’s Mundus us utubro do corrente ano, para para ano, corrente do utubro financeira ou benefício direto direto benefício ou financeira

CEU eTD Collection better understand the Bear community through a gend a through community Bear the understand better participating in the study. However, benefits may b may benefits However, study. the in participating of the participants. ofthe participants. desc obtain to order in interviews, semi-structured in Women’s and Gender Studies (GEMMA), Studies Gender and Women’s in

also provide benefits for other individuals who are otherindividuals for also provide benefits pers his/her on reflection a participant each allow refusal to participate in the survey will not resul refusalnot the survey in will participate to

may be published for academic purposes. purposes. formay published academic be li the in available be also will results The study. I, Jose Luis Gomez Gonzalez Júnior, student of theof student GonzalezJúnior, Luis Gomez I,Jose atcpns il o rcie n fnnil compens financial any receive not will Participants The anonymity and privacy of the participants are g are andThethe participants privacyanonymity of The researcher puts himself available from October, from available himself puts researcher The

Supervisors: Eszter Timar and LiamarAlmarza DuránTimar and Eszter Supervisors: Researcher: José Luís Gomez Gonzalez LuísGonzalez Júnior Researcher:Gomez José TRANSLATED CONSENT FORM TRANSLATED APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX2 Month, Day, Month, 2012 78 78 have been developing a research that aims to to aims that research a developing been have t in any harm to the participant. any in the participant. t to harm brary of the Central European University and University European Central the of brary onal experience. Besides this, the study may may study the this, Besides experience. onal experiencing the same situation. experiencing same situation. the riptions of the world and lived experiences lived and world the of riptions e obtained because the procedures above above procedures the because obtained e er perspective. For this, I will conduct conduct will I this, For perspective. er uaranteed by the present term. The term. The the by present uaranteed Erasmus Mundus Master’s Degree Mundus Erasmus 2012 to report the results of this of results the report to 2012 ation or direct benefit for for benefit direct or ation CEU eTD Collection

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ht o o tik bu te ubr f ebr i th Decreasing? increasing? in members of number the about think you do What community? community? t between differences the are what opinion, your In Tell me a situation or event where youwhere or event beme Tell a to liked situation How would you define a bear?you aHow would define events do you often take part? you part? eventsoften do take the by organized events and activities the are What When did youBear to goevents? did When start to How did you know the Bear getto How did community? Tell me a situation or event where youwhere or like event menot Tell a did situation INTERVIEW GUIDELINE INTERVIEW APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 3 79 79

part of the Bear community. Bearpartcommunity. of the to be part of the Bear community. Bear beto partcommunity. of the Bear community? Which of these these of Which community? Bear he Bear community and the gay gay the and community Bear he e Bear community, is it it is community, Bear e