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An Investigation Into the Form and Function of Language Used by Gay Men in South Africa

An Investigation Into the Form and Function of Language Used by Gay Men in South Africa

RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY

An investigation into the form and function of language used by men in South Africa

Submitted as partial fulfilment for the degree

Master of Arts

In the Department of Applied Linguistics and Literary Theory

by

KEN CAGE November 1999

Supervisor: Dr M.E. Sweetnam Evans ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the following persons for their contributions to this study:

My supervisor, Dr Moyra Sweetnam Evans, for enthusiastic support and constructive guidance;

The members of staff of the Department of Applied Linguistics and Literary Theory at the Rand Afrikaans University for their consistent support and interest;

The staff of the Inter-Library Loans Department in the R.A.U. Library for excellent and friendly service in sourcing the many books and articles which I required;

My mother, Patricia Cage, for proofreading much of this study;

My life-partner, Deon Hendrikz, for his understanding, interest and support;

The many and women who participated in the gathering of data and who gave me encouragement in my research. CONTENTS

Chapter 1

1.1. Background 1 1.2. Terminology 4 1.2.1. The meaning of the word 'gay' 4 1.2.2. The meaning of the word '' 7 1.3. Why study gay 'language'? 7 1.4. Handling of sensitive material 10 1.5. Gayle as an element of '' 10 1.6. Origins of the gay subculture in South Africa 12 1.7. Reasons for this study 13 1.8. Personal Experience 13 1.9. The Parameters of the Research 13 1.10. Presuppositions 14 1.11. Overview of the Contents 14

Chapter 2 2.1. Methodology 16 16 2.1.1.The first questionnaire 2.1.2.The second questionnaire 16 2.2. How the questionnaires were disseminated 18 2.3. Demographics of the respondents 19

Chapter 3

3.1. The form of Gay Language in South Africa 22 3.2. Gayle as an anti-language 23 3.3. Gayle as a variety of language in a contextualised situation 26 3.3.1. Field 27 3.3.2. Tenor 28 3.3.3. Mode 31 3.4. Elements of Gayle 31 3.4.1. Lexical items 31 3.4.2. The Element of Feminisation 32 3.4.3. Heterophobic and Homophobic Elements 35 3.4.5.The Element of Reginisation 37 . 3.4.6.The Element of Globalisation 37 3.5. The Use/Function of Gayle 38 3.5.1. Concealment 38 3.5.2. Identification 39 3.5.3. Revelation 40 3.5.4. Humour 41 3.5.5.A form of verbal creativity 42 3.5.6.A social engineering device 42 3.5.7.A form of protest 43

Chapter 4

4.1. Conclusions 45 4.2. Recommendations 46 4.3. Presuppositions 47

Bibliography 48

Appendix A: Languages VII 55

Appendix B: A partial lexicon 61

Appendix C: A lexicon of Gayle 67

Appendix D: Interview with an SAA flight steward 108

Appendix E: Frequency of word usage 113

Appendix F: Research Questionnaires 120

Appendix G: Glossary of reginised phrases in Gayspeak 131

Appendix H: Categories of words found in Gayle 134

Appendix J: Empirical Data 136 Chapter 1

1.1. Background

It is well documented that due to global oppression within the Judeo-Christian tradition, gay people throughout the Western world have, for a long time, used a secret form of language to communicate among themselves. Examples of this secret language have been traced back to the gay subculture of the High Middle Ages (Higgins, 1993:54). The term 'language' is used here, not as an indication of a constructed language, with its own phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon, but in the same way in which the linguist speaks about 'men's language', 'women's language' and 'children's language'. In the this gay 'language' is called Polari. Although difficult to document, it is thought that Poled dates back to the mixing of the gay subculture with that of the underworld at the time of the Industrial Revolution when people drifted from the small rural villages and communities towards the larger towns, in search of work and opportunity. These urban locations offered an increased opportunity for the development of communities of outcasts, and molly houses flourished (private places for men to meet, drink and have sexual relations with one another)(Norton, 1992:52). Consequently, a linguistic culture of Polari developed which seems to owe much of its formation to the lingua franca of travelling showmen in Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (http://www.cygnet.co.uk/—cdenning/ polari.html). The disappearance of large numbers of travelling performers in the early twentieth century denied the language its breathing space and, as many of the entertainers moved into travelling circuses, the language moved with them. During the ensuing years, Polari fed into the theatrical profession, a profession traditionally associated with 'poofs' and 'whores'.

By the mid twentieth century, Polari had become an elaborate code which gay people used to communicate in order to conceal their . It is a particular form of slang which comprises odds and sods from rhyming slang, circus backslang, Romany, , canal-speak, Yiddish and criminal . It is best described as a collection of expressions and words thrown together to make an arcane glossary, whose zenith during the 1960's when it became the lingua franca of British gay men. As a result of the close ties between and New Zealand with Britain, Polari spread to these countries and became widely used in gay circles in Australasia. It was more common 30 years ago when gay men had more need of a private slang, than it appears to be today. This seems to be confirmed by the 1999 BBC production of the gay series " as Folk", which is an eight- part teleseries documenting the lives of a group of twentysomething gay friends in Manchester in the 1990s. Produced by Red Productions for Channel 4, and distributed by

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 1 Video Collection International, this series was broadcast on BBC Channel 4 in April/May 1999 as mainstream fare. Throughout the 6 hour series, not a single word of Polari is spoken, even for humorous effect. This indicates that Polari is possibly an anachronism no longer spoken by young gay men in Britain. A new book on Polari by Paul Baker of Lancaster University, based on his doctoral research, is scheduled for publication early in 2000, and promises to be a comprehensive study of the language. (An example of Polari words is supplied in Appendix B.)

Gay men in the developed their own language which became known as Gayspeak or Queerspeak. It did not rely on Polari as a base, and appears to be an indigenous argot which developed in the gay of and from the fifties onwards. Much has been written about Gayspeak, and Bruce Rodgers has compiled the most comprehensive dictionary (over 12000 entries) on this language variety in Gay Talk: A (Sometimes Outrageous) Dictionary of Gay Slang.

The Gay Phrase Book — Get your in six different languages by Barry McKay (1997) is a multi-language dictionary which gives equivalents for English gay words and phrases in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Nederlands and Portuguese. The existence of this book indicates that gay language is not restricted to English speakers.

At about the same time as Gayspeak was developing across the Atlantic, 'coloured' and white South African gay men were also starting to use their own in-group form of communication. It became known as Gayle, a name which derives from the lexical item Gail, which means 'chat' in the language. It is suspected that Gayle originally developed in the `moffie' culture of the Cape 'coloured' community in the Western Cape in the 1950s, and was Afrikaans orientated. This Afrikaans form of Gayle was later transplanted to a large degree into the predominantly white Afrikaans gay subculture in Cape Town, and then to Pretoria (Olivier, 1994:223). The language spoken by English-speaking gay people in Johannesburg differed in many ways from this Cape original for various reasons:

1.1.1. The state-inspired division between English and Afrikaans speakers in South Africa in the sixties and the seventies, led to a conscious effort to avoid speaking Afrikaans by English speakers, who, as a result of their experience with Afrikaans during national service, inter elle, practised a type of linguistic apartheid of their own and viewed Afrikaans as an inferior language. English gay men consequently adopted many items of Gayspeak into their speech, as a result of their contact with gay men abroad, particularly in the United States. This contributed greatly to the globalisation of gay English in Gayle.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 2 1.1.2. This linguistic apartheid was compounded by the social apartheid of the time, and consequently there was very little communication between white English speakers and coloured Afrikaans speakers. 1.1.3. Many white Afrikaans gay men in Johannesburg tended to be anglicised and most of them spoke both English and Afrikaans fluently, preferring to speak English in social situations. These Afrikaans-speaking gay people were probably the first of the current "Anglikaners" in South Africa — mother-tongue Afrikaans speakers who have adopted English as their everyday language. This adoption of English as the language of choice in the Johannesburg gay environment may be a reflection of the rejection of the values of the Afrikaans political establishment, which promulgated draconian anti-gay legislation, and was therefore seen as the enemy of the gay cause. 1.1.4. With the introduction of the "Jumbo" 747 jets into South African Airways, and the rise of the South African Airways (SAA) "Koffie-moffie" class (see Appendix D), a large number of Afrikaans speakers employed by SAA as cabin crew, suddenly became (in their minds at least) cosmopolitan, and English became a desirable language. 1.1.5. English-speaking South Africans tended to have greater contact with gay people in the United Kingdom and the United States than Afrikaans speakers did. and radical activism appeared in the United Kingdom after the Wolfenden Commission of 1967 (David, 1997:213-219), which, for the first time in decriminalised homosexual behaviour in Britain; and in the United States after the rebellion in Greenwich Village in 1969 (Higgins, 1993:201), when the gay community fought back against homophobic police oppression. These 'liberation' societies each had their own particular forms of gay communication, and a large number of terms which were in vogue in the British and American gay communities found their way into English Gay South African speech. An examination of Appendix C will reveal a large number of words/phrases in Gayle which have their origins in Polari and Gayspeak.

These three languages (. Polari, Gayspeak and Gayle) form a small number of global , gay, bisexual, transgendered or queer 'languages' which are classified linguistically as Lavender Languages. (See Appendix A). This name has been derived from the reference of seventies feminist Betty Friedan to as the "", fearing that their participation in the North American women's movement would be divisive (Greig,1999:12). Olivier (1994:224) suggests that sociolects like Gayle, Polari and Gayspeak would be better described as homoerotic vocabularies rather than languages, per se, because that is what they are, more or less.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 3 1.2. Terminology

1.2.1. The meaning of the word 'gay'.

The origin of the word 'gay' is explained by Wasserman (Link/Skakel, May, 1984) in which he traces the etymology of the original 12 th century German "gahi", meaning "hurried' or "imperious" through to the French word "gale", meaning "merry" or "happy". At some point during the Middle Ages, the word crossed the channel to , and gained the connotation of "fast" or "dissipated". It was only in Victoria's time that the word achieved a licentious meaning, and the English started calling prostitutes "gay girls". From Britain it crossed the Atlantic, and found root in the American gay culture. It was a commonly accepted underground term by the 1960s. However, the word only "came out of the closet" in 1969. Wasserman says:

Then came the night of 28 June 1969. New York Police raided the , a Greenwich Village bar frequented by homosexuals. For the first time the homosexuals fought back at their oppressors. The fighting continued for two days and when it was all over they were no longer homosexuals. They were gays. The media was there, and placards reading 'Support Gay Power' were flashed around America and the world. Overnight 'gay' went from code word to media property.

Boswell (1980:43), however, suggests that the word gay, in the sense under discussion, has a much longer pedigree than this. He notes that the Provençal word gal was used in the thirteenth and fourteenth century in reference to courtly love. Provence was an area noted for gay sexuality, and the word gaiol was used for an openly homosexual person. Some troubadour poetry of the time in this area was explicitly homosexual, and the word gal was used in this context. The first modem public use of this word in the United States appears to have been in the 1939 movie , in which Cary Grant, in a lace nightgown, asked if he always dresses in that fashion, exclaims 'No! I've just gone gay all of a sudden!' (Murray,1998:203). What is interesting about this usage of the word is that it appears to have been an unscripted ad lib on the part of Grant. The official first and second drafts of the script read as follows:

Aunt Elizabeth: Well young man ._. I uh, hope? Dexter: I ... I suppose you think it's odd, my wearing this. I realize it looks odd ... I don't usually ... I mean, I don't own one of these. (Russo, 1981:47)

If this is indeed an off-the-cuff improvisation by Grant, as suggested by Russo, it indicates that the word was current in the gay culture of Hollywood much earlier in the twentieth century than is generally perceived.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 4 This usage of the word was followed in 1942 in Cole Porter's song Farming: "Don't enquire of George Raft, why his cow has never calfed. George's bull is beautiful, but he's gay" (Wasserman:1984).

There has been resistance in academic circles to using the word gay, where homosexual is preferred, principally because academics are frequently reluctant to use popular neologisms. An awkward compound of a Greek prefix and a Latin root, ('opo + sexualis) the meaning of homosexual is 'of one '. This is an adequate definition when referring to a sexual act, as a sexual liaison between two persons of the same sex is indeed a homosexual one. However, using the word as a noun to denote a specific individual implies someone 'of one sex'. The majority of the population, not being , would fall into this category. A further problem arises when one considers how many homosexual acts an individual must commit before s/he can be classified as a homosexual. One, three, seven hundred? And what of the person who only ever fantasises about an act with a person of his/her own ? Is this person a homosexual? The greatest defect therefore of the word homosexual is the question of who is and who is not. (Boswell, 1980:43).

The word gay, however, refers to a group of people who have adopted a particular perspective of reality which is a self-defined and self-assigned determinant of certain beliefs, attitudes, actions and vocabulary affecting their day-to-day interactions with the world. The word homosexual emphasises a clinical sexual identification and defines the gay experience solely on sexual activity, whereas the word gay incorporates a conscious control of identity and social interactions, including and cohesiveness (Humphreys, 1972:103).

It also is indicative of an affectional preference towards members of the same gender, which includes mental and/or emotional predispositions, which do not necessarily involve a physical sexual component.

The word gay furthermore implies a recognition of diverse gay lifestyles. The only common area in these diverse lifestyles is a preference for same-sex relations, be they emotional, physical or spiritual. However, they do present potential options when a change in one's personal life is desired, and are a unifying force within the gay subculture.

Politically, the word "gay" is associated with Gay , and implies a positive self-image carrying a connotation of power in a confrontational context (Chesebro 1981:187).

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 5 The word gay is an all-inclusive term, unlike homosexual, which conjures up images of adult men. The popular press these days speaks of gays and lesbians. This is unacceptable for a number of reasons. Firstly the word lesbian carries many of the same negative connotations as homosexual. Secondly, as it has not been proved that minors do not have clearly defined erotic preferences from an early age, the term gay people recognises this, whereas homosexual and lesbian evoke images of adults. And finally, the term is divisive, placing gay men and lesbians in two separate camps, whereas they belong naturally to one class whose shared characteristic is preference of persons of the same gender (Boswell, 1980:45).

Probably the most compelling reason why the word gay is more appropriate than homosexual is that this is what the people actually call themselves, and what they prefer to be called. For the same reason as kaffir is no longer an acceptable appellation to black South Africans, and Mohommadan is unacceptable to Muslims, so too is homosexual unacceptable to a large number of gay people. Gay, like Coca Cola, is widely used in many international languages, including Afrikaans, French, Dutch, Danish, Japanese, Swedish, Catalan, German and Hebrew (Boswell, 1980:41). As a loanword, it has even been assimilated into the spoken form of languages like Japanese and Hebrew, which use totally different orthographies.

For these reasons, the word homosexual will only be used as an adjective in this study when it is meant in its original sense of 'of one sex' (as in homosexual relationships). Gay will be used in the general context of people who fulfil the criteria discussed above, and only as an adjective.

The antonym of homosexual is heterosexual. However, as homosexual is unacceptable when referring to people, because of the who is? who isn't? problem, the same principle applies to heterosexual. For example, is a married man with children, who indulges in homosexual acts in private, heterosexual? In the gay argot, the opposite of gay is straight. This word is avoided in the present study because its use implies negative implications for its opposite, gay, and is misleading, as straight also has connotations of being non-hip, not part of the drug culture or simply dressing in a conservative manner.

For the above reasons gay will be contrasted in this study with non-gay, a term which is akin to non-English, non-Muslim or non-anything else which comprises the focus of attention.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 6 1.2.2. The meaning of the word 'subculture'.

The word subculture, when referring to gay men and women is used frequently in this study, and elsewhere. It should be pointed out that there is no such thing as a single gay subculture or lifestyle, just as there is no monolithic non-gay culture or lifestyle. The gay subculture is not a demographic reality to which all gay people, defined by sexual orientation, belong, and should not be interpreted as something in which gay people live, but rather as something to which they go. This does not mean that it is a geographical place like Melville or Sea Point, but rather a way of thinking, a philosophy of being: a set of ideas about politics, culture, society, , manners, fashion, style and sex. We must therefore see the gay subculture as a cerebral cocoon in which gay people do not live all the time, but which they visit to establish their relationship within mainstream society. In the same way as carbon chemically reacts with elements to produce a wide variety of compounds, none of which resembles carbon, the gay subculture interacts with a variety of other factors to produce a wide variety of gay people. It does not prescribe a particular lifestyle, but simply exerts an influence on the reality of each gay individual (Bawer, 1994:38). Gayle demonstrates an expanded vocabulary, and does not necessarily indicate a language code representing a shared reality. (see Jandt and Darsey, 1981:18).

1.3. The study of gay 'language'

Targeting the language of gay people in South Africa for academic investigation is not new. In the past studies have been conducted (Olivier, 1994:219). Two phenomena characterise these earlier studies:

1.3.1. Due to the schizophrenic nature of South Africa's linguistic reality, most studies have been partisan, and have concentrated on gay language as spoken by Afrikaners, or to a lesser degree, English speakers (see van der Merwe, 1996). Although dialectal variants have been acknowledged, there is still much work to be done in this area.

Olivier (1994:219) points out that any investigation of gay language must go further than simply documenting words, which has, by and large, been the case up until now.

Further studies must include:

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 7 Investigations of geographical varieties of gay languages. It cannot be assumed, for example, that gay English speakers in Cape Town use the same form of Gayle as gay English speakers in Johannesburg. Given the fluid nature of gay demographics, this could be a very difficult area of study. Investigations of varieties of gay language by homogenous mother-tongue speakers based on class, educational level, professions and geography, inter alia. Translinguistic studies in areas of commonality between English and Afrikaans gay speakers, nationally and regionally. studies based on the use of Gayle by gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered people in the same geographical location, and speaking the same mother tongue. Gay language between black speakers in vernacular languages. A township argot called Isiqgumo has been identified as an Nguni-based gay 'language' but very little, if any, research has been conducted in this area. Studies into non-verbal communication among gay men and women. Dress is probably the principle mode of non-verbal communication, as it serves as a means of mutual recognition. In the past twenty five years, urban gay men, especially in the United States, have created an extraordinarily elaborate code to indicate sexual preferences by displaying coloured bandannas in their rear trouser pockets. Other sexual signals involve the placement of keys in various positions on the belt. This paralanguage has not, to my knowledge, ever been documented and researched in South Africa. Discourse analysis in gay contexts.

From the above, it becomes clear that more study of gay language is needed in a number of areas if the documentation of gay communication in South Africa is ever to be accomplished.

1.3.2. In the past, most studies of gay phenomena (including language) have been conducted by non-gay researchers. While not trying to undermine the relevance and value of these studies, one cannot ignore the fact that by objectivising the gay experience, a non-gay researcher cannot approach such a study without bringing his/her life experiences, cultural and religious attitudes, preconceptions and perhaps with him/her. This is the "no-thing" (Iser 1995:22) which makes one person's experience invisible to another. This lack of experience of the gay reality makes it necessary to fill in the gaps between separate experiences from one's own (non-gay) perspective. It is for this reason that over the past century

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 8 has suffered victimisation in most academic fields, including medicine, religion and law, inter alia. Because of the historical non-gay belief that homosexuality is either an illness or a sin, often the (unintentional) of researchers resulted in gay-related studies being homophobic (Humphreys, 1972:103). In other words, almost all academic study of homosexuality in the 20 th century has been conducted according to a heterosexist agenda, whose primary purpose has been to entrench the superiority of by viewing homosexuality as a problem which needs to be addressed. Goddard and Wierzbicka have this to say:

As in all cross-cultural research, the overriding methodological problem is ethnocentric bias, that is, the danger that our understanding of the discourse practices of other cultures will be distorted if we view them through the prism of our own culture-specific practices and concepts. (1997:231)

In order for linguistic studies of gay phenomena to be credible, gay voices must be part of the discourse and not merely the object of such discourse. This does not mean that studies by non-gay researchers must be disregarded, as homocentric research is just as vulnerable to subjectivity as heterocentric study can be. However, no matter how "gay-friendly" or "understanding" (both in themselves very patronising terms) a non-gay researcher may say that s/he is to the gay experience, s/he must recognise his/her intrinsic heterosexual values in approaching such a subject.

Communication which is uniquely gay usually occurs in contexts which are almost unknown to the non-gay culture. The non-gay singles bars are the closest equivalents to the gay bars, but they are at the same time very different from each other. The life experiences of gay and non-gay individuals are very different, and when there is little common ground, it is not surprising that there should be very little understanding between the two groups (De Vito, 1981:206). Thus, the most important thing which a gay researcher can bring to such a study, which a non-gay agent cannot, is experience. Although subjective to the subject matter, a gay person can be more objective in the research, as s/he is in a unique position in that his/her experience enables him/her to evaluate data in the light of an experienced alternative reality.

1.3.3. The academic world needs to place the undeniable existence of a gay or register in all those disciplines which concern themselves with language and speech, and legitimise such academic study. Gay language must be explored along

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 9 with other language phenomena and not as a special case isolated from other social phenomena.

1.3.4. Despite a number of studies on Gayle having been conducted in the past, a comprehensive gay South African lexicon has never been compiled, and only partial, very limited wordlists are extant. (Olivier, 1994:221-222; Odette, 1998; Isaacs and McKendrick, 1992). One of the purposes of this study therefore is to supply an up-to-date, if incomplete, list of these words/phrases, as a resource for further linguistic study into this phenomenon, and which can form the basis of a South African Gayle Dictionary. A fairly comprehensive lexicon of Gayle has been included in Appendix C.

1.4. Handling of sensitive material

According to Greek mythology, Zeus had a mortal , in the form of Semele. Throughout their affair, Zeus appeared to her as himself, but never in his full splendour. Zeus' jealous wife, Hera, persuaded Semele to ask Zeus to reveal himself in all his strength and glory. In an effort of accommodate his mistress, Zeus complied. However, when confronted with the awesome splendour of her lover, Semele withered and burned to ashes (Keightley, 1909:187-188).

In the same way as the full revelation of Zeus' reality was more than Semele could , the reality of many of the words which are found in Gayle would probably be considered coarse, crude, vulgar and unbearable in polite company. The subject matter in this study, especially in the Lexicon of Gayle in Appendix C, has been approached in a non-Semelitic manner. One cannot hope to objectively examine the speech forms of a subculture in which words such as fuck, cum, cuntmuncher and blowjob figure prominently by using polite when referring to these lexical items.

1.5. Gayle as an element of "Camp"

The concept of "camp" has always been elusive to define. It is derived from the French verb camper, "to pose". Although there have been many interpretations, it is probably best described as a style that favours exaggeration of behaviour (including language) and which has been associated with gay culture for many years (Bergman, 1993:4). In essence, "camp" refers to anything which pertains to obvious and open or exaggerated male gay behaviour (Spears, 1982:63).

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 10 Sontag has this to say about camp (1966:291-292):

The history of Camp taste is part of the history of snob taste ...who is the bearer of this taste? Answer: an improvised, self- elected class, mainly homosexuals, who constitute themselves as aristocrats of taste...Homosexuals have pinned their integration into society on promoting the aesthetic sense. Camp is a solvent of morality. It neutralizes moral indignation, sponsors playfulness.

She does not however explain the apparent inconsistencies in her argument. How are aristocratic snobbery and promoting of the aesthetic consistent with integration into mainstream society?

Camp as a contrived style of exaggeration exists in spite of the dominant culture and is generally the preserve of people excluded from mainstream culture. It is thus elitist, and gives the practitioner a means of coping with disempowerment. White and Silverstein (1977:36) view camp as the by-product of oppression, secrecy and self-loathing. Often, camp can be self-deprecating towards gay people themselves. Kantor records the following joke as an example of this:

An example of a campy homophobic joke one gay made on himself and other gays is the one he told about the grandfather clock, related in order to make fun of gays' exhibitionistic tendencies. In brief the joke told of a gay man who, having just purchased an antique grandfather's clock, was carrying it back home on his back when he was hit by a car, and both he and the clock were knocked to the ground. He is okay, but the clock is damaged beyond repair. A straight man by notices the gay man's predicament, and comments, 'This wouldn't have happened if you hadn't been such a queen, and worn a wrist watch like the rest of us' (1998:53).

As gay identity is becoming more acceptable within the dominant culture and gay people are more self-accepting of themselves, the need for camp is dying out. In pre-democratic South Africa, camp functioned as a device which gave an oppressed group coherence, solidarity and humour, which included allowing gay men and women to speak secretly within earshot of potentially hostile non-gays (Bergman 1993:13).

Harry and De Vail (1978:154) view camp behaviour as a personal style, usually accompanied by a highly cultivated and sharp wit. In this context Gayle, with its verbal practice of feminisation and parody of the (see Chapter 3), exaggeration, and creative spirit was, and remains, an integral element of camp.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 11 1.6. Origins of the gay subculture in South Africa

In the second half of the twentieth century, as societal pressures eased for gay people in South Africa, and in view of the advancements in gay liberation in the Western world, gay men and women started of the closets and onto the streets. They became more visible and comfortable with their alternative identities. There was no organised gay subculture in South Africa prior to the late 1960s. This does not imply that there were no gay people in South Africa prior to this period. There have always been gay people, but they were never a united grouping in society before this. It was only after World War II that the impact of the post war depression saw a huge social uprooting of people and the attendant migration to the cities (Gevisser and Cameron, 1994:22-25). With this influx of people, a large variety of options became available for people to practise alternative lifestyles away from society's belief that gay people were either drag or child molesters, with no other viable options. A few bars, outdoor cruising areas, clubs and private parties now offered 'normal' gay people the opportunity to meet and mix with like- minded individuals. In the late 1940s the first '' opened at the Carlton Hotel in downtown Johannesburg. However, this establishment only catered for the up-market, well- heeled, predominantly English-speaking gay fraternity, and left the vast majority of gay men on the streets. The gay subculture was left relatively unharrassed by the authorities until the mid 1960s, when as a result of a police raid on a private party in Forest Town, Johannesburg in January 1966, the Nationalist government's minister of Justice, PC Pelser promulgated repressive anti-gay legislation in 1968 (Gevisser, 1994:31). This had the effect of making dingy bars and clubs the only places where gay men could meet in relative safety. The legislation, as with all anti-gay legislation throughout history, did not stamp out homosexuality. Instead, it was in these bars and clubs that the embryo of South African gay culture, with a positive self-image, was born, and within this blossoming of underground gay culture, the roots of Gayle found fertile soil.

As has been noted, Gayle appears to have initially an Afrikaans phenomenon. The Afrikaner affirmative action policy of the National Party attracted a large number of Afrikaans-speaking gay men to South African Airways. This provided a hotbed for the development of Gayle. It was then a short step to crossing over into the vocabulary of English-speaking flight stewards, and subsequently into the gay population of Johannesburg at large, thus becoming accessible to speakers of both languages, from all walks of life (See Appendix D).

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 12 1.7. Reasons for this study

This study will endeavour to classify the type of language variety of Gayle, as it clearly is not a separate language on its own. It will also examine why South African gay men have used, and continue to use Gayle in their everyday lives. Given what we said earlier about legitimising Gayle as an incontestable reality within serious linguistic study, and the dearth of serious research in this area, it is important that this topic take its rightful place in the field of sociolinguistics. As language is an integral part of culture, it is also important that a comprehensive lexicon of Gayle be compiled, in line with Joustra's Homo-erotisch Woordenboek, Courouve's Vocabu/aire de l'Homosexualite Masculine and Rodgers' Gay Talk: A (sometimes Outrageous) Dictionary of Gay Slang, as Gayle is an undeniable component in the history of South African culture. In the course of the empirical research component of this study, approximately 90% of respondents indicated an interest in, and need for, such a dictionary.

1.8. Personal expertise and perspective

As a gay man who came out twenty five years ago and who has been an active participant in gay culture in Johannesburg since 1974, I have used Gayle in my own speech for a quarter of a century. This gives me a first-hand insight into the language, and places me in the position to identify not only the new additions to the language, but also to assess the language in a situational context (Halliday, 1989: see Chapter 3, section 3.3.). This experience allows me to evaluate the data collected from the perspective of a gay reality, as discussed in 1.3 above.

As a student of linguistic studies, the way in which gay men communicate with each other, both verbally (spoken and written) and non-verbally, has always been of interest to me. Although much has been written about Po/ari and Gayspeak, there is a dearth of academic research on Gay/e. Research has been done in the fields of and gay sociology in South Africa, but the paucity of research in the area of gay linguistics indicates that this study is long overdue.

1.9. The Parameters of Research

The parameters of the research have been dictated by the constraints which have been encountered. Initially it was intended to research Gayle across all gender and racial barriers in South Africa. This has unfortunately been impossible, due to two factors:

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 13 1.9.1. Lack of access to gay people of colour and gay . 1.9.2. The use of the Internet to gather data.

For these reasons, I was initially limited to personal acquaintances, who are all white males, and later to people who had access to, and read gay bulletin boards and use gay chatrooms on the Internet, and who have access to e-mail. These were predominantly white males. I sent out questionnaires to a large number of gay females, through personal contacts, but by and large, they did not respond. I also sent questionnaires to predominantly black gay organisations like The National Coalition of Gay and Lesbian Equality (NCGLE), Gays and Lesbians of the Witwatersrand (GLOVV) and other organisations countrywide. I did not receive any response from any of these contacts.

It was thus decided to limit the scope of the research to white males. This also had its limitations and as the data shows that the vast majority of respondents came from Gauteng, the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Feedback from the other provinces was extremely limited.

1.10. Presuppositions

This research has been approached with the following presuppositions:

1.10.1. Gayle is a variety of language used by gay speakers for various reasons. 1.10.2.The use of Gayle is prescribed by certain social situations. 1.10.3.Gayle is used predominantly by gay males, who are either English or Afrikaans mother-tongue speakers.

1.11. Overview of the contents

Chapter 1: Introduction: this chapter examines the background of gay communi-cation, both in South Africa and in English speaking countries abroad, explains the terminology to be used in this study, reveals the rationale for researching Gayle, examines "camp" as an intrinsic element of Gayle, looks at the origins of the organised gay subculture in South Africa, gives an overview of how and why Gayle will be studied, sets out the parameters of the research and the presuppositions with which I approached the subject. Chapter 2: Methodology and Empirical Research: this chapter explains how empirical research was conducted, and analyses the demographics of the respondents.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 14 Chapter 3: The form and function of Gayle: this chapter applies linguistic theory to the classification of Gayle, and examines the argot in its situational context. The functions of Gayle are also examined, in both an historical and a contemporary context. Chapter 4: Conclusions and recommendations Appendix A: Lavender Languages Appendix B: A partial Polad word list Appendix C: A Lexicon of Gayle Appendix D: Interview with a South African Airways flight steward Appendix E: Frequency of word usage in Gayle according to demographics Appendix F: Research Questionnaires Appendix G: Glossary of Queens in Gayspeak Appendix H: Categories of words found in Gayle Appendix J: Database of information collected from questionnaires

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 15 Chapter 2

2.1. Methodology

The following three areas will be addressed in this research:

The compilation of a dictionary of Gayle An examination of the language variety of Gayle, and its function among users An analysis of how Gayle fits into different situational contexts

2.1.1. In an attempt to gather as much data as possible from actual speakers of Gayle, two questionnaires were compiled. The first was qualitative, from which information was gathered to compile a second, quantitative questionnaire. The reason why a second questionnaire was compiled was that the first did not supply enough information, and appeared to be a bit too difficult for most respondents to complete.

Twenty-seven responses were obtained to the first questionnaire, and eighty-four to the second.

The first questionnaire, being qualitative, was open-ended, while the second quantitative questionnaire addressed specifics.

2.1.2. The first questionnaire

This questionnaire concentrated on respondents' feelings and attitudes towards Gayle, if and when they used Gayle, and how they thought Gayle contributed to a gay identity. The feedback received indicated that the questions were too difficult for most respondents to answer. Many of the responses were not serious and, subsequently, not very enlightening. It became apparent that, for the information to be relevant to this study, specific issues had to be addressed. This questionnaire was very helpful in devising a second, more user-friendly questionnaire, which addressed the specific areas in which information was needed. Copies of both questionnaires have been included in Appendix F.

2.1.3. The second questionnaire

This questionnaire was divided into four parts, each addressing a particular need.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 16 2.1.3.1. Part 1:

Part 1 was devised to assess the distribution and frequency of various lexical items in Gayle. From my own vocabulary, discussions with gay people, written sources and reading matter, a core vocabulary of 650 lexical items was compiled. Respondents were asked to tick the lexical items of which they knew the meanings. This made it possible to tabulate the data demographically, according to ethnic group, mother tongue, geographical location (in provinces), age, gender and educational level (See Appendix J). A database emerged which enabled me to classify the most used items according to the demographics (see Appendix E). The only demographic which is considered not reflective is that pertaining to geographical region. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the size of the white male gay population on a national level is very small, and there is a great amount of contact between gay men in all parts of the country. Social contact responds to economic or political forces and has a tendency to spread across provincial, national and even ethnic borders (Gumperz, 1982:42). This would lead to a register which is far more national than regional in character. Secondly, there has been a lot of relocation in South Africa recently. This has led to an exodus of gay men from Gauteng to the Western Cape, for example. Many respondents in the Western Cape (who originally came from Gauteng), should therefore be classified under Gauteng, as that is where they learnt and used Gayle.

2.1.3.2. Part 2:

In this section of the questionnaire, respondents were asked to supply lexical items which had not been incorporated in the core vocabulary (viz. words which I had not encountered). There was a lot of input in this section, but many of these words seemed to be rather obscure and not widely used. It was impossible to ascertain the usage frequency of these words, as they were not incorporated in the original core vocabulary. However, this section contributed a large number of entries to the dictionary of Gayle (See Appendix C). Parts 1 and 2 contribute to the form of the language, and supplied information on the tenor aspect of the context of situation (see Chapter 3).

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 17 2.1.3.3. Part 3:

In this section, respondents were supplied with nineteen possible reasons why they might use Gayle (collected in main from the information gathered in Questionnaire 1), and asked to tick only three reasons which they thought best explained their usage of the language. The reason why only three were required was that it was thought that by limiting their responses, it would (a) give an indication of the main reasons of usage, and (b) obviate respondents ticking all nineteen. An opportunity was supplied for respondents to give any other reason why they thought they would use the language. Very few responses were received to this question. Original responses received were:

It's a natural evolution if one is gay It's part of my liberation It makes me feel unique It helps me my identity To indicate to strangers that I am gay To send a message to strangers to find out if they are gay It strengthens and affirms the gay subculture

This section contributed information about field of discourse in the context of situation (see Chapter 3).

2.1.3.4 Part 4:

This final section also supplied data regarding the field of discourse in that respondents were supplied with fourteen possible situations in which they might use Gayle. No restrictions were placed on the number of locales they could select, as it was thought that certain individuals might conceivably use Gayle in every situation.

2.2. How the questionnaires were disseminated:

The first questionnaire was e-mailed and faxed to personal acquaintances, and they were asked to forward it to their friends and acquaintances. Within a week 27 responses had been received. This was sufficient to observe that the questionnaire was not supplying relevant information.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 18 A second questionnaire was then compiled, and messages were posted on the gay bulletin boards on the Internet, requesting interested parties who would like to complete the survey to contact me. The questionnaire was e-mailed, faxed and posted to those who responded. In addition, in an attempt to get feed-back from gay people from other groups (other than white males), batches of questionnaires were posted to the National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality (NCGLE), the black gay organisation of the Witwatersrand (GLOW), and a black gay organisation in Pietermaritzburg. Questionnaires were also posted to advertisers in the gay press, as well as to the editorial staff of the gay press. The advertisers responded well, but the editorial staffs did not respond at all. Responses from gay females accounted for only 8% of the total responses received, while responses from black gay people accounted for 0%. This lack of response led me to conclude that questionnaires were not the ideal way for gathering data from these groups. Alternative methods of data collection would have to be devised. One possibility is to do this in a workshop format where a group could gather and data could be discussed in the group. Results of the discussion could be recorded which indicated the level of knowledge of the lexical items under discussion.

2.3. Demographics of the respondents:

The following figures indicate the demographics of the respondents: Ethnic Groups

Mother Ton • ue Gender

An Investiaation of the Form and Function of Lanauaae used by Gay Men in South Africa Pane 19 Geographical Location

'-'...-- Mpumalanga Free State Northern Province North West 13S Northern Cape Western Cape -5, Eastern Cape KwaZulu-Natal AMY. Gauteng " 3 41101 0 10 20 30 40 50

Matric 50-60 60+ <70

20-30

40-50 Matric

30-40

Age Educational Level

2.4. Constraints of the research

The graphs in 2.3. above indicate the following constraints which were placed on the research:

2.4.1. The Participants

The greatest number of respondents were white, English-speaking males, living in Gauteng, between the ages of 30 and 40, and with a post-matric education. This is probably due to a number of factors:

2.4.1.1. White, English speaking males are probably the least affected by cultural and constraints in coming out. 2.4.1.2. Mother-tongue English and Afrikaans speakers have more exposure to Gayle than vernacular language speakers (but not necessarily to Isiqgumo).

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Lanouaue used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 20 2.4.2. Telecommunication

By and large, only respondents with access to information technology could participate.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 21 Chapter 3

3.1. The form of Gay Language in South Africa

One of man's basic capabilities is the ability to organise himself into social groups and identify with cultural and linguistic patterns which emerge from his experience within the group (Haarmann, 1991:11). It is through such organisation that gay men in South Africa have, for the past fifty years, evolved a distinct and exclusive "code" of speaking, a style of dress, and a unique gay iconography (Isaacs and McKendrick, 1992:215). However, contrary to what many gay men think, there is no such thing as a gay language, or "moffietaal" per se. All that exists is a lexicon of words which are used as synonyms in English or Afrikaans discourse (in South Africa), and which constitutes a particular register (Halliday 1989:38-42) which is used by gay people in social discourse which is a practical, social and cultural phenomenon, embedded in various social and cultural contexts (van Dijk, 1997:2). An important aspect of our study is that Gayle is a language of spoken interaction.

For a separate gay 'language' to evolve, a community would normally need to be isolated from society for a lengthy period of time. As gay people were always subsumed in the dominant society, this lexicon was a language variety which was preserved for use in a gay social context, while gay people continued living ordinary, invisible lives within mainstream society. Consequently the register used by gay people did not have a marked effect on their mother tongue, be it English or Afrikaans, except in the area of vocabulary (Olivier, 1994:219-220). The following example is illustrative of how Gayle is basically a set of alternative words, with no effect on the grammar, syntax, morphology or phonology of English:

Look at that dish. What a Beaulah! And varda that lunch! It's a picnic basket! Very Mitzi. I'd love to Sally her stupid, but she looks so Dora. She's a , and probably Rita to boot, or maybe even Priscilla, and I don't need Jennifer Justice in my life just now. I suppose I'll have to go home and Jenny — the lot of an Olga pixie! (Adapted from: Isaacs and McKendrick, 1992:78-79)

Personal observation indicates that this is a typical example of how the argot is used. Gayle is normally not used for purposes other than to describe the social and sexual activities of gay people themselves. Its acquisition occurs in a social context of talk within a micro culture of communication between gay people, resulting in a surprisingly swift acquisition of the semantic and pragmatic features of Gayle (Bruner, 1997:58). Its narrowness of use precludes one from using it to open a cell phone account, ask for one's M-NET decoder to be repaired or conduct one's defence in a court of law. This is evident if one looks at Appendix E, which analyses the fifty most well-known words used in Gayle, according to the demographics of the gay community, based on

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 22 the data received in the second questionnaire. The words used across all ages, educational levels, languages and regions show no remarkable differences. The core vocabulary for all groups remains very similar, and the words used generally refer to sexual activities or descriptions of various types of people.

Such a code is only one of the ways in which speakers represent the meanings which are inherent in the social system, encoding both their experience of reality as well as their relationships with others (see Halliday, 1979:162) and which focuses on the properties which gay men use to accomplish social and subcultural acts within the parameters of a gay context (see van Dijk, 1997:1). Gayle is thus a practical, social and subcultural phenomenon. As has been noted, it is limited to spoken social interaction used for conversation which is embedded in a particular social and subcultural context.

An example of how this code crosses all demographic boundaries and centres around the core activities and interests of the subculture can be seen in this table, which illustrates the fifty most well-known words used by English and Afrikaans speaking gay men and women: ENGLISH AFRIKAANS 1. 27. 1. Moffie 25. Blow job 2. Fag/ 28. Screw around 2. Queen 26. S&M 3. Straight 29. Camp it up 3. Queer 27. 4. Come out 30. Rent piece 4. Butch 28. Cum 5. Queen 31. Closet Queen 5. Kamp 29. 6. Queer 32. Dizzy 6. Koekstamp en 30. Closet 7. Camp 33. Wham, barn, thank giggel 31. Wank 8. Blow job you ma'am 7. Drag queen 32. AC/DC 9. Family 34. Cruise 8. Drag 33. Fist fuck 10. One night stand 35. Fist fuck 9. Gang Bang 34. Affair 11. S&M 36. Send up 10. Closet Queen 35. .Crabs 12. Drag 37. Bitch 11. 36. Koffie Moffie 13. Well hung 38. Hilda 12. Dora 37. Stunning 14. Fairy 39. Sleep around 13. Pomp 38. Bolla 15. Moffie 40. Pink Rand 14. Fag/Faggot 39. Hilda 16. Slut 41. Affair 15. Camp 40. Betty Bangles 17. 42. Gay bashing 16. One night stand 41. Bliss 18. Cum 43. Active 17. Cock tease 42. Bitch 19. Butch 44. 18. Drama Queen 43. Dyke 20. Cock tease 45. Crabs 19. Wham, barn, thank 44. 21. Drama Queen 46. Swing both ways you ma'am 45. Send up 22. Rent boy 47. Nora 20. Rent piece 46. Cradle snatching 23. Threesome 48. Golden Shower 21. Mince 47. Bolla klits 24. Closet 49. AC/DC 22. Skeef 48. Come out 25. Wank 50. Koffie Moffie 23. Gil 49. Cruise 26. Poppers 24. Straight 50. Nora

A full demographic analysis can be found in Appendix E.

3.2. Gayle as an anti-language

Halliday (1978:164-182) uses the term "anti-language" for the lingua franca of an anti-society which is set up within another society, as a conscious alternative to it, and which indicates linguistic

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 23

accomplishments of the users in action. He examines Grypserka, a Polish prison language, as an anti-language. This forms a base from which he compiles a list of criteria for an anti-language. Using these criteria, one may postulate whether Gayle is an anti-language.

3.2.1. An anti-society is a society which is set up within another society as a conscious alternative to it. The debate rages whether being gay is choice or innate (with current debate tended towards the latter). However, what is undoubtedly a choice is whether one decides to "come out" and live one's life through identification with other gay people, frequent known gay entertainment venues, and regard to oneself as part of 'gay society'. Organised gay society is a conscious alternative to the dominant society. 3.2.2. Like the early records of the languages of exotic cultures, the information usually comes to us in the form of word lists. As discussed in Chapter 1, serious study of gay communication is the product of the 1990s. Partial wordlists are extant, but they are very limited. Appendix C represents the most comprehensive lexicon of Gayle, together with classifications, synonyms and etymology, compiled to date. 3.2.3. The simplest form taken by an anti-language is that of new words for old: it is a language relexicalised. Relexicalisation is the essence of Gayle. Gayle operates solely on the basis of vocabulary switching. Many words in Gayle are polylexicalised. For example, Betty Bangles, Betty Blue, boys in blue, dolly sisters, Lily Law and her silver bangles and Priscilla, all refer to policemen. This could be a result of the creativity of Gayle as word-art among gay men and the never-ending search for originality. However, it is more likely due to regional differences, and words entering the language at different points in time. 3.2.4. The principle is that of same grammar, different vocabulary. Gayle uses the linguistic structure of English/Afrikaans but uses lexcical items which refer to those central activities of the subculture which set it off most sharply from established society. This relexicalisation is partial and not total, with Gayle relexicalising words which are relevant to the gay experience. It is to be expected that in any anti- language social values are foregrounded. 3.2.5. Effective communication depends on exchanging meanings which are inaccessible to the layperson. Secrecy is a necessary strategic property for any persecuted minority. This may have indeed been a contributory factor in the genesis of Gayle, but secrecy is more likely to be one feature of the jargon rather than the determinant of the anti-language.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 24

3.2.6. The anti-language is not just an optional extra, serving to adorn what Halliday calls "the second (concealed) life" (1978:167) with contest and display while keeping it successfully hidden from society. It is a fundamental element in the existence of the "second life" phenomenon. If the anti-language is typically used for contest and display, the speakers are constantly trying to maintain a counter- reality which is under pressure from the dominant culture. The need to sustain the vitality it requires to function at all could be a reason for its constant renewal. Urban people reassert and reshape the basic concepts by which urban society is defined (Halliday, 1978:154-161). This renewal could, however, also be the result of the further need for secrecy once established items become too well known outside the in-group. Gayle is a fundamental element in the existence of the "second life" phenomenon. This "second life" is a reconstruction of the individual in society, and provide's an alternative social structure, with its own system of values, sanctions or rewards and punishments. This then becomes the source of an alternative identity for its members, and the anti-language serves to create and maintain this alternative reality. Coming out into this alternative reality is characterised by re-identification within the gay community (Jandt & Darsey, 1981:12). 3.2.7. The most important vehicle of reality-maintenance is conversation. All who employ this same form of communication are reality-maintaining others. Gayle is a spoken language used in certain social circumstances. One would be hard pressed to find written examples of Gayle, even in the gay press. The venues at which gay people congregate are part of an alternative reality, and the use of Gayle in these environments is part of verbally maintaining the reality of the "second life" in a safe environment. Gayle thus becomes the means of realising a subjective reality: its use is not merely for expression, but the creation of an alternative reality, and maintenance of that reality. 3.2.8. The anti-language is a vehicle of resocialisation. As has been discussed, the use of Gayle creates an alternative reality which is not constructed but reconstructed within the parameters of the dominant society. It is a resocialised counter-reality, set up in opposition to the established norm. 3.2.9. There is continuity between language and anti-language. Gay people find it a simple matter to switch between mother tongue and Gayle, depending on the environment in which they find themselves.

The above analysis shows that Gayle realises all the criteria which Halliday discusses, and is thus undoubtedly an anti-language.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 25 3.3. Gayle as a variety of language in a contextualised situation.

Among any sub-group in society there is no single "speech community". This is an idealised construct which any human group can only approximate (Halliday, 1978:154). As a result, Gayle is variable, and variations in the system are regulated by the social context, (Halliday, 1978:155) usually according to demographics, while retaining a conscious speech variety choice for a specific social purpose by the individual speaker. Goddard and Wierzbicka (1997:31) point out that not all speakers will use the language in the same way, and they can use it in radically different ways. As speakers of Gayle come from very different cultural, linguistic, class, educational and ethnic backgrounds, each will bring to the discourse his own cultural values and priorities, and these values and priorities will determine the speech event. These demographics furthermore define where one fits into the gay sub-culture, and will dictate the register which one uses. This register is defined in the social context of what one is doing at the time in terms of the field of the context of situation.

Halliday (1989:5-12) outlines the concept of context of situation, from the original ideas of Malinowski, Firth and Hymes, and proposes three features of the context of situation. These are:

The type of social or Who is cultural action taking taking part in the place discourse and what is TENOR FIELD being communicated

CONTEXT OF SITUATION

MODE

The medium of communication

There is a separation between the verbal context (how the words used relate to the preceding and following words), the context of situation (where and how the talk fits into the environment) and the context of culture (the personal backgrounds of the speakers). Halliday has distilled all these features into a context of situation.

All three of these features comprise a composite register being used in a specific situation, which include semantic items, syntactic structures, phonological features, voice inflection and accompanying . The register used will be dictated by the specific situational context of a An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 26 given speech event. For example, different registers would be used in asking for a cigarette in different environments. The "Got a fag for me, boet?" of informal non-gay chat, would become a more formal "Do you have a cigarette for me, Father?" when making the request of your parish priest. Likewise, "Got a Cilia for me, Dolla?" would carry the same message in a gay context. The register is what is being spoken at the time, and is dependent on the field, tenor and mode of the activity (Halliday 1989:41).

This context of situation refers only to the immediate environment against which the speech event is realised. Beyond this environment is what Halliday calls the Context of Culture, which is "a package .... of things that typically go together in the culture" (Halliday 1989:46) and which "determine, collectively, the way the discourse is interpreted in its context of situation" (Halliday, 1989:47). In talking, speakers give some indication of the cultural background of both themselves and their receiver which assumes certain presuppositions if the message is to be received and interpreted correctly. Thus the register of Gayle can be viewed as a situational variety which can only function in a narrow prescribed setting.

3.3.1. FIELD: This aspect of the situation places the talk within given parameters, based on the interlocutors' experience and world-view and could be called the situation of locale. Users will only use Gayle in a particular social setting. This ideational function is used by the speaker to express his own real life experience within the contextualised situation, and besides expressing a cognitive meaning, it also dictates the content of the talk. It crystalises the worldview of the speaker, and includes past experiences and logic, and functions in the transmission of information between members of a social subset. In a gay environment, this would probably include aspects like the speakers being detached from the heterosexual world, an informal, exclusively gay, social gathering and a safe environment in which to use the register. In the questionnaire (See Chapter 2) which respondents completed, they were asked, in Part 4, to indicate where they would use Gayle. The feed-back received is illustrated in the graph below.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 27 70 60 , ,,,.

50 -I

40 % 'r,,. = 30 --. ,-..,■.•-_ 20 10 0 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 PLACES (4

— —

In my own home In my parents' home In the homes of all family In the home of gay friends members At work In the home of straight friends In gay venues In public, in general In the company of people I In the company of people I don't know very well know well In straight places where In straight places where other there are no other gays gays are present present Nowhere- I never use gay Anywhere and everywhere language at all

The data in the graph indicates that in the field of use, the most popular places where Gayle would be used by most respondents will be in very "safe" areas (viz. in their own homes; in the company of people they know well; in the homes of gay friends and at gay venues). The places where it was least likely to be used would be in parents' homes; in the company of people with whom they are not well acquainted, and in non-gay venues where no other gay people appear to be present. This data would appear to attest to the claim that Gayle would be used in a narrow, controlled environment where speakers feel that it is safe to use the register. The act of using Gayle implies some kind of environmental circumstance for the discourse, and the discourse is understood relative to this circumstance. However, as the data shows, it must be noted that contexts are not fixed, and there is a flexibility, depending on a number of circumstances, which makes them relevant in terms of the speakers' interpretations of the context (van Dijk, 1997:16).

3.3.2. TENOR: This establishes the relationships between the interlocutors. This situation of company is indexical and signals certain features about the role and identity of the speaker (van Djik, 1997:3). Speakers actively engage in the talk not only as speakers, but also as members of a particular social category. However, the relationship goes beyond the normal categories of social relationships, and accounts for interactive goals, modes of co-operation and related behavioural communicative norms (Gumperz, 1982:41). Speakers therefore interact with other members of the group within given social roles and identities. At the

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 28 same time, by using Gayle, speakers construct and display these roles and identities with various aims, purposes and results (see Gumperz, 1982). It serves an interpersonal function, which establishes, specifies and maintains relationships between members of a society/culture, and includes interpersonal linguistic skills, which makes conversation a two- way experience. By speaking, a Gayle user actively constructs and displays his role and identity in a gay context. Gayle would only be used when both speakers in a speech event are gay themselves, and underlines their membership of a subculture. The tenor is therefore also part of the development of a gay identity. Isaacs and McKendrick (1992:11) identify the six stages of gay identity development as follows

Stage Description Fantasies Sexual Reality base Self-esteem/ + age spread behaviour congruency ONE IDENTITY Primitive spontaneous internal only latent but DIFFUSION play undeveloped 0-9 TWO IDENTITY .Evolving due to experimental internal-external confused and non- CHALLENGE puberty auto erotic dichotomy, manifest 10-15 diffuse boundaries THREE IDENTITY Ambivalent testing out indirect or direct anxiety, turmoil, EXPLORATION bisexual phase exposure to sub- self-esteem 16-19 culture jeopardised FOUR BEGINNING Homosexual exploratory participates in chaotic, fluctuating IDENTITY focus, idealised searching 'coming out' with socially ACHIEVEMENT behaviour crisis narcissistic 19-25 components FIVE IDENTITY Homosexual searching & participates in self-acceptance COMMITMENT object(s), co-habiting sub-culture 19-65 homoerotic bias SIX IDENTITY Ownership of bonding life-style self-actualised CONSOLIDATI fantasies confirmed & synthesis ON secure 19-65 NOTE: Stages 3 to 6 are not necessarily in age-linear progression Stages 5 and 6 are dependent upon levels of commitment to the identity as well as significant support from others

From the above table, it can be seen that only at Stage 5 does the individual start participating in the subculture, and it is at this stage of development that he will start to acquire Gayle, to a greater or lesser extent. A further interpretation of this table would be that one could conceivably be inclined to homosexuality without ever developing a gay identity, as a gay identity would go beyond simply having homosexual desire. This might be the case of individuals who are either geographically, culturally or socially removed from the sub-culture, and whose experience is never homosocial, going beyond genital/sexual desire, and incorporating elements of the subculture like emotion, bonding, hopes, values, politics, etc. associated with a gay lifestyle and identity. For this reason I would suggest that a metaphor of the closet be adopted to establish 'gay' identity. This interpretation of the development of gay identity would hinge on one's proximity to the closet. A graphic representation of this would take the form of a series of concentric circles:

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 29 To interpret this development of gay identity is to start when one is completely in the closet, and is not even aware of one's homosexual inclinations. This would correlate with Isaacs and McKendrick's Stage 1. The concentric circle immediately around the closet would be the recognition and admission to oneself that one has homosexual inclinations. It is at this self-revelatory stage that most "closet cases" would stop in their development of a gay identity. Each further concentric circle outwards would indicate a particular coming out process. This might be to intimate friends, family, an authority figure like a teacher or a priest, a role model, etc. These would be in no particular order, and would give the individual the opportunity to come out in his own manner, as no two identities are formed in the same way. The final concentric circle on the perimeter would indicate the last coming out process — going public. This may be to one's work associates or if one wishes to be more dramatic, in the national media. At each stage of coming out, the individual will put more and more distance between himself and the closet, and in the process will develop more and more of a gay identity. Lee (1977:52) calls the "coming out to oneself" circle the 'beginning commitment to '. The "going public" circle indicates an overall ownership of identity, which not only exhibits a public gay identity, but includes promoting gay ideology. He terms all the intervening circles as degrees of 'signification', which reflect a significant commitment to accepting a gay lifestyle. The use of the circle is convenient as it shows the development of a gay identity as not a linear experience, and gives each individual the opportunity to chart his own identity path. Thus, establishing a gay identity is inextricably linked to a

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 30 series of coming out experiences, and at some point in this identity formation, the individual would acquire a dualistic linguistic repertoire of two registers in his mother tongue, whose distribution would be dictated by a given situational context.

The tenor of Gayle will of necessity be informal, given that it is a register which occurs in an informal social setting, where most participants are assumed to be (at least nominally) equals. Although users of Gayle, of necessity, come from different social backgrounds and strata of society, the use of Gayle acts as a social leveller (See Appendix H) and the dominant function would be phatic. Thus, implicit in the use of what is socially relevant to the talk is the suggestion on the part of the speakers of "various socio-cognitive dimensions, such as socially shared or personal knowledge" (van Dijk, 1997:11).

3.3.3. MODE: This aspect indicates how the language is transmitted in the discourse. The speakers expect Gayle not only to convey information, but to do so in a fun and camp way. Usually the text is organised to symbolise homosocial verbal discourse of a socio-sexual nature, which is expository in revealing the speaker's mastery of the register. In an animated conversation in Gayle, both core features and marginal features of the language will be present (Gumperz, 1982:16). The core features will be the actual words being used, and the marginal features would incorporate certain non-verbal acts occurring concurrently with the talk, such as gestures, face-work, inflection and body movement (van Dijk, 1997:13). Gayle is only found as spoken discourse, usually in a face-to-face situation, and allows the participants to understand the spoken discourse by providing texture and organising the discourse as relevant to the situation (Halliday, 1989:45).

3.4. Elements of Gayle.

3.4.1. Lexical items found in Gayle

In a brief look through Appendix C, it may surprise the reader to find a number of words which did not originate among gay people, but which were used by the non-gay community as pejorative terms for gay people. Examples are queer, fag, moffie and dyke (Olivier,1994:220). These words were not always part of the gay lexicon, but given the politicisation of the gay movement since 1968 (Gevisser, 1994:30), many gay people have reclaimed these words to describe themselves, and through a process of inversion, have taken the negative connotations out of their usage. Among younger gay men today, there is a pride in describing themselves as queer, rather than gay, which would have been unheard of twenty years ago.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 31 In addition to these words deriving from non-gay language, there are also a number of words which are self-explanatory, and need no translation (eg affair, blowjob, boy and butch). However, there are a large number of words which will be relatively unknown by people not part of the in-group. These include almost all the alliterative names (see 3.4.2. below), as well as words like piece, rim, fly, etc.

The most striking feature of South African gay language is the plethora of alliterative female names used for a variety of nouns, adjectives and verbs. These include words like Dora, Bella, Vera, Esterjie, etc. As in any specific language variety, some of these words have been well established for many years (eg Hilda, Nora and Erica), whereas some have become obsolete over the years (eg Brenda Bris, Josie and Hattie). Others still have remained in the lexicon, but have undergone a complete change of meaning (eg Ada, Fiona and Gracie), and new words have been added as society has advanced (eg Esterjie and Ciela). There are also regional variants which have different meanings in different parts of the country (eg Olga — Western Cape - "organised": Gauteng — "old and ugly"). While by no means exclusive to Gayle — a few examples of women's names are found in American Gayspeak — these female name items do appear to be in far greater use in South Africa. Polari, on the other hand, does not make use of this female marked nominal device at all.

These lexical items are very versatile in that they can be used as a variety of parts of speech. Eg. Dora can be used as an adjective ("She's so Dora she can't stand up straight'), a noun ("Anyone got a Dora for me?') and a verb ("Don't Dora too much tonight'). Noonan (1997:373ff) calls this multifunctionalism a phenomenon of Versatile Nominalisations.

A classification of the main categories of words which are used in Gayle can be found in Appendix H.

In addition to the categories of words found in Gayle in Appendix H, there are a large number of miscellaneous words for everyday things or activities (eg Patsy 'party', Vera `vomit' and Hazel 'wonderfull What is significant is that the categories which contain the largest number of words are those which are related to socio-sexual areas of the speakers' lives.

3.4.2. The Element of Feminisation in Gayle.

An examination of the lexical items in Appendix C reveals a feminisation of everyday nouns, verbs and adjectives in the speech of gay men. This feminisation is seen in the

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 32 infusion into the language words like Mathilda, Chlora and Lily to indicate nouns: Dora, Mandy and Maureen to indicate verbs: and Nora, Cora and Hilda to indicate adjectives.

In addition, there is widespread use of feminine pronouns when referring to gay men generally, but not exclusively. Eg "Who does she think she is? She'll get what's coming to her!" There is also widespread use of feminine-marked vocabulary in nouns used among gay men when referring to each other. These include items like girt girlfriend, bitch, slut, Mary, inter alia.

The use of "camp names" is very popular with certain segments of the gay subculture, where gay men refer to each other, not by their proper first names, but by an alliterative female name. Eg. Desmond becomes Desiree, John becomes Joan and Maurice becomes Maureen. This phenomenon follows a historical tradition whereby non-gay men have assigned women's names to men who act out feminine roles in real life or on stage, and which is rooted in heterosexual misogyny. In the British theatre, for example, regardless of the sexual orientation of the individual, it has been common practice for years to give all men in the company women's names. To this end, according to popular legend, while he was involved in the theatrical world, Prince Edward was always known as Milly. By adopting this convention, a heterosexual custom seems to have become homosexualised (Graf and Lippa, 1995:232-233). Camp names appear to have a long history among English speaking gay men, and in a letter to the Tatler in on 9 June 1709, a writer remonstrated against a set of 'Pretty Fellows' calling one another Betty and Nelly frequenting St James' Coffee House and White's Chocolate House in London (Norton, 1992:11). These names were known as 'maiden names' at the time. Today the use of camp names is elevated to an art form by drag cabaret performers, who adopt humorous stage names like Miss Ivana B. Ahlone, Miss Dee Manner, Miss Bertha van Nation and the ubiquitous Mrs Evita Bezuidenhout. This feminising element in the language used by gay men is an integral and important part of camp (Bergman, 1993:6). However, one must not be tempted to deduce that the use of camp names bears any relation to specific male-female role-playing in terms of sexual behaviour (Norton, 1992:93). It is quite common that among men who use these names, virile, masculine men are referred to as Mary, Kitty or Lucy, inter alia.

On all fronts this feminising element in the speech of gay men seems to be well entrenched and indicates the stability of the group as a contributing factor to linguistic behaviour. Its presence often lacks an awareness of the implied misogyny in such speech behaviour, and exists for other reasons, such as group cohesion and identity. Indeed, it is no longer even recognised as feminine, but as a separate gay frame of reference with positive aspects. Leap (1996:8) suggests that this -centred imagery is not a misogynistic attack on An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 33 women at all, but rather depicts the uniqueness of the of gay men through the reworking of female imagery rather than reconstructing images associated with heterosexual males. This suggests that the gay experience should possibly be examined as a separate entity, with its own cultural history and language, and not as a by-product of either mainstream male or female identifications.

However, if this course of action is adopted it must be with the following caveat: we must avoid treating the gay subculture as a homogenous group. The gay community is as diverse as the non-gay community. Further research could uncover distinct different reasons for the use of the feminisation element in groups which are demographically different. For example, the feminine aspects of the speech of the `coloured' drag queen prostitutes of Beaufort West, as portrayed on M-NET's Carte Blanche on 22 May 1999, could well be very different to these same lexical items being used by a group of post- graduate white gay professionals living in Johannesburg. Each group will of necessity use different feminising aspects in their discourse, for different reasons. Indeed, a large sub- grouping of gay men will not use these elements in their gay register at all, either because it is perceived as perpetuating female among gay men, or because it is regarded as misogynistic in that the underlying use of such vocabulary implies that to be woman is to be inferior. (Bergman, 1991:6).

White and Silverstein (1977:36) think that as time passes, this feminised argot, as an aspect of camp, is "a form of gay humor that seems to be dying out ... It may well have been the by-product of oppression, secrecy and self-hatred, and now that gays are more self-accepting and somewhat less condemned by straight society, they may have less need to camp" (see Chapter 1, section 1.1.).

Feminine terms and women's names also assume different meanings within different cultural sub-groupings. The word "bitch" could be used as a term of affection within one group, while it will carry a negative connotation in another. However, regardless of who the users are and to what end the words are put, feminine markers in the speech of gay men reflect the gay experience, and must be viewed in a different light to traditional dictionary definitions. The female-centered imagery in gay speech should not necessarily be construed as an attack on women or a joke at women's expense, but could possibly be an attempt to define the gay man's unique gender identity through a reworking of female imagery rather than recasting images in a heterosexual male paradigm. This does not excuse the implicit misogyny, but could account for it.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 34 3.4.3. Heterophobic and Homophobic Elements in Gayle.

An examination of the lexical items in Appendix C will reveal the following examples of words used to refer to non-gay people: fish, fag hag, breeder, bleeder, BM, bag, buffalo, het, fruit fly, inter alia. Implicit in these words is a negative and heterophobic element. This is to be expected, as all groups use terms which determine their own group membership, excluding others from the group. It is part of the linguistic manifestation of human culture. Heterophobic words are used to refer to those things which separate the subculture from mainstream society. In this way, Gayle ridicules women, male virility, the sanctity of , etc. — in fact everything in life which society has denied gay people (Rodgers, 1972:11-12). This occurs in all cultures and .

What are more surprising perhaps are the homophobic elements of Gayle. The most obvious is the word 'queen', which is discussed in detail in 3.4.4 below. The widespread usage of such demeaning appellatives when referring to other gay men suggests perhaps a deep-seated inferiority complex for which the speaker is trying to overcompensate. It transfers his internalised self-loathing to another of his persuasion. Self-loathing is a common affliction in all groups which are oppressed. Social psychology maintains that we adopt an image of ourselves which others project (Humphreys, 1972:40).

The homophobia implicit in camp-names is another example of this struggle for identity, as on the surface, calling another man by a woman's name implies that he is less of a man (and probably less of a man than the speaker considers himself to be). Mainstream gay people mirror these attitudes in the widespread dislike of drag queens and others of the "feather and freak" brigade. Even the use of the word 'straight' carries a strong element of homophobia, in that gay people aren't 'straight', but the opposite — bent. (See Chapter 1: 1.2.1.)

Oppressed groups establish their own subcultures and communities in which the member identities are acceptable (Humphreys, 1972:41).The very fact that the gay subculture has established its own anti-language, support groups, institutions and social structure is proof of its position as an oppressed minority in society. Further evidence of this oppression can be seen in the lives of hundreds of millions of gay men and women worldwide, who, because of oppression, choose to pass as non-gay, in order to avoid stigma and persecution.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 35 Gay men and women have developed coping skills in the face of oppression. One of these skills is the development of wit and word play, which is much evident in Gayle. Besides indulging in the verbal acrobatics of Gayle, speakers also develop a remarkable verbal dexterity, which they use as a strategic device to manipulate more advantaged individuals in society (Humphreys, 1972:66).

This linguistic homophobia against other gay males manifests itself in the dehumanisation of gay people implicit in words like piece, fuck (as in 'he's my current fuck') number, stuk, pomp, etc. Gay people aren't viewed as individuals when referred to in this manner, but are relegated to the level of sexual consumables, without hopes, feelings and needs, featureless units in a noxious swarm. Living in the centre of a psychological wasteland, gay does not only mean persecution, rejection and frustration, but also membership of a subculture whose members don't hold each other in much esteem (Tajfel, 1978:434). They attack and manipulate each other. (Kantor, 1998:57).This attack is verbal, rather than physical, and takes the form of stigmatising labelling. Because the gay identity is so destructive due to socialisation by the dominant culture, the individual feels that he must embrace a bitchy, caustic-tongued persona in order to function at all within his own subculture. The self-destructive ego is a product of oppression. The barbed tongue of the gay man is more likely to be a survival skill than an inborn linguistic capacity (Humphreys, 1972:70-73).

It may be argued that the above discussion on the homophobia implicit in Gayle is contrary to the assertion made elsewhere in this study that Gayle is a symbol of . However, one must view Gayle in an historical perspective. In the mid twentieth century, the gay subculture in the western world (including South Africa) was riddled with self-oppression (Norton, 1992:261). This was the time when Gayle was developing in South Africa. This self-oppression manifested itself in the language. Gay Pride is a relatively new concept among gay people, and the first Gay Pride March in Johannesburg occurred only ten years ago. Gay Pride has brought a change in attitudes, and implicit in this, a change in attitudes towards Gayle. The bitterness conveyed in the original words and phrases of the anti- language have today become more self-effacing than self-deprecating. This inversion demonstrates a certain degree of self-confidence on the part of gay people which was sadly lacking in earlier times.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 36 3.4.4. The Element of Reginisation in Gayle.

As mentioned in 3.4.3. above, the use of the word "queen" is an important element of gay discourse. (Many non-English languages appear to have an equivalent: reine in French, rani in Tamil, etc). It is proposed that this phenomenon be referred to as reginisation.

Despite its pejorative implication, as discussed above, it is probably the most used and most flexible word in the lexicon of gay men throughout the world. The basic form is a derogatory term used to refer to a gay man who behaves or dresses in an effeminate manner (The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1993), but it has far wider applications than this. Originally the word quean was used to refer to a woman of loose morals, and was probably derived from the Greek ruvii "a woman" (Rodgers, 1972:164). That it is a common derogatory appellation between gay people is no secret. However, what is probably not so widely known is that it can also be used to refer to any man, gay or non- gay. An example is calling Nelson Mandela a designer queen on account of his taste for designer shirts. Such usage implies no indication of the person's sexual orientation.

Another usage of the word is as an adjunct to any adjective or noun. It is not uncommon, for example, to refer to a man who works at Woolworths as a Woolworths queen, and a man who hails from Durban as a Durban queen or a Natal queen. Once again, sexual orientation is not necessarily implied. Any adjective can be compounded in a demeaning manner by having the word queen prefixed to it. For example, calling a (perceived) ugly man a Hilda queen is far more stinging than simply calling him Hilda. The American gay subculture has proved most prolific in its application of reginisation, and a list of Gayspeak reginised terminology has been included in Appendix G. Some of these phrases are used by a minority of South African gay men, but the usage is very limited.

3.4.5. The Element of Globalisation in Gayle

From private correspondence, it appears that many papers at the 1999 Lavender Languages conference examined issues related to the globalisation of Gay English and the effects this is having on locally developed, indigenous, non-English-based lavender language traditions and practices. Gayle, as an originally Afrikaans-based argot of the Western Cape, certainly appears to fit into this category. An examination of the lexicon of Gayle in Appendix C reveals a large number of words which have entered the language from America. This Americanisation has occurred over the past thirty years as American gay literature (both fiction and non-fiction) has permeated the South African market. Gayle has incorporated many of the words found in these publications into its lexicon. More An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 37 recently, the plethora of American gay , both on video and the Internet, has made Gayspeak words like rim, go down on, and cum part of the everyday lexicon of gay men in South Africa.

3.5. The Use/Function of Gayle

Halliday (1976:29) cautions against equating the 'function of language' with 'the use of language'. To avoid misunderstanding, 'function' is used here to refer to the sociological purposes which Gayle serves in the gay subculture. The term indicates the socio-cultural reasons why gay men may elect to use the anti-language.

Any anti-language, argot, slang or register originates due to the functions which it evolves to serve. One of the functions of all languages is to enable the speaker to express his/her experience of the world, both externally and internally. Olivier (1994:223) identifies three general uses of the language in South Africa (concealment, revelation and identification). I will examine each of these three functions and endeavour to add to his list.

3.5.1. Concealment:

This function had a practical advantage in the oppressive and homophobic society of the 1970s, when Gayle flourished. It allowed messages to be sent between gay people in close proximity to people who were oblivious to the real meaning of the verbal interchange. The Joubert interview in Appendix D corroborates this in the compact confines of an aircraft cabin. A non-gay passenger overhearing "Is he a ?" would be unaware of the speaker's enquiry about his sexual orientation (unless he really was a friend of the aforementioned woman!). In the claustrophobic South Africa of the 1970s, this function of concealment was a useful tool.

The question is, however, to what extent this function is valid today, when the need for concealment because of social and legal pressure is no longer required?

Respondents to the survey in Chapter 3 indicated the following about the usage of Gayle for concealment purposes:

To speak secretly so that straights cannot understand me 29% To conceal my gay identity 5%

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 38 This would indicate that concealment is not a major concern of gay men in South Africa at the turn of the millenium and that it has become an historical function of Gayle. However, with 29% of the respondents stating that they use Gayle to send secret messages, it indicates that there still is a need to have a separate register to enable speakers to speak "in code", although it is not necessarily part of a concealment strategy.

3.5.2. Identification

Gayle corresponds closely to languages which arise in other anti-societies, insofar as the use of the anti-language gives adherents of that sub-group a sense of solidarity and unity (Halliday 1978:164). A code of this nature will supply members of the sub-culture with a means to identify with each other as well as with the group. Such identification is one of the basic needs of an individual as a member of any speech community (Haarmann, 1991:11). Thus the anti-language becomes the vehicle of resocialisation and identification (Halliday, 1979:168).

In addition to this enabling function, there is also a limiting function in that because of the exclusiveness of Gayle, it may serve to isolate speakers from mainstream society and thus perpetuate a -like mentality. This is probably one of the reasons why a growing number of gay men in South Africa today eschew Gayle, and refuse to use it, preferring the more sexually explicit vocabulary of American Gayspeak.

De Vito (1981:205) points out that, besides the language of a subgroup being exclusionist, it also gives a good indication of the values and attitudes of that group. This highlights what members of the group think of themselves and what is important in their reality. For example, when many gay people, except for political or radical reasons, include high frequency words like fag hag, moffie, queen, auntie and Lettie in their speech, this indicates a high level of internalised , which entrenches the negative attitudes and stereotypes of the gay person in the gay psyche. (Some argue that it is healthy for speakers to use derogatory terms when referring to themselves, on the premise that it is healthy to laugh at oneself. This seems ridiculous, and the reality appears to be that such behaviour solidifies the negative self-image and stereotypes imposed by the dominant culture.)

Gayle has a distinct interpersonal function (Halliday, 1976:27). However, it also has an intrapersonal function in that the self-image provided by the language forms the basis of the gay person's identity.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 39

Haarmann (1991:11-12) suggests three basic elements in the shaping of an individual's identity. These are:

3.5.2.1. Descent, which incorporates ancestry or paternity 3.5.2.2. The acquisition of language and the adoption of specific cultural patterns 3.5.2.3. The activation and adoption of a particular value system

The first element above is immutable throughout one's lifetime, and whether a gay person is white, Asian, Hispanic, 'coloured' or black is not dependent on the individual's choice, wishes or nature, but is a given ethnic marker. However, the second and third elements are variables, especially in the context of the "second life", already discussed. Gayle is a symbol of gay culture, and thus through the acquisition of this linguistic register, the user automatically adopts a value system espoused by that culture. The user of Gayle places his verbal behaviour into a cultural context to facilitate a successful verbal interaction, and gives him the decision-making opportunity to select a language variety which will give him a genuine chance to succeed in his communication, outside his innate ethnic identity (Haarmann, 1991:148).

Responses to the survey on Gayle as a tool of identification are:

To identify with the gay community 53% To separate the gay community from the straight world 9% Because my friends use it 4% Because it's always been part of my gay identity 29% To give meaning to my history in the closet 1% It's a natural evolution if one is gay Not rated'

1. Not rated' indicates that this option was not supplied in the questionnaire, and was volunteered by the respondent These responses show a majority of respondents (53%) rate a knowledge of Gayle as important in their identification with the gay community. It is an important function in the experience of their "second life". However, it is not used as a result of peer pressure or politicisation, as only 4% of respondents use it because their friends use it, and only 9% see it as having a separative function.

3.5.3. Revelation

The use of Gayle as a revelation technique is twofold. Firstly, and closely allied to the identification usage outlined above, it allows all gay people to reveal unequivocally that they

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 40 are gay, and are candidates to be included in a particular social set. It becomes a badge of one's identity in the gay world. However, it also has a subtler use, in that the speaker can `drop a hairpin' by using Gayle when he is trying to ascertain the sexuality of some other party whose sexual orientation is ambivalent. By dropping a word of Gayle into conversation, the listener's reaction will often provide this crucial piece of information.

As a function of revelation, responses to the survey indicate: To understand conversation when I am with gays 13% To be accepted by other gay people 3% It is part of my liberation Not rated To indicate to strangers that I am gay Not rated To send a message to strangers to find out if they are gay Not rated

From the responses received, the function of revelation does not appear to' be important to most respondents. This is probably allied to the function of concealment. Today it is far easier for people to openly state that they are gay, and to directly ask others if they are gay, than it was before. This direct approach has obviated the need to drop subtle hints about one's sexual orientation, and revelation can also be categorised as an historical function of Gayle.

3.5.4. Humour

Parody and self-irony for humorous effect are implicit in many of the items of Gayle, especially the women's names. Because certain gay people "perceive these lexical items as belonging to a common, lower class culture, using them carries an implicit tongue-in- cheek, self-deprecating attitude" (Olivier,1994:223).

The feminising elements of Gayle, besides the overt campness of the irony and inherent humour, could be interpreted as an assertion by gay men of their feminine identity, a concept which "New Age" non-gay men have only recently discovered.

The greatest irony, however, in the use of Gayle is an indication of social attitudes and role- play in the gay sub-culture which parodies heterosexual relationships, concurrently rejecting heterosexual stereotypes and emulating the same culture.

As a function of humour, responses to the survey indicate:

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 41 For fun 56% To be camp 12% As a joke to send up myself and my friends 35%

It can be seen from the above responses that humour is a pervasive function of Gayle, with 56% of respondents rating the use of Gayle for fun.

3.5.5. A form of verbal creativity

As has been noted earlier, gay men enjoy verbal wit. No gay function would be complete without verbal parrying and repartee, which allows speakers to outwit one another and entertain their listeners at the same time. As the character Vince in Queer as Folk remarks on visiting a non-gay English pub for the first time: "Everything they told us is true ...... people saying sentences which don't end with a punch line!" Responses to the questionnaire reveal: It's a very descriptive way of talking 31%

This would indicate that a relatively large number of gay men regard Gayle as a tool to enhance their jocularity in the course of communication among their peers. It would therefore appear that Gayle serves a function in the furthering of verbal creativity among speakers.

3.5.6. A social engineering device

History is filled with examples of how homosexuality has levelled social boundaries within a society. I have alluded to this in 1.3.4. above. From the Romans having same-sex affairs between master and slave (Boswell, 1980:57), through the suffocating classism of 19 th century Britain, of which E.M. Foster's novel Maurice is an example of gay love between the upper middle class, Maurice, and his friend's lower class gamekeeper, Scudder, to apartheid South Africa, with its many inter-racial same-sex love affairs, gay people have never shown great respect for mainstream conventions (Higgins, 1993:99). This does not mean, however, that there is no social hierarchy in the South African gay community, or any other anti-society. They have simply re-invented the criteria. Instead of the arbitrary restraints of race, education, power, wealth, class, etc, a different type of pecking order has emerged within the gay community, based on eloquence of speech performance. Those in possession of a sharp tongue and witty conversation fill the upper levels of the hierarchy, and are regarded in awe (and sometimes fear) by the lower orders of linguistically- challenged gay men. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 42 3.5.7. A form of protest

3.5.7.1. Linguistic Protest: Like all forms of slang, Gayle is implicitly a social protest against the values of the dominant culture. (Rodgers, 1972:11). It is a protest against the imposition of a linguistic value system which does not include the speaker's experience. For example, the language of the dominant culture does not possess a word which indicates one's same-sex spouse. Husband and wife are too gender specific, and their use would amount to a parody of heterosexual relationships. Lover is too classically Greek, with its unequal inferences of lover and beloved. Partner, life partner, housemate, companion makes one sound like an old maid, and the ubiquitous friend does not convey the underlying emotional realities of a gay relationship. Piece, bit and fuck indicate a transient relationship, and are not words which many people would like to be used in reference to themselves or their position in a relationship. In short, gay people are at a loss at what to call their significant other when introducing them to someone. Higgins says:

The accomplished languages of Europe supply no terms for this persistent feature of human psychology, without imparting some implication of disgust, disgrace, vituperation (1993:99).

It must be noted, however, that even though Gayle includes the word Laura, which is used to indicate one's lover, as in "How's the Laura?", it does not have the same force as other words which refer to a spouse, like husband/wife. The word 'lover' conveys too transitory a meaning to ever equate 'spouse'. It will be interesting when same-sex become legal in South Africa, to see what the titles of the participants in the nuptials will be.

3.5.7.2. Political Protest: It is perhaps not surprising that the use of Gayle does not appear to have been a conscious tool of political protest. The gay experience in South Africa has never attained the political dimensions which it has in other countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. There were always greater political issues at stake in South Africa, and when these were resolved in 1994, the new Constitution of the country nominally gave gay people the rights for which gay people abroad are still fighting. However, it must be noted that it is one thing to change the law, another to change peoples' attitudes. Although technically illegal, homophobia is still a real issue in South Africa, especially when religion

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 43 comes into the equation. However, on a political level the culture of gay protest never became an issue in South Africa.

The issue of protest being a function of Gayle was not addressed in the questionnaire. A specific question aimed at eliciting this information could have provided a different perspectiVe on this issue.

3.5.8. Conclusion

The above shows that the most common functions of Gayle are for humorous effect, followed by identification with the sub-group and then by concealment. However, one must not lose sight of the fact that such a survey is historically bound, and that a similar survey conducted twenty-five years ago might possibly have shown that concealment was of greater importance than humour and identification. Conversely, a similar survey conducted twenty-five years hence might indicate Gayle to be as obsolete as Latin.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 44 Chapter 4

4.1. Conclusions

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the variety of language used by gay people in South Africa in terms of use, type of language and function, and to expand an existing lexicon.

4.1.1. The outcomes of the study.

4.1.1.1. Gayle is an anti-language, as are all other language varieties which constitute the Lavender Languages. 4.1.1.2. Using Halliday's concept of "context of situation", Gayle was analysed and the findings of thiS analysis show that Gayle is a language variety which is used in a narrowly prescribed environment, between speakers who share a common sexual identity, mainly for fun and as a demonstration of verbal creativity. 4.1.1.3. Specific elements like feminisation, reginisation, heterophobia, homophobia and the globalisation of gay English are an intrinsic part of Gayle. 4.1.1.4. Gayle is the preserve of predominantly gay males in South Africa, who are English or Afrikaans mother-tongue speakers. 4.1.1.5. Gayle is a spoken form of language, and is under constant renewal. Variety is accounted for not only in a drive for creativity, but is also determined by demographic considerations. 4.1.1.6. The functions which gay people feel Gayle serves were examined. It was found that of the seven functions discussed, Gayle serves mainly a humorous and identificative function in contemporary South Africa. 4.1.1.7. Gayle makes a larger contribution to the gay identity of gay men in the 30-plus age group than to the younger generation.

4.1.2. The secondary purpose of the study.

The need for a comprehensive dictionary of Gayle was cited at the outset, and through feedback to the questionnaire from the gay community, about 1200 lexical items have been compiled, and are included in Appendix C. The items in this lexicon have been classified according to parts of speech, cross-referenced for synonyms and, where possible, etymologies have been supplied. Given the fragmented word lists uncovered to date, this lexicon will make a substantial contribution to a future dictionary of Gayle. The lexicon has

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 45

been placed in the appendices in this dissertation in order to comply with the length requirements for a mini-dissertation.

4.2. Recommendations

From speaking to younger gay people, viewing current gay films and reading contemporary gay fiction, it is apparent that there are more open societal attitudes towards homosexuality, where being gay is no longer considered a 'problem' and is accepted as a more natural sociological alternative (like left-handedness), and that the need for gay people to maintain Gayle is diminishing. Gay youth sees itself as a part of society, rather than apart from it, as did earlier generations. It is probable that gay men will, to a large extent, still indulge in word-play as art, but this will probably be in the mainstream language rather than in a secret code. Gayle will in all likelihood go the same way as Polari. For this reason, the following recommendations are made for further study in this area:

4.2.1. As older gay men pass on, so too will their knowledge of Gayle. Before this eventuality, it is imperative that Gayle be fully documented for posterity. Although there seems to be a diminished tendency to use Gayle these days, its historical reality cannot be ignored. Further research must include why this is happening. Sociological studies on gay identity could shed much light on this.

4.2.2. In the linguistic area of study, the following fields need to be researched:

4.2.2.1. Geographical differences in Gayle. Study of the frequency of usage of lexical items could reveal etymological data. This would essentially be an historical linguistic investigation. 4.2.2.2. Translinguistic studies between English and Afrikaans speakers. This could uncover varieties of Gayle which are not only based on mother- tongue preferences, but which also take socio-economic, educational and racial variables into consideration. This could reveal demographic data on which segments of the population are retaining Gayle, and which are shedding it. 4.2.2.3. Transgendered varieties of Gayle. Serious investigation needs to be conducted into the in-group communication of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered persons. This will make an important contribution to sociological studies on the dynamics between these groups. 4.2.2.4. Isigqumo needs to be studied thoroughly, firstly so that this language variety spoken by township gay people can be fully documented, and secondly to establish the nature and need of a gay code among black speakers. The An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 46

Lavender Languages programme in Appendix A indicates that such language varieties exist in Kenya and Nigeria. This would indicate a whole new area of research in gay speech among non-Indo-European speakers in Africa. 4.2.2.5. Paralanguage among gay men and women in South Africa is a field of study which needs to be initiated. What non-verbal signals are given off by gay people which enable other gay people to recognise them? 4.2.2.6. Given the anachronistic nature of Gayle, contemporary studies could focus on discourse analysis of the speech of gay men and women. While gay men and women still speak English, what elements in this discourse make it 'gay English'? 4.2.2.7. Homophobic hate-speech is an area of research which needs to be investigated, from both an historical and a contemporary perspective.

4.3. Presuppositions

The above recommendations are made on the basis of the following presuppositions:

4.3.1. The study of gay communication is a legitimate area of study in the field of Linguistics. 4.3.2. Gayle is a language variety which is becoming obsolete. 4.3.3. The everyday language used by gay people and non-gay people will continue to manifest differences. 4.3.4. Gay communication studies will make a contribution to studies in and sociological research.

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Internet references: http://www.hurricane.net/-wizard.html http://www.cygnet.co.uk/-cdenning/polari.html http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/monkey/ihe/paul/polari.htm http://members.aol.com/frij/ http://studentweb.cs.bham.ac.uk/-rxd/pol_dict.html http://website.lineone.net/-simon/polari.htm http://nz.com/NZ/Queer/Polari/ http://www.emich.edu/-linguist/issues/7/7-131.html http://clever.net/quinion/words/polari.htm

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 54 Appendix A

Washington, DC September 24-26, 1999 for more information, contact: wlm(@american.edu

Conference Update The VIIth annual American University Conference on Lavender Languages and Linguistics is scheduled for September 24-26, 1999 in Washington DC. The first Lavender Languages conference took place in 1993, in conjunction with the March on Washington DC. Thanks to support from American University's Department of Anthropology and other academic ands service programs, the conference has become an annual event. Lay Lgs regularly attracts participants from England, , Austria, France, South Africa, Namibia, Brazil, China, Japan, and Canada, as well as from across the USA. Undergraduates and graduate students are active participants in all conference activities--including presenting papers and coordinating panels and workshops. We work hard at Lay Lgs to maintain a user-friendly, no-attitude setting, so that all participants can be part of the weekend's conversation about lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and queer languages.

Conference focus: Presentations which explore any facet of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgenderd, or queer language, linguistics, literature, non-verbal communication, cinema, photography, etc. are welcome at Lay Lgs. And each year's program reflects a diversity of interests in these topics which builds on, but is certainly not limited to, structural studies of sentence structure, conversation, narrative and other text.

This year's conference program: Click here to see an overview of this year's program. Click here to read about this year's highlighted sessions . Click here to review the abstracts for this year's conference presentations. Become a part of the program: While the deadline for submitting proposals for Lay Lgs VII has passed, persons interested in presenting at Lay Lgs VII should feel free to contact the program committee immediately c/o [email protected] .

Registration: Registration is $10 for employed persons, and $5 for students, those between jobs, and others with limited income. Preregistration is not required, though the program committee is always pleased to know you are planning to attend. Person with special needs, please contact the Program Committee no later than August 24t", so that necessary arrangements can be made prior to your arrival at the conference. Conference activities take place in the Mary Graydon Center and adjacent buildings on the American University campus. MGC is a fully accessible conference facility.

To be on our mailing list and to receive a preliminary program and other conference related information., contact the Program Committee Lavender Languages VII, c/o Department of Anthropology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington DC 20016. Phone and v-mail: 202-885- 1831. Fax: 202-885-1837. E-mail: [email protected] .

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 55 Lavender Languages VII September 24-26, 1999 American University, Washington DC

The Conference Program

[081699]

All conference session take place in the Mary Graydon Center, a fully accessible facility in the center of the American University campus. Conference registration, the book stall and exhibits are on the 2n d floor of the MGC. Conference meeting rooms are on the 2nd and 3rd floors.

Friday, Sept. 24 th

9:00 a.m. registration opens - Gianni Room, Mary Graydon Center. 2nd floor

10:00 a.m. - 4:45 p.m. Text analysis workshop: Textual evidence for Lavender Languages venue: Gianni Room, Mary Graydon Center, r d floor

Moderator: Birch Moonwomon

Leap, Bill (American) Greetings, road rules, and brief opening remarks: Where's the gay in gay men's English?

Ullman, Char (U Arizona) "He's gay for sure, but... "Queer collaborations and the pedagogical implications of one teacher's coming out in class"

On-your-own lunch break

Provencher, Denis (U Wisconsin-La Crosse) "Where's the gay language in Tetu?" van Heiden, Caspar (U Amsterdam) "Boy power: Language identity and gay youth media"

Lemke, Jay (CUNY) Commentary and reaction

General discussion and end-of-workshop wrap-up

Note: Several background papers are relevant to the issues under discussion at this workshop, and participants are encouraged to read these essays critically in advance of the discussion. Click here to see copies and/or citations of these essays.

Dinner break

7:30 p.m. Special guest artist performance: Strange Fruit: Exploring race, gender, sexuality in childhood and adulthood in the rural South

Quest artist: E. Patrick Johnson (UNC)

Venue: AU's Experimental Theater (the northwest corner of Freidham quad,)

Sponsors: AU's Office of Multicultural Affairs, AU-GLBTA Resource Center, and the Theater Program in AU's Department of Performing Arts

Admission: gratis (but modest donations to help defray performance expenses will be cheerfully accepted at the door)

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 56 Saturday, Sept 25

8:00 registration, book stall, and exhibits open - 2 nd floor foyer, Mary Graydon Center

9:00 a.m.- 12 N Special session: Latina/o Lavender Languages venue: Taishoff Reading Room (room 328), 3rd floor, Mary Graydon Center

Moderator and session organizer: Marielena Fina (Washington DC)

Romo-Carmona, Mariana (Goddard College) [On Hispanic Igbt languages in the USA] [Click here to read a brief biography of Mariana Romo-Carmona]

Pantelis, Irene [On and its relationship to bilingualism and biculturalism] [Click here to read a brief biography of Irene Pantelis]

Fernandez-Alemany, Manuel (U Southern California ) "'Speaking the unspeakable': How discussions of sexuality, especially homosexuality, are kept out of public discourse in Latin America" [Click here to read a brief biography of Manuel Fernandez-Alennany]

Audience comments and general discussion.

12N - 1:00 p.m. Lunch break

Lunchtime roundtable discussion : Issues in Bi-language research venue: Student Life Conference room, Mary Graydon Center 2 nd floor discussion leaders: Christa Craven (American) and Brett Beemyn (Western Illinois)

1:00 - 3:00 p.m. Concurrent sessions

Session 1.1 Lavender languages and sexual politics I: Claiming identities venue: Taishoff Reading Room, MGC 328

Nakamura, Karen (Yale) "'Queer' in Japan: LGBT Identities and sexual politics in Japanese "

Convey, Mark (Central Connecticut State) "Queer public sphere: Eastern European queer identities on the internet"

Grimard, Marcel and Normand Labrie (Centre for Franco-Ontarian Studies, OISE) "Silence, taboos, and hegemony, or how French speaking gays and lesbians produce discourse on identity"

Minning, Heidi (Syracuse) English and gay-English code-mixing in Germany: Constructing a rainbow of identities

Session 1.2 Scripting Lavender Sexualities: venue: Gianni Room, MGC 2nd floor

Junge, Benjamin (Emory) "Sex, risk and the internet: A discourse analysis of websites used by gay men to arrange unsafe sex"

Mustanski, Brian (Northwestern) "Defining sexual activity for gay men: Researcher vs. their subjects vs. dominant culture"

Abrams, Brett (American U) "Gender hijinks and ribald humor: Female impersonators and the Hollywood nightlife, 1917-1940" van Heiden, Caspar (U Amsterdam) "Language and the dialectical evolution of gay youth culture"

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 57 Session 1.3 Lavender Lexicon, Political Authority venue: DSL Conference Room, MGC 2nd floor

Padilla, Mark (Emory) "Defining our terms: Construction of a Dominican gay dictionary"

Moonwomon-Baird, Birch, "Lexicon and lesbian lect"

Sivori, Horacio (Universidad de Buenos Aires) "Que es un vedadero chongo: Gay authority in language practice"

Nader, Nicholas (American) "Lesbian and gay movements beyond borders: Transnational diffusion of rhetoric, symbols and issues in comparative perspective"

3:00 - 3:15 p.m. Break for refreshments

3:15 - 6:30 p.m. Plenary session: Globalizations of Gay English venue: Weschler Theater, MGC 3rd Floor session moderator: Jeff Maskovsky (Temple)

Welcoming remarks Kay Mussel!, (Acting) Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, American University

Provencher, Denis (U Wisconsin-La Crosse) "Vague English creole: (Gay English) text-making in the French gay press"

Gaudio, Rudy (U Arizona) "Homos like us: Anglo-gay influence (& its limits) in a Nigerian Hausa subculture"

Hall, Kira (Yale) " Lambdas, ranis and beards, oh my!': Gay English in queer "

Hawkins, Joe ( U Southern California) "Japan, the popular press and globalizing homophobia"

Moriel, Liora (U Maryland) Dancing on the needle's edge: Gay lingo in an Israeli

Amory, Deb (SUNY Purchase) Kuchu culture: Language and local/global gay identity in Nairobi, Kenya

Kennedy, Kieran (Columbia) Gay English and (Gay) Gaelic

6:30 p.m. The 1999 Conference reception venue: Taishoff Reading Room, MGC 328 your hosts: AU Lavender Graduate Students Association

After the reception, you are invited to join the AU Lavender Grad Students for a pay-as-you-go visit to a DC-area lavender-friendly restaurant. Or make your own arrangements to enjoy DC's legendary lavender hospitality on your own.

Sunday, September 26th

8:30 registration opens - 2n d floor foyer, Mary Graydon Center

Suitable morning-after refreshment will be available in the registration area.

9:00 - 11:00 a.m. Concurrent sessions

Session 2.1 Lavender languages and sexual politics II: Citizenship and subjectivity venue: Gianni Room, MGC 2nd floor

Craven, Christa (American) "The self in community: Constructions of lesbian citizenship"

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 58 Higgins, Ross "'Love me a little, Sappho, for I am utterly desolate': Lesbian and gay friendship in early 20th century Montreal"

Chamberland, Line (Maisonneuve College) "Elsa Gidlow: Letters from Montreal"

Cahill, Sean (NGLTF) "Language struggles in gay rights controversies: Anti-gay discourse and queer subjectivity in contemporary US politics"

Session 2.2 Lavender languages, language socialization and the linguistics of "coming out": venue: DSL Conference room, MGC 2nd floor

McKeown, Frank (American) XY magazine and gay language socialization

Weinberg, Jessica and Robert L. Whitman ( Arizona) "'Getting a grip': Learning in the movies"

Fletcher, John (U Minnesota) "I am out, therefore I am: Some queer thoughts on the speech act of coming out"

Fu, Chong-Hao (Yale) "Coming-out stories and Linde's flexivity of the self'

11:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.

Session 3.1 Workshop: Analysis of lavender conversation [Click here to a read a brief description of this session.] venue: Gianni room, 2nd floor, MGC

organizer and moderator: Brian Heisterkamp (Arizona State U)

Busbee, Elizabeth (Yale) "'What kind of a faggot are you, then?' Gender, sexuality and power in conversation"

Wright, Josh_(Yale) "Queer gossip"

Heisterkamp, Brian (ASU) "Does your talk 'out' you? Finding gayness through conversation analysis"

return to top of page

Lay Lgs VII is a user friendly, non-attitude conference and we work very hard to keep it that way. Conference activities are funded, in part, by a generous grant from the College of Arts and Sciences' Mellon Fund and by donations from teaching units and campus offices. Even so, Lay Lgs always remains dependent on the kindness of strangers.

Special Event: Strange Fruit is an autobiographical meditation on one man's journey into racial, gender and sexual identity. The youngest of seven children in a single parent household, the performer chronicles his experiences growing up in western North Carolina. He explores how his mother "gendered" him by dressing him up in wigs and drag as a young child, but how now she refuses to acknowledge his gayness. He also relates his experiences as an openly gay professor at Amherst College and how that affected his interactions with colleagues and students. Regarding gender, the performer riffs on "hair" as it relates to sexuality and race. He discusses his transformation into the "threatening Black man" when he shaved his head for the first time. Other aspects of the performance include homosexuality and the black church, spirituality in gay night clubs, a critique of black nationalism, and gender and sexual negotiations in Ghana, Africa. E Patrick Johnson is assistant professor of English at Amherst College and a Carolina Minority Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. return to top of page

Highlights: All session at the Lay Lgs Conference are important, but here are three sessions on this year's programs which many will find to be of particular interest. The first session is the Saturday morning (September 25 th ) exploration of Latina/o Lavender Linguistics. The session combines presentations, panel discussion, and audience dialogue to discuss such topics as: the meaning of "queer language" in the Latina/o community, language choice for coming out in Latina/o An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 59 culture, bi-identity in Spanish, and how to speak like a queer immigrant. Participants in this session come from a variety of backgrounds, and will present their remarks in Spanish as well as English. The coordinator for this session is Marielena Fina, who can be reached at [email protected] or c/o the Program Committee. The second session is the Saturday afternoon (September 25 th ) discussion of the globalization of "gay English" and the acceptance/resistance to the local intrusions of this increasingly "internationalized" code. Presentations in this session will show how women and men in Nigeria, South Africa, Israel, France, Ireland, Japan, and other locations draw on "gay English", or reject "gay English" in favor of locally available linguistic resources, when creating "ways of speaking" relevant to local experiences of same-sex desires, identities and practices. Contact Bill Leap for more information about this session. The third session is the Sunday afternoon (September 26 th ) discussion of Language and Lavender Space in Washington DC. Brett Beemyn, Mindy Michels, Alan Hersker and other researchers working with this theme will report on their current research, and two panels of long-time lesbian/gay DC residents will react and respond to the presentations. For more information on this session, contact Mindy Michels.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 60 Appendix B A partial Polari lexicon

acqua n. water acting dickey n temporary work affaire n. short emotional/sexual relationship ajax prep. 1. next to, 2. nearby alamo! exclam. I'm hot for him! aqua n. water Arthur v. masturbate aspro n. male prostitute Aunt Nell n.pL ears exclam. Listen to me! B badge code n. pensioner bagada n. penis balonie n. rubbish barclays v. masturbate barkey n. sailor barnet n. styled hair barney v. fight bait n., pl. batts. shoe n. foot v. dance on stage batter adj on the game battery v. knock, strike, hit battery carsey v. knock on a door battyfang v. to hit and bite beancove n. young queen benar adj better bencove .n close friend bene adj good Betty Bracelets n. police bevvy n. 1. drink 2. pub -bevvy omi n. drunkard (alt sp. bevie) beyonek n. shilling bijou adj. 1. small, 2. nice billingsgate n bad language bimbo adj. stupid, n. sucker, fool binco n. cigarette lighter flame bingey n. penis blag v. pick up for sexual purposes bod n. body bodega n. shop bold adj. flamboyant, outrageous, or bold. n. darling bolus n. chemist bona adj. lovely, great, good bonar for v. be attracted to bonaroo adj. wonderful, excellent boner nochy interj. good night booth n. room bougereau quality adv. outrageously neurotic brandy n. person's bum. bungery n. pub butch n. masculine lesbian buvare n. a drink C cackle v. talk; gossip camisa n. shirt camp adj. 1. effeminate or affected, 2. gay, 3. consciously artificial. cant v. talk cappella n. hat caravansera n. railway station

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 61 carnish n. meat, food carnish ken n. restaurant carsey n. house, lavatory, cartes n. penis cartzo n. penis. (variant: carts) catever adj. bad charper v. search. charpering omi n. policeman, charpering polone n. policewoman, charpering carsey n. police station charver v. have charvering donna n. female prostitute chaud n. penis chavie n. boy/child chicken n. underage young man chinker num. five climb the slanging tree v. perform on-stage clobber n. clothes cod adj. terrible or vile Colin n. come out v. declare one's homosexuality openly comission n. shirt corybungus n. anus cottage n. public toilet cottager n. a person who goes to public toilets to have sex. v. to have sex in a public toilet cove n. friend crimper n. hairdresser cull n. mate

daiture num. ten daily adj. sweet,kind deaner n. shilling deek v. observe dewey num. two diddle n. gin dinarley n. money dish n. 1. attractive male, 2. person's buttocks the dirt v. gossip dizzy n. scatterbrained do the rights v. seek revenge dolly adj. nice, pretty, pleasant n. dear. dolly drag phr nice clothes dona n. woman, landlady don't be strange imp. Don't hold back, don't just sit there doob n. amphetamine pill dosh n. money dowry adj. a lot, much drag n. clothes (esp. women's clothes). -dolly drag phr. nice clothes drear adj. dreary duckie n. mate E ecaf n. face. eek n. face. esong n. nose. F fake v. do, make fakements n. personal jewellery fantabulosa/fabulosa adj. fabulous, or wonderful (abbrev. fab) farting crackers n. trousers fatcha n. face feele n. child. feele omi n. a young, or underaged man feelier n. girl femmie adj. feminine ferricadooza n. knock-down blow, a smack An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 62 filiome n. underage youth flatties n. men (audience) flowery n. accommodation fogle n. handkerchief fruit n. queen full face of slap lots of make-up fungus n. old man G gaffer n. showman gam n.leg gajo n. stranger gay n., adj. homosexual gelt n. money gent n. money gillie n. women (audience) glossy n. magazine gunta abusive : in your — gylrig n. desirable man H handbag 1. n. money, 2. n. male prostitute, 3. adj. attractive male (alt. hambag) hearing cheat n. ear heartface n. darling, mate, dear hermosumiobrepens n. homosexuality

it pron. he/she J jarry v. eat Jew's eye n. anything of value Jim and Jack n. person's back jogger v. entertain joggering omee n. entertainer (male) jubes n. K kaffies n. trousers kapello n. cloak ken n. house kerterver cartzo n. venereal disease L lally n., pl. lallies. leg !ally covers n. trousers tapper n. hand lattie(s) n. house, flat, apartment, lodgings lay n. word lefty n. bed long-dedger num eleven lucoddy n. body lilt n., pl. lills. hand Lilly (Law) n. police. The phrase is sometimes shortened to "Lilly" lingo n. foreign language luppers n., pl. fingers M madzer n. half madzer caroon n. half a crown mais oui of course manjalie v. eat (alt. manjarie) manky adj. 1. bad, tasteless, 2. Poor maria n. martini n. pinkie ring maunged adj. ugly measures n. money An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 63 medzer n. ha'penny meshigener adj. crazy, or unstable (alt meshigner) metzes n. money mince v. walk effeminately minnie v. walk effeminately. adj effeminate (of a man) mish n. shirt moey n. mouth molly n. gay man mother pron. I, one, or me muck n. stage make-up multy adj. many munagree n. food N nada n. nothing naff adj. 1. not available for fucking, 2. normal as fuck 3. boring namyarie/nanyarie v. eat naph adj. bad. It might be the predecessor to the word naff. nanti 1. interj. no, 2. pron. nothing, or none. -nanti riah adj. bald. —nanti dinarly adj. broke, penniless nishta 1. interj. no, 2. pron. nothing nix v. do not, n. none, nothing (nix mungarlee nothing to eat) nobba num. nine nochy n. night 0 ogles n., pl. eye oglefakes pl. n. spectacles ogleriah n., pl. ogleriahs. eyelashes omi/omie/omee/omy n. man, landlord omipolone n. effeminate or gay man on the team adj. gay on your tod adj. alone oney num. one onk n. nose orbs. n. eyes orderly daughters n. police otter num. eight oyster n. mouth P palliass n. person's back palone n. woman pannam n. bread palaver v. argue park v. give, hand over parlare v. talk parnie v. water, rain perony adj. for each one piece pron. he/she pig n. elephant plate v. to fellate plates pl. n. feet - from cockney rhyming slang "plates of meat" pogy adj. small, a little (pogy acqua a little water) polari/polare/parlyare/parlare 1. v. chat or talk, 2. n. gay slang or language polomi-homi n. a lesbian poll n. wig ponce n. pimp ponging v. somersaulting ponte n. pound sterling powder compacts, thow v. throw stones punk n. 1. male homosexual. 2. virgin male

Q quartereen n. a farthing quattro num. four queer ken n. prison

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 64 R randy comedown n. aphrodisiac aftereffect of Purple Hearts rattling cove n. taxi reef v. fee rent(er) n. male prostitute riah n. hair. -nante riah adj. bald (back-slang) riah shusher n. hairdresser S

salter n. a penny savvy v. know, understand sayi num. six sayi dewey num. eight sayi oney num. seven sayi tray num. nine scarper v. escape, flee schish v. pick out or choose scotch n. leg - from cockney rhyming slang "scotch egg" screech n. mouth, screve v. write send up v. mock, make fun of setter num. seven shamshe n. attractive man sharpy n. policeman (alt sharper, shapry-omee) shush v. steal (from a client) shushbag n. bag, holdall shyker/shyckle n. wig sister n. close friend slang v. perform on stage slap n. make-up sling backs n. high heels stamper n. shoe stretcher case v. exhausted strill n. piano/violin strillers pl. n. piano keys/violin strings strillers omie n. pianist

T tat adj. tasteless thews n. arms/thighs throw powder compacts v. throw stones tober n. road tober omeen. landlord tosheroon n. half a crown n. tray num. three v. 1. walk or wander, 2. look for trade trundling cheat n. car

U

una num. one V vaggerie v. leave, go, travel valley drags n. trousers varda v. 1. look, 2. Listen. The main meaning of varda is to look, but occasionally it can also mean to listen. The main use of the word seems to be drawing a person's attention to something vochen. Voice vogue n. cigarette vogue up v. give a cigarette to someone w Wallop v. dance

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 65 walloper n. dancer Y yews n. eyes z zhoosh v. 1. fix, 2. tidy. -zhooshed up v. dressed up

Sources: http://members.aol.com/frij/polglos.html http://www.cygnet.co.uk/—cdenning/polari.html http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uWmonkey/ihe/paul/polari.htm http://nz.com/NZ/Queer/Polari/polari.html http://subnet.virtual-pc.com/mi538243/david/Polari.htm http://members.xoom.com/MrRDunn/polari-dict.html http://www.quinion.com/words/articles.polari.htm

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 66 Appendix C A Lexicon of Gayle

(Words from Isigqumo have been included here as there is no other resource to date in which they can be incorporated)

A-word n AIDS. reference to the disease which ravaged the gay community world-wide in the 1980s See also: AIDS, Aida, Auntie Aida, Big A. AIDS n. Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome. A contagious which decimated the gay population worldwide in the 1980s. See also: A-word, Aida, Auntie Aida, Big A. A.P.A.P.O.P. abbrev. a pomp's a pomp, ou pal. Used as an excuse given when one has had sex with someone who is considered below one's social standing. "I know he's Trixie Trash, but A. P.A.P.O.P." AYOR abbrev. at your own risk. An abbreviation used in advertising cruising or pick-up areas for gay men, which are considered dangerous. n. fetish in which is achieved through having physical contact with someone who is lame or crippled, or who walks with a limp. Abigail n. abortion. Used in the Western Cape in the 1950s. "She doesn't know who the father is and has decided to have an Abigail". abo adj. old, aged. Used in the Western Cape and the Transvaal in the 1950s. "Who's the Abo queen over there?" See also: Auntie Mame,Ethel, Olga, Tafta. AC/DC adj. bisexual. Derived from American Gayspeak of the 1960s. "It's true, he's married, but he's AC/DC". See also: bicycle, double adaptor, L.P. swing both ways. Ace Queen n. man who appears as womanly as possible, with shaven legs and plucked eyebrows. Derived from American Gayspeak, with very limited usage in South Africa. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by the sight of an amputated limb. active adj. person who prefers the role of penetrator during sexual intercourse. "They make a perfect couple. Mark's active and Jack's passive". Ada n. 1. backside, buttocks. "Have you seen the size of his Ada?" See also: Betty. 2. German homosexual (1950s) "There are a lot of Ada tourists in South Africa these days". 3. A gay man who unable to obtain a partner. Addis adj. plastic, artificial, referring to a person. "He's such an Addis number. Why can't he just be himself?" Derived from Addis plastic kitchenware. Orig. Bloemfontein. See also: Canderal queen, Cynthia. adolescentilism n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by dressing and behaving as an adolescent. aerie faerie n. flight steward. "What work does he do?" Oh, he's an aerie faerie". Derived from South African Airways in the 1970s. See also: flying matrass, hemelhoer, lugmatras, koffie moffie, tea, coffee or me? affair(e) n. 1. gay relationship, usually of less than a month's duration. "So Tim's in an affair(e) again. I hear?" 2. Gay lover "This is Mike. He's my affair(e)." Both these meanings have been derived from Dutch gay slang. afskud v. masturbate (Afrikaans). Derived from Dutch gay slang. "Hy's seker weer besig om of to skud". Syn. beat your meat, flog one's log, J.0., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda,

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 67 Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. Agatha n. a gossiper. "be careful of what you say, Agatha's visiting". Used in the Western Cape since the 1950s. Probably derived from "aggie". See also: dish queen, piemper, poison queen, Reuter's Special Correspondent. aggie n. gay gossip. "So, what's the aggie?" Widely used among gay men in the Western Cape aggro adj. aggressive n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by sight of a nude statue or model of a human form Agnetha n. acne, bad complexion. "He has a Hilda case of Agnetha!" Ofig. Western Cape. See also: fruit cake. agter die kop kyk (Afrikaans) to be the active partner in sexual intercourse. "Laat jy 'n anneman jou agter die kop kyk?" Ofig. South African prison slang. See also: bottom, brownie queen, girlie, passive, skesana. Aida n. AIDS. "Phils lost so much weight. Do you think Aida is visiting?" See also: A-word, AIDS, Auntie Aida, Big A. Alfalfa Queen n. gay man who lives on a macrobiotic diet. Orig. American Gayspeak, with limited usage in South Africa. Alice n. the drug LSD. Orig. Onomatopoeic derivation from LSD. amafezela n.(Zulu) heterosexual men. "Ucitha isikhathi sakho! Ngamafezela! Orig. Gay township slang. See also: Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. Amanda adj. amazing. "What an Amanda lunch!" Ong. Western Cape Amanda, klap daai lippe! Imperative (Afrikaans) Speak to me! "So what's the Aggie? Amanda, klap daai lippe!" Orig. Western Cape amyl nitrate n. Poppers — a synthetic halluconogen believer to be an aphrodisiac or sex enhancer, first manufactured in 1857). It was very popular as a recreational drug in the 1980s, as it was not a banned substance in South Africa. andersom adj. (Afrikaans) gay. See also: bent, camp, gay, friend of Dorothy, family, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, ouma se kinders, skeef, skeef geklap. androgynophilia n. bisexuality andromimetophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by sight of a woman dressed and acting like a man androphilia n. love of men Angel Tits vocative term of endearment. "So why don't you ever come and visit me, Angel Tits?" Annamarie Atmosfeer n. Party pooper (Afrikaans).0fig. Western Cape. ander nommer n. (Afrikaans) term used to indicate someone who is strange or non-conformist. 'Daai ene is 'n ander nommer". n. the stimulation of the anus by kissing. Licking and penetration with the tongue or mouth, or both. Syn. rim, ream, rosepetal, Rosie, round the world. Annie n. the anus. Orig. derived from anilingus. See also: Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. apotemnophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by the sight of one's own amputated limb Arthur n. a heterosexual man. "Don't waste your time on Arthur". Ong. 1940s. See also: amafezela, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. ashes v. don't care. "Ek gee nie ashes vir daai Cora Queen nie". Orig. Western Cape. asphyxiophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by loss of control of your ability to breath, either through self-strangulation or allowing another person to strangle you Audrey n. an audience. "She is so dull, but let Audrey appear, and she's on top form". auntie n. Older gay man, usually a mentor. Orig. British Polari. Auntie Aida n. AIDS. See also: A-word, AIDS, Aida, Big A. Auntie Mame n. A middle aged homosexual man. Ong. from the musical of the same name. See also: . Auntie Poppie n. Poppers, amyl nitrate.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 68 Auntie Queen n. A young man or teenager who seeks the love and companionship of older men. See also: blade, boytoy, cutie pie, kept boy, princess, P.Y.T., toyboy. Auntie Willy adj. silly n. an eccentric person. autassassinophila n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by putting oneself in situations where one might be killed. Unfortunately many people with this fetsih actually do get killed autofellatio n. the ability to suck one's own penis. autogonistophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by putting oneself in a position where others might accidentally see one naked autonepiophilia n fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by dressing as an infant and acting the role of a child under two years old. autophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved lusting after oneself. See also: narcissism. available adj. One who isn't involved in a relationship and is open to sexual overtures. avocados n. . See also: goons, ovaries. ayina v. (Zulu) to have anal intercourse. "Ufuna ukwanyina na?" B

B.A. adj. bad attitude. B&D n. and discipline. Abbreviation used in personal advertisements to indicate a preference for this fetish. B&T adj. bitter and twisted. "She's such a B&T queen since Mark left her!" Baby Maker n. heterosexual person. More commonly referred to by the abbreviation BM. See also: amafezela, Arthur, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. back room n. an orgy room in a club where can be obtained. See also: dark hole. backdoor sex n. anal intercourse. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. bad vibes n. A bad experience v. receive no response to an overture baff n. . v. have an . . See also: biff, children, come, cum, precum, shoot bullets. bag n. 1. A butch man. 2. one's lover. bag of happiness n. 5 litre box of cheap wine. Orig. Western Cape. bag lady n. ugly drag queen. See also: cross dresser, drag queen, fopdosser, fopvrou, Paula Barry, T.V. transvestite. banana queen n. man with a curved penis. bangles n. jewellery. bangles queen n. man who wears excessive jewellery. bar n. a public place where men congregate for the purpose of picking up sexual partners. Barbara n. heterosexual man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. bareback adj. have unprotected anal intercourse without using a . barfly n. someone who is always hanging out in a bar for sexual purposes. basket n. bulge in the crotch of a pair of trousers. "Look at that basket!".0dg. American Gayspeak. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 69 baths, the n. Gay health club where sex, orgy style, or with multiple partners, is more popular than taking the vapours. bats n. shoes. Orig. British Polari. See also: gypsies, stilettoes. Battery Beach Queen n. Man who cruises Battery Beach in Durban, looking for sexual contacts. B.B.M. n. (Afrikaans) Baie Belangrike Moffie. Someone who has an overinflated opinion about his own importance. Ofig. Western Cape. BDSM abbrev. Bondage, discipline, sado-masochism. Used in personal advertisements. beach queen n. Man who spends most of his summer cruising the beaches. beached whale n. a fat man. beanie boy queen n. an orthodox Jewish homosexual. Reference is to his yarmulka, which resembles a bean bag. Orig. American Gayspeak, with limited South African usage. See also: Golda, Jessie, Torah queen. bear n. A heavy set, large, hairy man, usually over 30. Ofig. American Gayspeak. See also: Harriet, Harris, teddy bear. bearoche n. (Afrikaans) motor car. See also: Caramia, koets, kugel pram. beat your meat v. masturbate. See also: afskud, flog one's log, J.0., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. Beatrice n. Eavesdropper. alt. Beatrice Big Ears. "How could he have known that? Beatrice must have been visiting." Beatrice, Queen of Mystery n. a gay magician. Orig. Beatrice Houdini, wife of Harry Houdini. beats n. public toilets, usually used for sexual purposes. Orig. Australian Polari. See also: cottages, tearooms. Beaula(h) adj. beautiful. 'Who is that Beaula(h) piece?" See also: Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent.

Beaulet adj. cute. "That number is Beaulet". Diminiutive of Beaula(h). beautific vision n. a chance sighting of a perfect male face or form. beehive sex n. an orgy. See also: clutter fuck, cluster fuck, gang bang, groepswoeps, klomp pomp. beer n. (Afrikaans) a butch lesbian. Orig. Western Cape. See also: manvrou. boerewors curtain, behind n. gay man from Pretoria. "I think he's from behind the boerewors curtain." Belenia adj. good looking. "Who's the Belenia in the corner?" See also: Beaulah, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent.

Belia n. testicles, balls. Belinda adj. blind. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Berlinda. Belinda Osmond n. body odour. Bella adj. violent. v. hit, beat up, . Bella bashing n. gay bashing Bella Queen n. violent homosexual. belly fuck v. non-penetrative thrusting or of the penis against the stomach of the partner until is achieved. belly queen n. man who likes other men with lean, trim stomachs. bent adj. gay. See also: andersom, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Bernice n. cocaine. See also: Patsy Cola, schmangle. Bertha adj. big, large (person). bestiality n. achieving sexual gratification through having sex with animals. Betty n. 1. light skinned black person 2. bad person 3. backside, buttocks. See also: Ada. 4. bitch

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 70 Betty Bangles n. 1. handcuffs 2. policeman. See also: Betty Blue, boys in blue, dolly sisters, Lily, Priscilla. Betty Blue n. policeman. See also: Betty Bangles, boys in blue, dolly sisters, Lily, Priscilla. Betty Boeing n. Jumbo 747 aircraft. Betty Boems v. have anal intercourse. See also: backdoor sex, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. Betty Boobs n. white woman with large breasts. See also: bleeder, fag hag, fish, fruit fly, smoke screen, vis. Betty called v. to have had anal intercourse. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. Betty's house n. the anus. See also: Annie, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. Beverley n. booze, alcohol. v. have the shakes/DTs. See also: Dora B.F. n. abbreviation for boyfriend. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by having fanstasies of being raped. This is part of S&M and B&D domination play. The person does not actually want to be raped by a stranger bicycle n. bisexual person. See also: AC/DC, double adaptor, L.P. swing both ways. biff n. semen v. achieve orgasm. . See also: baff, children, come, cum, precum, shoot bullets. big 5 n. gossiper. Orig. South African prison slang. big A n. AIDS. See also: A-word, AIDS, Aida, Auntie Aida. Big Bertha n. tall, heavy-set man, especially if effeminate. See also: call boy, fem(me), flip and flap, koekblik, lesbian, Mavis, moffie, princess, , trassie. big 0 n. an orgasm. Billy n. beer, ale. bimbette n. stupid person. bit n. a gay man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: andersom, bent, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. bit on the side n. a sexual partner outside one's relationship. bitch n. harsh, unkind person voc. form of address used either to insult or in fun. bitch queen n. one who finds fault with everything. bitchy adj. insolent, nasty, vindictive. black hole n. a dark room provided in bars and clubs for anonymous and gratuitous sex. See also: back room. black widow n. a homosexual who habitually tries to take away another homosexual's lover or date. See also: homewrecker. blade n. a young gay boy/man. See also: Auntie queen, boytoy, cutie pie, kept boy, princess, P.Y.T., toyboy. bleeder n. heterosexual woman. See also: Betty Boobs, fag hag, fish, fruit fly, smoke screen, vis. blinia adj. bliss, attractive, desirable. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. blou adj. (Afrikaans) common, coarse, unrefined. See also: Clara, Cora, gross, kimono, Trixie Trash. blow v. perform , suck another man's penis. See also: fellate, give head, go down on, Monica Lewisnky, Sally. n. painful condition of the testicles due to prolonged sexual arousal without ejaculation. blue jean queen n. homosexual man who always wears denims. Ofig. American Gayspeak. B.M. n. heterosexual person. Abbreviated form of Baby Maker. Some speakers use this as an abbreviation for Bloody Male, with reference to heterosexual males. However, the majority

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 71 of users do not distinguish between male and female heterosexuals when using it. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. blow job n. the act of fellatio/sucking another man's penis. See also: blow job, fellatio. B.M.W. abbrev. an invitation to indulge in sexual intercourse. Abbreviation for be my wife. BND abbrev. boy-next-door. An abbreviation used in personal advertisements indicating boy-next- door looks. body beautiful n. man with a well maintained, muscled body. Orig. Western Cape. boere-barok adj. a style based on old fashioned Afrikaans taste, usually referring to decor, but can also refer to dress, considered bad taste among gay men. boerepiel n. (Afrikaans) 1. Afrikaans boy 2. a big, fat, juicy, uncircumcised penis. See also: skin queen, uncut. boerie n. penis. Abbreviated form of boerewors. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. bolla n. 1. hair 2. hairstyle. bolla klits v. style/comb the hair. boogie v. dance. See also: boude skud en tiete swaai, cha cha, Isadora, polka. B&D abbrev. bondage and discipline. Used in personal advertisements to find sexual partners who share this fetish. bona adj. nice, pretty, stylish. Orig. British Polari. See also: delicious, fabulous, zoosh. bondage queen n. gay man who enjoys B&D sex play. boner n. erection. See also: Erica, hard-on, porridge bird, priapism, stage fright. bonk hole n. anus. See also: Annie, Betty's house, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. Boris adj. bored. bottle queen n. alcoholic homosexual. See also: Dora, Queen of Scotch, spiritsmeid, Sue- Ellen. bottom n. man who enjoys being penetrated during sexual intercourse. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: agter die kop kyk, brownie queen, girlie, passive, skesana. boude skud en tiete swaai v. (Afrikaans) dance at a disco. See also: boogie, cha cha, Isadora, polka. boudkapper n. (Afrikaans) active partner in anal intercourse.See also: dipsticktrekker, doengoes, fudge packer, injonga, jongetjies, reun, top. boy n. any homoerotic gay man, irrespective of his age. See also: andersom, bent, bit, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. boys, the n. generic terms for gay men. boyfriend n. lover. boys in blue n. policemen Orig. Western Cape 1950s. See also: Betty Bangles, Betty Blue, dolly sisters, Lily, Priscilla. boytoy n. young man who is kept and supported by older homosexual in return for sexual favours. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: Auntie queen, blade, cutie pie, kept boy, princess, P.Y.T., toyboy. box n. crotch, either male or female. box biter n. lesbian. See also: beer, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, dies! dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. breadloafs n. cheap furniture. breeder n. heterosexual male or female. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 72 breeder boy n. heterosexual male who is usually homophobic. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. Brenda n. a bed. Ofig. Western Cape. Brenda Bris n. circumcised man. See also: clean, cut, peeled queen. brownie queen n. passive male in sexual intercourse. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited South African usage. See also: bottom, brownie queen, girlie, passive, skesana. Brunhilda adj. excessively ugly n. an excessively ugly man. See also: Felicity, Gertrude, Hilda, Hildoris, Olga, unfortunate. buffalo n. common heterosexual, usually found on the East and West Rand. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. bull dyke n. extremely masculine lesbian. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: beer, manvrou. bunny bashers n. homophobic heterosexual males who go around beating up gay men. This activity is known as bunny bashing. See also gay bashers. bunny boysn. teenage male prostitutes. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. buns n. buttocks. Orig. American Gayspeak. bush n. pubic hair. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: pubes, sugar bush, suikerbos. bush licker n. lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, cuntmuncher, dies! dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. busy adj. hyperactive busy queen n. hyperactive gay man. butch adj. very masculine n. masculine acting lesbian. butch it up v. behave in a more masculine manner. butt n. buttocks. Orig. American Gayspeak. butterfly McQueen n. annoying, tenacious female who usually sees trying to turn gay men straight as a challenge. B.W. abbrev. broken wrists. Indicates a man with flapping wrists. B.B.F. abbrev. bisexual black female, used in personal advertisements. B.B.M. abbrev. bisexaul black male, used in personal advertisements. B.C.F. abbrev. bisexual coloured female, used in personal advertisements. B.C.M. abbrev. bisexual coloured male, used in personal advertisements. B.W.F. abbrev. bisexual white female, used in personal advertisements. B.W.M. abbrev. bisexual white male, used in personal advertisements. B.Y.O.B. abbrev. bring your own bottle, used on invitations to indicate that no alcohol will be provided. C

cackle v. chat. See also: Gail, klets, lippe klap, swap recipes. cadenza n. fit of joy, nerves or fury. call boy n. male prostitute, usually effeminate. See also: rent, rent boy, rent-piece, Rita, trick, Trixie Trash, Big Bertha, fem(me), flip and flap, koekblik, , Mavis, moffie, princess, swish, trassie. Calla v. keep a lookout, keep cave. camp adj. 1. enjoyable, causing laughter 2. outrageous 3. a form of humour popular among gay people, playing on satire and sometimes even meanness v. 1. solicit for sexual purposes See also: cruise 2. mimic the opposite sex 3. to be witty and clever 4. mix with gay people. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 73 camp as a row of pink tents adj. unquestionably gay Orig. Australian Polari. camp it up v. overact in an affected manner. camp names n. girl's names exchanged for boys names, usually alliterative, but could also indicate personality traits. camper n. gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Canderal queen n. insincere person. Ofig. derived from the artificial sweetner Canderal. See also: Addis, Cynthia. Candy adj. confused. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Christmas or Brazil, Tuesday or August. Caramia n. motor car. Orig. Western Cape . See also: bearoche, koets, kugel pram. Carol v. cry. Orig. Western Cape. Carol carless n. person without his own transport. carousel n. public toilet. See also: cottage, Polly the pisshouse queen, slangpark, tearoom. catheterophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by the insertion of a catheter into the penis. cha cha v. dance at a disco. See also: boogie, boude skud en tiete swaai, Isadora, polka. Cha Cha Palace n. gay disco. chat met die Here adj. (Afrikaans) drugged, stoned. "Sy is so hoog sy chat met die Here." cheap adj. reputedly of easy sexual conquest, easy to get into bed. check out v. 1. Look someone over closely for evaluation as a potential sexual partner 2. scan a room for possible sexual partners. cheese n. smegma. Also referred to as cock cheese. cherry n. virgin male anus. See also: Virginia. cherry queen n. a man who only likes having sexual intercourse with male virgins. chicken n. underage youth, especially as sexual prey. Ofig. British Polari. See also: blade, jail bait, twinkle pie, royal game, stir, fries. chicken hawk n. man who like having sex with underage teenage boys. See also: Chicken queen chihuahua n. small penis. Orig. Western Cape. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. children n. semen. See also: baff, biff, come, precum, shoot bullets.

Chlora n. coloured person. Ong. Western Cape. chocolate queen n. white man who likes have sex with black men. choirboy n. gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. chrematistophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by being blackmailed. Christmas or Brazil v. be confused. " He is so bewildered that he doesn't know if it's Christmas or Brazil". Orig. Johannesburg, 1980s. See also: Candy, Tuesday or August. Christina n. methedrine. Ofig. derived from crystal. chubby chaser n. a man who likes overweight men. Ofig. American Gayspeak. Ciela n. cell phone. Cilia n. cigarette. Cinderella n. one who looks better at night, preferably in subdued lighting. Cindy n. teenager. Orig. derived from Cindy dolls. n. the act of sitting in a circle and masturbating simultaneously. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: J.O. club.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 74 circuit queen n. someone who is seen regularly on the bar/club/gym/disco circuit. Clarissa adj. clever n. 1. crabs (pubic lice) 2. Claws. Orig. Western Cape. class gay n. a gay man who has succeeded in academic, material or social spheres. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. clap n. . Orig. 16th century English. Clara adj. rude; common. See also: blou, Cora, gross, kimono, Trixie Trash.clean adj. circumcised. See also: Brenda Bris, cut, peeled queen. clean queen n. gay man who does his laundery at a laundromat, using the time to cruise other gay men. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited usage in South Africa. club n. any gay disco. clone n. a person with a standardised gay male appearance of a particular era. Orig. this term was first used in San Francisco in the 1970s to refer to the standard gay image of plaid shirt, Levis, short hair and moustache. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. clock v. look at. "Clock that number at the bar". clone zone n. a gay bar or club. closet queen n. person who has or is suspected of having homosexual tendencies, but who has not acknowledged them publicly. See also: closet case, cupboard queen, closet dyke, in the closet. cluster n. diamond ring worn by some gay men. clutter fuck n. an orgy. See also: beehive sex, cluster fuck, gang bang, groepswoeps, kiomp pomp. clutch n. handbag. clutch bag n. old gay man. Orig. Western Cape in 1950s. cobra in the basket adj. celibate. "He has a cobra in the basket". cock n. penis Orig. 16th century English. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. cock cheese n. smegma. See also: cheese. cock from hell n. a huge penis which is extremely painful when inserted in the anus. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. cock ring n. piece of leather, plstic or brass, which is placed at the base of the penis and is used to enhance and maintain an erection. cock struck v. be infatuated. cock tease n. a young male homosexual who arouses a man sexually, and then refuses gratification. coffin queen n. a gay man who works at a funeral parlour. Orig. American Gayspeak. C.O.G.S. n Cape Organisation for Gay Sport. coif n. do one's hair. "Give me a minute to coif the bolls!" Coliseum curtains n. huge foreskin. coma, in a v. passed out due to excessive drinking, drugging, dancing or fucking. come see cum.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 75 come out v. to publicly acknowledge one's homosexuality. common adj. (pron: ko-moan) undesirable or inferior. See also: blou, Clara, Cora, gross, kimono, Trixie Trash. common gay n. gay man who acts or dresses in a style not acceptable to most gay men. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. competition n. someone who is a threat to oneself, especially in . Connie n. 1. condom 2. casserole v. ejaculate. Constance n. coffee. Orig. Western Cape. coprophagia n. fetish is which sexual arousal is achieved by eating human shit. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by being smeared with human shit. Cora adj. common, cheap. See also: blou, Clara, gross, kimono, Trixie Trash. cottage n. public toilet used for anonymous sex v. to look for sex in a public toilet. Orig. British Polari. See also: carousel, Polly the pisshouse queen, slangpark, tearoom, beats. cottage queen n. one who frequents public toilets for the purpose of having anonymous sex. court n. group of hangers-on. C/B/T/T abbrev. cock, ball and tit torture. Activity of those on the S&M and B&D scene. Used in personal advertisements. C.P. abbrev. corporal punishment. Activity of those on the S&M and B&D scene. Used in personal advertisements. crabs n. an infestation of crab lice in the pubic area. cradle snatching v. dating men who are a lot younger than oneself. Orig. American Gayspeak. cream one's jeans v. to have an orgasm. Orig. American Gayspeak. Crepe Suzette queen n. gay man who likes deep kissing. Orig. American Gayspeak. creptophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by someone shitting on you. crimps n. cheap clothing Orig. deriverd from crimplene. cross dresser n. person who dresses in the clothing of the opposite sex. See also: bag lady, drag queen, fopdosser, fopvrou, Paula Barry, T.V. transvestite. crown n. tiara worn by a drag queen. cruise v. go out looking for sex. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: camp. cum n. semen v. ejaculate. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: baff, biff, children, come, precum, shoot bullets. cum queen n. man who likes to suck another man's penis until he cums in his mouth. cuntmuncher n. lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. cupboard queen n. person who has not publicly acknowledged his homosexuality. See also: closet case, cupboard queen, closet dyke, in the closet. curry queen n. white man who likes having sex with Indian men. cut adj. circumcised. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: Brenda Bris, clean, peeled queen. cute adj. goodlooking. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. cutie pie n. attractive young man. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. n. the practice of having sex with strangers over the internet. Cynthia adj. synthetic, artificial. See also: Addis, Canderal queen.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 76 D

D.Q. abbrev. drama queen, one who likes causing an unnecessary fuss at any opportunity. daddy n. middle aged, over-weight man, who cares for a younger lover. Ofig. American Gayspeak. See also: Auntie Mame. dairy queen n. man who likes sucking tits during sexual play. daisy chain n. one man penterating another, while simultanoeusly he is penetrating another, etc. damaged goods n. gay man with psychiatric problems. Daphne adj. deaf n. deaf person. dark hole n. anus. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. darling voc. affectionate form of address. See also: dear, dearest, dearie. davunsch adj. Divine, lovely, nice. Debra adj. depressed, depressing. See also: Delia, Delia adj. melodramatic; depressed (1950s). See also: Debra. delicious adj. nice, lovely. Delores adj. 1. delicious 2. mad; hysterical. See also: Doris, Marie, Mildred, Milly, twisted queen. delphinium n. 1. penis 2. active gay sex partner. Orig. Western Cape. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. delphiniums soek v. go out in search of sex. Orig. Western Cape. Demona adj. desirable. Denise n. heavy rain, downpour, deluge. designer queen n. 1. one who makes women's clothes 2. one who only wears designer outfits. desparation hour n. last hour before the bar closes and one still hasn't picked up a sex partner for the night. Also known as D.H. diamantes n. jewellery. Diamantes queen is one who wears excessive jewellery. See also: Julia. Diana adj. disgusting. Orig. Western Cape. dick n. penis. Ofig. American Gayspeak. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. diesel queen n. gay man who dresses like a dyke. n. artificial penis used in sex play for penetration. dildo queen n. man who like his anus to be penetrated with a dildo. dink n. Double income, no kids. A gay couple who have lots of disposable income. dirt n. gossip. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: aggie, big 5, dish, koek en tee, piemp, poison queen, Reuters Special Correspondent, Suzy. disco queen n. gay man who is habitually at the disco/club. dick of death n. huge penis. Often abbreviated to D.O.D. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope,

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 77 porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. die klits kwyt to raak n. (Afrikaans) Lesbian sex. Orig. Western Cape. diesel dyke n. butch, masculine lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. dingleberries n. dried globs of faeces clinging to the anal hairs of an unclean person. dipsticktrekker n. (Afrikaans) active partner in anal intercourse. See also: boudkapper, doengoes, fudge packer, injonga, jongetjies, reun, top. disco biscuit n. tablet of Ecstacy. dish n. 1. sexy man. Orig. British Polari 2. gossip Orig. Amercian Gayspeak. One who gossips is a dish queen. See also: aggie, big 5, dirt, koek en tee, piemp, Suzy. diva adj. good in bed. diva queen n. gay man who knows all about opera singers, to the point of obsession. divine adj. beautiful, lovely. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, bona, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, fabulous, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent, zoosh. dizzy adj. stupid, unreliable, scatterbrained. doengoes n. (Afrikaans) active partner in anal intercourse. Ofig. Western Cape. See also: boudkapper, dipsticktrekker, fudge packer, injonga, jongetjies, reun, top. doll n. desirable man vocative term of endearment. See also: dolla. Orig. Western Cape. dollie bag n. male handbag. dolly sisters n. policemen. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: Betty Bangles, Betty Blue, boys in blue, Lily, Priscilla. dons v. (Afrikaans) do up, renovate. doosh v. wash the anus, usually with an . See also: . Dora adj. drunk n. 1. alcoholic drink Orig. Western Cape. See also Beverley. 2. an alcoholic See also: bottle queen, Queen of Scotch, spiritsmeid, Sue-Ellen. v. be drunk. Dora belle: very drunk. See also: Doreen. Dora pram n. drinks trolley on an aircraft. Dorette n. small drink, a shot. Doris adj. not all there, crazy. See also: Delores, Marie, Milly. Doris Day n. Annual Gay Pride March day in Johannesburg. Dorothy (friend of) n. a gay man. Orig. derived from in The . Dorothy had unusual and strange friends (the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion and the ). Thus describing someone as a friend of Dorothy alludes to them being unusual, and thus gay. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. double adaptor n. bisexual person. See also: AC/DC, bicycle, L.P. swing both ways. douche v. see doosh. dowager n. Affluent, elderly gay man drag n. 1. women's clothing Orig. British Polari 2. a party. Ofig. Western Cape 1950s. See also: gavotte, Patsy. v. to dress in woesn's clothing. Hence drag queen is one who dresses in woemn's clothing. See also: bag lady, cross dresser, fopdosser, fopvrou, Paula Barry, T.V. transvestite. The lesbian equivalent for a woman who dresses in men's clothing is a . dragon n. extremely enormous penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. dreamboat n. very attractive man. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 78 dream queen n. man who looks like a G.Q. model. drop a hairpin v. give some signal to indicate that one is gay. Orig. Western Cape 1950s. drop a spanner v. give some signal to indicate that one is a lesbian. Orig. Western Cape 1950s. drop one's ovaries v. 1. be besotted by a particular man. 2. get a fright (usually at the sight of a policeman). dry fuck v. have anal intercourse without using lubricant. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. dump v. leave ones lover. dyke n. butch lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. E

E n. the recreational drug Ecstacy. E.D. Gars n. Edgars chain store. easy meat n. a man who is easy to get to participate in a homosexual act. Orig. American Gayspeak. éclair queen n. rich gay man. Elsie Geselsie n. chatterbox, someone who talks constantly. Ofig. Western Cape. Emma adj. embarrassing enema queen n. man who like giving/receiving during sexual activity. ephebophilia n. to boys between the ages of about 12 and 16, who are sexually developed and can achieve orgasm. See also: pederast, paedophile ephobophilia n. sexual attraction to boys of about 16 — 18 years old (the transition from to manhood). equipment n. male genitals. Erica n. erection. See also: boner, hard-on, porridge bird, priapism, stage fright. erotophonophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by attempts, not just thoughts, of killing someone. These people are dangerous. Esther Williams v. swim. Esterjie n. the drug Ecstacy. Ethel adj. old. See also: abo, Auntie Mame, Olga, Tafta. Ethel clutch n. old man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: naald, Noritaki. evil queen n. almost any gay man. exhibitionist n. person who gets a thrill out of being watched publically while he has sex. eye candy n. attractive man. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. F fabulous adj. nice exclam. Used to express that one is impressed. See also: bona, delicious, zoosh.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 79 faggot n. gay man. Orig. when witches were burned in the 16th century, gay boys were burned with them, and made part of ther faggots of kindling which started the fire. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie.fag hag n. single straight woman who hangs around with gay men. See also: Betty Boobs, bleeder, fish, fruit fly, smoke screen, vis. fag hag queen n. gay man who only hangs around with straight women. fairy n. effeminate homosexual man. See also: Big Bertha, call boy, fem(me), flip and flap, koekblik, lipstick lesbian, Mavis, moffie, princess, swish, trassie. family adj. gay. "Is he family?" See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. fan dancing n. particular form of disco dancing in which the dancer dances alone while manipulation two large fans. This was popular in the 1980s. Fanella n. fan. Fanuskind n. conservative gay person. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. fashion victim n. gay man who is always dressed in the latest fashions. Fatima adj. overweight, fat. felch n. suck semen out of an anus. Orig. American Gayspeak. Felicity adj. very ugly n. refrigerator. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Brunhilda, Gertrude, Hilda, Hildoris, Olga, unfortunate. fellate v. suck another man's penis until he reaches orgasm. See also: blow, give head, go down on, Monica Lewinksy, Sally. fellatio n. the act of sucking another man's penis, to give him sexual gratification. See also: blow job. fem(me) adj. effeminate,. Feminine. See also: Big Bertha, call boy, flip and flap, koekblik, lipstick lesbian, Mavis, moffie, princess, swish, trassie. F.F. abbrev. Fist Fuck. The act of inserting a fist into an anus or . Used in personal advertisements. See also: . Orig. American Gayspeak. fifth wheel n. a single heterosexual at a homosexual gathering. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, het, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula.. finger fuck v. to insert the middle finger into the anus and stimulate the . Fina v. to be astounded at some news "I'm Fina!" finished v. to be astounded at some news. "I'm finished!" Fiona adj. sexually frustrated. See also: Frieda. v. fart, pass wind. fish n. a woman. See also: Betty Boobs, bleeder, fag hag, fruit fly, smoke screen, vis. fist queen n. a man who likes to be fisted during sex. flab queen n. a gay man who likes fat men. See also: chubby chaser. flap n. a panic v. to babble away aimlessly. flick your chicken v. do whatever you want. "Whatever flicks your chicken". flip and flap v. make effeminate hand movements. See also: Big Bertha, call boy, fem(me), koekblik, lipstick lesbian, Mavis, moffie, princess, swish, trassie. flog one's log v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, J.0., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 80 flying mattress n. South African Airways flight steward. See also: aerie faerie, hemelhoer, lugmatras, koffie moffie, tea, coffee or me? fone frk abbrev. phone freak. Someone who enjoys having sex over the telephone. Used in personal advertisements. fool around v. have sexual encounters outside one's relationship. fopdosser n. (Afrikaans) drag queen. See also: bag lady, cross dresser, drag queen, fopvrou, Paula Barry, T.V. transvestite. forty adj. lots, many, hundreds. "He's had forty facelifts!" Fr act abbrev. French active. One who like to insert his penis in another man's mouth. Used in personal advertisements. Fr pass abbrev. French passive. One who likes to suck another man's penis. Used in personal advertisements. Frieda adj. 1. sexually frigid Orig. Western Cape 2. fickle 3. sexually frustrated. fruit cake n. person with bad acne/skin disorder. See also: Agnetha. fruit fly n. straight woman who only has gay male friends. See also: Betty Boobs, bleeder, fag hag, fish, smoke screen, vis. fruit salad n. male genitals. fruit stand n. gay bar. Orig. American Gayspeak. F.S.Q. abbrev. film star quality. Used to describe a physically beautiful man. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. fuck n. a sexual liaison. See also: cybersex, Hazel, lay, nookie, one night stand, on the side, , R&E, trick. v. have sexual intercourse. See also: goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns fuck buddy n. a friend with whom one regularly has sex without any emotional attachments. fudge packer n. active partner in anal intercourse. See also: boudkapper, dipsticktrekker, doengoes, injonga, jongetjies, reun, top. Fuella adj. angry, furious. G

G.A.S.A. n. Gay Association of South Africa. Gay movement of the 1980s. Gr act abbrev. Greek active. One who likes to fuck other men. Used in personal advertisements. Gr pass abbrev. Greek passive. One who like to be fucked by other men. Used in personal advertisements. G.S.O.H. abbrev. Good sense of humour. Used in personal advertisements. n. the ability of one gay person to recognise another gay person. Orig. American Gayspeak. gadget queen n. gayman who loves appliances and gagets. Gail v. chat. Ofig. Western Cape. See also: cackle, kiets, lippe kiap, swap recipes. gala v. sleep. Orig. Western Cape. gang bang n. 1. Orgy, See also: beehive sex, clutter fuck, cluster fuck, groepswoeps, klomp pomp. 2. gang . gavotte n. gay party (1950s). See also: drag, Patsy. gay bashing n. assaulting of gay men by homophobic heterosexual men. Thus persons who commit this crime are known as gay bashers. See also: bunny bashing. gayby boomer n. term used for the ever increasing number of children who are being brought up in same-sex families. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 81 Gayle n. language used by gay men. See also: isigqumo, moffietaal. Gayspeak n language used by gay men in the U.S.A. Also known as Queerspeak. gdlk abbrev. goodlooking; godlike. Used in personal advertisements. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. gear lever n. penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through seducing a significantly older man. Gertie adj. feminine n. gonorrhea. Gertrude adj. ugly. See also: Brunhilda, Felicity, Hilda, Hildoris, Olga, unfortunate. G.I.B. abbrev. good in bed. giggelgrassies n. (Afrikaans) dagga, marijuana. See also: Gina, Gracie, Tannie Manie, Tannie Wilhelmien. gil adj. (Afrikaans) fun. "It was such a gil" v. 1. enjoy oneself "You really were gilling" 2. be loud "Those queens are really gilling tonight". gil vir tannie! imper. (Afrikaans) Speak to me! Orig. Western Cape. Gilda adj. guilty. "I feel so Gilda about the way I treated him". Gina n. dagga, marijuana. See also: giggelgrassies, Gina, Gracie, Tannie Manie, Tannie Wilhelmien. girl voc. term of dearment. "So what are you doing tonight, girl?" girlfriend n. 1. lesbian lover 2. male gay friend. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. girlie n. passive partner in homosexual intercourse. Orig. Western Cape. See also: agter die kop kyk, bottom, brownie queen, passive, skesana.give head v. suck another man's penis. See also: blow, fellate, give head, go down on, Monica Lewinsky, Sally. glad eye v. solicit for sex. "I think he's giving me the glad eye." Orig. British Polari. Gladys n. gay man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. glory hole n. hole between cubicles in a public toilet through which one man can insert his penis and have it sucked anonymously by the man in the cubicle next door. Thus a glory hole queen is one who gets his sexual thrills in this way. go down on v. suck another man's penis. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: blow, fellate, give head, Monica Lewinsky, Sally. go forward v. mingle socially. See also: swivel. goensch v. have sexual relations. Orig. Zimbabwe. See also: fuck, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns going as straight v. an active man who suddenly decides to become heterosexual. This type of action is looked down upon by other gay men who see the perpetrator as being unable to cope with his homosexuality. gold plated queen n. rich gay man with no taste. Golda n. Jewish homosexual. Orig. derived from Golda Meir. See also: beanie boy queen, Jessie, Torah queen. golden shower n. a stream of urine being urinated onto the body for sexual pleasure. See also: urophilia. Thus a golden shower queen is someone who is a urine fetishist.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 82 go mad v. overdo something, especially decorating. Gonda n. vagina. See also: muff, Persephone. Gonnie n. gonorrhea. gooi die lingo v. (Afrikaans) speak in Gayle. Orig. Western Cape. goons n. testicles, balls. See also: avocados, ovaries. Gora adj. Combination of God + Nora. Meaning, God, but you're stupid! gorgeous adj. attractive. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. G.Q. abbrev. Giant Queen. Used to mock someone who is overtly gay. Griselda adj. gruesome. groepswoeps n. (Afrikaans) orgy. See also: beehive sex, clutter fuck, cluster fuck, gang bang, klomp pomp. Gracie n. dagga, marijuana. See also: giggelgrassies, Gina, Tannie Manie, Tannie Wilhelmien. great Dane n. enormous penis. Orig. Western Cape 1950s. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian.

Greta adj. greedy. Orig. Western Cape. n. a loner. Orig. derived from Greta Garbo who wanted to "be alone". grope v. fondle gentials through clothing. "Poor old queen, all he gets is a quick grope before they Bella him!" gross v. vulgar, common. See also: blou, Clara, Cora, kimono, Trixie Trash. Guccis n. bags under the eyes. "Try some cucumber for your Guccis, girlfriend!" Guttermouth n. unkind nickname used for Granny Lee, the South African . G.B.C. abbrev. gay black couple. Used in personal advertisements. G.B.F. abbrev. gay black female. Used in personal advertisements. G.B.M. abbrev. gay black male. Used in personal advertisements. G.C.C. abbrev. 1. Gay Christian Church 2. Gay coloured couple. Used in personal advertisements. G.C.F. abbrev. gay coloured female. Used in personal advertisements. G.C.M. abbrev. gay coloured male. Used in personal advertisements. G.I.C. abbrev. gay Indian couple. Used in personal advertisements. G.I.F. abbrev. gay Indian femal. Used in personal advertisements. G.I.M. abbrev. gay lndiam male. Used in personal advertisements. gwabba adj. huge, fat. G.W.C. abbrev. gay white couple. Used in personal advertisements. G.W.F. abbrev. gay white female. Used in personal advertisements. G.W.M. abbrev. gay white male. Used in personal advertisements. gypsies n. shoes. Ofig. Western Cape. See also: bats, stilettoes. gym queen n. muscled gay man who works out at the gym. gynemimetophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is caused through the sight of drag queens. H

haasplaas n. gay get-togethers, usually in smaller places, like Bloemfontein. They are usually held on a particular Saturday night of the month. hand job n. .

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 83 hanky code n. intricate code used by gay men to signal potential sexual partners exactly what they are seeking sexually, through wearing coloured handkerchiefs in the back pocket of one's denims. happy camper n. gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. hard adj. erect, with reference to a penis. hard-on n. erect penis. Orig. American Gaysepak. See also: boner, Erica, porridge bird, priapism, stage fright, banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schiong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. Harriet adj. hairy. . See also: bear, Harris, teddy bear.n. hand. Harris adj. hairy. . See also: bear, Harriet, teddy bear. Harry n. hangover. Used particularly by lesbians. hangkashaas n. (Afrikaans) closet queen. A gay person who will not knowledge his homosexuality. See also: hangkasman. Hattie n. hatpin. Orig. Western Cape 1950s. have v. to have sex with someone. Usually used in the past tense to indicate that one has had sex with someone else. "Oh, I had him years ago!" See also: fuck, goensch, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns have it off v. have sex. See also: fuck, goensch, have, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns have the hots for v. to desire someone sexually. hawk n. older man who preys on young, usually underage boys, for sexual purposes. Ofig. American Gayspeak. Hazel n. sex with another man. "All he can think of is Hazel". Orig. Western Cape. See also: fuck, lay, nookie, one night stand, on the side, quickie, R&E, trick. adj. wonderful. "Sex with him was heaven". hectic n. dramatic experience. "Breaking up with Sam was hectic." hemelhoer n. (Afrikaans) South African Airways flight steward. Ofig. Western Cape. See also: aerie faerie, flying matrass, lugmatras, koffie moffie, tea, coffee or me? Hester v. hear. "Did you Hester? Gertie's visiting James again!" Odg. Western Cape. het n. heterosexual person. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, Norma, straight, trawantes, Ursula. Hefty n. South African Airways air hostess. hideous adj. very bad. "The play was hideous". high camp n. obvious and affacted homosexual behaviour. high class rent n. a kept boy. high queen n. an active gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: top-man, wolf. high risk n. 1. an unstable person 2. a person from whom contracting AIDS is likely 3. sexual behaviour which is considered unsafe in the prevention of cotrcting AIDS or a sexually transmitted disease. Hilda adj. ugly. Hilda's older sister n. an extremely person. See also: Brunhilda, Felicity, Gertrude, Hildoris, Olga, unfortunate Hildoris adj. ugly. . See also: Brunhilda, Felicity, Gertrude, Hilda, Hildoris, Olga, unfortunate Hollywood n. jail. Orig. Western Cape. homoerotiphobia n. fear of touching another man, except in sport. homophobia n. irrational fear or hatred of homosexuals. homewrecker n. gay man who thinks nothing of stealing another man's boyfriend/lover. See also: black widow. honey bells n. food. Orig. Bloemfontein.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 84 hoogmof adj. (Afrikaans) decorating style, usually seen in a Prissy queen's home. horny adj. craving sex. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: jags, randy. hot adj. sexually desirable. Orig. American Gayspeak. hyphenate queen n. gay man with no fixed career and is usually a model-actor-dancer-waiter. husband n. one's lover. This term is generally only used by a small percentage of older gay men. See also: hubby. hung adj. having a large penis. Orig. American Gayspeak. hunk n. handsome, well-developed man. Ofig. American Gayspeak. hunky adj. sexually attractive, goodlooking. See also: Beaulah, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gorgeous, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through having sex with a convicted criminal. hyphephilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through rubbing a human or, usually, non-human object.

ice queen n. 1. man who wears diamond stud earrings 2. gay man who is seen as unapproachable by others. Ida n. Indian gay man. Ofig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: Indiana, Ivy, Ira, Irma, Iris. imbube n. (Zulu) gay man who is versatile in bed, who is completely comfortable being either active or passive during sexual intercourse. See also: mix masala, seven single, versatile. Ina n. iron. "I must first Ina my shirt". Indiana n. Indian gay man. See also: Ida, Ivy, Ira, Irma, Iris. infantilism n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by dressing as an infant and acting the role of a child under two years old. This usually includes removal of body hair. See also: nepiophilia injonga n. (Zulu) active partner in anal intercourse. See also: boudkapper, dipsticktrekker, doengoes, fudge packer, jongetjies, reun, top. Ira n. Indian gay man. See also: Indiana, Ivy, Ida. Irma, iris. Irene n. eye. "He's giving me the Irene". Irma n. Indian gay man. See also: Indiana, Ivy, Ida, Ira, Iris. Iris n. Indian gay man. See also: Indiana, Ivy, Ida, Ira, Irma. Isadora v. dance. Orig. derived from Isadora Duncan. See also: boogie, boude skud en tiete swaai, cha cha, polka. isigqumo n. (Zulu) gay township slang. See also: Gayle, moffietaal.

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J.O. abbrev. jack off. Masturbate. Orig. American Gayspeak. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank.Thus a J.O. club is a gathering of men for the purpose of masturabting together. See also: circle jerk. These clubs became popular in the late 1980s as an alternative to unsafe sexual practices like fellatio and intercourse. jack off v. masturbate. Orig. American Gayspeak. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. jags adj. (Afrikaans) horny, randy, wanting sex. jail bait n. any boy under the legal . See also: chicken, twinkle pie, royal game, stir, fries. jam soek v. (Afrikaans) go out looking for sex. Orig. Western Cape. See also: camp, cruise. jazz hound n. heterosexual male prostitute who only services females. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: lounge lizard, stallion. Jella v. hurry up. "Jella, girl, we're late!" Jennifer Justice n. the law, a magistrate. Orig. Western Cape. Jenny v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. jerk off v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank.Orig. American Gayspeak. Jessica adj. jealous. See also: Jessie, Josie. Jessie adj. jealous. See also: Jessica, Josie. n. Jewish gay man. See also: beanie boy queen, Golda, Torah queen. Jimmy Dean queen n. a rebel without a cause. jongetjies n. (Afrikaans) the active partner in a gay sexual relationship. "Ja, man, hy's jongetjies". Orig. Western Cape. See also: boudkapper, dipsticktrekker, doengoes, fudge packer, injonga, reun, top. jonkies n. boys. Orig. Western Cape. Josie adj. jealous. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Jessica, Jessie. Julia n. jewellery. Orig. Western Cape. See also: diamantes. K kak naai n. (Afrikaans) bad sexual experience. kamp Afrikaans form of camp. See camp. kas n. Afrikaans form of closet. See closet. kassie Thank you. Orig. Western Cape. "Kassie vir die geskenk, Dolla." kassie Trassie n. (Afrikaans) closet queen. See also: Klasina. Kate adj. cute. "He's very Kate". Orig. Western Cape.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 86 Katie Catchwagon n. Police van. Black Maria. Katie Kakpraat n. (Afrikaans) someone who speaks nonsense. Kathy n. kettle. Orig. Western Cape. Katrina n. 1. kitchen, galley on an aircraft 2. catastrophe. K.D.L. abbrev. (Afrikaans) Kyk die lunch. Look at the crotch. Kentucky v. have anal intercourse. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, naai, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. kept boy n. young, unemployed man who is supported by an older male lover. See also: Auntie queen, blade, boytoy, cutie pie, princess, P.Y.T., toyboy. killer queen n. a gay man in the permanent defence force. kimono adj. very common. See also: blou, Clara, Cora, gross, Trixie Trash. kinky adj. unusual sexual preferences. These could be things like watersport, S&M, B&D, etc. Klasina n. closet queen. See also: Kassie trassie. Orig. Western Cape. klep v. steal. kleptophilia n. sexual arousal through stealing. klets v. (Afrikaans) chat. See also: cackle, Gail, lippe klap, swap recipes. n. sexual arousal through receiving an enema. klomp pomp n. (Afrikaans) orgy. See also: beehive sex, clutter fuck, cluster fuck, gang bang, groepswoeps. knit v. have sexual relations, fuck. "All you can think of is knitting!" See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns koda n. cocaine. See also: Bernice, Patsy Cola, Koda. koek en tee v. (Afrikaans) attend a tea party for the purpose of gossiping. See also: aggie, big 5, dirt, dish, piemp, Suzy. koekblik n. (Afrikaans) effeminate gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. koekstamp en giggel v. sexual contact between two women, two passive gay men, or a gay man and a woman. "Go to bed with you? What will we do? Koekstamp and giggel?" koets n. (Afrikaans) car. See also: bearoche, Caramia, kugel pram. koffie moffie n. South African Airways flight steward See also: aerie faerie, flying matrass, hemelhoer, lugmatras, tea, coffee or me?konkernosterjie n. (Afrikaans) active gay man in anal intercourse. Orig. Western Cape. koorknaap n. (Afrikaans) gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. kugel pram n. convertible motor car. See also: bearoche, Caramia, koets. kwaf v. (Afrikaans) do the hair. See also: bolla klits. Orig. derived from coif. kwer adj. (Afrikaans) gay. Orig. derived from queer. K.Y. n. water based lubricant best used when using a condom for anal intercourse.

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label queen n. prententious gay man. Lady Godiva n. gay nudist. Lady of the Vapours n. gay man who spends most of his time at the steam baths. !allies n. legs. Sometimes abbreviated to lalls. Orig. British Polari. See also: leggons, Lesleys. Lana n. penis. Odg. Western Cape. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. land of milk and honey n. anus. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. larder n. male crotch. Orig. British Polari. laugh lines n. crows' feet on an older gay man's face. "They're not wrinkles, they're laugh lines!" Laura n. lover. lay n. a sexual experience. "He's an easy lay". v. have sex. "Who did you lay last night?" See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns lean cuisine queen n. gay man who is on a permanent diet. leather Mary n. gay man who practices S&M sex. See also: leather queen, leatherman. leatherman n. gay man who practices S&M sex. See also: leather Mary, leather queen. Orig American Gayspeak. lebelebs n. (Afrikaans) active gay man in anal intercourse. le decorateur n. gay interior designer. leggons n. legs. Orig. Bloemfontein. See also: lallies,Lesleys. lemon n. lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet.lemon lips adj. furious. "Don't speak to her now, she's got lemon lips." lesbian n. gay female. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet.lesbo n. derogatory term for a lesbian. n. irrational fear of hatred of lesbians. Lesley(s) n. leg(s). See also: !allies, leggons. letticus n lebian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. Lettie n. lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. Lettie bag n. lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. lettuce leaf n. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, letticus, lip squeezer, manvrou, ouboet. L.I.A.H.O. abbrev. let it all hang out. Used in personal advertisements. lick bush v. indulge in cunnilingus (lesbian). Dig. Amercian Gayspeak. life partner n. lover of the same sex. See also: Laura. Lily n. policeman. Abbrev. of Lily Law and her silver bangles. See also: Betty Bangles, Betty Blue, boys in blue, dolly sisters, Priscilla. Lily losbek n. (Afrikaans) someone who cannot keep a secret. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 88 Lily lospoes n. (Afrikaans) a promiscuous gay man. See also: Lucy, matrasmeneer, play the field, screw around, sleep around, slut. lippe klap v. (Afrikaans) chat. See also: cackle, Gail, klets, swap recipes. lipsqueezer n. lesbian. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, manvrou, ouboet. lipstick lesbian n. elegant, effeminate lesbian. little black book n. private notebook in which the telephone numbers and details of all one's sexual partners are recorded. Lizzy adj. lazy. locker room queen n. gay man who joins a gym primarily to hang out in the change room. loslies n. (Afrikaans) someone who is easy to get into bed. lost youth n. gay man over the age of 30. Lottie n. penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. Louella n. female prostitute. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. lounge lizard n. heterosexual male prostitute who only services females. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: jazz hound, stallion. lovebite n. bruise on the neck made through passionate kissing. Lovely day, dear! Exclam. denotes genuine pleasure. lover n. person of the same sex with whom one is involved in a relationship. See also: affair, Laura. low queen n. a passive gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: nancy boy, pansy, sissy. L.P. n. bisexual. Ofig. derived from long playing record > plays both sides. See also: AC/DC, bicycle, double adaptor, swing both ways. Lucy n. a promiscuous bottom/person who likes being fucked anally. See also: Lily Lospoes, matrasmeneer, play the field, screw around, sleep around, slut. lugmatras n. South African Airways flight steward. See also: aerie faerie, flying matrass, hemelhoer, koffie moffie, tea, coffee or me? Lulu v. laugh. "I had to Lulu when she told me what had happened". lunch n. male genitals. See also: lunch box. Lv's abbrev. Levi's. Used in personal advertisements. Lydia adj. little, small. "I hear he has a Lydia lunch." See also: Mitzi, Tina. M

M.S. abbrev. mosochist. Used in personal advertisements. Macy adj. mosochistic. madam n. gay man, usually very camp. "He may be very Kate, but he's such a madam!" See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Magda n. (Afrikaans) milk. magazine queen n. gay man who collects glossy magazines. mailer n. person who extorts money from a gay man after having had sex with him. Orig. probably an abbreviation of blackmailer.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 89 main queen n. attractive gay man, much in demand sexually. "You want to date him? Take a number dear. He's the main queen". See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. male meter v. method of scoring boys or men on their looks, with points ranging from one to ten, ten being with the most sexual attraction. man n. (Afrikaans) lover of the same sex. Lesbians have been heard calling the butch female partner their man. Manda v. masturbate . Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. Mandy v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. mancunt n. anus. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. mango n. hairy anus. "He's so Harriet, can you imagine his mango?" See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. manhole n. male anus. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. mantlwana v. (Zulu) play housie-housie in a same-sex environment, especially on the mines. manvrou n. butch lesbian. Orig. Western Cape. See also: beer, box biter, bull dyke, bush licker, cuntmuncher, diesel dyke, dyke, lemon, lesbo, Lettie, lettie bag, lettuce leaf, letticus, lip squeezer, ouboet. Mara adj. unhappy. "What's the matter, dear. You look so Mara". Marie adj. mad. "Are you Marie! Do you want Priscilla to pick you up?" See also: Delores, Doris, Mildred, Milly, twisted queen. Margo Polo n. local Italian pizza parlour. Marion Times v. marry. "She wants to Marion Times that Wendy." Orig. Western Cape. Marjorie n. margerine. "If you run out of KY, try Marjorie." Orig. Western Cape. Martha n. butch gay man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. martini n. pinky ring. Orig. British Polari. Mary n. 1. obviously gay man. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. 2. magistrate. Orig. Western Cape. Mathilda n. headache, migraine. "Not tonight — I've got a grand Mathilda." matinee n. daytime sexual liaison. matrasmeneer n. (Afrikaans) promiscuous gay man. See also: Lily lospoes. Maureen v. murder. "Watch out for that number. Word's out that he Maureened his Laura." Mavis n. effeminate queen. Ofig. Western Cape. See also: Big Bertha, call boy, fem(me), flip and flap, koekblik, lipstick lesbian, moffie, princess, swish, trassie. See also: Big Bertha, call boy, fem(me), flip and flap, koekblik, lipstick lesbian, Mavis, moffie, princess, swish, trassie. May adj. very much. "That's a Beaulah May number" meal ticket n. older man who supports a younger lover or friend.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 90 meals on wheels n. sexy, hunky men on motorcycles. mean queen n. a difficult gay man. meat n. penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. meat market n. place where gay men gather to find sex partners. See also: meat rack. meat rack n. place where gay men gather to find sex partners. See also: meat market. meisie(kind) voc. (Afrikaans) camp form of address. "Haai meisiekind, wat het jy claw?" Orig. Western Cape. member of the team n. a gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie.mevrou voc. (Afrikaans) camp form of address. "Here mevrou! Wat het met die bolla gebeur?" Mildred adj. mentally deranged. 'Watch out for Mildred over there." mile high queen n. gay man who likes having sex in aircraft toilets while in flight. Milli Vanilli adj. fake, imitation, phoney. Orig. derived from the pop group Milli Vanilli when it was revealed that they did not sing their own songs and were merely lip-synching to other voices. Milly adj. 1. dizzy, mad. See also: Delores, Doris, Marie, Mildred, twisted queen. 2. thin. Orig. Western Cape. mince v. sashay while walking. Orig. standard English. mink n. jacket. Orig. Western Cape. Miss Priss n. arrogant, stand-offish gay man. Someone who thinks he's better than everyone else. mission n. something which is over-complicated. "Why is shopping with you such a mission?" Mitzi adj. 1. small. "Don't bother, he's Mitzi in the lunchbox. See also: Lydia, Tina. 2. according to my taste, me. "That number is very Mitzi." mix masala n. men who are comfortable at being both active and passive during anal intercourse. Orig. Township gay slang. See also: imbube, seven single, versatile. mixed adj. male prostitute who operates as both active or passive in a sexual encounter, depending on the wishes of his customer. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. mixophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through watching oneself having sex, usually in a mirror or on video. mkehlo n. marriage between men in migrant labour hostels. Orig. Township gay slang. moentjies n. (Afrikaans) money. Orig. Western Cape. moffie n. 1. effeminate gay man 2. gay man, in general. It usually has a pejorative meaning. Ofig. Afrikaans. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. moffie's delight adj. appealing to gay taste. "Oh, this kitchen is moffie's delight!" moffietaal n. Cape gay slang spoken by the coloureds in the 1950s. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Gayle, Isigqumo. moffinia n. (Afrikaans) gay person. Odg. Bloemfontein. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Moira n. music. "The Moira is Hilda tonight!" See also: Musetta.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 91 molvyn n. gay person. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Mona Whinestein n. someone who complains about everything. Monica n. 1. money. 2. . Orig. 1950s lesbian usage. Monica Lewinsky v. suck another man's penis. See also: blow, fellate, give head, go down on, Sally. moron n. lesbian term for uniformed policeman. morphophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through an obsession with a particular type of unusual body shape, eg. Obesity, dwarfism, etc. mother n. older gay man who is a mentor to a younger gay person, with no sexual connotations. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Mother Mecca n. a Moslem homosexual. Orig. Western Cape. Mrs n. Mr. Title prefixed to a man's surname. "Here comes Mrs Smith". Mrs Stuttaford n. gay man who continually rearranges his furniture. "I see you've been playing Mrs Stuttaford again!" M.S.M. abbrev. men seeking men. Men looking for other men for sexual purposes. Used in personal advertisements. mtheto n. (Zulu) set of rules governing relationships between men in migrant labour hostels. Orig. Township gay slang. muff n. a vagina which is licked erotically. Lesbian usage. See also: Gonda, Persephone. muff dive v. perform cunnilingus. Lesbian usage. muffin n. gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother,ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Mugabe n. homophobe. muscle Mary n. gay bodybuilder. Musetta n. music. See also: Moira. muurblomme n. (Afrikaans) wallflowers. Orig. Western Cape. My other nerves! exclam. exclamation of (mock) shock. See also: My pink nerves! My pink nerves! exclam. exclamation of (mock) shock. See also: My other nerves! N naai v. (Afrikaans) have anal intercourse. Orig. Western Cape. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. naaigat n. (Afrikaans) anus. Ong. Bloemfontein. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. naald n. (Afrikaans) old man. Orig. Western Cape. "Ai, die arme ou naald". See also: Ethel clutch, Noritaki. Nada n. nothing. "There's Nada to Varda in the Larder". See also: Nancy, Nanti. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 92 naff adj. lacking style or taste; boring N.A.G.S n. Natal Association for Gay Sport. Nancy n. nothing, no. "Daiir Rita se Laura betaal vir alles. Sy doen Nancy die hele dag!" See also: Nada, Nanti. Nancy boy n. a passive gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: pansy, sissy, low queen. Nanette n. black homosexual. See also: Natalie, Natalia. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through telling/listening to dirty stories, esp. and cybersex. Natalia n. black homosexual. See also: Nanette, Natalie. Natalie n. black homosexual. See also: Nanette, Natalia. NCs abbrev. no chancers. Used in personal advertisements. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through having sex with dead corpses. nectarine n. smooth, hairless anus. "I prefer nectarines to mangos". See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, pleasureland, rosebud, rusty starfish. Nelly adj. neurotic. v. have sexual intercourse. See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns nepiophilia n. fetsih in which sexual arousal is achieved by dressing and behaving like an infant of under two years old. It usually involves removal of all body hair. See also: infantilism. Nillie adj. childish. "Grow up, you Nilly queen!" Nola n. nobody. 'Who was in that movie we saw last night?" "Oh, Nola nobody." nommer n. (Afrikaans) see "number". See also: piece, pomp, stuk. nongolozi n. (Zulu) gay man. Deriv. from Nongoloza Mathebula, known as King of the Ninevites, a Johannesburg gang which forbade contact with women. nookie n. sex. "Do you feel like some nookie?" See also: cybersex, fuck, Hazel, lay, one night stand, on the side, quickie, R&E, trick. noombies n. female breasts. Orig. Western Cape. Nora adj. stupid. "My students are so Nora!" Nora Nesbit n. stupid person. "Don't try and explain. She's a real Nora Nesbit". Noritaki n. old man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Ethel clutch, naald. Norma adj. normal, straight, heterosexual. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, straight, trawantes, Ursula. not a well woman n. unstable/ill person. notch v. look at. now now adv. immediately. Ofig. Township gay slang. N.(Q).O.C.D. abbrev. not (quite) our class dear. Indicated someone of a lower social class. "He's very cute, but NQOCD". number n. person with whom one is involved/sleeping with, someone to whom one is attracted. "That's a cute number with Jack tonight". See also: nommer, piece, pomp, stuk. O

ola bag n. old gay man. Orig. Western Cape. olfactophilia n. fetish in which sexual arrousal is achieved by body smells, usually by inserting into the anus, or other body sites, and smelling it during sex. Olga adj. 1. organised. 2. old and ugly. Orig. Western Cape. See also: abo, Auntie Mame, Olga, Tafta. Olive n. a very beautiful man. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, P.Y.T., T.D.F., talent. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 93 one night stand n. having sex with someone once only. See also: on the side, quickie, R&E. on the side adv. additional or extra sex outside one's relationship. one eyed bed snake n. penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard- on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. opera queen n. gay man who knows a lot about opera and never misses a production. opgezoosh adj. (Afrikaans) tarted up, well turned out, dressed to kill. Orig. Western Cape. optert v. (Afrikaans) make oneself presentable. 'Wag 'n bietjie, ek moet my eers opted". Orig. Western Cape. ouboet n. (Afrikaans) term of affection between lesbians; lesbian equivalent of "girlfriend". ouma se kinders n. (Afrikaans) gay people. Orig. Western Cape. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. ovaries n. testicles. When one sees a handsome man, it is common to say "I've just dropped my ovaries". See also: avocados, goons. P

P.L.M. abbrev. Princess Little Meat. Someone with a very small penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian.

paediophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by an attraction to young children, under the age of consent. This fetish is much more common among heterosexuals than among gay people. Pamela adj. pathetic. "Who is that Pamela queen embarrassing herself like that?" Pandora n. inquisitive gay man. Orig. derived from Pandora of Greek mythology. pansy n. a passive gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: nancy boy, sissy, low queen. pass v. to pretend to be heterosexual in mainstream society in order to avoid social/family sanctions, or to retain one's job. Orig. American Gayspeak. passive adj. a person who likes to be penetrated during anal intercourse. See also: agter die kop kyk, bottom, brownie queen, girlie, skesana. Patricia adj. 1. pregnant. 2. delicious. Patsy n. party. See also: drag, gavotte. Patsy Cola n. cocaine. See also: Bernice, Koda, schmangle. Paula adj. pass out, usually due to excessive drinking. "Whenever you saw Granny Lee at the club, she was Paula." Paula Barry n. transvestite. Orig. named after Paula Barry, a notorious drag queen who used to live in Mayfair, Johannesburg, in the 1950s. See also: bag lady, cross dresser, drag queen, fopdosser, fopvrou, T.V. transvestite. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 94 Paula Plastiekhoed n. (Afrikaans) man who wears a wig. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is caused by young boys, under the age of consent. peeled queen n. circumcised gay man. See also: Brenda Bris, clean, cut. Peggy n. a gay man with an amputation. Penelope n. penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. penilingus n. performed on a man. See also: blow job. perils-of-Pauline queen n. gay man who seeks thrills and likes danger in sexual activity. periods n. anal bleeding after having been fucked. Persephone n. vagina. See also: Gonda, muff. pery v. look at with lust. Petronella Peroxide n. gay man with highlights in his hair; bottle blond. Petunia v. urinate, piss. Phyllis n. gay man who over-intellectualises everything. "Oh God, here we go again — the world according to Phyllis!" pick up n. someone who is acquired for sexual purposes. v. to cruise someone with the view of having sex with them. picnic basket n. bulge in trousers, swimsuit or underpants. pictophilia n. fetsih in which sexual arousal is achieved by viewing X-rated porno movies or magazines. piece n. person with whom one is involved, someone to whom one is attracted. See also: number, nommer, pomp, stuk. piemp v. (Afrikaans). See also: aggie, big 5, dirt, dish, koek en tee, Suzy. piemper n. (Afrikaans) a gossip. See also: Agatha, dish queen, piemper, poison queen, Reuter's Special Correspondent. pink ink adj extremely camp. "That outfit is camper than pink ink." See also: pink tents. pink tents adj. extremely camp. Orig. Australian Polari. See also: pink ink. piss elegant adj. pretentious. See also: prissy, snot-nose queen. pixie n. gay man. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. plain sewing v. 1. Masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.0., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. 2. have anal intercourse. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, punya, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. plastiekhoed n. (Afrikaans) wig. Orig. Western Cape. play around v. to have sex outside one's relationship. play the field v. to be sexually promiscuous. See also: Lucy, Lily Lospoes, matrasmeneer, screw around, sleep around, slut. pleasureland n. anus. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, rosebud, rusty starfish. poggel v. (Afrikaans) have sex. See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, pokkel, pomp,score, swap knitting patterns poison dwarf n. person who creates bad situations.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 95 poison queen n. gay man who trades malicious and vicious gossip. See also: Agatha, dish queen, piemper, Reuters Special Correspondent. pokkel v. (Afrikaans) have sex. See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pomp, score, swap knitting patterns. Polari n. language used by gay men in Britain, New Zealand and Australia. polka v. dance. "Do you feel like going to polka tonight?" See also: boogie, boude skud en tiete swaai, cha cha, Isadora. Polly Papagaai n. someone who tells stories behind peoples' backs. Polly n. Portuguese gay man. Ofig. Cape Town in the 1950s. Polly Paranoia n. 1. person with low self-esteem and lacking in confidence. 2. gay man in constant fear of the police. Polly's Polka Palace n. The Dungeon Club in Johannesburg — the longest running gay club in South African history. Polly the pisshouse queen n. gay man who frequents public toilets for sex. See also: carousel, cottage, slangpark, tearoom. poppers n. amyl nitrate. See also: Tannie Poppie. portmantoes n. suitcases. Ofig. Western Cape. pomp n. person you are currently sleeping with. See also: number, nommer, piece, stuk. v. (Afrikaans) have sex. See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, score, swap knitting patterns. pop n.(Afrikaans) term of endearment. See also: poprok, poplap. poppe uit die pram gooi v. (Afrikaans) throW a tantrum. porridge bird n. flaccid penis, someone who cannot get or keep an erection. See also: boner, Erica, hard-on, priapism, stage fright, banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. portfolio n. one's assigned role as either a skesana or an injonga. Orig. Township gay slang. queen n. man who likes sex only with white men. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited usage in South Africa. praat in tale v. (Afrikaans) not knowing what someone is talking about. "Haai, hierdie vrou praat in tale!" precum n. natural lubricant secreted by an erect penis when stimulated. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: come, cum, shoot bullets. priapism n. condition in which a long and painful erection is experienced, sometimes for as long as several days. See also: boner, Erica, hard-on, porridge bird, stage fright. princess n. young, effeminate gay man, not old enough to be a queen yet. See also: Auntie queen, blade, boytoy, cutie pie, kept boy, P.Y.T., toyboy. Priscilla n. policeman See also: Betty Bangles, Betty Blue, boys in blue, dolly sisters, Lily, Priscilla Presley, Priscilla Louw. prissy adj. pretentious, very proper. Thus a prissy queen is a snooty or prim gay man. See also: Miss Priss, snot-nose queen. Prunella adj. paranoid. "Every tiem Gina visits, this number becomes Prunella." pubes n. pubic hair. See also: bush, sugar bush, suikerbos. punya v. (Northern Sotho) have anal intercourse. Ofig. Township gay slang. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, rioolboor, visit Betty's house. P.Y.T. abbrev. pretty young thing. Refers to an attractive young man. See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, T.D.F., talent.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 96 Q

queen n. 1. a gay man who has absorbed feminine characteristics into his everyday behaviour. 2. designation among gay men for one another. 3. as a suffix indicating one's locality, profession or personality. "He's a Durban queen; He's an E.D. Gars queen; He's a Prunella queen." Orig. British Polari. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. queen it up v. act in an ostentatiously feminine manner. "He's really queening it up tonight!" See also: camp it up. queen for a day n. straight married man who frequents health clubs of public toilets for sex with other men, before returning home to his wife and children. Queen of Scotch n. a gay alcoholic. See also: bottle queen, Dora, spiritsmeid, Sue-Ellen. queen bee n. wealthy older gay man who surrounds himself with pretty young gay men, and "holds court" queer adj. be gay. "Oh, he's queer!" n. a gay man. Queer was adopted by militant and radical gays in the 1990s as a preferable, and more provocative alternative to "gay". Queerspeak n. language used by gay men in the U.S.A. Also known as Gayspeak. quickie n. a brief sexual liaison, usually involving fellatio or masturbation, but not intercourse. See also: one night stand, on the side, R&E. R

R & E abbrev. rape and escape. A quick sexual liaison which is purely physical and in which there is no emotion. Usually this type of sex is anonymous without one knowing the identity of one's partner. Ofig. Western Cape 1950s. See also: one night stand, on the side, quickie, R&E. radical drag n. dressing in women's clothing while not attempting to pass oneself off as a women. This includes wearing beards and moustaches, or, more provocatively, exposing one's genitals, so there is no doubt that one is a male. Ramona Rottencrotch n. an unhygenic man who smells badly. randy adj. see "horny" raptophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through thoughts of being raped. ream v. stick tongue into or lick the anus, anilingus. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: rim, rosepetal, Rosie, round the world. Reeva adj. revolting. "That's the most Reeva outfit I've ever seen."

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 97 relationship n. situation in which two gay people set up house and live together. It carries an emotional bond, and is the closest that gays can come to being legally married. See also: affair. rent n. male prostitute who is not usually gay himself, but is prepared to have sex with a man in return for money. Also known as a renter. Orig. British Polari. See also: call boy, rent boy, rent-piece, Rita, trick, Trixie Trash. resting adj. not interested in sex. Usually used at the health clubs where "I'm resting" is a euphemism for "I'm not interested in having sex with you." reun n. (Afrikaans) active gay partner in anal intercourse. Reuter's Special Correspondent n. a gossip, someone who spreads rumours. See also: Agatha, dish queen, piemper, poison queen, Rhoda n. drugs. Riah n. hair. Orig. British Polari backsiang for "hair". rice queen n. man who likes having sex with oriental men. Orig. American Gayspeak. riem ruk v. (Afrikaans) masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.0., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, • spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. rim v. stick tongue into or lick the anus, Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: rim. Thus a man who enjoys rimming as part of his sexual activity is known as a rim queen. rioolboor v. (Afrikaans) have anal intercourse. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, punya, visit Betty's house. ripped to the tits adj. very drunk. Rita n. male prostitute. See also: call boy, rent, rent boy, rent-piece, trick, Trixie Trash.road queen n. hitchhiker who will have sex in exchange for a lift. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited usage in South Africa. rosebud n. rectal opening, anus. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rusty starfish. Rosie v. insert the tongue into or lick the anus, anilingus. See also: ream, rim, Rosepetal, Rosie, round the world. rough trade n. a violent sex partner, usually a rent boy. round the world v. insert the tongue into or lick the anus, anilingus. See also: ream, rim, Rosie Rosepetal. Rover n. penis Orig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, schiong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. royal game n. underage gay boy. See also: blade, chicken, jail bait, twinkle pie, stir fries. rubber n. condom. See also: Connie. rubber queen n. gay man who like to wear rubber or latex clothing. rugridder n. (Afrikaans) active gay partner in anal intercourse. rusty starfish n. anus, rectal opening. See also: Annie, Betty's house, bonk hole, cherry, dark hole, land of milk and honey, mancunt, mango, manhole, naaigat, nectarine, pleasureland, rosebud. S

S&M abbrev. sado-masochism. Used in personal advertisements. v. stand and model, used of gay men who pose in public places. S.A./S.L. abbrev. staright acting/straight looking. Used in personal advertisements. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 98 S.A. abbrev. sex appeal. Used in personal advertisements. S.R.H. abbrev. sperm retention headache. Used to indicate that one wants to have sex. See also: horny, jags. S.T.B. abbrev. straight to bed. Indicates a very desirable man. "That number is S.T.B." S.T.D.s abbrev. sexually transmitted diseases. Sadie adj. sadistic. n. sadist. satyriasis n. a condition in which a man has an uncontrollable urge to have sex all the time. This could result in him up to ten a day, or more. See also: satyomania. safer sex n. having sex while using a condom to protect oneself from contracting AIDS. salad queen n. man who enjoys rimming as part of his sexual activity. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited usage in South Africa, where the term rim queen is more popular. Sally v. suck another man's penis, fellate someone. "I'd love to Sally him stupid!" See also: blow, fellate, give head, go down on, Monica Lewinsky. Sandra n. gay man who is constantly predicting bad things happening or telling bad news. Orig. derived from Cassandra of Greek mythology. Sarah adj. sensitive n. 1. sailor. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: seafood queen, soprano. 2. the drug serapax. sari queen n. Indian gay man. Salle en Marie n. (Afrikaans) sado-masochism. sashay v. walk in an overtly feminine manner, swinging the hips. scat n. faeces, shit. Orig. American Gayspeak. Thus scat queen n. man who like sexual activity which involves faeces. scene n. the gay world of bars, clubs and private relationships. schlong n. penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. schmangle n. cocaine. See also: Bernice, Koda, Patsy Cola. schnora n. mean person who sponges off others. Orig. Yiddish. schwah adj. nice, fancy, up-market. "I see she's driving a very schwah car these days". See also: zhwah. scoptophilia n. fetish of wtaching oneself performing a sexual act, usually in front of a mirror or on video. score n. to achieve a liaison with a sexually desirable person, to have sex. See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp, swap knitting patterns screaming queen n. an obvious homosexual, a gay man who speaks loudly in public places in an affected, camp manner. scream your tits off v. have a good time. "It was the best party ever. We screamed our tits off." screen queen n. man who knows all about movies and movie stars. screw around v. be sexually promiscuous. See also: Lucy, Lily Lospoes, matrasmeneer, play the field, screw around, slut. seafood queen n. gay man who picks up sailors for sexual purposes.. See also: Sarah, soprano. seafood takeaway n. crabs, pubic lice.

Selma v. sleep. send up v. put down, tease. "I just love sending Tim up because he take sit so seriously!" seven single n. person who is comfortable with being both active and passive in anal intercourse. See also: imbube, mix masala, versatile. sex change n. man, usually gay, who has become a woman surgically. shades n. sunglasses.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 99 shaya marete v. (Northern Sotho) masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. Odg. Township gay slang. she pron. He. Gay men have a propensity for calling each other by camp names, and referring to each other using female grammatical conventions. "Oh that James! She's a dish all right." See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. Sheila n. faeces, shit. v. defecate, have a shit. shoot (bullets) v. have an orgasm, cum. See also: come, cum, precum. show n. perform live sex acts (usually masturbatory) on a webcam via the intemet for public consumption. showground Alsatian n. unusually large, developed penis. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. shrimp queen n. man who likes sucking toes as part of his sexual activity. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited usage in South Africa. shuttle v. move along. "Let's shuttle to the Skyline." Ofig. derived from the VW CitiShuttle car, ideal for short trips. Siena n. secretary, organised person. sirkelnaai v. (Afrikaans) . the act of sitting in a circle and masturbating simultaneously. See also: J.O. club, circle jerk. sissy n. a passive gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: pansy, nancy boy, low queen. sister n. male gay friend. "Don't you badmouth my sister!" See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. six pack n. well-developed abdominal muscles which resemble a six pack of beer. sixty nine v. perform mutal fellatio between two persons, to suck each other's penises at the same time. size queen n. gay man who is obsessed with large, bigger than average penises. skeef adj. (Afrikaans) gay. "He tries to act straight, but he's as skeef as they comeOng. Western Cape. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. skesana n.(Zulu) a man who plays as passive role in anal intercourse. Orig. Township gay slang. See also: agter die kop kyk, bottom, brownie queen, girlie, skesana. skewe lewe n. (Afrikaans) gay life. "Alles is 'n Patsy in die skewe lewe." Orig. Western Cape. skiet v. (Afrikaans) ejaculate. skin queen n. man who likes uncircumcised penises. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: boerepiel, uncut. skirt n. pair of trousers. "No, Jeff, your not going out in denims. Put on another skirt." skommel v. (Afrikaans) masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 100 skomoro v. (Zulu) masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda, wank. Orig. Township gay slang. slang n. (Afrikaans) penis. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian. slangpark n. (Afrikaans) public toilets where men go for anonymous sex. Orig. Western Cape. See also: carousel, cottage, Polly the pisshouse queen, tearoom. slap n. make - up. "I can't stand a queen in slap!" Orig. British Polari. slap and tickle n. a lighthearted sexual liaison. "He's fun for some slap and tickle". slap your tits v. phrase used to indicate that you are annoyed with someone. "I'll slap your tits if you're not careful!" slappolssiekte adj. be gay. "Sy's seker besmet met slappolssiekte." See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, stabane, straatkat, team player, trassie. sleep around v. to be sexually promiscuous. See also: Lucy, Lily Lospoes, matrasmeneer, play the field, screw around, slut. slut n. sexually promiscuous person. See also: Lucy, Lily Lospoes, matrasmeneer, play the field, screw around, sleep around. Smack those lips! Exclamation of surprise. "Oh, no! Smack those lips!" (accompanied with hand to mouth ). smoke screen n. a woman who is consistently used by a gay man as a partner to throw people off the scent that he is gay. smut queen n. gay man who likes pornography. snackette n. a quick snack, a bite to eat. snora v. sniff cocaine. snot-nose queen n. pretentious gay man. See also: Miss Priss, prissy queen. snow queen n. gay man who uses cocaine. Orig. American Gayspeak. sokkie n. (Afrikaans) condom. See also: Connie. n. fetsih in which sexual arousal is achieved by having sex with a partner who is sleeping. Sonja n. sun. "We boogied until Sonja arrived. Orig. Western Cape. Sophie n. 1. syphilis. Ong. Cape Town 1950s. 2. soap. "He's no friend of Sophie. Sies!" Ong. Western Cape. soprano n. sailor. "The sopranos are in town tonight. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. . See also: Sarah, seafood queen. spank the monkey v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, Tilly, Wanda, wank. Orig. American Gayspeak. specials n. men. "Kyk all die specials hier vanaand!" Orig. Western Cape. spiritsmeid n. (Afrikaans) alcoholic coloured queen. "Sy gil soos 'n spiritsmeid as jy haar naai!" See also: bottle queen, Dora, Queen of Scotch, Sue-Ellen. spot n. a popular camping area. squeeze a kidney v. urinate, take a piss. See also: squeeze a Tampax. St Bernard n. huge, hairy penis. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier, young Alsatian.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 101 stabane n. (Zulu) gay man. Orig. Township gay slang. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, straatkat, team player, trassie. stage fright v. 1. be unable to maintain an erection during sex. 2. be unable to urinate at a public urinal. stallion n. heterosexual male prostitute who only services females. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: jazz hound, lounge lizard. stasieblompotte n.(afrikaans) railway policemen who used to entrap gay men cruising at stations. station queen n. man who cruises at railway stations, particularly Park Station in Johannesburg in the 1970s and 1980s. statue n. wallflower. Person who doesn't participate in dancing at a disco, but stands on the perimeter watching all night. Stella n. a thief. "Watch your valuables, Stella is here." See also: Stella queen. v. steal. Stephnie n. stove. Orig. Western Cape. stigmatophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by pierced body parts, esp. penis, but not ears. stilettoes n. shoes. Orig. Western Cape. See also: bats, gypsies. Stinnie n. (Afrikaans) smell, stink. See also: Stina. stir fries n. underage boys. Orig. Western Cape. See also: blade, chicken, jail bait, twinkle pie, royal game. storm, a adv. excessively, incessantly. "My, you were camping up a storm last night at the Cha Cha Palace!" straatkat n. (Afrikaans) masculine gay man. Orig. Western Cape. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, team player, trassie. straf n. (Afrikaans) corporal punishment, B&D. straight adj. heterosexual. n. a heterosexual. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, trawantes, Ursula. Strella adj. stressed. stuk n. (Afrikaans) see "piece". See also: number, nommer, piece, pomp. stunning adj. fabulous. "The movie was stunning." suck face v. French . Sue-Ellen n. alcoholic gay man. Orig. derived from the alcoholic character in the TV series "Dallas". See also: bottle queen, Dora, Queen of Scotch, spiritsmeid. sugar bush n. pubic hair. See also: bush, pubes, suikerbos. suikerbos n. (Afrikaans) pubic hair. See also: bush, pubes, sugar bush. superstar n. narcissistic gay man. sushi queen n. gay man who likes to hang around with fag hags. suster n. (Afrikaans) as for "sister". susters van verdrukking n. (Afrikaans) gay people. Suzy v. send up, tease. n. gossip. See also: aggie, big 5, dirt, dish, koek en tee, piemp. swank v. swish, sashay. Orig. Western Cape. swap knitting patterns v. have sex. Orig. Durban. See also: fuck, goensch, have, have it off, knit, lay, Nelly, poggel, pokkel, pomp,score. swap recipes v. chat. See also: cackle, Gail, klets, lippe klap. Sweaty Betty n. perspiring man. swing both ways adj. be bisexual. See also: AC/DC, bicycle, double adaptor, L.P.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 102 swish v. to walk or move in an effeminate manner, with much hip swinging. See also: Big Bertha, call boy, fem(me), flip and flap, koekblik, lipstick lesbian, Mavis, moffie, princess, trassie. swivel v. mingle socially. "Time to swivel, girlfriend!" See also: go forward. Sybil adj. unstable. n. sugar. Orig. Western Cape. symphophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through witnessing natural disasters. T T.B.H. abbrev. to be had; too bloody hot. Used to describe a sexually desirable man. "Tom Cruise is T.B.H. 11 T.D.F. abbrev. to die for. Used to describe a sexually attractive, but unavailable man. "Pity he's B.M He's T.D.F." See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T.,talent. T.D.S. abbrev. tedious, boring. T.O.Q. abbrev. tatty old queen. Describes a lecherous, older gay man. T.V. abbrev. transvestite, drag queen. Used in personal advertisements. See also: bag lady, cross dresser, drag queen, fopdosser, fopvrou, Paula Barry, transvestite. Tabitha n. tooth, teeth. Tafta adj. old, aged. Orig. Durban. See also: abo, Auntie Mame, Ethel, Olga. talent n. attractive men. "There's no talent here tonight." See also: Beaulah, Belinia, blinia, cute, cutie pie, divine, dreamboat, eye candy, F.S.Q., gdlk, gorgeous, hunky, main queen, Olive, P.Y.T., T.D.F. Talulah n. telephone. v. telephone. tamaai naai n. sexual threesome. Odg. Western Cape. Tannie Babs n. (Afrikaans) babalaas, hangover. Orig. Western Cape. See also: tattas. Tannie Manie n. (Afrikaans) dagga joint. Odg. Western Cape. See also: giggelgrassies, Gina, Gracie, Tannie Wilhelmien. Tannie Wilhelmien n. dagga, marijuana. See also: giggelgrassies, Gina, Gracie, Tannie Manie. tantrum queen n. someone who over-reacts, usually negatively, to everything. Orig. American Gayspeak.. tattas n. babelaas, hangover. Orig. Western Cape. See also: Tannie Babs. tattoo queen n. man who finds men with tattoos attractive. tea, coffee or me? n. South African Airways flight steward. "What do you expect? He's tea, coffe or me?" team player n. gay man. Frequently referred to as being on the team. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, trassie. tearoom n. public toilet where one can get anonymous sex. See also: cottage. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: carousel, cottage, Polly the pisshouse queen, slangpark, beats. teddy bear n. hairy, usually overweight man. Wearing a miniature teddy bear in the back pocket of one's denims indicates that one is looking for a hairy, overweight man for sexual purposes. Orig. American Gayspeak. . See also: bear, Harriet, Harris. teen queen n. man who likes having sex with teenagers. telephonocophilia n. fetish in which one reaches sexual orgasm by being spoken to lewdly over the telephone, usually by a stranger. Tercia n. tea. See also: Tootsie. Thelma adj. thin. "He's got so Thelma! Do you think Auntie Aida is visiting?" An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 103 Theresa n. 1. traffic cop 2. Tampax. Tessa v. tease the hair, do the hair. See also: klits die bolla. Thursday night n. a strange allusion which schoolboys in the 1960s would use to indicate that someone was gay. "He goes out on Thursday night". Orig. Port Elizabeth. Tilly v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.0., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly Toss Off, Wanda, wank. Tina adj. small, tiny, with reference to the size of a man's penis. See also: Lydia, Mitzi. tinkle v. urinate, piss. "Time for a tinkle." tired adj. used as a reference to someone who has been on the scene for a long time. "Oh, here comes that tired queen again." therapy queen n. gay man who is constantly undergoing psychological treatment for his condition. threesome n. a sexual act involving three people at the same time, a menange a trois. See also: tamaai naai. toer v. (Afrikaans) 1. camp 2. expression to tell someone to get lost, of the same force as "Fuck off!" T.O.G.S n. the first organisation for gay sport in South Africa, founded in 1984. The stood for Transvaal Organisation for Gay Sport. With the new provincial dispensation in 1994, and the subsequent disappearance of the Transvaal, the organisation became known as The Organisation for Gay Sport, and took on a national flavour. Tom Thumb queen n. gay man with a small penis. See also: chihuahua, Lottie, lunch, P.L.M., haired terrier. Tootsie n. tea. "Time for Tootsie?" Orig. Western Cape. See also: Tercia. top n. gay man who prefers to penetrate his partner during anal intercourse. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: boudkapper, dipsticktrekker, doengoes, fudge packer, injonga, jongetjies, reun. top-man n. an active gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: high queen, wolf. Torah queen n. man who likes having sex with Jewish man. Orig. American Gayspeak. Limited usage in South Africa. See also: beanie boy queen, Golda, Jessie. toyboy n. a younger male lover, who is usually supported by an older man. See also: Auntie queen, blade, boytoy, cutie pie, kept boy, princess, P.Y.T. (u)Tracy n. (Zulu) . Orig. Township gay slang. trade n. one night stand, sexual partner for a one-off experience. Orig. American Gayspeak. transvestite n. drag queen, man who wears women's clothing, and tries to pass himself off as a woman. See also: bag lady, cross dresser, drag queen, fopdosser, fopvrou, Paula Barry, T.V. trassie n. (Afrikaans) pejorative term for a gay man, usually effeminate. See also: andersom, bent, bit, boy, camper, choirboy, class gay, clone, common gay, friend of Dorothy, faggot, family, Fanuskind, girlfriend, Gladys, happy camper, koekblik, koorknaap, madam, Martha, Mary, member of the team, moffie, moffinia, molvyn, mother, muffin, ouma se kinders, pixie, princess, queen, she, sister, skeef, skeef geklap, slappolssiekte, stabane, straatkat, team player. trawantes adj. (Afrikaans) straight, heterosexual. Ong. Western Cape. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, Ursula. trick n. quick sexual liaison, usually with a male prostitute. See also: call boy, kept boy, rent, rent boy, rent-piece, Rita, Trixie Trash. v. to have a quick sexual liaison, usually with a male prostitute. Orig. American Gayspeak. Trixie n. 1. quick sexual contact Orig. Cape Town 1950s. 2. sex maniac, man who cannot get enough sex. Trixie Trash n. low life, common gay man, usually a male prostitute. See also: blou, call boy, Clara, Cora, commona, gross, kept boy, kimono, rent, rent boy, rent-piece, Rita, trick. troll v. walk around looking for sex. Ofig. British Polari. See also: camp, cruise, delphiniums soek. trommel n. (Afrikaans) army trunk. Amry version of being in the closet. "Hy's in die trommel." Trudie n. 1. trouble. 2. motor car tyre. Dig. Western Cape.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 104 Tuesday or August v. be confused. " He is so bewildered that he doesn't know if it's Tuesday or August". Orig. Johannesburg, 1980s. See also: Candy, Christmas or Brazil. Tupperware queen n. gay man who is perceived to be false. tweezer lips adj. to be angry. "Oh she's so tweezer lipped tonight. v. pout. twinkle pie n. underage boy who knows that he is gay, but is legally too young to practise his sexuality. See also: blade, chicken, jail bait, royal game, stir, fries. twisted queen n. gay man who is deranged, usually as a result of being dumped by a lover, and is hell bent on revenge. U

uncut adj. uncircumcised. Orig. American Gayspeak. See also: boerepiel, skin queen. unfortunate adj. very ugly. 'Who is that poor unfortunate queen?" See also: Brunhilda, Felicity, Gertrude, Hilda, Hildoris, Olga. uniform queen v. man who liked to have sex with army boys, in the days of national service, or with policemen. urophilia n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved through being urinated upon, or by urinating on someone else. See also: watersports. Ursula adj. understanding, gay-friendly heterosexual. See also: amafezela, Arthur, baby maker, Barbara, bleeder, B.M., breeder, breeder boy, buffalo, bunny bashers, fifth wheel, het, Norma, straight, trawantes. UTracy n. (Zulu) see Tracy. Orig. Township gay slang. V

V/W/E abbrev. very well endowed. Used in personal advertisements. See also: V/W/End. Valerie Vapours n. man who frequents health clubs for sexual purposes. vanilla sex n. regular missionary style intercourse, with no kinky stuff. varda v. look at, see. "Varda that dish!" Orig. British Polari. Vera n. valium. v. vomit. "It's enough to make you Vera all over the place." Veronica n. voice. " has a divine Veronica." versatile adj. comfortable at being either active or passive during anal intercourse. See also: imbube, mix masala, seven single. very I&J adj. young boys. Orig. derived from the I&J "Young & Tender" range of products. via ferra n. (Latin) the iron way. Park station in Johannesburg. n. battery operated device which is used for autopenetrationof the vagina/anus, usually when having sex by oneself. See also: Vivian. Vicky n. 1. VCR 2. pornographic videos. Virginia n. homosexual virgin. Someone who has never been fucked in the anus before. See also: cherry. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 105 vis n. (Afrikaans) see "fish". visit Betty's house v. have anal intercourse. See also: backdoor sex, Betty Boems, Betty calls, dry fuck, Kentucky, naai, plain sewing, punya, rioolboor. Vivian n. vibrator. vleismark n. (Afrikaans) see "meat market" vloermoer v. (Afrikaans) over-react to something. vrou voc. camp form of address. See also: mevrou. vroue van die kerk n (Afrikaans) gay church goers.

W/E abbrev. well endowed. Used in personal advertisements. See also: W/End. W.L.T.M. abbrev. would like to meet. Used in personal advertisements. Wanda v. masturbate, wank. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, wank. Wandie v. work as a transvestite prostitute. Orig. Western Cape. wank v. masturbate. Syn. afskud, beat your meat, flog one's log, J.O., jack off, jerk off, Jenny, Manda, Mandy, plain sewing, riem ruk, shaya marete, skommel, skomoro, spank the monkey, Tilly, Wanda. Ong. British Polari. Thus , one who masturbates. watersports n. activity where sex involves either being urinated on or urinating on a partner. Wealth & Faggot n. Helath & Racquet club. webcam n. camera which can be connected to one's computer so that one can broadcast live images of one's life via the intemet, usually engaging in sexual activity. See also: show. Weleda adj. well endowed, having a large penis. See also: well hung. well hung adj. well-endowed, having a large penis. See also: Weleda. Wena Naude voc. (Afrikaans) derogatory form of address. Wendy n. 1. white gay man. 2. crybaby. Orig. Western Cape. See also: weeping Wendy. Wes adj. (Afrikaans) stoned, drugged, drunk. Orig. Western Cape. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am n. quick sexual act with little or no tenderness. Orig. American Gayspeak. queen n. almost any gay man. wife n. lover. Used mainly by older gay men to refer to their partner. wig n. hairdo. Orig. Western Cape. See also: bolla. Winifred n. wind; weather. wire haired terrier n. penis with bristly pubic hair. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, lunch, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Torn Thumb queen, young Alsatian. wolf n. an active gay man. Orig. Johannesburg 1930s. See also: top-man, high queen. Wuthering Heights queen n. a hopeless romantic.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 106 Y

Yetta adj. horny, wanting sex. See also: jags. Yolanda adj. to your taste. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. n. out-of-towner, yokel, ignorant gay man. young Alsatian n. large penis on a young boy who is still developing. Orig. Cape Town 1950s. See also: banana queen, boerepiel, boerie, chihuahua, cock, cock from hell, delphinium, dick, dick of death, dragon, gear lever, great Dane, hard-on, Lana, Lottie, meat, one eyed bed snake, P.L.M., Penelope, porridge bird, Rover, schlong, showground Alsatian, slang, St Bernard, Tom Thumb queen, wire haired terrier. yum exclam. Exclamation at seeing a handsome man. z Zelda n. Zulu homosexual. Syn. Zita, (1950s). Zoo Lake queen n. man who cruises at the Zoo Lake cottages in Johannesburg. n. fetish in which sexual arousal is achieved by having sex with an animal, or being treated like an animal. See also: bestiality. zoosh adj. smart, nice, attractive. See also: bona, delicious, fabulous. v. smarten up. zhwah adj. nice, fancy, up-market. "I see she's driving a very schwah car these days". See also: schwah.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 107 Appendix D Interview with an SAA flight steward

This is a transcription of an original interview I conducted with Phillip Joubert in August 1995. The interview was originally conducted as research for an article I was writing for the Gay Newspaper, Exit, on the development of Gay Language in South Africa. Phillip Joubert was a flight steward with South African Airways in the seventies and became a teacher in the eighties. He was selected as a interviewee because of his first hand experience in SAA and the gay sub-culture, and was interested in my research.

Q: What was being a flight steward on South African Airways such a popular career choice with gay men living in South Africa in the Seventies?

A: South African Airways underwent an enormous expansion in the 1970's as demand for international travel from South Africa to some of the few countries where South Africans were still more or less welcome, soared. This was a time when the Rand was unbelievably strong against all other currencies (imagine R1.00 bought you US$1.20 or R1.58 bought you One Pound Sterling in those heady days). The gold price, which was the cause of our economic boom, was US$850.00 per ounce at one time! Few foreign airlines flew into Johannesburg, other than some of our stalwart airways partners like British Airways, KLM, Pan American, SAS, Rhodesian Airways, TAP (Portuguese), Alitalia, Air France (or UTA as it was then known), Lufthansa and El Al (the other pariah airline). The countries to which these foreign airlines flew, by and large, had visa restrictions against South African passport holders, so the greatest demand for flights was to our traditional mother country destinations like Britain, Netherlands and Portugal.

The famous Springbok route (Johannesburg to London) became one of the most profitable routes in the world, which remains the case even today, though many more airlines now fly between Johannesburg and a host of exotic foreign locales.

Demand for seats on the old Boeing 707s was overwhelming and SAA decided, in 1970 to purchase five brand new Boeing 747s straight off the production line in Seattle, to cope with the demand.

The first of these five new Jumbos began to be delivered in 1971. I was one of the many new cabin attendants or Flight Stewards as SAA styled us, to be trained in the tail end of 1971. My first fully-fledged flight, wearing my shiny new half- wings (only flight deck crew could wear full wings), was to Durban on the 0700 flight on Christmas Day, 1971. The cabin staff even got on board the Boeing 727 early in the morning and decorated the cabin with tinsel and glitter.

The 747 "Jumbo Jets", so-called because of their wide body and enormously increased passenger and fuel capacity, now demanded three times as many cabin crew members as needed by the 707s. Within a short space of time every steward and air hostess, was checked out in terms of their good or bad record in the air. If you had not screwed up too much and could explain away some of your minor gaffes satisfactorily to the interviewing panel, you would be selected to undergo a one month conversion course for 747s in emergency and service procedures, cabin layout and equipment.

Q: So it was not an automatic promotion to the 747s?

A: No. Some old colleagues did not make it. This caused some bitchy remarks to be made in the crew rostering office at Jan Smuts Airport, when it was noticed that some guys were going to London, Frankfurt or , while others were on the three day coastal to Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth, Upington, Keetmanshoop, Windhoek and Cape Town, again! Those airlines which employed a large number of male cabin attendants, because not every airline did, had a high proportion of gay males in their employ. I am sure that the reasons for this could make for an interesting sociological study by someone.

Q: Why do you think that gay males were attracted to this type of work?

A: My own view is that gay males were strongly attracted to a lifestyle which enabled them to travel and go to exotic locations and get away from restrictions placed on them in the family home. Remember also that at that time, South Africa was a very homophobic place to live in. People forget that, and that it was not just the black people who suffered under Nationalist rule and were oppressed at every turn.

Q: So there were straight air stewards on SAA at the time?

A: Yes, there were. And the straight stewards probably were likely to have enjoyed flying for precisely the same reasons, but gay men did not usually have the encumbrances of a partner who might make the away periods and the unsettled lifestyle awkward in a settled relationship. In other words, gays probably had fewer commitments or ties to consider before going gallivanting, as my grandmother used to say.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 108 Be that as it may, SAA certainly had its share of gay stewards. They were definitely not in the majority, much as we might think or wish that they were. Nor did the familiarity of gay presence remove some ugly examples of homophobia and derisive comments from straight male stewards and cockpit crews towards the gay boys.

For many young gays the freedom of the skies was not matched by freedom of lifestyles on the ground. The necessity to prevaricate and dissemble about one's sexual identity was not removed because one was far from the gaze of disapproving family.

Many young stewards were unsophisticated Afrikaans boys from the platteland dorpies around South Africa, because the SAA recruiting teams had cast their nets far and wide and did not want only the mainly English speaking city lads to benefit from the steady employment offered by the airline.

These were still the days when the shadowy and powerful Broederbond held power in every one of South Africa's state departments or parastatals. They had long favoured their own over the hated non-Afrikaner. The result of this was that Airways became a finishing school for unsophisticated boereseuns.

Imagine what it was like for some gay guy from Kraaifontein who has spent his whole life trying to hide his true nature from a domineering father, a super butch older brother and the restrictive local DRC gemeente. Suddenly, it is like he has arrived in Oz and around him are a bunch of hunky stewards, many of whom, it was soon discovered, are also gay. A whole new world opens up around you. One in which you are surrounded by like-minded friends who share your interests and your sexual identity. Sheer heaven!

Q: You mentioned the Rostering Office earlier. What was that, and how did it impact on the gay stewards?

A: The Rostering office was in the old catering building next to the domestic terminal at Jan Smuts Airport. Here you would sometimes sit when on call for six hours, waiting to be "caught out". This meant that if some other steward did not turn up for duty, you were called upon to replace him. It was male for male and female for female. The normal complement on internal flights being two stewards, two air hostesses and a senior steward in charge. Thus a steward could not replace a hostess and vice-versa.

These six hours were excruciatingly boring. One had to sit in old seats from the Hawker-Siddely 487s, which were narrow, cramped and made of steel pipe and metal plate. Stretched over this was a painfully thin cushion as the only slight concession to comfort. Those early pioneering airways' passengers must have been a tough and hardy bunch!

It was difficult to sleep, stretch out or relax in these tortuous chairs and SAA management had certainly not thought of providing rest and recreation areas. So the "Koffie Moffies", as we referred to ourselves in a tongue-in-cheek, slightly self-disparaging way, would amuse ourselves in the time-honoured gay fashion with gossip and jokes. Anything to pass the time and tedium.

Some of the biggest scandal-mongers were given nicknames of famous female murderesses of earlier days in South Africa. I do not know why, perhaps it was a tacit acknowledgement of their murderously accurate mimicry of other stewards, rostering clerks and inspectors. Maybe they had become, like that other feared and kowtowed to New York Queen Bitch, Hedda Hopper, mistresses of character assassination. Whatever the reason, their acid tongues were enjoyed and feared simultaneously.

Q: So the Roster Office was not a pleasant place to be?

A: I didn't say that. Apart from the physical discomfort of the place, it was fun, and you enjoyed the scandalous stories of queen bitches with names like "Maria Groesbeeck", "Daisy de Melcker" and "Bubbles Schroeder", praying that they would never find out about your latest little foibles and indiscretions with some cute stew in Windhoek or Durban. A vain hope - they always did. Someone always blabbed. Six hours is a long time to sit quietly without succumbing to the temptation of also enthralling the room with some bon-mot of your own.

There was a very true saying, that if you had sex with anyone while on a flight to London, gossip about it would get back to Jan Smuts before you did. This was borne out in fact many times.

Q: So being gay and a steward was a care-free existence?

A: No. Being gay did not mean one could cast all caution to the winds and speak out openly about one's interests, sexual conquests or who was the hunk in seat 14b. There were always homophobic flight stewards, sneering flight deck crew and complaining passengers within earshot.

I must digress for a moment and tell you something which might have a bearing on the propensity of SAA gays to make up names for various things.

Very shortly after buying the first of the five 747s, SAA launched an internal competition to find the most appropriate nicknames for their new Jumbos. All the SAA aircraft had Official names painted on their fuselages, names of South African cities, mountains and rivers.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 109 The 707s had all been named after cities in South Africa, one of which, the ill-fated Johannesburg, had crashed on take off from Windhoek. The 747s were named after mountains and the first two were named Magaliesberg and Lebombo.

But in addition, all South African aircraft and ships, boats and yachts have a five letter registration code, made up of the letters ZS followed by a hyphen and then three more letters. In Britain this would be a G followed by four letters and in the USA an N, followed by four letters.

The five new 747s were registered as ZS- SAL, ZS-SAM, ZS-SAN, ZS-SAO and ZS-SAP. It was these three letter registrations that they wanted to convert into names so that aircrews would think of their aircraft in a personal way, or to help them remember which aircraft they were flying on or whatever the official, and no doubt, deeply Freudian reason for this cosy little arrangement.

The names had to reflect the three letter registration code, so the names they settled on after advertising for contributions in the in-service magazine, were: Salamander, Samona, Sanora, Saonara and Sappora or something equally inane. I cannot really remember what they decided on except, Sappora which sounds about right. Who knows whether this predilection for naming things with girls names frequently ending in /-al did not perhaps have its origins in this bizarre naming of our Jumbos?

Q: So this was the beginning of South African Gay Slang today?

A: I don't really know. I doubt whether anyone could say with any truth or accuracy who started the trend of speaking in a coded lexicon which began to be understood by other gay flight stewards, then by gays in the wider community and finally by heterosexuals who assimilated the language through a kind of occupational osmosis. Nor are some of the words which became au courant, necessarily invented by SAA flight stewards.

Words such as camp, rent boy and cottage are English. In the English theatre community, a hotbed of gay chorus boys, there has long been a tradition of calling all males in the theatre community with a girlish name, the camper, the better. Apparently, Prince Edward was known as Millie by his fellow thespians at the Theatre Royal during his brief flirtation with the world of theatre.

From the USA come the words TV's for transvestites and cruising, chicken and chicken hawk, as well as cut or uncut meaning circumcised or uncircumcised. Readers of American gay fiction will soon have understood the meanings of expressions like blow job, sixty-nine, jism, cum, giving head, jacking or jerking off, all of which are just as likely to be found in American straight erotic fiction.

But what is fairly unique to South Africa, and specifically to the SAA community, are the girl-name words which evolved to describe various everyday things.

The reasons for the use of these words is fairly easy to understand. Imagine being a flight steward working in the cramped confines of a galley on board one of the Boeings. Your gay colleague wants to catch up on a bit of news or gossip, or to point out that hunky male sitting in an adjoining seat. You are both aware of passengers within earshot who would hear every word, but in those pre-gay rights days, you could not risk causing offence or you would be out of a job fairly quickly (cabin personnel did not have powerful unions in SAA then).

Thus a typical conversation might go something like this:

" Where did you go last night?"

"Butterfly, had a few Doras, met a bliss piece and we went home for the Sally session of my life" (Translation: I went to the Skyline Hotel Bar, had a few drinks and met a really handsome guy, picked him up and we went home and gave each other head).

"Hey check out the lunch on that bliss piece in 16a" (Hey look at the bulge on that hunk in16a).

"Are you Marie? It is Hilda and Nora too" ( Are you mad?, he looks dumb and ugly).

All the passengers would hear would be a rather disjointed conversation in which girl's names seemed to occur frequently. Nothing strange in that, these are a very normal part of male conversation.

Q: So Gay Slang was only used when straights were around?

A: No. The need for secrecy and discretion were not the sole reasons for the development and dissemination of Gay slang, since it was used in exclusively gay places like bars where there was no need for discretion. Gays enjoyed having their own language or code. Being proficient in it meant that you were pretty hip in 'gayeze'. It was also very camp to use this language. And in the seventies and eighties, air stewards were the epitome of camp!

Q: So why did the gay population who were not air stewards use this language?

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 110 A: The favourite haunts of gay stewards were the various bars and clubs around the country, but especially in Johannesburg, home base of SAA. So the gay code spread to the wider non-airways community. Remember it was the time when the Gay Liberation front was making tremendous inroads in other parts of the world. Being gay was hip. It was cool.

Since most of the flight stewards were bi-lingual in Afrikaans and English, gay slang had a mixed flavour, some words being Afrikaans sounding or in pronunciation, though names themselves have no language bias.

It was not uncommon to hear a conversation going along the lines of : "0 nee Poppie, ek gil vir daai nommer, want sy's Stella en sal jou sommer Bella ook. In elk geval gaan ek nooit saam met Ritas nie".(Oh no doll, I'd shriek before touching that number, because he is a thief, will probably beat you up, and anyway, I do not go with rent boys).

I once heard this phrase casually dropped into a conversation by a person who suspected that I might be gay but was not sure. He could not ask the question outright because he was with his girlfriend at the time and also did not know whether I might take offence at being asked the question. So he casually said: " Yeah on the way here I went to the Dip for a Dora".

To say that I choked on my food was to put it mildly, much to his gratified amusement. He could not have hoped for a better and more dramatic reaction and confirmation of my "sister" status, that I was indeed a "Friend of Dorothy".

The "Dip" was a code word for The Diplomat Hotel downstairs bar in Bree Street. "Dora" as any self-respecting sister knows is a drink or two.

Q: What bars were the meeting places of gay people at that time?

A: There were many favourite bars and clubs in and around Johannesburg in those halcyon days of the seventies and eighties. The best-known, and indeed flagship of gay bars in South Africa, was the famous Skyline Hotel in Pretoria Street, Hillbrow. It changed its name later to The Harrison Reef Hotel, but patrons of the famous or infamous Butterfly Bar stuck doggedly to the name Skyline.

Nearby there was another bar called the Together Bar at the Ritz Plaza Hotel and later Connections opened down near the Old Fort end of Pretoria Street. Other bars came and went, some merely a part of a hotel desperate to attract what would later become known as the Pink Dollar* (or Pink Rand in South African terms), or a club in its own right.

Suddenly a lot of greedy and unscrupulous entrepreneurs, usually not themselves gay, were desperately and cynically anxious to exploit the fact that the average gay was unencumbered by dependants and, where employed, enjoyed a large amount of disposable income which could be raked into the greedy pockets of club lords. Clubs started to mushroom all over.

Some of the names that come to mind are:

The Oasis Club (Anderson Street, City and Suburban), the oldest Grande dame of the gay clubs - The Dungeon or Big D down the darker end of Marshall Street; After Dark in Sandton, The Anaconda behind the Drill Hall, Plum Crazy in Jeppe Street, Mrs. Henderson's in Commissioner Street; Ciros ; Mandy's in End Street, Star Gazer in Glenhazel, Jacqueline's in Pretoria and a host of others that opened and closed, sometimes in the same month.

Some of the "Cottages", or "Tea Rooms" as the Americans call them, had names that passed into the lexicon, for the same reason that gay slang had originated - for anonymity and a certain amount of justified paranoia from living in the straight-jacketed, jack-booted society that was South Africa at that time.

Some of the better-known "Camping" spots were: Bargain Basement (the underground toilets at the Van der BijI Square bus terminus), City Hall, Carlton (three of them - the ones behind Fontana, the ones just off the ice rink court- before they changed it into a chess square, and the favourite ones behind Clicks in the South Eastern corner of the centre).

Probably the best-known cruising area was what one man I knew referred to as the Via Ferra (literally "the Iron Way" or railroad station i.e. Johannesburg's Park Station). Aficionados will recall that there were three different toilets, each with its own character and entrapment risk from the "Stasie Blompotte" or South African Railways Police who made regular raids on the different toilets to catch Cottage Queens at it and were not above a bit of entrapment out of uniform. The three toilets in question were the ones opposite the main platform entrances in the main concourse, the ones behind the ticket offices - bigger and busier but also riskier, and the lesser known Blue Room toilets on the old Park Station concourse.

There were other cruising toilets around Johannesburg, such as Rotunda Park, Pioneer Park and Wemmer Pan, Emmerentia Lake and that mother of all cottages, Zoo Lake, hot spot of cruising, arrests and murders.

Other cities had their favourite cruising parks and cottages tooi' Smiths Beach parking lot in Durban; The Wall opposite the old Elizabeth Hotel in Sea Point, Cape Town; Burger's Park, Pretoria; Germiston Lake, Boksburg Lake, Lake,

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 111 The Fountains Pretoria and then virtually any and every sizeable shopping centre in any town or city from Pietersburg to Graaf Reinett, Nelspruit to Windhoek.

One must not forget the favourite places for gays to relax, get clean and get laid. Yes, the steam baths! The grand old lady being the London Health, where cruising in the steam room, the pool and the cute little curtained cubicles was a great time out for all. Other, more modern and often more prissy steam clubs claimed some of the London Health's clientele, but she held her own against all-comers up to her sad end which came as the fear of AIDS infection spread worldwide and steam baths became no-no's.

But back on the subject of what had started out as a few coded words had evolved into a mini language, albeit without complex phrases, verbs, conjunctions and the more prosaic aspects of language. It is now called Gayle, Gayspeak, Gayeze or Gaytaal.

Q: Why is gay slang not as popular today as it was in the last two decades?

A: It is not really used to such an extent in the New South Africa because of vast changes in population demographics, and certainly to enormous changes in the makeup of cabin personnel in SAA. Gay slang seems to be dying out, like Latin or Gaelic, and is used only by those keen to doggedly continue using the words out of habit or nostalgia. Many words are still being used by old and young alike, often without realising the origin or significance of the vocabulary. Probably the most important reason is that the younger generation doesn't have any reason to use a coded form of language nowadays. Gays are everywhere today. They lead openly gay lifestyles and are accepted more in society than they ever were before. So there is no reason to hide one's identity, I suppose.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 112 Appendix E Frequency of word usage

The following is an analysis of the fifty most well-known words of Gayle according to demographics. This information has been gathered from Questionnaire 2. The words are given in descending order of popularity, with number 1 being the most popular word. Age

20 - 30 years old

1. Drag 26. Blow job 2. Drag Queen 27. One night stand 3. Well hung 28. Fairy 4. Camp 29. Cum 5. Fag/faggot 30. Closet 6. Moffie 31. Rent 7. Queen 32. Hung 8. Queer Pomp 9. Cock Tease Screw around 10. Straight 35. Camp it up 11. Butch 36. Kamp 12. Gang Bang 37. Cruise 13. Wank 38. Family 14. Fist fucking 39. Rent piece 15. Gay bashing 40. Crabs 16. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 41. Dora 17. Well endowed 42. Bitch 18. Slut 43. Fag Hag 19. Rent boy 44. Dyke 20. S&M 45. Hilda 21. Threesome 46. Stunning 22. Closet Queen 47. Beaulah 23. Come out 48. Bolla 24. Drama Queen 49. Fish 25. Girlfriend 50. Tea, Coffee or me?

30 - 40 years

1. Cock Tease 26. Send up 2. Moffie 27. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 3. Queen 28. Rent boy 4. Queer 29. Rent piece 5. Butch 30. S&M 6. Slut 31. Closet Queen 7. Blow job 32. Fairy 8. Dora 33. Cum 9. Koffie Moffie 34. Closet 10. Drag Queen 35. Pomp 11. Camp 36. Cruise 12. Family 37. Hilda 13. Drag 38. Bolla 14. Fag/faggot 39. Fem(me) 15. Straight 40. Mince 16. Gang Bang 41. Have the hots for

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 113 17. Threesome 42. Drag Queen 18. Come out 43. Gay bashing 19. Drama Queen 44. Screw around 20. One night stand 45. Doll 21. Rent 46. Lettie 22. Rent piece 47. Scene 23. Crabs 48. Wank 24. Bitch 49. Fist fuck 25. Cradle snatching 50. Hung

40 - 50 years

1. Closet 26. Cruise 2. Poppers 27. Mince 3. Fag/faggot 28. Wank 4. Send up 29. Fist fuck 5. Closet Queen 30. Fag Hag 6. Cum 31. Boyfriend 7. Sixty nine 32. Drop one's ovaries 8. Passive 33. Miss Priss 9. Moffie 34. Well hung 10. Queen 35. Well endowed 11. Queer 36. Affair 12. Blow job 37. Diesel dyke 13. Koffie Moffie 38. Trick 14. Drag Queen 39. Butch 15. Family 40. Slut 16. Drag 41. Drama Queen 17. Straight 42. Rent piece 18. Gang Bang 43. Crabs 19. Threesome 44. Cradle snatching 20. One night stand 45. Drag Queen 21. Rent 46. Gay bashing 22. Bitch 47. Screw around 23. Rent boy 48. Stunning 24. S&M 49. Golden shower 25. Fairy 50. AC/DC

50 - 60 years

1. Cum 26. Slut 2. Gang Bang 27. Drama Queen 3. Gay bashing 28. Screw around 4. Closet 29. AC/DC 5. Fag/faggot 30. Lunch/lunch box 6. Closet Queen 31. Dyke 7. Sixty-nine 32. Sleep around 8. Passive 33. Active 9. Moffie 34. BM 10. Blow job 35. Camp 11. Drag Queen 36. Come out 12. Straight 37. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 13. Threesome 38. Pomp 14. One night stand 39. Toyboy 15. Bitch 40. Camp it up 16. Rent boy 41. Score 17. S&M 42. Jail bait 18. Fairy 43. Slap and tickle 19. Cruise 44. Cock tease 20. Mince 45. Have the hots for

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 114 21. Wank 46. Bella 22. Well endowed 47. Meat 23. Affair 48. Swing both ways 24. Trick 49. Have/had 25. Butch 50. Limp wristed

60 + years

1. Hilda 26. Closet 2. Moffie 27. Cruise 3. Queen 28. Fem(me) 4. Butch 29. Drag queen 5. Blow job 30. Gay bashing 6. Drag Queen 31. Screw around 7. Camp 32. Wank 8. Family 33. Toyboy 9. Drag 34. Lunch/lunch box 10. Fag/faggot 35. Fag Hag 11. Straight 36. Dyke 12. Gang Bang 37. Nora 13. Come out 38. Sleep around 14. Drama queen 39. Limp wristed 15. One night stand 40. Camp it up 16. Rent 41. Divine 17. Rent piece 42. Swing both ways 18. Crabs 43. Score 19. Cradle snatching 44. Miss Priss 20. Send up 45. Well hung 21. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 46. Diesel dyke 22. Rent boy 47. Cottage queen 23. S&M 48. Slap and tickle 24. Fairy 49. Rough trade 25. Cum 50. Bella

Educational Level

Less than matric education

1. Affair 26. Cock tease 2. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 27. Slut 3. Well hung 28. Cum 4. Drag Queen 29. Gay bashing 5. Drag 30. Wank 6. Come out 31. Rent 7. Drama Queen 32. Cruise 8. Threesome 33. Family 9. Fairy 34. Dyke 10. Well endowed 35. Fag Hag 11. Moffie 36. Hung 12. Queen 37. Golden shower 13. Queer 38. Butch 14. Fag/faggot 39. Crabs 15. Straight 40. Rent piece 16. Gang Bang 41. Cradle snatching 17. One night stand 42. Koffie Moffie 18. S&M 43. Camp it up 19. Rent boy 44. Bitch 20. Fist fuck 45. Screw around 21. Boyfriend 46. Dora 22. Blow job 47. Mince 23. Closet 48. Pomp An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 115 24. Closet queen 49. Beaulah 25. Camp 50. Scene Matric Education

1. Moffie 26. Bolla 2. Drag Queen 27. Cruise 3. Butch 28. Drama Queen 4. Queen 29. Threesome 5. Queer 30. Bitch 6. Affair 31. Screw around 7. Blow job 32. Send up 8. Fag/faggot 33. Dora 9. Straight 34. Mince 10. Gang Bang 35. Crabs 11. Closet 36. Fairy 12. Closet Queen 37. Family 13. Camp 38. Pomp 14. Cock tease 39. Poppers 15. One night stand 40. Fist fuck 16. Slut 41. Rent piece 17. Drag 42. Cradle snatching 18. Cum 43. Stunning 19. S&M 44. Wham, barn, thank you ma' 20. Gay bashing 45. Lettie 21. Wank 46. Girlfriend 22. Rent boy 47. Skeef 23. Come out 48. Koffie Moffie 24. Rent 49. Drag Queen 25. Hilda 50. Passive

Post Matric Education

1. Fag/faggot 26. Screw around 2. Moffie 27. Sleep around 3. Drag Queen 28. Camp 4. Straight 29. Come out 5. One night stand 30. Pomp 6. Fairy 31. Camp it up 7. Butch 32. Jail bait 8. Slut 33. Cock tease 9. Drama Queen 34. On the side 10. Dyke 35. Poppers 11. Queen 36. Send up 12. Queer 37. Koffie Moffie 13. Family 38. Rent 14. Drag 39. Fist fuck 15. Cum 40. Fag Hag 16. Gang Bang 41. Boyfriend 17. Closet 42. Rent piece 18. Closet Queen 43. Cradle snatching 19. Sixty-nine 44. Drag queen 20. Blow job 45. Stunning 21. Threesome 46. Golden shower 22. Bitch 47. Fish 23. Rent boy 48. Easy meat 24. S&M 49. Bliss 25. Affair 50. Diesel dyke

Regions

Due to minimal response from the Northern Cape, Mpumlanga, Northern Province, Eastern Cape and North West Province, statistics from these regions have not been included. An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 116 Free State

1. Moffie 26. Koekstamp en giggel 2. Drag Queen 27. Groepswoeps 3. Butch 28. Lily Lospoes 4. S&M 29. Auntie Poppie 5. Closet 30. Goensch 6. Drag 31. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 7. Queen 32. Fag/faggot 8. Queer 33. Cum 9. Camp 34. Straight 10. Cock tease 35. Come out 11. Drama Queen 36. Fairy 12. Slut 37. Wank 13. Gang Bang 38. Nora 14. Crabs 39. Mince 15. Blow job 40. Family 16. Cradle snatching 41. Fist fuck 17. Dora 42. Bitch 18. Gay bashing 43. Cruise 19. Closet queen 44. Affair 20. Divine 45. Stunning 21. Bolla 46. Rent 22. Fem(me) 47. Pomp 23. Auntie Aida 48. Clora 24. Betty Bangles 49. Skeef 25. Kamp 50. Cilia

Gautenq

1. Moffie 26. Cock tease 2. Queen 27. Slut 3. Queer 28. S&M 4. Fag/faggot 29. Wank 5. Closet Queen 30. Family 6. Drag Queen 31. Pomp 7. Gay bashing 32. Fist fuck 8. Rent boy 33. Koffie Moffie 9. Threesome 34. Sixty nine 10. Rent piece 35. Fag Hag 11. Well hung 36. Closet 12. Butch 37. Cum 13. Blow job 38. Come out 14. Straight 39. Cruise 15. Gang Bang 40. Send up 16. Camp 41. Dora 17. One night stand 42. Crabs 18. Rent 43. Cradle snatching 19. Drama Queen 44. Sleep around 20. Screw around 45. Dyke 21. Fairy 46. Camp it up 22. Poppers 47. Glory hole 23. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 48. Hung 24. Have the hots for 49. Boyfriend 25. Affair 50. Golden shower

KwaZulu-Natal

1. Hilda 26. Cum An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 117 2. Moffie 27. Sleep around 3. Queen 28. Lettie 4. Queer 29. Rim 5. Drag Queen 30. Auntie Aida 6. Rent boy 31. Closet Queen 7. Threesome 32. Well hung 8. Blow job 33. Gang Bang 9. Straight 34. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 10. One night stand 35. Affair 11. Rent 36. Cock tease 12. Slut 37. S&M 13. Come out 38. Pomp 14. Bitch 39. Fist fuck 15. Mince 40. Koffie Moffie 16. Passive 41. Fag Hag 17. Drag 42. Closet 18. Fag/faggot 43. Cruise 19. Rent piece 44. Dora 20. Butch 45. Drag Queen 21. Camp 46. Stunning 22. Drama Queen 47. Active 23. Screw around 48. Fish 24. Wank 49. Nora 25. Family 50. Fairy

Western Cape

1. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 26. Rent boy 2. Drag Queen 27. Threesome 3. Fag/faggot 28. Blow job 4. Cum 29. Mince 5. One night stand 30. Screw around 6. Butch 31. Family 7. S&M 32. Fist fuck 8. Closet 33. Fag Hag 9. Dyke 34. Send up 10. Straight 35. Camp it up 11. Come out 36. Cradle snatching 12. Drag 37. Dora 13. Well hung 38. Sixty-nine 14. Fairy 39. Swing both ways 15. Moffie 40. Lunch/lunch box 16. Queen 41. Beaulah 17. Queer 42. Diesel Dyke 18. Camp 43. Bitch 19. Wank 44. Cruise 20. Cock tease 45. Hung 21. Drama Queen 46. Affair 22. Nora 47. Drag Queen 23. Slut 48. Golden shower 24. Gang Bang 49. Gay bashing 25. Crabs 50. Boyfriend Mother tongue

ENGLISH

1. Drag Queen 26. Poppers 2. Fag/faggot 27. Gang bang

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 118 3. Straight 28. Screw around 4. Come out 29. Camp it up 5. Queen 30. Rent piece 6. Queer 31. Closet Queen 7. Camp 32. Dizzy 8. Blow job 33. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 9. Family 34. Cruise 10. One night stand 35. Fist fuck 11. S&M 36. Send up 12. Drag 37. Bitch 13. Well hung 38. Hilda 14. Fairy 39. Sleep around 15. Moffie 40. Pink Rand 16. Slut 41. Affair 17. Fag Hag 42. Gay bashing 18. Cum 43. Active 19. Butch 44. Dyke 20. Cock tease 45. Crabs 21. Drama Queen 46. Swing both ways 22. Rent boy 47. Nora 23. Threesome 48. Golden shower 24. Closet 49. AC/DC 25. Wank 50. Koffie Moffie

AFRIKAANS

1. Moffie 26. S&M 2. Queen 27. Slut 3. Queer 28. Cum 4. Butch 29. Threesome 5. Kamp 30. Closet 6. Koekstamp en giggel 31. Wank 7. Drag Queen 32. AC/DC 8. Drag 33. Fist fuck 9. Gang Bang 34. Affair 10. Closet Queen 35. Crabs 11. Gay bashing 36. Koffie Moffie 12. Dora 37. Stunning 13. Pomp 38. Bolla 14. Fag/faggot 39. Hilda 15. Camp 40. Betty BAngles 16. One night stand 41. Bliss 17. Cock tease 42. Bitch 18. Drama Queen 43. Dyke 19. Wham, barn, thank you ma'am 44. Poppers 20. Rent piece 45. Send up 21. Mince 46. Cradle snatching 22. Skeef 47. Bolla klits 23. Gil 48. Come out 24. Straight 49. Cruise 25. Blow job 50. Nora

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 119 Appendix F

QUESTIONNAIRE 1: Research Questionnaire on Gay Language

Hi there. My name Is Ken Cage. I am a gay man who is busy doing a Masters Thesis on Gay Language in South Africa at RAU in Johannesburg. That, unfortunately, is all I can reveal at this time so as not to bias you answers to the questions below.

I would greatly appreciate it if you could take the time to complete the following short questionnaire, which I am using to gather data for my study.

I feel very strongly that as things in South Africa change, we are losing much of our gay heritage, and while there are still people out there who have the knowledge and experience of gay language, it should be documented for the future.

By taking part in this important study, your identity will at all times be kept confidential. You do not even have to supply a surname, if you do not wish to do so. The first letter of your surname will be sufficient.

Once you have completed the questionnaire, I would appreciate it if you could please forward it to me at: P.O. Box 169 Melville 2109 or fax it to me at: 011-673-1901. If you wish, an electronic version is available, via e-mail, which can be completed on-line and submitted to me. To get this copy, please e-mail me at [email protected].

Thank you very much for your participation and interest in this project. Without your input, it would not be possible.

Respondent's details

Name

Age

Location

Gender

Home language

Ethnic Group

Sexual Orientation

Educational level:

Profession

Address/e-mail/tel no, should you wish to be advised when the study has been completed

Please answer the following questions as fully as possible:

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 120

Are you aware that there is a gay language? (Please tick the appropriate box) YES NO

How well do you think you know this language?

Have you ever used gay language? YES NO

If you answered yes to the above question, how did you learn gay language?

What three words in the gay language spring to mind immediately (please give their meanings as well WORD MEANINING

Are there any words in the gay language which you have heard but do not know the meaning of? If so, please list them below. YES NO

Do you think that gay language differs from one region in South Africa to another?

YES NO

Why do you say this?

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 121

9. Do you think that gay language is different in other countries to what it is like in South Africa? YES NO

10.Why do you say this?

11.How long have you been part of the gay scene in South Africa?

12.At what period of your life do you think that you used gay language the most?

13.Why do you think this is/was so?

14.If you had to give a name to gay language in South Africa, what would it be?

Where do you think that gay language came from?

Why, would you say, do you use or have used gay language in your life?

Do you think that being gay and having a gay language is a good thing or not?

YES NO

Why do you say that?

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 122

Do you have any gay friends or acquaintances who know about the gay language, but refuse to use it? If so, please give details YES NO

Have you ever seen or used gay language in written communications/ articles/etc? If so, explain when.

YES NO

What, briefly, would you say is your attitude to gay language?

What role do you think gay language could play in gay culture, if any?

Thank you very much for your time and knowledge in assisting me gather data for my research into this interesting topic. Your assistance is greatly appreciated.

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 1 23 QUESTIONNAIRE 2 Survey on Gay Language in South Africa

Hi there. My name Is Ken Cage. I am a gay man who is busy doing a Masters Dissertation at RAU in Johannesburg, on the Form and Function of Gay Language in South Africa in the field of Applied Lingusitics.

I would greatly appreciate it if you could take the time to complete the following survey, which I am using to gather data for my study.

I feel that as things in South Africa change, we are losing much of our gay heritage, and while there are still people out there who have the knowledge and experience of gay language, it should be documented for the future.

By taking part in this important study, your identity will at all times be kept confidential. You do not even have to supply a name, if you do not wish to do so. However, the rest of the Respondent's Details below are important, so that I can analyse the data demograpically.

Once you have completed the questionnaire, I would appreciate it if you could please forward it to me in the enclosed, self-addressed envelope, before the end of May 1999.

If you wish, an electronic version is available in MSWord or WordpERFECT FORMAT, which can be completed and re-submitted to me by e-mail. To get this copy, please e-mail me at [email protected] .

Thank you very much for your participation and interest in this project. Without your input, it would not be possible.

Respondent's details

Name

Age

Location

Gender

Home language

Ethnic Group

Sexual Orientation

Educational level:

Profession

Address/e-mail/tel no, should you wish to be advised when the study has been completed

Part 1 How much do YOU know?

Below is a list of words in the gay language which I have already compiled from my research. All I ask is that you read through the list and place a tick next to those An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 124 words/phrases which you know the meanings of in a gay context_. Words which you may have heard, but do not know the meanings of, do not qualify!

A Belenia Busy Abigail Belinda Butch AC/DC Bella Butterfly Bar active Bella Bashing Butterfly McQueen Ada Bernice BW Aerie Faerie Bertha Affair Betty C Afskud (Afr) Betty Bangles Call boy Agatha Betty Boeing Calla Aggie Beverley Camp Aggro Big 5 Camp it up Agnetha Big A Camp names Aida Big Bertha Candarel Queen Alice Bimbette Candy Amafezela (Zulu) Bit Caramia Amanda Bitch Carol Amanda, klap daai BM Carol Carless lippe! (Afr) Annemarie Atmosfeer Black Hole Cathy Andersom Black widow Cha Cha Palace Annie Bliss Chubby Chaser Arthur Bloes (Afr) Cilia Ashes Blow Cindy Auntie Blow job Cheap Auntie Aida Blue balls Check out Auntie Poppie Body beautiful Cherry Ayina (Zulu) Boere-barok (Afr) Chicken Boerie Clarissa B Bolla Class gay Bag Bolla klits (Afr) Clap Bangles Boner Clone Barbara Boris Clora Basket Bottom Closet BBM (Bale Belangrike Boude skud en tiete Closet case/queen Moffie) (Afr) swaai (Afr) Beached Whale Boy Cluster Bearoche Boyfriend Cluster fuck Beatrice Boytoy Clutch Beatrice, Queen of Breadloafs Clutch bag Mystery Beaulah Breeder Clutter fuck Beaulet Breeder boy Cobra in the basket Beehive sex Brenda Cock tease Beer (Afrikaans) Bull dyke Coif Behind the boerewors Bunny bashers Coliseum Curtains curtain Come out Double Adaptor Girl Common gay Drop one's ovaries Girlfriend Connie Dungeon, The Girlie Constance Dyke Glad eye Cora Gladys Cottage E Glory Hole Cottage queen Easy meat Goensch Crabs Elsa Gold plated queen Cradle snatching Elsie Geselsie (Afr) Golda Crimps Emma Golden shower

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 125 Cruise Erica Gonda Cum Esther Williams Goons Cupboard queen Esterjie Gora Ethel Griselda D Ethel clutch Groepwoeps (Afr) Daisy Chain Gracie Daphne F Greta Debra Fag/faggot Guccis Delia Fag Hag Gypsies Delphinium Fairy Delphiniums soek Family H Demona Fanuskind (Afr) Harriet Denise Fatima Harris Desperation hour Felicity Hangkas (Afr) Diamantes Fem Hangkasman (Afr) Diana Fina Have/had Delores Finished Have the hots for Dick of Death Fiona Hawk Die klits kwyt to raak Fish Hemelhoer (Afr) Diesel dyke Fist fucking Hester Dingleberries Flip and flap Hetty Disco biscuit Flog one's log High Camp Dish Fool around High Risk Diva Fop/roue (afr) Hilda Divine Frieda Hilda's older sister Dizzy Fruit Fly Hollywood Doengoes (Afr) Fruit Salad Hung Doll FSQ Huurhoer (Afr) Dolla Fuella Dollie bag Donna Summers G Imbube (Zulu) Dons Gadar Ina Doosh (Douche) Gadget Queen Injonga (Zulu) Dora Gail Iris Dora pram Gala Irma Dorette Gang Bang Islgqumo (Zulu) Doris Gay bashing Ivy Doris Day Gertie Dorothy (a friend of) GIB J Dorothy's Slipper Palace Gil (Afr) Jail bait Drag Gil vir tannie! (Afr) Jam soek Drag queen Gilda Jella Drama queen Gina (Jeena) Jennifer Justice Jenny Lugmatras (Afr) Nancy Jessica Lulu Nanette Jessica Jobless Lunch/ Lunch box Nectarine Jessie Nelly Jongetjies (Afr) M Nillie Jonkies (Afr) Macy Nommer (Afr) Josie Magda Nookie Male meter Noombies K Mandy Nora Kamp (Afr) Mandy's Nora Nesbit Kas (Afr) Mango Noritaki Kassie Trassie (Afr) Mantlwana (Zulu) Now now Katie Catchwagon Manvrou (Afr) N(Q)OCD Kathy Mara Number Katrina Marie KDL (Afr) Marjorie 0

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 126 Kept boy Martha Olga Klasina Mary Olive Koek en tee (Afr) Mathilda One night stand Koekblik (Afr) Matrasmeneer (Afr) On the side Koekstamp en giggel Maureen Opgezoosch (Afr) Koeksuster (Afr) Mavis Optert (Afr) Koets (Afr) Meat Ouboet (Afr) Koffie Moffie (Afr) Meat rack Ouma se kinders (Afr) Konkernosterjie (Afr) Meisiekind (Afr) Ovaries Koorknaap (Afr) Mevrou (Afr) Kugel pram Milli Vanilli P Kwaf (Afr) Milly Passive Kwer (Afr) Mince Patsy Mink Peggy L Miss Priss Penelope Label queen Mix Masala Picnic Basket Lallies Mkehlo (Zulu) Piece Lana Moentjies (Afr) Pink Ink Larder Moffie Pink tents Laura Moffie's Delight Pink Rand Leather Mary Moffietaal (Afr) Piss elegant Lebelebs (Afr) Moira Pixie Lettie Mona Whinestein Plastiekhoed (Afr) Lettiebag Monica Play around Lettuce Leaf Mother Mecca Play the field Letticus Mrs Stuttaford PLM Lily Law and her Silver MSM Pokkel (Afr) Bangles Lily lospoes (Afr) Mtetho (Zulu) Polka Limp wristed Muscle Mary Polly Paranoia Lipsqueezer Muurblomme (Afr) Polly the Pisshouse queen Little black book My other nerves! Polly's Polka Palace Lizzy Poppers Lottie N Portmantoes LP Nada Pomp Naald (Afr) Pop (Afr)

Poprok (Afr) Skomora (Zulu) Tearoom Poppe uit die pram gooi Skyline Theresa Porridge Bird Slangpark (Afr) Tilly Portfolio Slap (Eng) Tina Slap and tickle Threesome Q Slappolssiekte (Afr) Toer (Afr) Queen Sleep around Tootsie Queer Slut Top Priscilla Smack those lips! Toyboy R Snackette TOQ Reeva So hoog sy chat met Trade die Here (Afr) Rent Sokkie (Afr) Trassie Rent piece Sonja Trawantes (Afr) Rent boy Sophie Trick Reun (Afr) Specials Trixie Rhoda Spiritsmeid (Afr) Trixie Trash Rim Squeeze a kidney Troll Ripped to the tits Stabane (Zulu) Trommel (Afr) Rita Stage fright Trudie Rosebud Statue Twinkie/ Rosie Stella Twinkle Pie An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 127 Rough Trade Stella queen Round the world Stephnie U Royal game Stilettos Ursula Rugridder (Afr) Stinnie (Afr) uTracy (Zulu) Stir fries S Straatkat (Afr) V S&M Straight VardaNada SA Strella Valerie Vapours Sadie Stuk (Afr) Vera Sally Stunning Versatile Sarah Suck face Via Ferra Sari queen Suster (Afr) Vicky Sashay Suzy Virginia Scene Swap knitting patterns Vis (Afr) Schnora Sweaty Betty Vivian Score Swing both ways Vleismark (Afr) Screw around Swish Vrou/Mevrou (Afr) Send up Swivel Seven single Sybil W Shades Wanda Shaya ndlwabu (Zulu) T Wandie She Tamaai naai (Afr) Wank Sheila Tannie Babs (Afr) Weleda Shuttle Tannie Manie (Afr) Well endowed Sister Tannie Wilhelmien (Afr) Well hung Six pack Tattas (Afr) Wena Naude Sixty nine TBH Wendy Skeef (Afr) TDF Wes Skeef geklap (Afr) TDS Wham, bam, thank you ma'am Skesana (Zulu) Tea, coffee or me? Wig

Y Diesel queen Queen of Scotch Yolanda Dildo queen Queen of Sheba Disco queen Salad queen Z Dish queen Salami queen Diva queen Scat queen Zelda Dora queen Scream queen Zsoush Drag queen Seafood queen Dream queen Shell queen Types of queens Eclair queen Shrimp queen Ace queen Egyptian queen Size queen Alfalfa queen Enema queen Skin queen Banana queen Evil queen Souvlaki queen Bangles queen Face-sitting queen Smoke queen Beach queen Main queen Smut queen Fag hag queen Mean queen Snow queen Fashion victim queen queen Spade queen Fist queen Nilly queen Station queen Flab queen Opera queen Steroid queen Gloryhole queen Pee queen Stress queen Golden shower queen Peeled queen Style police queen Gym queen Perils-of Pauline Sweater queen queen Hyphenate queen Pesto queen Tandoori queen Hostage queen Piss queen Tattoo queen Ice queen Pisshouse queen Tearoom queen Jessica queen Poison queen Teen queen James Dean queen Poppers queen Therapy queen

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 128 Killer queen Potato queen Tom Thumb queen Lean cuisine queen Prissy queen Torah queen Leather queen Rice queen Twisted queen Locker room queen Rim queen Uniform queen Magazine queen Road queen Unweaned queen Dairy queen Roller-derby queen Vanilla queen Designer queen Rubber queen Wealth & Faggot queen Diamantes queen Queen for a day Wuthering Heights queen Zoo queen Zoo Lake queen

Part 2 What don't / know?

Are there any words which you know which are not already on my list? If so, please fill them in below, together with their meanings. This will help me compile a comprehensive lexicon of South African gay terms. It does not matter which language the words are in. If not English or Afrikaans, please also identify the language of origin.

Word/phrase Meaning Language of origin

Part 3 Use of gay language: Why?

From the reasons why people use gay language supplied below, tick off THREE (3) reasons why you think you would or do use gay language:

To identify with the gay community For fun To be camp To speak secretly so that straights cannot understand me To conceal my gay identity among straights As a joke to send up myself and my friends As a need to fit into society somewhere To separate the gay community from the straight world To feel good about myself as a gay person To be accepted by other gay people It is a very descriptive way of talking To be able to understand conversation when I am with gay people I feel I must use it if I am gay To make myself feel superior to people who don't know the language

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 129 Because my friends use it To give meaning to my history in the closet So that I can read gay articles and stories So that I can write to my friends using gay language Because it's always been part of my gay identity

Is there any other reason, not included above?

Part 4 Use of gay language: Where and when?

Below you are given a list of places. Tick those places where you feel you would use gay language on a regular basis.

In my own home In my parents' home

In the homes of all family members In the home of gay friends In the home of straight friends At work

In public, in general In gay venues (bars, clubs,etc) only

In the company of people I know well In the company of people I don't know very well In straight places, where other gay In straight places where no other people are present gay people are present Nowhere — I would never use gay Anywhere and everywhere language at all

Once again, thanks a million for your invaluable input. I realise that it has taken a lot of your time, and this is greatly appreciated.

Completed questionnaires can be posted or faxed to: 011-673-1901 OR e-mailed to: kencage©icon.co.za

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 130 Appendix G

Glossary of Reginised Phrases in Gayspeak

Description Meaning

Ace queen Man that appears as womanly, as possible with shaven legs plucked eyebrows. Alfalfa queen Man who is on a macrobiotic diet Banana queen Man with a curved penis Bangles queen Man who wears excessive jewellery Beach queen Man who spends most of his summer at the beach Beanie-boy queen Orthodox Jewish gay man Belly queen Gay male that is attracted to trim, lean stomachs, for sexual purposes Blue Jean queen Man who only wears Calvin Klein denims Bondage queen One who receives erotic/masochistic, sexual pleasure and gratification through the practice of being humiliated tied up and then raped Bottle queen Alcoholic Brownie queen Man who prefers the passive role in anal intercourse Cherry queen Man who likes deflowering male virgins Circuit queen Someone who is regularly seen on the bar/disco/gym circuit Chicken queen Man who likes having sex with young boys Chocolate queen White man who likes to have sex with black men Clean queen Gay man who does his cruising and his washing at the laundromat Closet queen Man who has not yet acknowledged his homosexuality and is going as straight Coffin queen A gay funeral homes director Crepe Suzette queen Man who likes "French Action" during sex Cupboard queen Man who has not yet acknowledged his homosexuality and is going as straight Cum-queen Man who prefers and practices fellatio Curry queen A gay male who is attracted to Indian men Dairy queen Man who enjoys sucking on tits as part of his sexual activity Designer queen Man who makes women's clothing, or only wears designer outfits Diesel queen Man who dresses like a dyke Dildo queen Man who likes being penetrated with a dildo Disco queen Man who frequents regularly Dish queen A gossip Diva queen Man who knows all about female opera singers Drag queen Man who likes dressing up in women's clothing Drama Queen Man with bad manners Dream queen Man who looks like a GQ model Eclair queen A rich male homosexual Egyptian Queen A black male homosexual. Enema queen Man who likes giving/receiving enemas as part of his sexual activity Evil queen Almost any gay man Face-sitting queen Man who likes to sit on another man's face during sex and receiving anilingus Fag hag queen Gay man who hangs around with straight women Fashion victim queen Man who always wears the latest fashions Fist queen Man who likes to be fisted during sex An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 131 Flab queen Chubby chaser Gadget queen Appliance lover Gloryhole queen Man who only has anonymous gloryhole sex in public toilets Gold Plated queen Rich gay man with no taste Golden shower queen Man that has a urine fetishist who likes being pissed on Green queen Gay man who cruises in public parks Gym queen A muscled homosexual male, who obviously works out in a gym Hyphenate queen Man who is an actor-model-dancer-waiter Hostage queen Man who fantasises about being taken hostage in a foreign embassy and being brutalised by idealistic young student revolutionaries Ice queen Man who wears diamond stud earring(s) Jimmy Dean queen Man who is a rebel without a cause Killer queen A homosexual in the armed forces Label queen Pretentious homosexual Lean Cuisine queen Man who is permanently on diet Leather queen Man who likes dressing in leather and performing S&M sex Locker room queen Man who hangs out in health club changing rooms Magazine queen Man who collects glossy magazines and press releases Main queen The more colorful gay characters in high demand sexually Mean queen Man who is stingy Mile-High Club queen Man who has had sex at 35000ft in an aeroplane toilet Opera queen Man who knows a lot about opera Pee queen Man into watersports as part of his sexual activity Peeled queen Man who likes circumcised penises, or is circumcised himself Perils-of-Pauline queen Man who is a thrill seeker and likes danger in his sexual activity Pesto queen Man who enjoys eating garlic Piss queen One with a urine fetish who likes being pissed on Pisshouse queen Man who frequents public toilets for sexual liaisons Poison queen Man who either trades in vicious and malicious gossip or who lives for controversy Poppers queen Man who uses amyl nitrate during sex to enhance his orgasm Potato queen Man who only likes sex with white men Prissy queen A snooty or prissy gay male Rice queen White man who likes sex with Oriental men Rim queen Man that is into licking or sucking the anus Road queen Hitchhiker using prostitution to travel Roller-derby queen Man who likes men in wheelchairs Rubber queen Man who likes wearing rubber and latex Queen for a day Straight married man who frequents health clubs or public toilets for anonymous sex with other men, before returning home to his wife and children. Queen of scotch Alcoholic gay. Queen of Sheba A black male homosexual. Salad queen Man who enjoys rimming during sex Salami queen Man who likes having sex with Italian men Salami Casing queen Man who likes having sex with uncircumcised Italian men Scat queen A gay male who gets sexual gratification from acts involving faeces. Scream queen Man who talks very loudly in public places Screen queen Man who knows all about movies and movie stars Seafood queen Man who likes picking up sailors for sex Shell queen Man who cruises the beach in the summer months for sexual encounters Shrimp queen Man who likes sucking toes during sex Size queen Man who only enjoys sex with well-endowed men Skin queen Man who likes uncircumcised penises, or is uncircumcised himself An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 132 Souvlaki queen Man who likes "Greek Action" during sex Smoke queen Man who smokes Smut queen Man who likes pornography Snow queen Man who uses cocaine regularly Spade queen Black gay man Station queen Man who camps at railway and bus stations Steroid queen Gay body builder Stress queen Man who is constantly stressed Style police queen Man who is constantly denigrating other men's clothing Sweater queen Square, suburban style queen, usually middle aged gay man. Tandoori queen Man who is interested in Indian or Pakistani men as sexual partners Tattoo queen Man who likes men with tattoos Tearoom queen Man who frequents public toilets for sex Teen queen Man who only likes having sex with teenagers Therapy queen Man undergoing psycholgical treatment or is constantly on Valium Tom Thumb queen Man who has a small penis Torah queen Man who is interested primarily in Jewish men as sexual partners Twisted queen Man who is thought to be deranged Uniform queen Man who enjoys sex with soldiers and policemen Unweaned queen Man who enjoys sucking on tits as part of his sexual activity Vanilla queen Man who likes normal sex — no fantasies allowed Watch queen Lookout in public places where gay men go for sexual purposes Wuthering Heights queen Man who is a hopeless romantic Zoo queen Man with a sexual attraction to, and need for animals

Taken from: Feinberg, D.B. 1991: Eighty Sixed, pp96-97

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 133 Appendix H

Categories of words found in Gayle

Word Type Example Abbreviations A-word AYOR AC/DC B&D B&T BBM

Names for people Aerie Faerie Annamarie Atmosfeer Ander nommer Arthur Auntie

Names for Drugs and Booze Alice Poppers Bag of Happiness Bernice Cilia Dora Words for Diseases 8 Physical Ailments Auntie Aida Blue Balls Clarissa Clap Gertie Mathilda Beulah Words indicating physical Beautific Vision attractiveness Belenia Cutie Pie Dish Eye Candy

Andersom Synonyms for 'Gay' Friend of Dorothy Moffie Dyke Family

Places frequented by gay people Black Hole Cha Cha Palace Club Cottage The bar Glory Hole

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 134 Words for Words for Sexual Clutter fuck Practices/ Preferences 8 Available Relationships Camp Cum Goensch

Parts of the Body Annie Boerie Bush Cherry Delphinium Erica

Forms of address Angel Tits Bitch Darling Dear Doll Sweetie

Clothing 8 Accessories Bangles Bats Bloes Crimps Crown Diamantes Drag

Words derived from women's Hilda names (Adjectives, Nouns and Bella Verbs) Beaulet Olga Nora Tilly

An Investigation of the Form and Function of Language used by Gay Men in South Africa Page 135 Appendix J

Empirical Data

This Appendix is the database of all the processed information concerning frequency of word usage, obtained from Questionnaire 2.

Each number indicates the number of respondents in that demographic category who knew the meaning of the word in the left hand column.

Usage of each word has been recorded according to the following demographic considerations:

Ethnic Group Home Language Geogrpahical Location Age Gender Educational Level

The abbreviations at the head of each column are:

WHI = White <20 = under 20 years old COL = Coloured 20-30 = between 20 and 30 BLA = Black 30-40 = bteween 30 and 40 ENG = English 40-50 = between 40 and 50 AFR = Afrikaans 50-60 = between 50 and 60 OTH = Other 60+ = over 60 years old

GA = Gauteng Matric = post Matric education WC = Western Cape MP = Mpumalanga NP = Northern Province NW = North West Province FS = Free State NC = Northern Cape

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