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Handbook of Policing

Tim Newburn

Policing before the police

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 Philip Rawlings Published online on: 01 Aug 2008

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The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:47c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 fl h usi fassetdofne eaea biainoe oteCrown the to owed in obligation neighbours an of became assistance offender The suspected –‘ community. a of the pursuit of the role justi the be restructured thief a also of killing the that ‘ required 726) (died Ine of ogtt eriuaetergt ftevci n h oe fknadthe justice courts. demand of and the an before instead, kin brought laws and, be of restricted would The offenders were the roles that wrongdoer of established the a rights was kill The expectation and to authority. community superior victim the a the and to victim owed of beginning duties involvement. rights kings into community the Anglo-Saxon communal broader rearticulate by and to up sought drawn blood-feud law the of with codes of the practices Nevertheless, customary the nln obls aefo h itm h victim the state victim, The the from came doubtless England matters. policing with concerned rm n h eeto fofnes n yteplc smattoeof of those prevention meant is the police disorder, the by of and control offenders, of the detection order, the and of crime maintenance the meant 1 (1956: Radzinowicz de of problems highlights chapter this of title The policing Communal oenplc.Wtotpeepigtomc n ocuin nta view, that words on the conclusions the to any adopts the led to much chapter prologue too has this defective pre-empting This a Without merely legislation. created as police. police later 1829 modern the before and from period is, 1829 the read that Act of be police, characterisation Police can modern Metropolitan meaning the the of their assumes by tradition practice that One and and policing? organisation unproblematic do the work who are the those terms policing police Is these the policing? that are is or what do, and police police that the are Who history. policing ewo ekle a he rigt escape to trying thief a was killed he whom he ed eoeteCnus f16 h rmr epne owogonsin wrongdoings to responses primary the 1066 of Conquest the Before h u n cry and hue the ‘ hl eprudt i et yalmnwoaewligt ar u the out carry to willing are who men all by death his to pursued be shall Æ hlet(id66 eeepesoso oa uhrt n ssc they such as and authority royal of expressions were 616) (died thelbert hlpRawlings Philip police the before Policing 3 Chapter ’ nevninwsrltvl iie n oalreetn re extent large a to and limited relatively was intervention s Æ ’ hletdrce htayn who anyone that directed thelbert a opoiecmesto Top 80 0) n h laws the and 109), 1840: (Thorpe compensation provide to was ’ h aso tesa de 3)sae htatifwho thief a that stated 939) (died Athelstan of laws The . – )frtemaigo oiebfr 89.B oiigis policing By 1829). before police of meaning the for 8) ‘ police ’ and ‘ policing ’ Smsn18:7) h codes The 74). 1981: (Simpson fi iini rtn oieand police writing in nition ’ i n h community. the and kin s ’ ‘ aervnebfr he before revenge take ssotadtrs(see terms shorthand as fi db hwn that showing by ed fl fi ected cials 47 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:48c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 lutae omnlplcn Steln 93 ,168 1329 i, in 1983: Northampton (Sutherland from identifying policing case communal of of A illustrates on communities. means obligations whole a interlocking and into of victims network developing witnesses, parish, a as establishing through characterised as ran be and offenders could that time accountability this and at of duties of potential these systems royal of revenue and complex formalisation this county the of was drive creation it to began anything, the centuries this as many much through over that As revenue enforcement. raise the to local could relation through con Crown also the and with identify penalties the operate but the to to time, through to equipped just criminals same was not better system, powerful the order. be allow thieves At might to maintain by impunity. this likely though ran to were posed even but people offenders, expected direct threat local not and were immediate was community, who subjects the its meant intermediaries, Furthermore, system and neither feudal various Crown had The the Crown itself. through the between intervene that to connection case resources the the the also nor was it inclination system, the new the to legitimacy olwefreetbcueti re this because enforcement law to to ready was stranger a to lodging him gave for who resident any that ensure od aiiae rvlawthwst epse ihatoiyt arrest to authority with posted be drier when to months was summer the watch in a and that strangers stipulated night travel statute at facilitated the closed addition, be roads In to escaped. were a had offender the gates who through the robbery, town cry example, if a and of hue, For hue victim the the the Conquest. raised compensate strengthen community the to the sought that survived 1285 requirement of themes Winchester These of Statute 76). 1891: Baildon u ilrva tt hs owo tsol erevealed be should thief it a nor whom theft a to conceal those I will to nor thief, it swear, a to of reveal fellow each the will obliging adult nor and requiring but thief tithing by a a duty be of not a members will into be strangers to exclude inhabitants to male community a of tendency king Policing of Handbook 48 emttesle ob ugdb h a,nrcudtoewowere who those could nor law, general A the alive. by them take judged them be pursuing to themselves permit Robert 1317, May 30 on Heyford At oet h hteso h frsi oetaecon are Robert aforesaid aforesaid the of the head of the off chattels cut The Bannebury Robert. of John and pursuers, their and of John certain the a arrest came king and them were upon the town pursue calling cry to felons, to the the and surrender pursued came of to hue who town died, men The now the has door. the who of Bannebury, other Among men the felons. the out and aforesaid went and once Robert thieves at door and one the raised night to of the came they in rest when late house; the suspiciously the enter up to staying town went the were therefore of thieves watchmen The those house. that his saw in guests as thieves unknown certain hl tcnb rudta h itmadtecmuiyrmie central remained community the and victim the that argued be can it While ’ wishes s ’ yial ygvn euiyfrgo behaviour. good for security giving by typically , ‘ hr they where ’ Rgs16:4) iial,tesse ffakldetre the turned frankpledge of system the Similarly, 46). 1963: (Riggs fi il n h ors ned h a nocmn process enforcement law the Indeed, courts. the and cials fi fi daCuefrSuspicion for Cause a nd e eido hs h elce hi uisin duties their neglected who those on levied nes ’ ec.Te ol yn en urne or surrender means no by would They peace. s fi fl zBrhlmwo efr received Heyford of Bartholomew tz ce utmr rcieadlent and practice customary ected fi h nudbtentefelons the between ensued ght fi ctosipsdo offenders, on imposed scations ’ h onbiifwsas to also was bailiff town The . fi – 9): ctdfor scated ’ Miln and (Maitland fl ight. ‘ answer fi cials, ‘ I... j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:49c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 ereo oa efgvrmn,bti motn set twsself- was it aspects important that, in conclude king to but the historian self-government, one at local led government has of Henry century by degree twelfth implemented reforms to late legal ‘ sent the the periodically of during were extent some II the and Indeed, peace; judges. assize the of of temporary local keepers with the hold deal to as appointed such were crises, some coroners; of through as power-holders royal such local appointments, Crown of of typically, expense the appointment the about who, at new the tithingman, authority nothing its also or increase was pledge to practice There seeking chief constable. in the a but into by functions, evolved their later represented tithing county of was relevant performance a tithing the the of the for about sheriff members questions the all answer before instance, periodically to appear For to accountability. of required achieve were of to hands enforcement sought the law for that into victim shifted the and being community were the 1993). of obligations (Palmer the counties whereby peace the the in of operating justices and by Crown co-ordinated the strategy by centralisation national the appointed a about support led reservations and their problems power swallow These to of elite population. political stable the in a many undermined with being mobility community was coherent This that dif order internally mobility. political obvious shortage and greater created economic labour encouraged and the and that The concerns wages communities. raised up decimated many 1348 pushed severe of Then, plague destroying resulted production. the in later population, and decline century a the fourteenth forced with early being coupled relatively the were population in prices of in famines food rise existence and a the stagnating system the by was feudal was up economy on the The policing century decay. depended communal thirteenth communal in late it, was underpinning the extent, by like However, some assumptions communities. and, but To stable key feudalism ignored, true. that being of held were progeny been statute longer reason the One have no Winchester. of policing may of provisions Statute the truth the that of the was spite this in for rise given to continued had crime Robert before Well eito ftesse n o t rcia mat o a a the was far How impact. practical its not and of system local of the behaviour of depiction Crown the what of understanding some provide – does it offenders, suspected h ieo h of the of rise The the by of constructed by as policing policing of policing, of practice of system the history and the the state between writing difference by encountered the problem namely, a towards us nudges hl hsmyntacrtl re accurately not may this While uiilatvt n a otne ob hrceie yaconsiderable a by characterized be to continued law and activity Judicial ntesaeo h oa utcswohadtecase the heard who justices royal the of shape the in osm xet hs vnsmrl ceeae ogetbihdtrend long-established a accelerated merely events these extent, some To fi il n omnte conal o hi cin,sc as such actions, their for accountable communities and cials fi il h constable the cial: fi fi zBrhlmwmthsgil n,i a erdthat feared was it end, grisly his met Bartholomew tz il in cials fi ’ ute o oiigsse htdpne nan on depended that system policing a for culties command s fl fi ecdb,o h n ad h xettosof expectations the hand, one the on by, uenced il.Sm fteeof these of Some cials. fl c o omnte elydatwith dealt really communities how ect ’ fi il,vcisads forth. so and victims cials, fi Hdo 96 4) e,ti sa is this Yet, 141). 1996: (Hudson il h eelne nanetwork a in linked were who cials fi il eepermanent were cials oiigbfr h police the before Policing – xetd talso It expected. 49 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:50c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 h utcso h ec,womgttesle eudrpesr rmcentral from found pressure under they be which themselves might in who peace, position the of complex justices constable of the the the side, number of one On symptomatic themselves. the been increase have may achieve. to to decades proposal took City uncontroversial the so government, in in apparently local constables houses of 486.5 politics an and every structure for that the one in complexities only every with but for contend 114 ward, constable 2001: Street one (Beattie was Bread Without there Cripplegate the 1663 in in houses London of 25.5 City the In communities. oeetne ofrbyn htw ol eons scieta twenty- of a that police crime as than recognise their would meant we which what duties fi beyond in growth far relentless so a extended of role spite in was This constables. uisrltn otears n utd fsset.I a loeietthat evident also was It re suspects. not of the did custody public the constables to and of addition of provision collection, arrest in the maintenance the pollution, tax environmental to the and relating organisation, measures, vagrants duties of and military control the weights as order, alehouses, matters of such regulation for responsible of osalsaddutesSaepaewsapaigt i audience his to appealing was be Shakespeare to necessarily possible doubtless not certainly should is and they It so value. constables and face purposes at comic taken and dramatic served even dif the of re recognition merely may important or This criticise rare. nity to been parishioners have among to unwillingness seem complaints Yet, perceptions. opann ilhv otk ni u ore et nhrhsoyo Tudor of history her in herself Kent, course. confessed due constables, in Stuart on take and to have will complainant h oesbtnilpol naprs.Shakespeare in have parish. may a ignorant from and appointed in was lazy and incompetent, people unpaid as was substantial constable year, one more for served the He pledge. of chief whose the constable, of the was into enforcement law well of victims dif 1996). it Gaskill and makes 1989; which King offenders, communities 1984; of (Herrup for detection beyond actual matter and the century a nineteenth and cry, primarily of and local shift remained of hue a to the on that lead adapt case constable placed to the obligations been of order have cedural towards in also responsibilities may essential It policing even 1985). this and (Clayton Yet, circumstances unproblematic happened. of actually as their killing what the regarded hand, on than report rather other of the ity instance, royal the for and So, on limited. county Robert been by, of have may impact and constable the lived, of that they higher means whom with among relationship people the Policing of Handbook 50 s-etr bevrmgtdsrb hma oelk eea ii servants civil general like more as them describe might observer rst-century fi htapast engetb oecntbe npromn hi functions their performing in constables some by neglect be to appears What lhuhtevre aueo eivladerymdr oa government local modern early and medieval of nature varied the Although il aebe iwd u tms ermmee hthscharacters his that remembered be must it but viewed, been have cials fi aca sacri nancial fi zBrhlmwmyhv ensae ytesse faccountabil- of system the by shaped been have may Bartholomew tz fi utt eeaie nms omnte h anof main the communities most in generalise, to cult fi es yteerysvnenhcnuytecntbewas constable the century seventeenth early the By cers. fi eta a xetd n ootngiven often so and expected, was that ce fi il?Tedif The cials? fi ute novdi o httepotential the that job a in involved culties fi il,sc sterqieetta the that requirement the as such cials, fi fl il epndtesltbtenpro- between split the deepened cials – ’ c hne ntedmgah fsome of demography the in changes ect efrac a ibet cuiyby scrutiny to liable was performance s 8.Efrst mlmn eomhdto had reform implement to Efforts 68). ‘ mrse ytetm,efr,and effort, time, the by impressed fi ut fefrigsupervision enforcing of culty fi fi epoal eie rmthat from derived probably ce fi deape fpo quality poor of examples nd il ntepatc fthe of practice the on cials fl xblt a aebeen have may exibility fi ’ fl eito fthe of depiction s ue nacommu- a in gures ecdhwthese how uenced ’ 18:22 by 222) (1986: fi ili terms in cial fl ect ’ s j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:51c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 ftecuty etil,teie hthueodr eeaxost hu off shrug rest to the anxious in were householders happened that what idea describe the necessarily Certainly, country. not the do of London in emolument of events de sources less, the indirect up by make principals who their costardmongers, and 1829, retailers in of it class put writer one as euis(enls19:46 1998: (Reynolds deputies (Langel agendas did own they their which pursue with to policies delay and or agree obstruct not to was opportunity it an that those provided knew this of constables in hand, opposition other work the poorer the their dif and On for intrusions. pastimes their these constables leisure resented puritan and who popular from of a against communities appointed enthusiasm laws within of the enforcing divisions was members of both sort prosperous emerged constable the which the created the social, often between centuries This whom gap economic, seventeenth neighbours. cultural The to from fourteenth the laws. community the deepen these of to regarded of upheavals were tended who enforcement political constables and their those of religious in some James on of over-zealous assaults governments to the as led by I imposed on Charles taxes restrictions and of puritan prisoner I hatred of a the of dislike and release the constable culture the generally, obtain a popular more Turd to 1583 and, trying Goodman 106) In crowd 1970: a varied. Constable, by (Emmison attacks upon Goodman Goodman such set You was for me Colchester . motive in . to The . do 65). you 1991: take you of devil (Rosenheim world will the lost: constable, a what better have into Jackanapes, a insight shit to could an seem I provided constable. we constable, of angered that Norfolk sort when a who, invective the Shepheard Webb, face William by to Thomas 1660s likely the by in more out were meted abuse they verbal presumably, although, litigation, by constable the about Uncertainty ponmn nWsmntr onatr h o tetmgsrt,John magistrate, Street their Bow praised for policing, the arrangements of professionalisation the after, formalise the supported to generally, Soon and, who, deputy 1756 Fielding, Westminster. a in hire in to passed practice appointment was common became legislation it so indeed, burdensome was living a Ful 2001). (Beattie constables rtn n12,JmsGfo cnwegdtepolm(rgto and (Wrightson problem the acknowledged have Gyffon 115): would 1995: James the work Levine 1626, with the of relationship in aspects good Writing many a dif it maintaining without been on because interests depended own both his also community, have and might constable pursue the side, to other the on and, government, yteegtet etr odnhueodr eerlcatt ev as serve to reluctant were householders London century eighteenth the By hc fw efr,tetwse ilstorm hang will them townsmen of the Some perform, should we we if as Which heels not the do by we us If set will Justices The fi uti rciefrtejsie ftepaet odte conal and accountable them hold to peace the of justices the for practice in cult ‘ eea odBhvor iiec n Activity and Diligence Behaviour, good general fi utt efr n eas hs epewr i neighbours. his were people these because and perform to cult ’ fte could. they if s – ‘ fi h of the ) lhuhmc ae hr a ocr that, concern was there later much although 7), ln htfnto swl scniun oearn to continuing as well as function that lling ’ ea oesli hmoe oharassment to open them laid powers legal s fi ehsfle notehnso h lowest the of hands the into fallen has ce ‘ odrwa ousmd o a you made rogues what wonder I ’ Wd 89 8.Neverthe- 78). 1829: (Wade ü dce2007). ddecke ’ oiigbfr h police the before Policing fteWestminster the of fi in loac of allowance cient 51 ’ j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:52c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 h a odhmi a i unt ev Rsnem19:5) e,relatively Yet, dif 59). is 1991: it (Rosenheim constable, although serve Norfolk to recorded, turn were a his refusals Child, was few it William him attacked told Callin had who John 1665 In unpopular. night at streets the onto 169 them took 2001: lighting longer pleasure protect (Beattie no street would or curfew watch business by informal the legitimate that whose an this was those enforcing expectation facilitated watch the towns the Instead, of appropriate. many seemed idea and the People that night watch. so the the schemes, of into expectations changed out have stayed may century eighteenth the in eas epeudroktedt,o eas hyhrdasbttt,or substitute, Surrey a the 1665 hired in crisis: they of times because at taken or only was duty, action enforcement the because undertook people because arrest century designs eighteenth to evil shall the they whom authorised by persons disorderly fi changed were other and had vagabonds, watchmen rogues, little malefactors, London and 1), when ii, 1925: (Cunnington n rsiue.Tewthe fsxenhcnuyDvzswr instructed watchman were who drunks the Devizes arresting those night, sixteenth-century instance, challenge of the for to watchmen by, during The order town a prostitutes. maintained the establish and and to to streets 1285 the entrances Aside in patrolled duty. the this Winchester perform guarding of to obliged Statute from periodically the were householders by and watch required were towns All century eighteenth the in police private and Public necessarily not more did to government led towns, the in classes, fi particularly middling shortage century, the the eighteenth from when the even appointments in Indeed, them ignored. justices gave be active county lightly of the not while in could position that that, their authority enemy, so powerful an a Parliament, such making of of often the wary members from doubtless came were were Most some puppets. they mere and not gentry were they land-owning justices, the among opinion htmgtohrieb hetndb nursrie oenetbce by backed of government own unrestrained its an of by armies threatened be otherwise might that n oodntdsse hc o the for an formed which broad and system a responsibilities acquired co-ordinated later administrative and justices and the judicial but of prices, and range wages controlling of means a of This peace. the of emnn uiilpresence judicial permanent rw sdispwr fapitetaddsislt in to dismissal and appointment of powers its used Crown ful ld oad rfsinls,btaantti hr a ytelt seven- late the by was there in this an against century but teenth professionalism, towards does slide serve to obligations their Policing of Handbook 52 ddsubn h ulc ec,o hl aejs as osseto any of suspect to cause just have shall or peace, publick the disturbing nd dteemnaymr compliant. more any men these nd hr seiec htb,a es,tesvnenhcnuywthdt was duty watch century seventeenth the least, at by, that evidence is There h e of key The fi mn fteecvcdte sfnaetlt h aeurigo liberty of safeguarding the to fundamental as duties civic these of lment ’ fi 1 e.I,c 2.Tebrenn cnm n esr industry leisure and economy burgeoning The 22). c. II, Geo. (10 ili oncigteprs of parish the connecting in cial – 225). fi fi fl eeegddrn h rssi h orenhcnuyas century fourteenth the in crises the during emerged ce il Ddwrh2004). (Dodsworth cials eta tado oiia hnigwihrgre the regarded which thinking political of strand uential ‘ upcosywl bu h on ntenyght the in Towne the about walk suspiciously fl ’ tee ytecneto ihteConand Crown the with connection the by attered Mso n rrd19:7) lhuhthe Although 74). 1999: Ormrod and (Musson fi nwt h itr fplcn sagentle a as policing of history the with in t fi s iepoie h rw iha with crown the provided time rst fi est h rw a h justice the was Crown the to cers fi utt nwwehrti was this whether know to cult ‘ l ih walkers, night all fl ec political uence ‘ elaborate ’ j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:53c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 rtcs ftewthe esse hogotteegtet n early and eighteenth the throughout persisted Certainly, offender. watchmen an watch against the the expected testimony for longer called of their had no reinforce they criticism saying sense they that some service, belief in a this was would there for or respond, paid to having them neighbours their that, n icpieo h acmn n a vnetne hi oe ythe by cover their extended even had of and patrol watchmen, of the appointment had of places discipline some continued century quali and nineteenth the committees about early watch regulations the either parish sophisticated by fairly Many that had place. so 1748. parishes improvements in once seek in stop was London to necessarily came scheme many not watch peace did century new until Reform a schemes. the occur watch not of improved did or of end established the most reform the for into in responsible remove by surge be would Nevertheless, to next with the supposed, assumed The faded were was but crime. who this it example, the men and which, young this panic 1739 the followed forces in crime armed a parishes war a pay of Other by to outbreak which prompted 15). duty the been under c. the had for II, 1735 enthusiasm watch Geo. initial in the (8 in legislation serve rate obtained to watch duty Square paid the Hanover exchanged of householders George, appointment of St periods the and long to for function led this which undertake to serve, time. continue might to who choosing deputies, were London alfrtewth(heae 04.Ti ih ugs hyhdsome had they suggest might This 2004). (Shoemaker to likely watch more had were con the who neighbours, victims, their for 1740 from after assistance that call indicate for Bailey out Old cried the previously at trials of records The were over there control gain and to reform, groups forces. interest obstruct watch and any political also the also local of could between might structure struggles boroughs watch complex often professional The many cost. the in the of to government critical contributing much or about are unenthusiastic serve be Time, to dif Night encounter unwilling did the were proposals who in reform Outrages These same 616). other the xl, and 1785: from Robberies, and the village and to to reform thereof, the Inhabitants exposed passing to the Persons because Metropolis, proposal the all forward to a also Vicinity led put instance, its from was for place and, enabled populous, Surrey, 1785 which one in in that road, Clapham areas in turnpike watch fear At poorly-policed a watch travel. the of to faster construction the of well- the because of from accompanied sometimes the changes migrate reform was acquire would introduce There whereby to criminals to system. town effect watch communities their professional snowball neighbouring wanted a a often including status, elite also civic local of the trappings towns, into villages ag ubro epefrngetn hi uy(oeladJnisn1938: Jenkinson and (Powell duty their 245 neglecting for 69, people of number large a utcs lre ttepsiiiyo h lgesraigfo London, from spreading plague the of possibility the at alarmed justices, nipratcag aewe h odnprse fS ae,Piccadilly James, St of parishes London the when came change important An h usinrmisa owehrteerfrsmd eldifference. real a made reforms these whether to as remains question The expanded activity economic growing as country, the of parts other In fi ec ntenwpoesoa ocs lhuhi ih eeyindicate merely might it although forces, professional new the in dence – ) nayeet yteegtet etr e oshlesin householders few century eighteenth the by event, any In 6). fi eswt rae reo ooeae(ars2004). (Harris operate to freedom greater with cers ’ ( ora fteHueo Commons of House the of Journal fi ain,py okn methods working pay, cations, fi ‘ sbcm ag and large become is ute.Householders culties. oiigbfr h police the before Policing – erthat fear a fi ned 53 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:54c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 tpe adntl h l alyi 71ta,atog ehdhadthe go heard to because had venture assistance not her he London: durst to although I gone in Parish not that, my had especially 1741 of he victim, watchmen, in robbery Bailey of a Dif of Old jurisdiction cries other. the the told each on Haydon with limits Stephen co-operate the to by failure caused their and parsimony Commons of House the vrhle yadmntainaantfo rcs rb rw gathered crowd a by Fawkes or Guy prices, celebrate food to against demonstration a by overwhelmed by prompted elsewhere be ef policing to greater were likely of schemes as considerations watch just by neighbouring as was 1766, savings this in although Southwark together, as joined such places, some in watch the that Commons Fielding of John House 1770 the In of watchmen. committee Westminster the select on a blamed de to always alleged complained not The were B/1D21). watch de Holborn, the his Andrew, of by with (St gentleman committee compounded a watch he he charging the offence beat, falsely his which for on him, later householders months assaulting three from again support dismissed of was petition a following Reinstated fot eemd ordc h eedneo odesb establishing by soldiers on dependence the reduce to made death. were to protest other people to efforts 40 town the hacking Hexham market and At that the conscription in as rioters. of gathered known methods crowd the became new a against Militia to into that Yorkshire charging sympathetic accusations North after also Butchers the dissipated been were 1761 had there have in but army extreme, themselves the otherwise Riots, of use Gordon troops presence to might the the failing the quell for that that to criticised feared enough been resentment was had early authorities it up civil and The the stir used; peacefully. so: be use could could to might doing soldiers soldiers the force soldiers the about order what could meant concerns who and which about uncertainty of force distance, was troops request some there number of late; at to too a use arrive be power had the might the strong barracks and army, had was nearest army the who of standing there magistrates, from number large the meant assistance a a Moreover, government raised of civilians. this existence powerful against the but of to century, distrust opposition eighteenth the The fell in problems. London authorities of for civil parts rioters large the the when of hands 1780, the in into weakness this exposed dramatically for dismissed been had making he for months watchman 1819 18 a in within committee as but watch served arrest, the who an by Pizzey, rewarded John was records. London, Holborn, parish in in story of types these nrcutn tre fteicmeec fwthe,sc swe the dif when not is as it and such watch-house, London watchmen, a of of roof incompetence the the Post of Evening London stories delighted Newspapers recounting 2005). (Hurl-Eamon was in risen had this achieve whether should judge they inef to what easy were always they not because is it although centuries, nineteenth Policing of Handbook 54 nte rao ocr a h blt ftewthforces watch the of ability the was concern of area Another fe h odnRosadpriual uigteFec as(1793 Wars French the during particularly and Riots Gordon the After – ‘ sinsuf is ocp ihmjrdsubne.Teatoiiscudbe could authorities The disturbances. major with cope to 2 eray17)rpre htla a ensoe from stolen been had lead that reported 1772) February (29 fi in,terDt o ad n a o small too Pay and hard, too Duty their cient, 70 xi 7) n eatce h aihsfrtheir for parishes the attacked he and 879), xxii, 1770: fi ’ in n/rcrut rbcueepcain about expectations because or corrupt, and/or cient ih rt aka neeuin h odnRiots Gordon The execution. an at gawk to or night fi edy.Team ol eue osupport to used be could army The days. ve ’ ( l alySsin Paper Sessions Bailey Old fi fi utto cult ciency. fi fi ‘ mrprconduct improper n tiuebefore attitude ant dcon nd – uy14:4.In 4). 1741: July nLno and London in fi ute were culties ‘ fi tbigout being it ’ mto of rmation ( fi ora of Journal fi ciencies nancial – 1815) ’ . j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:55c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 h os fCmosacpe htsc ytmmgtipoecrime improve might system of a committee such select that a accepted 1822, In Commons liberty. of threaten House so uni the and that government poorer belief in central the provision of was boost organised there to well channelled Finally, be had areas. would which uni relinquish resources Marylebone, because to a coverage as reluctant that such often feared were parishes, forces, watch, Rich the the to power. of members wished managed their the Ratepayers who and authority. spending, vestries, and parochial watchmen parish of of own their this because loss over opposed the control in typically, retain and were, issue cost proposals over London decisive such concerns privileges, of the its City Although of invasion the rejected. was was instance bill The commissioners. erhdfradsiaint hc ovcsmgtb rnpre sa William as by proposal transported the and be authorities the local might in by innovations convicts also building Pitt were prison which there new of and but of to colonies, form War hanged American the American people destination the the followed for of of that a replacement number end panic for the the crime at increased a searched navy authorities to and The reaction army the Independence. huge policing of a unify part Henry of to by was demobilisation bill 1749 a This in introduced London. government forward in the put however, one 1785, including In century, Fielding. but the strength, in force earlier and proposals magistrates duties Middlesex pay, the the of of to terms uniformity some remained in bring Fielding Westminster London to in in 1774 forces scheme in passed parish watch been unitary had a Legislation unlikely. of implementation the theless, h iy costers ftemtooi hr eeetbihdsvnpolice seven established were there metropolis the of did rest of his the he across in City, prominently if the the feature even control, London. not riot in did but, on policing take and on Bill, might pronouncements sensitive that public Police politically force civil remained one Metropolitan and a issue to 1822 of the in formation consternation Secretary the caused introduced Home contemplate have became later to who Peel, seem who (Harris Robert events gatherings particular, these public in in of event, observer Caroline intolerance any Queen growing In of a 2003). support just or in century London nineteenth in was and riots remained the army 1820 the during of use exposed the about again as uncertainty known the so, protests Even Midlands industrial Portugal. the the in North of stationed of the were number height soldiers and large 12,000 the about a at disturbances, country, 1812, Luddite the the In whole, around army. built. the troops the was of on On barracks rely distribution Massacre. to the continued Peterloo improve authorities To local the and into government the Manchester therefore, proved in often meeting they peaceful but volunteers, part-time dif of composed forces paramilitary fof of fi n19 h idee utcsAtwspse.Atog tddntapyto apply not did it Although passed. was Act Justices Middlesex the 1792 In fi e.Ec of Each ces. ’ utt oto,a hni 89acag yoesc oc unda turned force such one by charge a 1819 in when as control, to cult oenetta h oiigo h erplsb u notehnsof hands the into put be metropolis the of policing the that government s – fi 1 ti o la hte hr a enars ndsre nteearly the in disorder in rise a been had there whether clear not is It 21. eswoejrsito a o con not was jurisdiction whose cers ’ rpslt sals igewthadpaei ne h control the under it place and watch single a establish to proposal s fi – ewssafdb tpnir aitae n ml group small a and magistrates stipendiary by staffed was ce oeta else ltrteDk fWligo)to to took Wellington) of Duke the (later Wellesley than more fi dwthi etise ol edt reduced to lead would Westminster in watch ed – fwihh a one was he which of ’ eeteta hti eadda an as regarded it what at resentment s fi fi e yprs onais Never- boundaries. parish by ned ainwudices h power the increase would cation – ald shdsimilar had as failed, oiigbfr h police the before Policing 55 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:56c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 htbgnatrteedo a n14,pbi ud eegvnt the to given represented were It Runners. funds Street had, Bow public the force as This 1748, known signi robbery. became in street a and tackle men, war to crime 12 force over most, of detective at panic a a end establish During the Street. to Bow Fieldings after at Fielding began John then that and Henry to fell fe h n fteSvnYasWri 73t bangvrmn udn for funding government obtain to 1763 panic in of crime War of a Years appointment of Seven the opportunity the the of used end Fielding the creation John to after the forces. and by Street magistrate extended Bow was a other pattern to of This accountable funds. was provided instead, which and, government, operated it which within a pointed interest. of spheres their and in to Mint gang relating the Of as Hawkhurst such Post and the departments, customs the against government Other century of involved 1977). mid-eighteenth (Winslow number the even Sussex the in and increase campaign support to the government popular of the some this attracted excise led and in organised, goods, which, This of smuggling, well violence. range and wide trading was a illicit on cases, for duties opportunities by the funded increased prosecution of part, statutory some police in state including and were, reinforced spending America initiatives, also North testi government of to The offences number costs. convicts capital a of new transportation funded of the rewards, government number as large the policies, justice a such 1690s, criminal of about signi creation enthusiastic to often rapid greater approach were acquired aggressive settlement, the who more constitutional and MPs, a and II allowed policy, James about that sensitive of government resources more in governments removal the Changes became made crime. The including plots government order, system. and internal 1688, justice rebellions of Jacobite criminal subsequent revolution the the in involved After great provision. the police are which country interference, volume). this this in from Emsley, society see exemption of blessings and and privileges as action idea of the freedom rejected but control, Policing of Handbook 56 guarded the using by were and London patrols in communities fund 150 to some together In century joined century. mid-nineteenth neighbours eighteenth areas the during prosperous patrols watchmen some employed these privately 1829, in By expansion patrols. other of the was 400 of there around jurisdiction and comprised responsible the 1829, together was outside in which districts Patrol, areas Police central Horse Metropolitan for 16 Dismounted named the in wonderfully operated by the and also replaced 1790 the until in followed: continued London forces permanent and of Other made 1805 1836. was in in Patrol Police permanent Foot Metropolitan made the was into absorbed Patrol until Horse This London. into h oenetecuae ciemgsrtsadfo h 70 ap- 1720s the from and magistrates active encouraged government The public of types other were there watch, the and constable the from Aside lnsd hs ulcplcn cee,teesest aebe an been have to seems there schemes, policing public these Alongside fi atsiti oiysnei a o ne h oto fteparishes the of control the under not was it since policy in shift cant fi esadee odpo rosi upr fte,a apndin happened as them, of support in troops deploy to even and cers ‘ or justice court fi e loue ead n mlydof employed and rewards used also ce, fi ’ esudrhsdrcint arltehgwy leading highways the patrol to direction his under cers oavs nplcn nLno,wihrl eventually role which London, in policing on advise to fi ‘ dif cers. fi utt eocl ihta perfect that with . . . reconcile to cult fi ac sarsl ftenew the of result a as cance ’ Slc omte 82 9; 1822: Committee (Select fi es nrae npublic in Increases cers. fi fi est noc laws enforce to cers ac loprovided also nance fi s rmthe From es. j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:57c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 esn bei oy sn otrn n euigt ocefr...reasonable . . . for worcke to refusing and loitering Wages using bodye in but, able pedlars, persons as such were around, they moving involved broadly, that more jobs in engaged those as law to inef by there and people from labouring and immorality, and crime. idleness and into vagrancy to drift poverty, labour by would than they idleness, otherwise in beg living to their willing get rather some workers plague: and of other wages, attitudes workers. the excessive the among of to with, shortage statute than the the deal by from rather to ascribed resulted social however, had passed and was, that shortage was economic costs This their 1351 labour rising both Labourers the in of things, population Statute labouring The the lives. offenders. of of whole detection the the ing than rather the people labouring after of regulation relationships the of on those political provided of and and to policing, led economic century social, fourteenth in Transformations order maintaining policing: of practice The The dockworker. into a passed control of and execution government. funding the the its of 1800 and in hands foreman and the expanded, a and practices of survived working death of force new impose the these to in strategy of resulted a intervention established of was part the most It as Police. and owners The River dock laws. Thames by certain the these 1797 was in enforce outlaw forces private to to these inspectors of legislation famous employed powers. obtained and statutory these practices special manufacturers enjoyed working worsted of or constables Yorkshire watchmen, as some of sworn In forces were and small whom mid- operated of offenders, trustees some members the turnpike of and guard from operators prosecution dockyard to country the patrols the for provided across century established eighteenth were societies traf subscription against protection for gates n h eoiiaino ag ubr ftop,Ewr et Somerset a as Hext, such Edward troops, punishments, Elizabeth of to harvests severe numbers wrote poor large of magistrate, to series of a subject demobilisation depression, the economic were and severe a they during 1596, and In whipping. disease, and crime h l ossdy n yh aig n rnyg excessively drynkynge and eatinge nyght in 341 idlely and iii, lye 1951: they daye Power for dothe, and and howses laborer not, (Tawney the labor ale they as the thowghe myche for as of the dearthe, dobly robbers the spend and of they people cause yet wanderynge chefest the Idle are the land of numbers Infynyte the the by both posed dangers the symbolising as regarded were Vagrants encompass- proliferated, morality and relief poor vagrancy, work, on Laws ’ 3 lz ,c 19) .2.Vgat eeruieybae o spreading for blamed routinely were Vagrants 2). s. (1597), 4 c. I, Eliz. (39 ’ okn epe twsblee,hdt ecoeyregulated closely be to had believed, was it people, Working . ‘ l adrn esn n omnLbuesbeing Labourers common and persons wandering all ‘ sm]wl o ev neste a receive may they unless serve not will [some] fi fi in euain(lc 98.Te eede were They 1988). (Slack regulation cient ’ il n h rw lyn rae oein role greater a playing Crown the and cials he iitr odBrhe,camn that: claiming Burghley, Lord minister, chief s fi fi n hee Dae 94.Svrlhundred Several 1984). (Draper thieves and c il iha gnai hc h ou was focus the which in agenda an with cials fi esldt iti coe 78 which 1798, October in riot a to led cers – 2). ’ rpry aywrhueowners, warehouse Many property. oiigbfr h police the before Policing fi e in ned 57 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:58c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 arigotterdte.Telwwsotnosueo dif or obscure often was law The duties. the their to out contrary carrying them releve that inhabitants of lawe and wander, to [vagrants] suffer was of morality parish and of labour hands relief, the poor into vagrancy, placed on largely laws the of Administration 1606 of statute A poverty. and crime be: to immorality, drunkenness between declared the justi made on the were concentrated again, that which Once morality, rich. on the of legislation of maze the control a suffer to only population labouring worst, subject the at quite was Finally, might would, agreement. to away a apprenticeship mistress ran the of or powers who of master were cancellation apprentice a broad abusive an involved an to while sanctions peace imprisoned, instance, but the be for the regulation, that, and so of workforce some order, the different to justices than subject organise gave extent were to lesser and Employers workers unions, employees. by discipline attempts trade prohibited or made. or marry strikes been controlled had to they relief wages, pressured before for including on claim women no moved local if be even pregnant to parish, and another likely from settlement were someone a workers casual acquire pauper, could a for relief hi eiin en hlegd dadHx a ocre bu lax about complained of concerned idleness he natural was the people: be In Hext labouring to believed peace. the Edward he the what challenged. encouraged of which justices enforcement, being the decisions of of supervision their the the gave under this poor, practice, the of overseers it rln eiec r ntecs famridwmn h eteetof settlement the woman, married of a place of the case de (broadly, the settlement settlement in of Since of husband). required or, house her place or residence they his workhouse long whether or a or her in people, birth incarcerated to labouring be returned could all or pauper correction, on A impact not. or an assistance had a state provided that poor also the the regime they of although indigent, the acknowledgement Yet, to poor. an assistance its the to of In for amounted church. because responsibility the part, laws acquired of in resources parish and necessary, the role made place, the was diminished This which Reformation, relief. the poor of vagrants. system up statutory sweep proclamation to a powers by wide with suggested for marshals searches is provost monthly view ordering appointing year this same the with in agreed issued government the That Policing of Handbook 58 moeihn fmn odsbet,auieywsigtegood the wasting abusively 5) c. I, subjects, Jac. (4 good general God. good the of and many many creatures workmen, of divers of overthrow of the the bloodshed, disabling nation, impoverishing the to as trades, our like, manual of sins, and such and arts enormous God, and of other adultery, dishonour many fornication, great swearing, of murder, foundation stabbing, and root the work, of aspects various regulated that laws labour also were There lnsd hspnlattd ovgac,teTdr i nrdc a introduce did Tudors the vagrancy, to attitude penal this Alongside ’ Twe n oe 91 i,34.Ytprs of parish Yet 344). iii, 1951: Power and (Tawney – reradication or – fi cials fpplrcluerte hnteliuepastimes leisure the than rather culture popular of fl xblt eas hr a itelklho of likelihood little was there because exibility fi fi ainfrteelw a nteconnections the in lay laws these for cation e h epniiiyo aiht provide to parish a of responsibility the ned ‘ fCntbe n yhnmnthat Tythingmen and Constables of fi il,sc stecntbeadthe and constable the as such cials, fl xbeadboddisciplinary broad and exible fi ’ ‘ biaint provide to obligation s rtne soldiers pretended il ae rbesin problems faced cials fi utt noc.For enforce. to cult ’ and j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:59c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 xmlreweeyohr vl ipsdmgtb icrgdfo commit- from discoraged like be might the disposed tinge evill others whereby exemplarye ui,wihivle os eosrtosamda nidvda whose individual objectionable, an as at regarded aimed rough demonstrations was as noisy such behaviour order, involved impose to which used be music, often would methods informal Instead, ntne h identi the instance, eedo nomto upidb htpro,wiha of an which person, that by supplied information on depend eptepae hycmlie hth i o earhsfne,to fuel took fences, his repair to not did over he bound neighbours that Alcocke a his complained William from litigants, They have peace. most to the with keep justices common the con in petitioned receiving of Staffordshire a that, expectation of the assume view in to law its the safe to resorted is community it although law, of because place different Undoubtedly, a 1975). (Slack to settlement removed her 1603 of so: was concerning between do gave occasion times to she each information three inclined the vagrancy on were for he and Salisbury if 1607, even in and verify, arrested to was resources Moore the Amy nor time the neither rudefreetadee eutnet s h a,ntlatbcueit because least not de law, the the use over to control reluctance placed even and enforcement around such of the critical seemed as have may were way all their Not on them option. to help easiest to unwilling parish or pence next simply the kindest few to a or move giving to sympathetic even someone encouraging and either law: the were enforcing time Some spend wished. have would t hp rhwi a ob anand hs ntr,cudla ocon to lead could turn, in about This, agreement maintained. was be there to mean on was not agreed it did have how that would but or on, Communities order, shape touched moral peace. its a the been for of already need justices the the has and enforcement of lived the of they between issue relationship the this namely, of aspect Another whip observed: the he Hext, towards use as adopted to year policy harsh same willing the the of in certainly critical Writing also was soldiers. was demobilised justice, he but Kent vagrants, against a Lambarde, William fi raleduthm...[e hnehhmsleamnLwes and Lawlesse 1932: wee man (Burne as a order. suspicious good selfe so all hym ys of thinketh lyffe compasse [He] his the 25 of . without . thereupon lyvethe manner . he for therefore the hym but reprehended . lyffe be doubt . suspiciouse wyse . greatlie no and kill in faultes to may manifest he threateneth his that these prodigall of and any stout so ys he aydte otbudnt epadrleete,cnieigthat considering by them, are relieve lead we and either Nevertheless do help hanging. they to by wars bounden them they the most end from duties or return begging many their in after lives if their it is marvel what elv tes n aewl.(ed16:183 1962: when (Read hunger well. and cold fare enduring and places, ease our at in live serve we do and war own our il eentawy srgru nterefreeto h a sHext as law the of enforcement their in rigorous as always not were cials – 7) fi h o h rt fGdaddfneo hi onr;ya they yea, country; their of defense and God of truth the for ght ’ ‘ dif Ra 98 6) oeie hr emdn lentv othe to alternative no seemed there Sometimes 160). 1998: (Reay fi cult fi ’ aino pauper a of cation egsadthat: and hedges ’ egbu.I h 50 h ilgr fLtl n in Onn Little of villagers the 1590s the In neighbour. fi iino oa re usd h community. the outside order moral of nition fi ’ il,tecmuiiswti which within communities the cials, lc fstlmn a ieyto likely was settlement of place s ‘ omk o ooiu nabuse an notorious soe make to – 4) oiigbfr h police the before Policing fl fi xblt sHext. as exibility ilwudhave would cial fi mto of rmation fi ght fl ict 59 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:60c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 iatr hl h moaiyo h ihhdltl matad ned might indeed, and, national impact and little personal had to rich the led bene of even people become immorality labouring the they the while of it disaster, immorality burdensome from for the become support this short, necessity a In withhold procure of to must they labour they their if but themselves nothing society, having the and members; on useless bestow to labour ftejsie ftepaet r ae umrl aeepoesan employers gave summarily cases try to peace the it of because justices uncertain the remained laws of of such rioting parish of on of use depended enforcement the or that workplace remembered the of in forms in unionism oppose trade to to legal as willingness of greater for such withdrawal a action, support the under and popular political included people growing which came labouring capital, was for cattle, on protections there labour regulations time, some of same the removal on raised the the gleaning, of At as land, have such criminalised. work, common discipline non-waged might was and century, land-owners, people the from sixteenth pressure labouring increasing outside the the From living which reduced. a were earning relationship for opportunities harder: work to or them work placing as to regarded obligation was it share an them, not for did under sympathy generate they which to meant in not wealth was created people labouring the that edgement pna nutiu n well-order dependent are and glory, industrious and strength, an riches, poor upon national of that, our cost no prosperity, the belief and over were the wealth concern they Tudor by by underpinned displaced but part, and been in sway, relief largely that, hold had order political fears to the Such continued to policy. threat crime and the about as people and seen Assumptions labouring revive poverty longer success. the to with of limited attempts link idleness only and and the with support immorality met dishonesty, their century inherent of the the most (1709): in lost Defoe later had them Daniel societies the by Sir 1720s no lines criticism, the appeare/But of some Criminals against face of in the Lists offences summarised in Annual initial evaporated neatly prosecute but soon was movement), elite to this which political behind were organisations the politics manners among the voluntary for enthusiasm of 2004, to reformation as Claydon and the (see done, 1690 morality for had reasoning Hext in Societies the as vigorously. formed terms, in issue apocalyptic shift fairly the immorality a the in pursue been view people to have labouring continue to the did Some of appear enforcement. their does and there them behind but grow, to tinued 1907 of Harbin (Bates immorality a ness the unquali issues: seventeenth about an provided 1608 early these which in and over Sessions Newman sixteenth divided Quarter John Somerset late internally enthusiastically the the who often to constables in complaint were those morality of communities on context centuries, the laws in the seen enforced been has as Yet, Policing of Handbook 60 h aorn epewr o ipyrgltdb oelw,their laws, more by regulated simply not were people labouring The nteegtet etr h asrgltn h aorn epecon- people labouring the regulating laws the century eighteenth the In fl ec odpie HyadRgr 97.I hud oee,be however, should, It 1997). Rogers and (Hay prices food uence fi h cnm hog nrae xedtr nluxuries. on expenditure increased through economy the t ’ ietl a e yaptto rm2 fhsneighbours his of 26 from petition a by met was lifestyle s fi es oevr hl h xaso ftejurisdiction the of expansion the while Moreover, cers. – 8 ,16). i, 08: fi dedreeto i oet n industrious- and honesty his of endorsement ed ‘ u oetcsft n ofr,orprivate our comfort, and safety domestic Our ’ Poor d ’ Harry Pte 75 ) hsacknowl- This 1). 1775: (Potter ‘ aigntigbttheir but nothing having rSir or ’ Fedn 98 228). 1988: (Fielding Charles sthere is ‘ Your ’ .By j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:61c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 norg h ooeaino oa of local of co-operation the encourage lutae h osblte htwr pnt elrsucdvciso crime. of of Bank Bank victims the well-resourced by The orchestrated to was open 2005). campaign were The (Jowett that possibilities pawnbrokers the illustrates and a goldsmiths despatching of England warn system a to operated items expenses beadle before) valuable possibly the had (and Goldsmiths who century claim the those seventeenth to could were theft London, the offenders In they report of could 1989). because stolen prosecution Philips pursuit 1989; the (King for a incurred societies undertake the to of and encouraged one Bristol ( to his to Bath subscribed to distance in went who him considerable Arthur with the down, up travelled caught man then eventually shop the Street, his track Old from to in stolen Resolving lodgings In had London. work. ex-employee silver Hill, detective an Tower a prolonged items. that in missing fairly of suspected the in of Arthur theft engage discovery George the the to 1784, and prepared as arrest were her Fountain time to victims la same led Some de this Ann the and Mary fork at 1720, and in employment identi knife Bailey be her Old to the from likely before disappeared more cases the were of least, another at in or, steal to opportunity stealing. of attempted costs identi was or suspect the the stealing which of in by for information means part little convictions too least involving is There at trials take To 27 bear evident. this reported the and makes random, trials at offender contemporary session at one the glance brief identify A the prosecution. to of part had important an who became people labouring of the parish of regulation the While control crime policing: of practice The 2004). to (King courts landowners these and use employers to of people actions labouring the the attack allowed also it weapon, additional epnigt e re of cries her to responding the In crime. not the is it of and scene suspects the identi the identifying the near in how delay other clear caught a the always was was in nine there and defendant in cases employee, nine rapidly: one former remaining fairly or least made employee at been an have was four defendant to one seems least crime at the and defendant the ila tvno eotdta,a ewle hog h rwsat crowds down the through Watson walked John of he hand the pockett as reight felt that, he market, reported Scarborough Stevenson William had property stolen the whom to suspicious. goods, became in taken, dealer been or pawnbroker a after made hc ehdsoe od.MsRcis h okdthere, worked from who house Richins, public the Mrs leaving goods. apprehended stolen was had 1720, he in Bailey which Old the at fedr eeotntkna rna h cn fteofne n1637, In offence. the of scene the near or at taken often were Offenders ’ n,atog ernof ewsprudadcuh ytomen two by caught and pursued was he off, ran he although and, , ’ fi apinaantfreyo akntsbten19 n 1821 and 1797 between notes bank of forgery against campaign s cers ’ ’ Ahrf 91 9) hmsAmtog n ftedefendants the of one Armstrong, Thomas 299). 1991: (Ashcroft oe,tedtcino fedr a etmil otevictim, the to mainly left was offenders of detection the roles, ‘ l alySsin Paper Sessions Bailey Old tpthief! Stop fi ainwsmd,atog nfu h retwas arrest the four in although made, was cation fi ecsst rwaycnlsosaotthe about conclusions any draw to cases ve ’ mlye ftevci a greater a had victim the of Employees . fi d n1 ae h oncinbetween connection the cases 13 In ed. OBSP fi il n of and cials ’ oiios h sdrwrsto rewards used who solicitors, s ’ eebr18:183 1784: December opn,wihatrteearly the after which Company, ( OBSP fi ‘ eybseaot his aboute busie very esatce othe to attached cers oiigbfr h police the before Policing o eebr1720 December for ) fi da suspects: as ed – ‘ he him threw ) Victims 4). 61 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:62c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 eyidfeetcaatro i,hdhmbfr utc,weehe horse. where his justice, from fallen a had who before Cullington, John him of assistance had the to him, went Felt of character confess indifferent very century. a eighteenth the in the goods by stolen prompted been receiving have on Wash may laws James thieves in the of dealers of arrest and tightening the pawnbrokers in of goods involvement second-hand The bystanders. and neighbours retdwe etidt elsm tlnbaswihst aulWo.For Wood. Samuel had to and weights suspicious brass became stolen Wood some reason sell to some tried he when arrested Armstrong of Thomas of shout arrest compelling the of a means as shows, a but, as suspect, 1720 role a its in pursue lost to had cry community and the hue the for century exchange eighteenth in 61). 1991: theft (Rosenheim for third day prosecution a a from a woman, apology drop one Norfolk to from a farmer Doughty, compensation Robert their a 1665 of in persuaded part harmony: as justice, local offender maintaining and of victim role between broader mediation regarded Maclean, have James to with came seem watch Walpole, a Robert of 1750, minister, return In the prime for occur. former agreement the did an of offence to son an the compromising Walpole, illegal, Horace Although 1989). (Styles highwayman thankful very and again, Goods their of Discoverer one hear the As to to himself. enough thefts willing the always of were cunningly it, some he put organising biographers and his by thieves, of involved and effort victims the between reduced mediating on based business lc h euno hi rpryaoetepoeuino h he.The was contact which thief. to property, the of them return of the as enabled prosecution for described trade rewards typically the advertising newspaper above by the directly property thieves in their to continued boom of victims eighteenth-century many return but perfected, the had place Wild that practices business the his and harme hee some been Dickinson may said and soldier the Yorkshire, sheep a done North 196 his was have in stolen Elvard farmer might had and a partners who tyme Dickinson, dangerous men 1649, John a the In war, was with matter. civil settlement the some ignore the a with just of reached content or be height thief, or the the goods, the from at of apology return an the or theft for compensation of thief victim the a pay When might gallows. might victim the or to property, thief a petty their stolen justice of a identi of the inconvenience bring suited return to and of reluctant the most cost been aims guarantee the have that not the avoid would to responses with wished that coincide the have prosecution might necessarily on victim not A decide did system. to these and discretion interests broad a had 2005). (McGowen records careful maintained and of Police Metropolitan Policing of Handbook 62 hr ate oeie eaeivle ntedtcinpoes ythe By process. detection the in involved became sometimes parties Third ic rsctosuulydpne nteivleeto itm,they victims, of involvement the on depended usually prosecutions Since – ) nteeryegtet etr,Jnta idbitapro a built Wild Jonathan century, eighteenth early the In 7). fi dteofne,teewr ubro lentvst rscto:the prosecution: to alternatives of number a were there offender, the ed ’ esoethem stole he d fi ’ h a obdhmi yePr.Ee utcso h peace the of justices Even Park. Hyde in him robbed had who , l,wowscnitda h l alyi 70 a been had 1720, in Bailey Old the at convicted was who eld, ’ Ao 75 ) eilto a aetriae oeof some terminated have may Legislation 8). 1725: (Anon fi ‘ ’ lost hn hr eetecac nones n13,John 1733, In encounters. chance the were there Then, . e,adwogtee n ismntdinformation disseminated and gathered who and ces, ‘ h epewohdbe robb been had who People The ’ ihteaddpoieof promise added the with , ‘ tpthief! Stop ’ nadwr rmaohradan and another from work unpaid s ’ ih tl rn sitnefrom assistance bring still might ‘ tp i,aduo hearing upon and him, stopt ’ ,i a esuppos be may it d, ‘ oqetosasked questions no ’ Ahrf 1991: (Ashcroft ‘ ‘ h gentleman the eas it . . . because fi table ’ d ’ j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:63c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 ikoktwohdbe rbe yavci,a ekt prhn them. Lane, Lewkener apprehend in to Inn easily Boy seek Black as as the just to victim, went a could constable, a by Crowds Warden, grabbed John danger. been When of had who degree pickpocket the by even also step compromise. to a in them reach doubtless, for to uncommon parties not encouraging was by it authority their seen, outside been further has as and, evidence rscto ol o eaadnd( h a. .1) nter,the theory, In to and seem 10). some c. the witnesses, although Mar., whether defence, & the possible considered the Ph. any that have and with 3 ensuring concerned & of suspect not objective (2 were the the abandoned justices with be victim, trial not the would the at prosecution appear as to over such them binding him, before evidence such came collect In felony duty. to the statutory prove required their to were eighteenth to themselves they the restrict by cases to (which, felony tended process not) justice a did criminal many the instructed century, in or speci engaged who no crime justices whom notorious against but a arrested house about of her information search parish for and advertised arrest 2007), the make to constable called the then only found of and ( he magistrate assistance a so from the pocket, warrant a on his obtained picked lived, had she where Williams out Elizabeth that identi suspected been Davies had describ suspect had a I as Fellows Of such after look squeak a stopped heard being ( who shoulder after his watchman 1740 over a in slung sack pig by the a Bermondsey from coming stealing through of walking convicted while was Paine William suetuisi bu eeto oka h osal nLno h oda told doubtless who order that London were in 1734 many with constable in offered, the victim was as concerned robbery work fee detection were or about reward unenthusiastic constables as a unless and and, watchmen maintenance, however, general, osqec fsopn oen hs eaiu appeared open behaviour an whose noticed someone watchman stopping a after of 1817 consequence in Westminster ( in window Moon Half the of ( cainlydtce upcs epnigt h re farbeyvictim, Becken robbery Benjamin caught a and of chased cries watchman, London the a to Bennet, Responding Moses suspects. detected occasionally pera ins o h rw gis h ebr ftegn fstreet of gang to the offered of 77 members quickly 1992: the he (Rawlings against led 1728, Crown he the in which for robbers arrested witness a was for exchange as Dalton in appear prosecution James the for when evidence immunity: give to magistrates identi by were persuaded offenders secur some I Cullington Finally, therefore 10). and from 1733: Highwayman, a roll for bullets him suspect several noticed He uryAssizes Surrey OBSP h nhsamwt hc itm rof or victims which with enthusiasm The oeo h oeatv utcso h ec,sc sJh ilig(Beattie Fielding John as such peace, the of justices active more the of Some h aueo h oko osalsadwthe en htte also they that meant watchmen and constables of work the of nature The fi esddmk ret n erhpeie,btuulyti a nyafter only was this usually but premises, search and arrests make did cers eebr15) n ihe olnsot a retdi h cellar the in arrested was Hollingsworth Michael and 1750); December fi OBSP e omk nure noassiiu esnwohdbeen had who person suspicious a into inquiries make to cer fl ecd o utb h ie fotadepneivle,but involved, expense and effort time, the by just not uenced, uut13:9). 1739: August coe 87 472 1817: October ’ hswsuulytknt enjs xmnn hs who those examining just mean to taken usually was This . fi db h itm ntesme f13,Henry 1739, of summer the In victim. the by ed ‘ esol euo uyta ih,adwould and Night, that Duty upon be should he ‘ right ’ – fi esnhdbe retdb etn the testing by arrested been had person ) acmnas aearssa a as arrests made also Watchmen 3). hrehdbe ad oee,most However, laid. been had charge c – 109). ’ d ’ fi ( da euto ordsbeing comrades of result a as ed fi OBSP il use upc was, suspect a pursued cials uryAssizes Surrey ’ pocket, s eebr13:p ,9). I, pt 1734: December ’ him d oiigbfr h police the before Policing ‘ ssalb material be shall as ’ ‘ ( hc aeme made which OBSP uy14:9.In 9). 1740: July fi h ofe a free to ght ‘ suspicious December fi eld 63 ’ : j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:64c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 pteeSr fPeople of Sort these up xriigi h adadta h he-ae a ie hmn itadhad prisoners and hint more no or ( them dozen given confer a had to thief-taker from two not the out them that took him told and picked yard 1721, both the had Bailey, in in they exercising Old that robbery the add in to mail said careful later a they as after There, identi who, Prison. Newgate thief-taker to witnesses the by him, exercised robbed had accused the the at that sure asked be out, was could blurted he Sweetman he how Nicholas 1741 in When Assizes coached. Surrey were many doubtless, hc ih n ihajr aln opoueacnito o nofnethat offence an for conviction a prosecution, produce a to bringing failing of jury trouble a the the that with to and suppose end go to 1730s might to reason the which bother good in not was Waller did there John thief-takers Moreover, of some 1750s. cases the the laid in as having gang of McDaniel such convicted robbery, and were of progress, thief-takers perjury charges in where false encouraged crime cases a from rewards support of that drew scene criticism that the extra-judicial passing was be to there happened or victims were rms hyhdn oe omk n hc,wt ofsin eue,was secured, confessions ful with which, not and make to often power no had they promise n oapa sawtesfrteConads saeprosecution escape so and Crown the for allowing of witness promise a a with as other appear each in against to competition described one getting in was by them confess who set to Shooter, him might tricked Charles ( had 1741, thief-takers drunk interrogations that In him Commonly, claimed inn. child, confession. a nearby take as a to a court but extracting in magistrate, by the place to process took evidence the of gathering of the charge leave to not keen their often the exploit (on income 2000). to their Wales to thief-taking, watchmen, offered supplement of a as and origins authorities thief-taking in constables local engage and professional connections and some encouraged including families inducements These seventeenth smuggling crimes. people, their particular certain late to in victims, response engaged the in those rewards addition, From of conviction high In 2001). the as payments for offences. unlicensed Ivis and offered the offences were serious an and £500 more since to as (Warner operating extended used was idea shop and this been century, gin swearing had or as profane which alehouse such crimes, nonconformity, rewards, victimless prosecute to of religious people encourage offer to century the fourteenth involved strategy when ( 1750 robbers in street dead of shot pursuit was the Crowder in joined called he watchman London a fortunate: eaearuiepr ftestate the of part routine a became away get to glad were es i iso a bnoe eas netrn h n ewas he inn the entering on because Neverthe- abandoned colleagues. of was number a by mission along dangerous confronted a took was his and this that himself aware less, armed well was he he so 1734 in area, arrest an make to London, Policing of Handbook 64 yi ih ealtl upcosa h rqec ihwihthief-takers which with frequency the at suspicious little a be might cynic A ic amn fterwr eeddo ovcin he-aeswere thief-takers conviction, on depended reward the of payment Since shsaraybe en cieitreto nciia utc policy justice criminal in intervention active seen, been already has As fi dWlimWd,wohdbe retdo upco,btte were they but suspicion, on arrested been had who Wade, William ed OBSP fi ‘ ld h etmn fwtesswsas motn and, important also was witnesses of testimony The lled. bu hrysab elw,wobgnt o s ota we that so us, mob to began who Fellows, shabby thirty about ‘ a odb etea h ae thsBsns otake to Business his it makes who Gentleman a by told was I aur 71.I w upcswr ae,tethief-takers the taken, were suspects two If 1741). January ’ ’ ( OBSP uryAssizes Surrey ( OBSP uy12:7). 1721: July eebr13:p ,2) teswr less were Others 20). I, pt 1734: December ’ ucin rmte19s ato this of Part 1690s. the from functions s uy14:2 1741: July OBSP 0Otbr1750). October 20 – ) rae aehdbeen had care Greater 3). – claim a – a j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:65c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 ntn ihohrdvlpet nciia utc oiy lhuhi was it Although policy. justice criminal in developments other with tune in police the later and Runners Street was Bow the reward of of a establishment earn the particularly, to late stood the 2003). who in (Langbein those a scrutiny common greater more of obtaining to became evidence subjected lawyers of the pro defence century, chances and as eighteenth overstocked addition, the by In becoming that improved 413). was was 2001: thief-takers trade have the the may for 1740s problems the rules caused eventually the What appearing conviction. to because advantage conform that their dif to example few worked to for posed even have have evidence, could may of and these thief-takers rules but certain voluntary, be constructed should familiar judges confessions London the been that active have true more would is the and of constables some and in with magistrates right relationships seems close 244) enjoyed (2001: they thief-takers Beattie defend- that and from judges suggestion thief-takers allegations the of unsupported his practices, behaviour by threatening these the impressed of about by been notoriety ants people have the to from of not money spite appear In extorted prosecution. instead, with and, them reward, a carried agdadadlto ftemsae(a 97.Teews nti es,no sense, this offenders in was, selected There 1977). ef carefully (Hay more message few a the the for for a need of sympathy dilution bloodshed, crime, only a the from and offenders at of the people revulsion hanged be execution deter attaching of might would there an that the otherwise offences detection because believed underpinned required of was number the this had large It but through that a policy. to justice assumptions crime penalty criminal death the control of from dif part to and Another important departure Waller plan dispel. a the to the of represented struggled corruption that Fieldings of stink the assistance, was the obtaining which of of cases, some by means McDaniel with paid accepted fees associated and an were rewards were they on rewards relied also some Although they extract victims. but to constables, deputy them or enabled gaolers work, Fieldings their the publicise fi to with pamphlets together and panics, papers the Crime plans. increase their would this that least at that and some believed caught deter must vi) being Detection, travelled offenders (1768: receivers who of of Fielding offenders network likelihood alleged houses. those an from safe tackling support drew and of who between and means information Beattie country the of a 1983; about exchange offered rapid (Styles the and London country enabled selected magistrates this involved the to that throughout that argued distributed He magistrates then plan 2007). was informa- to a information bring and The to eighteenth devised thief-takers Street. witnesses Fielding the Bow and to victims John of tion offenders for work. half of newspapers pursuit this through second their advertising publicising in the energetic in were In Fielding and thief-takers. John and freelance Henry century, of decline the aca upr.Te on ot o oeo h o tettiftkr as thief-takers Street Bow the of some for posts found They support. nancial fi h mrec fpoesoa osalsars h onr n,more and, country the across constables professional of emergence The n dif One e ne h idee utcsAt19 lopae signi a played also 1792 Act Justices Middlesex the under ces fi ut aigteFednswst ovnegvrmnst fund to governments convince to was Fieldings the facing culty fi in ytmo eeto.O h te ad h lnwas plan the hand, other the On detection. of system cient ‘ eetlrtdbcuete eeuseful were they because tolerated were ’ . ‘ h etit fspeedy of . . . Certainty the ’ fi oiigbfr h police the before Policing kl nuignews- using in skill ssuee (Beattie squeezed ts fi ue ncut It court. in gures fi atpr in part cant fi ute for culties ’ Indeed, . fi culty 65 j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:66c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 oiig uha h aso orrle,lbu n oaiyadthe and morality and labour relief, of poor understanding victims, on broader of laws the work of the the discussion as for a of such room for other policing, or little and etc.), leaving security churchwardens, Runners, private the been, communities, has and concentration watch The the police. modern of the on therefore, of practice and organisation oiehsoy hwn,frisac,ta al ac cee eeef were an schemes have watch early to that continue instance, date for further that showing, selected history, after police (see events dramatically Yet, of understanding changed 2006). by in our been challenged Zedner result, a has been also as 1829 reading; has and, before police worked assumption the they period This of how the history objectives. or the objectives those on their work of recent at context look with not the been concerned did have in particularly so to to not and 1829 were view as- systems before historians previous working a police meant the with This Their showed in defective. so 1956). reforms largely seemed these do (Radzinowicz that opinions to developments was whose sumption tended later practitioners they with and even then sympathy and commentators before 1829 the after events police identifying new at the subject looking their when as took historians police Early policing and police of history This The emerging. was that police policing of on idea debate narrow did problems. rather therefore, cause rational and, the to structures continues a of police part undermined professional form the not security outside stood thief. private the it apprehend because in to desire were growth of the which outweigh Street might This Bow victims, property the of stolen of of priorities those return The the as the personally. same the them from necessarily affected not expanded it as have crime to to seems establish established to but had able present, were People been century. mid-eighteenth always the for had prevent criminals not security to did with and it trade event, criminals any a encouraged to In in property. response stolen engaging its of from return over themselves had though victims community even prevent the community, that the discretion or the victims by of of resented involvement be been the have to not were may tives rewards. offenders and all costs prosecutions, of encouraging words, payment at other the aimed as policies in by such reinforced reprieved: was to were This deal efforts punished. to who sustained imprisonment, were later those there and transportation with hanged, as be such should punishments, felons establish all not that accepted Policing of Handbook 66 implicit an involves This de assumed. were the been Runners had Street of Bow as the ineffective acceptance that and or corrupt police, new as the not of criteria the to according fl ietepoesoaiaino h ac,ti rfsinlsto fdetec- of professionalisation this watch, the of professionalisation the Like ec.Mc ftenwwr nae na ruetwt traditional with argument an in engages work new the of Much uence. – h xaso fwa aet ecle rvt euiy Private security. private called be to came what of expansion the fi – il h eebetemdr oie uha h constable, the as such police, modern the resemble who cials oecnrloe hi w euiyadoe h response the over and security own their over control some fi fi il,worpre omgsrts hetndt reduce to threatened magistrates, to reported who cials, iino oieadplcn sdtrie ythe by determined as policing and police of nition fi il oeseso h poor, the of (overseers cials fi – e ol eaddressed: be could ce, rt eiv htthey that believe to or – n a elhave well may and fi cient j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:67c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 vriw ftewoepro eansac,seCritchley see scarce, remain period whole the of Overviews signi the minimise to not is policing This of police. history the the de and of policing of history of matter history the the not a not neglected is is simply and police been police be the have of of may historians areas history the the this these by course, that neglected not Of been have is policing. they It that police. term but that historians, the by requires from which detached order, of be ideas to communal or informal of enforcement u oagefrohrdrcin htbt ie h nur n uhit push reading and further inquiry Selected the widen both that directions suggest other to time. or in for completed, backwards police is argue policing the to and of police but historians eighteenth-century of new reconstruction the the that by undertaken work excellent hsvlm o ulrrfrnectto) hr sol iie muto okon work of amount limited de a The only is 1700. There citation). before reference policing fuller for volume this 900 Wales, and England rmnljsiei icse nMusson in discussed is justice criminal Wormald usnadOrmrod and Musson tutr flwefreeti hrenhcnuyEngland century thirteenth in enforcement law of structure 19) o icsino h ag fof of Beier discussed: range widely the of discussion Cam a For (1993). Palmer in account controversial ocre ihteTdraderySur eid si nesyo h dilemmas the on essay an is Langel as also see period, (1980); Stuart Wrightson tion, early by constable and administration the Tudor their facing the and laws with vagrancy concerned the Kent London: eighteenth-century (1991). in poor the England Stuart and oconspire to Essex King eighteenth-century in on discussed are see felons century, of prosecution seventeenth Gaskill the and in (1989) justice Herrup see criminal crime, of administration the Herrup of study Underdown case in discussed is morality 1745 Paley (2001), book Reynolds and watch, the London Eighteenth-century in Women Beattie 20) hl Howson while (2000), id h da n rcieo i onFedn r xmndi Beattie England in examined eighteenth-century are Fielding in John investigation Sir justice of public practice and Fielding and ideas The Wild. Beattie policing – ’ ‘‘‘ sa 15) arnyadpo eifi h uo n tatproshv been have periods Stuart and Tudor the in relief poor and Vagrancy (1950). essay s 1754 ’ ’ h orseadsmlsesreo people of sorte sympleste and pooreste The s s ’ s ’ oiigadPnsmn nLno,1660 London, in Punishment and Policing ‘ ’ 19) oki trigt mreo h o tetRnes nparticular, in Runners, Street Bow the on emerge to starting is Work (1995). h omnPeace Common The al detection Early ’ s ’ 18)adWales and (1989) h aigo nls Law English of Making The ’ 18) h oko h acmni eevn oecnieain see, consideration, more receiving is watchmen the of work The (1989). s h nls ilg osal,1580 Constable, Village English The ’ ’ s ’ 18)poieecletsatn ons e loRogers also see points; starting excellent provide (1988) s s ‘ e he n utnpies mutton and shoes New ‘ ’ ‘ h ipaeeto providence of displacement The s – ’ he-aesi odni h g fteMDne gang, McDaniel the of age the in London in Thief-takers s ’ 1966 s h vlto fEgihJustice English of Evolution The ’ ’ he-ae General Thief-taker eoeteBobbies the Before atresMen Masterless ’ 20) hl o,i his in Cox, while (2006); 20) Styles (2007), ’ 18) nteivleeto itm ntedtcinof detection the in victims of involvement the On (1987). 16)adRawlings and (1967) ’‘ 18)adPhilips and (1989) fi he-aesadtercinsi ae tatLondon Stuart later in clients their and Thief-takers ’ iiesuyo h nl-ao oe flwis law of codes Anglo-Saxon the of study nitive s nls a nteAeo h lc et,1348 Death, Black the of Age the in Law English 19) hc ie oefcst h rcieof practice the to focus more gives which (1999), ’ s ee,Ro n Rebellion and Riot Revel, 19) hl h diitaino medieval of administration the while (1999), ’‘ 18)adSlack and (1985) ’ s 19) he-aesaedsusdi Beattie in discussed are Thief-takers (1998). ’ i onFedn n h rbe fcrime of problem the and Fielding John Sir s fi 17)aaye h rcie fJonathan of practices the analyses (1970) ulcOdradLwEnforcement Law and Order Public ‘ il ntemdea utc ytm see system, justice medieval the in cials rscto soitosadterimpact their and associations Prosecution ’ ’‘ 18)adRawlings and (1983) ’ – odmnt soit n a men bad and associate to men Good s ’ 1750 ’’ – oiig hr History Short A Policing: ? 18) Styles (1984), 1642 ’ ‘ eti hr flwcunning low of share certain A 20) h uia euainof regulation puritan The (2007). ’ 20) Henderson (2001), 19)adSummerson and (1999) 19) h oite o the for societies The (1996). ü ’ 18)i necletbook excellent an is (1986) s ddecke oet n oiyi Tudor in Policy and Poverty fi ’ s oiigbfr h police the before Policing iin Nevertheless, nition. ’ 18) o valuable a For (1987). itr fPlc in Police of History A ’‘ 17) e lothe also see (1979); ’ aubecontribu- valuable s rn n policing and Print ’‘ fi ac fthe of cance h daof idea The ’ s ’ s 20)(see (2002) ’‘ Disorderly ‘ i John Sir Policing ’ (1995), s – 1381 ‘ The 67 ’ c. s ’ ’ ’ ’ j:hapoply 15-8-2008p:68c:0 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 11:22 23 Sep 2021; For: 9780203118238, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118238.ch3 eti,JM (2001) J.M. 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Defoe, (1925) (ed.) B.H. Cunnington, rthe,TA (1967) T.A. Critchley, osot,FM (2007) F.M. Dodsworth, Policing of Handbook 68 rpr .(1984) M. Draper, Somerset. Of Record County London. Shpayer Terror of Limits eivlEgad h xml fCheshire of example the England: medieval Press. America. University of Academy Medieval The MA: Cambridge, III. Vol. Society. Archaeological Salt William The Kendal: Methuen. 1754 Court, Research oennei ihenhcnuyEngland eighteenth-century in governance xrcsfo h oprto eod,15 o1791 to 1555 Records, Corporation the from Extracts see summary, a (For Lancaster. arts.monash.edu.au/eras/edition of University thesis. PhD of principal orpino h oypltc rmFedn oColquhoun to Fielding from politic, body the of corruption efr estates Bedford Criminology 17) ial,the Finally, (1978). 8 133 58, , – ao (eds) Makov os2 n 4 oestRcr Society. 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Publications, ce – ec od n h aneac flwadodri late in order and law of maintenance the and bonds Peace 54. dnug,7April. 7 Edinburgh, , ‘ ‘‘‘ oieadpeeto fcie omre epainadthe and temptation commerce, crime: of prevention and Police oieDtcie nHsoy 1750 History, in Detectives Police – croog eod 1600 Records Scarborough 89 ihpriua mhsso hi rvnilduties provincial their on emphasis particular with 1839, Civic l alySsin Paper Sessions Bailey Old h tfodhr ure esosRolls Sessions Quarter Staffordshire The oeAnl fteBruho eie.BigaSre of Series a Being Devizes. of Borough the of Annals Some ’’ tal et oieadtecniino iet:tertoaiyof rationality the liberty: of condition the and police – 5/coxarticle.htm (eds) . – 08) 2 2 12: , ’ s h nls oeneta ok 1327 Work, at Government English The 5 61 25: , h ryadteCodi Mid-Georgian in Crowd the and Army The ’ , ure esosRcrsfrteCut of County the for Records Sessions Quarter oilHistory Social ’’ – ’ naayi ftewr fBwStreet Bow of work the of analysis an : 4. , ultno h nttt fHistorical of Institute the of Bulletin – – eie:Gog Simpson. 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