Chapter 1: Police History

. LO1: Discuss the Early Police . LO2: Discuss English Policing: Our English Heritage . LO3: Discuss American Policing: The Colonial Experience . LO4: Discuss American Policing: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries . LO5: Discuss American Policing: Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries

. 5th Century B.C.E. – Romans create “trackers of murder” . 6th Century (Athens)/3rd Century (Rome) B.C.E. – Citizens appoint judges . Time of Christ – Roman Emperor Augustus forms: • Praetorian Guard to protect palace and emperor • Urban Cohort to protect the city • Vigiles of Rome to protect the citizens

. The Statute of Winchester is enacted in England (1285 C.E.). – The Watch and Ward • Patrols streets from dusk until dawn • Performs civil duties • Enforces criminal law – The Hue and Cry (yell for help) – The Parish Constable – organized and supervised the watch

. Private citizens paid by the king for every criminal they arrested . Major role was to combat highway robbery . Paid upon conviction of highwayman; awarded his horse, money, and property . System later extended to cover other offenses . Criminals would become thief-takers to receive a pardon for their own crimes. . System was corrupt and created more crimes than it suppressed.

© 2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning Peel’s Police: The Metropolitan Police for London Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles: 1.The mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder. 2.The police’s ability to perform duties depends on public approval. 3.Police must have the willing cooperation and respect of the public.

© 2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning Peel’s Police: The Metropolitan Police for London (continued) Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles (continued): 4.Public cooperation diminishes proportionately to necessity of physical force. 5.Police must demonstrate absolute, impartial service to the law. 6.Physical force is used only when advice and warning prove insufficient.

© 2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning Peel’s Police: The Metropolitan Police for London (continued) Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles (continued): 7.The police are the public and the public are the police. 8.Police should never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. 9.The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder.

. The North: The Watch – Closely replicated the English model – Sheriffs paid fees based on arrests made – Town marshals, constables, and night watchmen patrolled cities.

. The South: Slave Patrols – Early form of policing based on enforcing restrictive laws against slaves – Means of protecting white population from slave insurrections and crimes – Slave codes intended to preserve social order

. Early Police Departments – 1838 – Boston – 1845 – New York – 1854 – Philadelphia – Civil War – Chicago, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Baltimore, etc.

. Early Police Departments (continued) – Attempted to control crime and disorder in urban and frontier environments – Policing was dominated by politicians, brutality, corruption, and ineptness. – Police work paid more than most other blue-collar jobs. – Job security for police officers was nonexistent, due to politics.

. Early 19th century police performed many duties: – Street cleaning – Inspecting boilers – Caring for the poor and homeless – Operating emergency ambulances . Latter part of the 19th century – Practical and technological advances – Public welfare responsibilities transferred to municipal agencies

. Law enforcement duties were provided by the military after the Civil War. . U.S. Marshals called in federal troops to enforce local laws. . Police continued to be upholders of white supremacy in their communities. . The few black officers were not respected by white citizens.

. Sheriffs and Town Marshals – Sheriff collected taxes and performed court duties. – Posse comitatus called in for dangerous criminals . Federal Marshals – Power to call upon the militia for assistance . The Military – Army used by civilian authorities . State Policing Agencies . Private Police

. State Policing Agencies – Some states created their own police organizations. . Private Police – Much more effective than public law enforcement agencies on the frontier

. Technology – Motorcycles and patrol cars enabled police to cover more territory. – Radio provided rapid response to calls for service and emergencies. . The Boston Police Strike: – Ended police unionism for decades . National Prohibition: Volstead Act prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol – Local law enforcement was unable to stop organized crime.

. Time of dramatic social change . Police caught in the middle between civil rights and status quo – Supreme Court decisions – Civil Rights Movement – Assassinations – Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations – Campus disorders – Urban riots – Corruption

. Positive developments . Development of a computer revolution in policing . Drastic reduction in violent crime . Birth of community policing and problem-solving policing . CompStat process: – Timely and accurate intelligence – Use of effective tactics in response to intelligence – Rapid deployment of personnel and resources – Relentless follow-up and assessment

. Notable crime reductions in the first half of the 2000s . Violent crime increased nationwide in 2005-2006. . Crime has continued to decrease as of 2010. . 9/11 and its aftermath – New issues of terrorism facing the police – Creation of Department of Homeland Security – Congress passed the USA Patriot Act.

. Hurricane Katrina – Local, state, and federal agencies were unable to handle major disaster. – Brought to public light heroic efforts of National Guard and police officers