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Home , Bloody Code, Hawkhurst Gang, Hue and cry

History Paper 1 – and Punishment: Middle Ages 1000-1500

Crime Factors Law Enforcement Factors Punishment factors

1 Religious ideas 14 Role of local communities 30 Purpose of punishment: deterrence, retribution or reform? 2 Poverty 15 Government spending 31 Fear of Crime 3 Political change 16 Increased population 32 Social change 4 Increased population 17 New technology 33 Role of individuals 5 Increased taxation Middle Ages: Law Enforcement Middle Ages: Punishment 6 New technology 18 Witnesses to a crime had to raise the hue and cry – Stop, thief!. Anyone who heard had to join the chase to catch the criminal or 34 Wergild ‘Blood price’. Saxon system of 7 Increased movement of people face a fine. compensation paid to victim

Middle Ages Crime 18 Tithing All men over 12 had to join a tithing. A group of 10 men. If one the 35 Mutilation People caught stealing several group committed a crime the others had to tell or pay a fine. times would have their hand 8 Petty In Saxon England 75% of all cut off crime was theft of small items 19 Reeve In charge of 10 tithings. When a crime was reported the Reeve had e.g. food, livestock. to bring the criminal before the Manor Court 36 Humiliation Petty and drunkenness punished by the stocks or 9 1066 Normans invade and win 20 Manor Court The whole village was jury with the Lord as judge. pillory battle of . William the Conqueror crowned King 21 Trial by Ordeal If the jury could not decide then the decision was placed ij God’s 37 1066 William abolishes Wergild. All hands through trails by hot water, hot iron and blessed bread (for fines are now paid to the King 10 Forest Made all the forests and clergy) Law animals in them property of the King. Created crime of 22 1066 Normans add trail by combat to trial by ordeal 38 Mutilation Continues under the Normans poaching for repeat offenders and 23 Sherriff ‘high reeve’ in French could command peasants to help chase poachers. Whipping added. 11 Murdrum if a Norman soldier was killed criminals in his posse. Fine all of the local community had 39 Humiliation An addition to stocks and 24 1215 – Trial by Ordeal banned by the Pope. to pay a fine. Aimed to pillory, carting and ducking prevent 25 1300s claimed by criminals on the run when the reached a church. They added for minor crimes sanctuary could stay for 40 days after which they had to face trial or go into 12 Harrying Soon after William became 40 Execution Hanging, used much more exile. of the King there was a large frequently by the Normans North rebellion in the North. William compared to Saxons. defeated the rebellion. To 26 1300s Benefit Priests would not be executed . To prove you were a priest you had Punishment for treason and deter further rebellions and to of clergy to recite a verse from the bible. So criminals learnt verses off by . show the Saxons who was heart to avoid execution by hanging. This was known as the ‘neck boss he murdered villagers, verse’. burned homes and crops. This cruel treatment was called the Harrying of the North. 27 1300 Church heard cases involving priests. These courts gave much less harsh courts sentences than normal courts

13 Outlaw A criminal who escaped 28 1300 quarter Held in each four times a year, heard serious cases by capture and went ‘on the run’ sessions ordinary people e.g. murder. Judges were Justices of the Peace – committing many crimes over the most powerful local lord. a long period of time. E.g. the Folville Gang 29 1300 Royal Judges who were appointed by the King. Travelled around the Court country 2 or 3 times a year to hear the most serious cases e.g. crimes committed against the King, the church, by nobles. History Paper 1 – Crime and Punishment: Early Modern 1500-1700 Crime Factors Law Enforcement Factors Punishment factors

1 Religious ideas 13 Role of local communities 21 Purpose of punishment: deterrence, retribution or reform?

2 Political change 14 Government spending 22 Fear of Crime

3 Poverty 15 Increased population 23 Social change

4 Increased population 16 New technology 24 Role of individuals Early Modern: Punishment Early Modern: Law Enforcement 5 Increased taxation 25 Continuity Humiliation punishments, fines and 17 Continuity Hue and cry, tithing 6 New technology corporal punishments such as whipping from Middle 7 Increased movement of people Ages 26 Burning at the Punishment for heresy stake Early Modern Crime 18 Watchmen Unpaid volunteers who patrolled towns 27 Hanged drawn Punishment for treason. Hanged for a 8 Petty In Early Modern England 75% of all crime was theft of small at night and quartered minute, then disemboweled and theft items e.g. food, livestock. castrated, Organs were burnt on a fire. 19 Town , paid jog, in charge of Then victim chopped into 4 pieces. 9 Heresy – • 1534 - Act of Supremacy. that made Henry VIII the watchmen not the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.” 28 1531 Vagabonds undeserving vagabonds punished by 20 1520 Sanctuary abolished following • Edward VI made protestant changes Act – whipping, deserving vagabonds given the • Mary I : Bloody Mary, executes nearly 300 Protestants. 21 1624 permission to beg by Justices of the religion • 1559 Elizabethan Settlement. Heresy convictions decline as Peace of the religious tolerance increased abolished monarch • 1640s. Cromwell replaced heresy laws with crime of 29 1547 – Vagabonds punished by being enslaved 20 Trials Quarter sessions, trial blasphemy. Vagabonds Act for 2 years continuity by jury, royal court

30 1601 The Poor Local parishes could raise money by 10 Treason • 1534 - Act of Supremacy. English law that made Henry VIII Law taxes to pay for helping the deserving the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.”. Anyone who poor. Undeserving poor e.g. vagabonds does not recognise his marriage to Anne Boleyn was were sent to ‘Houses of Correction’ and executed for treason. put to work • Elizabeth executes catholic Plotters e,g, Duke of Norfolk, for treason. • 1605. James I increased fines paid by Catholics. Guy Fawkes 31 1610 – . Criminals were transported for 7 and Gunpowder Plotters arrested for treason. Transportation years, 14 years or life. Had to complete to America hard labour on farms or building roads.

32 1688 number of capital crimes increased 11 Witchcra • 1597; James I book ‘Demonology’ warns of the dangers of from 11 to 50. Start of what Historians ft witchcraft refer to as the Bloody Code • 1604: communicating with the devil made punishable by death • 1640s: Mathew Hopkins the witch finder general tortures 33 execution For serious crimes like murder, women into confessing to witchcraft. witchcraft, treason, counterfeiting money , , , of a 12 Vagabon • 1536 Henry VIII closed the monasteries dwelling house or barn with corn in it, ds- • 1567 Thomas Harman published ‘A Warning for Vagabonds’. highway , stealing from work, unemplo Spread panic about criminals vagabonds e.g. counterfeit horse theft, robbing churches and yed and crank pretended to be sick, Tom o’bedlam pretended to be homeless mad. • 1570s very poor harvests led to increased food prices • Increased population means more unemployed and hungry Crime Factors History Paper 1 – Crime and Punishment: Industrial Britain 1700-1900 1 Religious ideas Law Enforcement Factors Punishment factors 2 Poverty 13 Role of local communities 21 Purpose of punishment: deterrence, retribution or reform? 3 Political change 14 Government spending 22 Fear of Crime 4 Increased population 15 Increased population 23 Social change 5 Increased taxation 16 New technology 24 Role of individuals 6 New technology Industrial: Law Enforcement Industrial: Punishment 7 Increased movement of people 17 Continuity Watchmen and Industrial Crime from Early 25 Bloody Code 1. 1723 - Black Act. Made all cases Modern of poaching a capital crime 8 Poaching 1. Poaching increased dramatically because of increasing increasing total to 150 population . 18 1749 1. Set up by the 2. 1810 225 capital crimes 2. Sometimes with poaching gangs working on a large scale. 1 Bow Street Fielding Brothers 3. 1841 end of Bloody Code, 5 3. 1723 the Black Act made poaching a capital crime. Owning Runners who were capital crimes remain dogs in certain areas was also punishable by death. magistrates at Bow 4. Many poaching laws were repealed in1823 Street Court 26 Transportation 1. 1776 changes to 2. In the middle of the because of American eighteenth century Independence 9 1736- 1. People became better educated and less superstitious. London’s population 2. 1857 Transportation abolished witchcraft laws 2. The Royal Society was a group of scientists set up by Charles increased and there repealed II. They increased scientific experiments and found scientific was an increase in 27 Reform 1. 1774 Gaol Act. Influenced by the explanations for things once considered the w crime. ideas of John Howard. Improved 3. The Bow Street food and paid prison guards patrolled a small 2. Elizabeth Fry campaigned for area of London. improved conditions at Newgate 10 Highway 1. Highwaymen were armed with pistols and travelled on Prison. Trained women in sewing Robbery horseback. They forced carriages to stop and robbed the 19 1829: 1. Home Secretary and introduced church services people inside of their valuables. Metropolitan Robert Peel created very Sunday. 2. Famous highwaymen like Dick Turpin were often seen as Police Act the first professional 3. 1823 Gaol Act Robert Peel was heroes even though they committed violent crime. This was police force to cover influenced by Howard and Fry because highwaymen targeted the rich and their crimes the whole of London Separated men, women and were romanticised in cheap newspapers for the masses. in 1829 children into different 3. By 1830 highway robbery had disappeared because people 2. There were and appointed prison inspectors. began to travel by train. economic problems 4. 1842 Pentonville prison. Built on in 1826 that led to Howards idea of separate system 11 Smuggling 1. Smugglers brought goods into Britain from abroad without an increase in petty and useful work. Each prisoner paying tax crime. had their own cell and was 2. .goods they smuggled were legal but expensive e.g. tea, 3. The Metropolitan trained in a jog e.g. weaving. sugar, brandy and tobacco. Police constable 5. 1860. Increased crime led to 3. For many people smugglers were heroes for providing patrolled a set harsher prisons and the silent cheap luxuries. Even though some, like the Gang route, called a beat, system with hard labour. were violent criminals. Many people bought goods from several times during Prisoners silent at all times and smugglers- even MP’s! his shift. completed pointless work like 4. When taxes were cut in the 1840s smuggling decreased. treadmill, the crank and picking 20 1856 Police 1. Compulsory for oakum. Act every city and 12 1834 1. In 1834, in Tolpuddle, a group of farm workers formed a 28 1830s Humiliation and corporal punishments Tolpuddle county in England to trade union to protest about low wages. set up a professional abolished (except in prisons) Martyrs 2. The men were convicted of taking secret oaths and sentenced to 7 police force like the years transportation. T 29 1868 Last public execution 3. hey were mass protests against their treatment and they were Metropolitan Police pardoned in 1836. History Paper 1 – Crime and Punishment: Modern Britain 1900-present Crime Factors Law Enforcement Factors Punishment factors

1 Religious ideas 12 Role of local communities 24 Purpose of punishment: deterrence, retribution or reform?

2 Poverty 13 Government spending 25 Fear of Crime

3 Political change 14 Increased population 26 Social change

4 Increased population 15 New technology 27 Role of individuals

5 Increased taxation Modern: Law Enforcement Modern: Punishment 6 New technology 28 Changes to 1. Open prison 16 1902 Fingerprinting used to prisons 2. High security prison convict a criminal for 7 Increased movement of people 3. Secure Psychiatric Hospitals e.g. Broadmoor. the first time 4. Young Offenders Institutions e.g. Feltham Modern Crime 17 1913 First police car, police 29 New punishments 1. Community Service 8 New 1. Car theft no have a range of 2. ASBOs technology 2. Burglary for electronic items e.g vehicles including 3. Electronic Tagging laptops. helicopters and boats. 3. Cybercrime e.g. bullying or theft of 30 1965 death 1. Derek Bentley: unfairly executed 18 1914 Edith Smith, first personal details such as credit card penalty abolished 2. Timothy Evans: was hanged for murdering his wife and female police officer numbers., hacking. baby. Later evidence proved he was innocent. 3. Ruth Ellis: was hanged in 1955 for murdering her 9 Crimes 1. 1868 Race Relations Act makes racist 19 1933 First police radio. Now boyfriend. Her boyfriend was violent and had against the discrimination illegal each ofiicer has a person physically abused her for years. Ruth Ellis had a 2. 1970 Equal pay Act makes gender pay radio and mobile miscarriage when her boyfriend punched her in the discrimination illegal phone. stomach whist she was pregnant 3. 2006 Incitement to religious hatred 20 1970s DNA evidence is used Act makes abusive comments about for the first time catch World War I World War II race and religion illegal. and convict criminal. 31 Conscientious Objectors 10 Crimes 1. 1871 misuse of Drugs Ac classifies Colin Pitchfork raped About 16,000 men refused to About 60,000 men and women against and murdered two fight refused to fight or join the armed authority illegal drugs. 2. terrorism: extremist groups like the girls. Semen samples services. IRA, terror attacks by Islamic from both victims led Military courts called tribunals Civilian Tribunals decided if a CO decided if each CO was genuine was genuine. extremists, far right and racist groups. to Pitchfork’s Only 400 were excused from All except about 12,000 were 3. Smuggling still similar in some ways prosecution. conscription on grounds of excused from conscription on to 18th century e.g. boats used to 21 1990s onwards Police use computer conscience grounds of conscience. avoid paying tax on legal items like databases to store ‘Alternativists’ are prepared to Alternativists were given non- alcohol and tobacco. information about perform some compulsory but combat roles.g. serving as a medic 4. Smuggling different in many ways as and catch criminals. socially useful service instead people are trafficked and organised of military duties e. In WWI gangs smuggle illegal drugs. 22 PREVENT Focus on crime Alternativists were given non- prevention through combat roles.g. serving as a 11 New crimes 1. To keep up with technological change medic are defined stopping extremism e.g. speed limits, bans on using and radicalisation in ‘Absolutists’, or ‘total resisters’, Very few absolutists were sent to mobile phones while driving, drink schools and deny the right of the state to prison and those that were, were impose any compulsory service. not treated as harshly as in WWI driving communities 2. To keep up with social changes; In WWI Absolutists were making discrimination by gender, 23 Neighbourhood Focus on crime imprisoned, given brutal disability or sexuality illegal. Watch prevention through treatment and hard labour. 10 died in prison, 63 died soon 3. To keep up with population changes: the local community. making racism and religious hatred after release and 31 had illegal breakdowns.