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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information

Index

Abaza, A. A., member of State Council 471 Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeevich, Slavophile Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman ruler 20 writer 127 Ablesimov, Aleksandr, playwright 86 Fundamental Principles of Russian abortion 324 History 127 About This and That (journal) 86 Aksel’rod, Pavel, Menshevik 627 Abramtsevo estate, artists’ colony 105 Alash Orda (Loyalty) party, Kazakh 221 Adams, John Quincy 519 Alaska Adrianople, Treaty of (1829) 559 Russian settlements in 36 adultery 309, 336, 339 sold to USA (1867) 564 advertising 320, 324 alcoholism 185, 422, 422n.77 Aerenthal, Count Alois von, Austrian foreign Alekseev, Admiral E. I., Viceroy 586 minister 570 Alekseev, A. V.,army commander-in-chief Afanasev, Aleksandr, anthology of (1917) 664 folk-tales 98 Aleksei see Alexis al-Afgani, Jamal al-Din, Muslim reformer Alexander I, Tsar (1801–25) 219 conception of Russian destiny 149 Afghanistan 563, 566, 569 and conspiracy theories 153 Africa, ‘Scramble’ for 576 court agricultural reforms favourites 152, 438 Stolypin’s 181, 389, 417, 464, 613 liberal advisers 149, 526 and vision of social justice 24 and economy 399–400 agriculture 232, 379, 410 and Europe 149, 520 1870s depression 241 ‘Holy Alliance’ 556 arable 375 foreign policy 519–28, 554, 556–8 and environment 373, 390 and Britain 523, 524, 525 expansion southwards 493 and France 520, 523 extensive cultivation 374, 375, 387 and Jews 190 harvest fluctuations 375, 381, 478 monarchy under 151, 240 Jewish colonies 191 and Poland 33, 172 livestock 376, 380, 387 policy on nationalities 32–4, 149 long-fallow (two-field) system 375, 379 Muslims 208 and national market 391 reforms Nizhnii Novgorod 267 Committee of Ministers 438 on noble estates 231, 241 constitutional charter productivity levels 381, 391, 486 commissioned 124 Siberia 387 and ministerial government system 432, three-field system 375, 379–80, 385 436, 598 Aigun, Treaty of (1858) 561 political reforms 122, 123, 148, 152, 526 Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1748) 506 Senate 436

711

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information

Index

Alexander I, Tsar (cont.) All-Russian Muslim Ministry 221 relations with nobility 240 All-Russian Teachers Union 260 and Russian Bible Society 153, 158 All-Russian Union for Women’s Equality and Treaty of Tilsit 399 (Women’s Union) 322 Alexander II, Tsar (1855–81) All-Russian Union of Zemstvo and Municipal assassination (1881) 102, 197, 318, 365, 485, Councils (Zemgor) 467, 667 613, 639 Alvensleben Convention (1863) 564 attempt on life (1866) 610, 638 Alvensleben-Erxleben, Count Albert von 564 culture under 97–102 Ambassadorial Ofﬁce (Posol’skii prikaz) 501 foreign policy 561–6 ambassadors government Peter the Great’s 501–3 bureaucracy under 433 Peter’s use of foreigners 502 Council of Ministers 439–40 American War of Independence 511–12 and State Council 437, 439 and League of Armed Neutrality 512 and state ﬁnances 480 see also United States and imperial army 541 Amur river basin, annexation of 53, 60, 561 policy towards Muslims 210, 211, 213 anarchism 138–40 and Polish insurrection (1863) 37 aristocracy and 240 reforms Andreev, Leonid, writer 547 and land reforms 603 Andrusovo, Truce of (1667) 531 and later reform programme 612–13 Andrusovo, Treaty of (1654) 30 andlawreforms(1864) 344 Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 569 personal role in Great Reforms 594, Anna, daughter of Peter the Great 71 595–6, 609 marriage to Karl Friedrich of Holstein 501 and selective integration of Jews 194–6 Anna, Tsarina (1730–40) 78 and state secondary schools for girls 314 culture under 78–80 see also Great Reforms and ‘debauched’ women 312 Alexander III, Tsar (1881–94) Her Majesty’s Cabinet 435 autocracy and Jews 186 and constraints of bureaucracy 361, 443 and Muslims 204 and counter-reforms 103, 104, 318, 361, Anti-Muslim Missionary Division 212, 213 410, 615 anticlericalism 291 culture under 103–7 Antokolsky, Mark 105 foreign policy 566–7 Antonii (Khrapovitskii), Archbishop 304 policy towards Muslims 211, 213 Antonovych, Volodymyr, Ukrainian Alexander Lycee´ (previously Tsarskoe Selo populist 176, 177 Lycee),´ St Petersburg 236 ‘Confessions’ (1862) 176 Alexandra, wife of Nicholas II 667, 668 Antropov, Aleksei, painter 79 Alexis, Crown Prince (son of Peter I) 117 Arabic language, phonetic teaching of 219 Alexis, Crown Prince (son of Nicholas II) 658 Araja, Francesco, maestro di capella in St Alexis, Grand Duke (uncle of Nicholas II) 586 Petersburg 79 Alexis, Tsar (Aleksei Mikhailovich) 68, 116, Arakcheev, Count A. A., review of military 492 expenditure 470 court theatre 73 Archangel, port of 395, 400, 493, 660 and Ukraine 165 architects Algeciras conference (1906) 418 Catherine the Great’s 81 Algeria 16 imported by Peter the Great 70 All-Russian Fair, Nizhnii Novgorod (1896) 283 Russian 70, 77 All-Russian Muslim Congress architecture First (Nizhnii Novgorod) 220 gothic 82 Second (St Petersburg) 221 ‘Moscow Baroque’ 76 Third (Nizhnii Novgorod) 221 neoclassical 81–3 Fourth (St Petersburg 1914) 221 ‘Petrine’ 69

712

Index

‘revivalist’ neo-Muscovite 104 Austrian Empire (Austria-Hungary) 18, 46, wood as commonest building material 76 490 Arensky, Anton, composer 107 anti-French alliance with 505 Argunov family (serfs) 83 and Balkans 14 Argunov, Ivan, painter 84 and Catholicism 20 aristocracy see boyars; elites; nobility, Central Powers coalition with hereditary Germany 570 Armenia 36, 210 and Crimean War 560 Russification policy 41 finances 468 Armenians, and first Duma (1906) 42 and Franco-Russian Entente (1857) 564 army see imperial army; military elite and Great Northern War 499 art and Holy League 490 avant-garde 108 Jewish populations 187 democratisation of 101 military superiority 551 Futurism 114 multiethnic federalism 21 independent 89, 105 as natural rival 521 patronage 77 and Ottoman Empire 557 portrayal of women in 71 and Prussia 511 prints and engravings 71, 76, 84 reconquest of Hungary 490 rise of National movement 102 relations with Serbia 570 sculpture 72, 91 and Russia 501, 509, 510, 565, 570–1 The World of Art journal 110–11 summer 1916 offensive against 553 see also ballet; literature; music; paintings; and Third Coalition 524 theatre and Treaty of Toeplitz (1813) 527 artists War of the Austrian Succession at Abramtsevo 105 (1740–8) 505 foreign 68, 70, 83 see also Vienna imported by Peter the Great 68, 70 Austro-German alliance (1879) 14 at Kremlin Armoury 69 Austro-Russian treaty (1795) 513 Russian 71, 77, 79, 83–4, 93 authoritarianism Arts and Crafts movement (European) 105 justified by Napoleonic invasion 146 Ashkhabad, and reformed courts 358 of Paul I 151 Asia autocracy definition of boundary with Europe 47 and central role of monarch 442, 572 Russian civilising mission in 49, 52 and centralised administration 430, 432, see also Central Asia; Russian Empire 438–9 assemblies see noble assemblies; provincial and concept of paternalistic monarch 442 assemblies; zemstvo assemblies defence of 122–3, 132, 409 Assembly of Justices of the Peace 355 and development of domestic industry 409 Assembly of Russian Factory Workers, development of 370, 442–6 Gapon’s (St Petersburg) 322, 629, 630 effect of 1864 law reforms on 344, 607 assimiliatsiia (assimilation) 59, 61 elite support for 88 Astrakhan, khanate of, conquest of 28, 489 fear of ‘ministerial despotism’ 444, 445 Auerstadt,¨ battle of (1806) 525 and legality of imperial decrees 437 Augustus II, King of Poland (1697–1733) 491, and Manifesto of 1881 615 505 and modernisation 447–8 deposed 498 nationalist conception of history and 151 and Great Northern War 490, 494 and need for co-ordinating chief meeting with Peter the Great 168, 490 minister 443–5 reinstated 500 power of 12, 536, 540 Augustus III, King of Poland (1733–63) 505, 508 relations with bureaucracy 436, 439, 442–3 Augustynowicz, Tomasz 179 relationship to State Council 437 Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 525 and right to initiate legislation 437

713

Index

autocracy (cont.) Baltic provinces as state ideology 34, 94, 124, 150 1905 revolution in 42, 648 see also monarchy abolition of serfdom (1816–19) 598, 604 Avdeev, A. P., Nizhnii Novgorod citizen 278 absorption of nobility into Russian Avvakum, archpriest (1620–82) 116 Empire 29, 35, 231, 234 Azat (Muslim newspaper) 222 annexation of 10, 29, 186 Azef, Evno, informant 640, 650 land tenure system 384 Azerbaijan professional classes 16 Musavat (Equality) party 221 reformed courts 356, 358 see also Baku Russification policies 39 Azov 510 see also Estonia; Finland; Ingria; Latvia; capture of (1696) 69, 490 Lithuania; Livonia re-annexed (1739) 505 Baltic Sea Azov Campaign (1695–6) 494–5 Russian access to 29, 500–1, 512, 515 Azov province, Muslim elite conversion Russian navy in 575 (1713) 204 Bankal’skii, Petr, writer and businessman in Azov-Don Bank 404 Nizhnii Novgorod 274 Bankovskaia i Torgovaia Zhizn’ (journal) 420 Babushkin, Ivan 267, 629n.18 banks and banking Baccari, Filippo, dancer 85 court bankers 398 Baehr, Karl 266 crisis (1850s) 478 Bagration family, Georgian origins 234 Dutch 398, 404, 406 Bakhchisarai, Muslim reformed school 219 in Europe 394 Baku (Azerbaijan) French support for 419, 421–2 industrial workers in 620, 635 German influence 419 Muslim press 222 great reforms (1859–60) 402–5 oil production 415 House of Gintsburg private bank 194, and reformed courts 358 420 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, anarchist joint-stock 404, 419 thinker 128, 138, 240 lending 397 Appeal to the Slavs 130 local welfare boards as 461 Confession 130 mutual credit 404 Federalism, Socialism and Antitheologism 138 Paper Money (Assignat) Bank (1786) 397, ‘Revolutionary Catechism’ 638 401 The Knouto-German Empire and the Social Russian 396 Revolution 138, 139 savings banks 401 The Reaction in Germany 130 and shar‘ia law 416 Balakirev, Milii, composer 99, 282 State Bank (1860) 402 Balasoglo, Alexander 52 see also credit Balicki, Zygmunt, Polish activist 180 Bar, Confederation of 171 Balkans 14, 523, 541 Baranov, Nikolai, governor of Nizhnii and Catherine the Great’s Greek Novgorod 276 Project 512 Baranovych, Lazar, Ukrainian cleric 166 and Ottoman Empire 565–6 ‘Apollo’s Lute’ (in Polish) 166 unrest (1908–14) 570–1 ‘Spiritual Sword’ 165 wars (1912–13) 588 Barclay de Tolly, Prince Mikhail, Russian see also Bulgaria; Greece; Hungary; army commander 152 Romania; Serbia Bariatinskii, Prince A. I., viceroy of ballet 79, 85 Caucasus 215, 596 Ballets Russes company 112 Baring Brothers and Co., London Diaghilev’s Saisons russes in Paris 93, 112 bankers 403, 404 see also music; theatre Bark, P. L., minister of finance 422 Balmont, Konstantin, poet 111 Barkov, Ivan, novelist 86

714

Index

Baroque, introduced to Muscovy from Bialoblocki, Jan Andrzej, adviser to Ukraine and Poland 165 Sophia 166 Barruel, abbe´ Augustin 152 Bil’basov, V.A., historian 507 Barszczewski, Leon 180 birth-rates, and infant mortality 192, 374 Bashkir, troops 204 Birzhevoi artel’shchik (journal) 420 Batiushkov, Konstantin, in Nizhnii Birzhevye vedomosti (newspaper), on Novgorod 280 strikes 622 Batum district (Transcaucasia) 216 bishops see episcopate Baturyn, Cossack capital 169 Bismarck, Otto von, German Chancellor 565, Bavaria, Prussian acquisition of 511 566 Bazhenov, Vasilii, architect 82 Black Sea 30 Beilis, Mendel, trial of 43 access to 494, 515, 555, 557 Belaia Krinitsa, Old Believer community demilitarised (1856) 560, 594 278 free commercial navigation 510 Belgium, uprising against Dutch (1830) 558 Russian navy in 575–6 Belgrade, Treaty of (1739) 505 Turkish Straits 570, 571, 575, 577, 660 Beliaev, Mitrofan 107 Blagoveshchenskii monastery, Nizhnii Belinsky, Vissarion Grigor’evich, literary critic Novgorod 271, 277 and Westerniser 95, 96, 128, 139, 250 Blinov, Fedor, merchant and miller in Nizhnii ‘Letter to N. V.Gogol’ 96, 128 Novgorod 273, 277 Russia before Peter the Great 128 Blok, Alexander 113 Belorussia (Belarus) 30, 148 Boborykin, P. B., and inferiority of cultural influence of 69 raznochintsy 250 cultural Russification in 38 Bobrikov, N. I., Russian governor-general in land tenure system 384 Helsinki, assassinated (1904) 40 Belosel’sky-Belozersky family, Bogdanov (Aleksandr Aleksandrovich landowners 233 Malinovskii) Bely, Andrei 113 futurologist 140 Petersburg (novel) 114 Red Star (novel) 143 Silver Dove 278 Bogolepov, Nikolai, minister of education, Bem, Josef,´ Polish monarchist 173 assassination (1901) 645 Benardaki, D. E., merchant of Nizhnii Bogrov, Dmitrii, assassin of Stolypin 651 Novgorod 273 Boguslavsky, General D. N. 212 Benckendorff family, Baltic landowners 234 Bohdanowicz, Karel, Polish geologist 182 Benckendorff, Count A. Kh., chief of Bokhara (Bukhara) police 94 khanate of 210, 216, 541, 561 Bender, Ottoman fort 495 Young Bokharans movement 222 Berendts, Senator E. N. 349 Bolsheviks Berlin 189, 506, 535 and Fourth Duma 653 Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 566 and labour movement 627, 634–5 Bernstein, Eduard, and evolutionary and Russian Revolution 636 socialism 141 and St Petersburg soviet 633 Bessarabia see also Bogdanov; Lenin annexation of 33 borders ceded to Turkey 560 with China 28 Bestuzhev-Riumin, Alexis P., as foreign European 554 minister 505, 507 ill-defined 530 Bestuzhev-Riumin, Konstantin, at Kazan River Dnieper as 490, 494 university 279 Borodin, Alexander, composer 99, 109 Bezborodko, A. A. (Bezborod’ko, Oleksandr), Prince Igor 101, 105, 109 in foreign chancery of Catherine the Borodino, battle of (1812) 534 Great 170, 512, 514n.4 Borovikovskii, Vladimir, painter 83 Bezborod’ko family 170, 233 Bortnianskii, D. S., composer 84, 106

715

Index

Bosnia-Herzegovina 565, 570 in local government 465–6 Bosnian Crisis (1908) 570 ministerial 429 boyars 204, 233 and modernisation 433, 434, 447–8 wealth of 232 professionalisation of 432 Braunstein, Johann Friedrich 70 in urban administration 458 Bray, Chevalier François-Gabriel, Bavarian bureaucratic elite 227, 234–7 minister at St Petersburg 518 cadre of liberal reformers 597–8, 615 bread competence of 236 exports 400, 411, 422 education of 236, 432, 598 shortage (1916–17) 653, 655, 658, 662 ennoblement of 229 state regulation of prices 410 institutional identity 433 see also grain powers of 361, 433 bribery, in law courts 465 relations with aristocracy 240–1, 433 British Empire 17, 19 and rivalry between ministers 443 and British identity 20, 58 business class and Indian Mutiny 55 ennobled 230 in Ireland 19 as sub-elite 228 see also Great Britain see also industrialisation; industry Briusov, Valery, poet 110 business organisations, influence of 421 Bronshtein, Lev Davidovich see Trotsky Byzantinism 132 Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius 280 Brotherhood of Israel (Agudat Yisrael) 200 calendar, edict adopting European (1699) 67 Brotherhood of Saint Gurii, Nizhnii Cameron, Charles, architect to Catherine the Novgorod 278 Great 82 Bruce, James, as ambassador for Peter the Canning, Stratford, British diplomat in Great 502 Constantinople 560 Brunnow, Baron E. P., diplomat 229, 528n.22 capital Brusilov, Captain, chief of Naval General accumulation 394, 396 Staff, report (1906) 253, 583n.20 Russian worth (1898) 415 Brusilov, General A. A. 553, 665 capitalism 138, 141 Bruyn, Cornelius de 72 Lenin’s view of 142 Bryullov (Briulov), Karl, painter 95 possibility of ‘cultured capitalism’ in Bugrov, Nikolai, merchant and miller in Russia 424 Nizhnii Novgorod 273, 281 Capodistrias (Kapodistrias), Count Bulgakov, S. N. 420 Ionnes 247, 558, 567n.16 Bulgaria 565, 566 Caravaque, Louis, painter 70 Bulgarin, Tadeusz, Pole and Russian Carlowitz, Georg Carl von, Polish envoy 495 nationalist 175 Castlereagh, Viscount 229, 525, 528n.22 Bulygin, Aleksandr, minister of interior 647 casualties, military 536 Bund, the (Jewish labour First World War 552, 663 movement) 199–200, 626, 628 Russo-Turkish War (1878–9) 541 Bunge, N. Kh. catechism 121–2, 297, 297n.41 minister of finance 405, 407–8, 409, 411 Catherine I, Tsarina (1725–7) 77, 186 as reformer 613, 615 and Senate 435 and taxation system 481, 485, 606 Supreme Privy Council 435 and Witte 412 Catherine II the Great, Tsarina (1762–96) 13 Bunin, Ivan, writer 115 abolition of Cossack Hetmanate 169–70 Bunina, Anna, writer 87 and bureaucracy 433 bureaucracy and central administration 436 and empire 12, 15 and church as encroachment on autocratic powers 442–3 reforms 285, 290 formal examinations (1809) 466 secularisation of church lands 277, 290 growth of 431 Toleration to All Faiths edict (1773) 206

716

Index

and culture territorial gains (1878) 566 as collector of art 81 Transcaucasia golden age 81–8 cultural conflicts of law 216, 358 as playwright 85, 254, 308 muftiates created (ZMDP) 214 and economic development 396–8 Muslim military administration 214–16 foreign policy 507–15, 528 reformed courts 356, 357 as diplomat 508 Shi’i Muslims in 203, 205 ‘Greek Project’ 146, 512–13, 514 Sufi Islam in 205, 211 and Russia as European power 48 see also Orenburg Assembly and Jews 31, 187–8 viceroyalty of 215 and justice see also Armenia; Baku; Caucasus, north; estate-based justice system 344 Georgia Legislative Commission (1767) 121, 151, Caucasus, north 169 annexations in 210 liberalism anti-notary uprising (1913) 222 consensus-building monarchy 119–20, militant Islamic movements 205, 211 151 Muslim rebellions 41, 211, 215, 217, 541, Instruction (Nakaz) (on importance of 558 liberty) 119–20 end of (1864) 210, 610 local government reform 257, 275, 431, Muslims in 202, 205 460 peasant agriculture 387 Charter to the Towns (1785) 264, 450, see also Chechnia; Daghestan 452, 458 censorship Statute of Provincial Reforms (1775) 431, after 1905 Revolution 108 450, 460 lack of (under Catherine II) 86 Manifesto (1783) 206 of Polish language 38 and Muslims 203, 205–8 Radishchev’s attack on 121 and noble assemblies 459 relaxation of 97 Noble Charter (1785) see Charter to the under Alexander III 103 Nobility census, 1897 national (first) 620 and Poland 30–1, 172, 508–9 Central Asia on Radishchev 87 cotton production 10 and state finances 469 expansion into 36, 49, 53–4, 210, 541, 555, Statute on Public Order (1782) 335, 336 561–2 and Ukraine 30 Islam in 202, 203 and women Muslim administrative system 216–17 education 307 Muslim political movements 222 hospitals for 312 Muslim rebellion (1916) 44, 222 Catholic Church Russification policies in 40–1 Chaadaev’s view of 126 see also Astrakhan; Bokhara; Kazakh and Habsburg Empire 20 steppe; Kazan and Holy League 490 Chaadaev, Petr Iakovlevich 96 land holdings 239 Philosophical Letters monasteries in Ukraine 176 on historical insignificance of in Poland 30, 165, 179 Russia 126, 127–8 and Polish uprising (1863) 178 on Russian culture 92, 94, 95 political influence of 25 Chaliapin, Fedor, singer 109, 112 Caucasus chancelleries (prikazy) 430 1905 revolution in 42 Chancellery (His Imperial Majesty’s Own Emergency Laws (1881) 359 Personal Chancellery) 438–9 expansion into 36, 210 First Section 439 Muslims in 36, 41 Second Section 439 Russification policies in 41–2 Third Section 439, 441, 455, 637

717

Index

Chancellery (cont.) Chesme, church and palace 82 Fifth Section 439 Chicherin, Boris Nikolaevich see also State Chancellery classical liberal 133–4 chancellor, office of 573 Contemporary Tasks of Russian Life 133 charities 281 and mosque-building in Siberia 206 women’s role in 315, 321 Philosophy of Law 134 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 505 On Popular Representation 134 Charles X, King of Sweden 29 Property and the State 134 Charles XI, King of Sweden 492 Russia on the Eve of the Twentieth Century Charles XII, King of Sweden 18, 168, 496, 134 497 Chigirin War (1677–81) 490 and battle of Poltava 498 child-care institutions 321 death (1718) 499, 500 children and deposition of Augustus II of of clergy 295 Poland 498 of convict women 340 at Narva (1700) 495, 531 of soldiers 248, 311 Charter of Ecclesiastical Consistories see also foundling hospitals; schools (1841) 286 China Charter to the Nobility (1785) 229, 450, 459 border with 28 on property transfers between spouses 334 Boxer rebellion (1900) 568, 577 on punishment of women 340 imperial bureaucracy 15, 238, 445 Charter to the Towns (1785) 264, 340, 450, 452, negotiations at Nerchinsk 166 458 relations with 49, 555, 561 Chaumont, Treaty of (1814) 527 Russian ambitions in 568, 576 Chechens (Muslims) 36 secret defensive alliance with (1896) 568 Chechnia trade with 395 imamate state 211 war with Japan over Korea 568, 577 Muslim revolts 205, 217, 540 see also Manchuria Shafi‘i Muslims in 203 chiny see ranks Chekhov, Anton, playwright 93 Chizhevskii (Chyzhevs’kyi), Stepan, first The Cherry Orchard 110 theatrical production in Moscow 165 Ivanov 105 Chod’sko, Aleksandr, Polish language plays at Moscow Art Theatre 109 expert 174 short stories 104 Chod’sko, Jozef,´ Polish topographer 174 The Seagull 110 cholera 40, 272, 478 Three Sisters 110 Christianity and Christians Uncle Vanya 110 Bakunin’s rejection of 130, 138, 139 chemical industry 415 and basis of natural law 125 Cherevanskii, V.P., member of State in Caucasus 36, 41 Council 218 Europe as Christian 67 Cherkasskii, V.A., on Editing and individualism 134 Commissions 601 and obedience to unrighteous rulers 116, Cherniaev, General M. G. 118 capture of Tashkent 562, 563 in Ottoman Empire 510 governor-general of Turkestan 218, 541 rejection by socialist thinkers 136 Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine) and Russian Bible Society 157–8 church of 167 Tatars 40 diocese 166 Tolstoy’s interpretation of 140 Chernomazov, Miron, informant 652 see also Catholic Church; Lutheranism; Chernyshev, General Z. G. 535 Orthodox Church; religious Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, radical critic and toleration novelist 100, 136, 138, 250 Christology 301 The Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality 100 Chulkov, M. D., novelist 86 What Is to Be Done? (novel) 100, 136, 316 Cieszkowski, August, Polish Hegelian 174

718

Index

Circle of Amateurs of Physics and Astronomy commissions (1888), Nizhnii Novgorod 282 on factory legislation 622 civil rights (liberties) 24, 134 on law codes 338, 359–61 in October Manifesto 42 on local government 602–3 proposed 124 on serf emancipation (Editing for women 323 Commissions) 600–2, 604, 607 civil society see also Legislative Commission; in cities 280–1, 459 Shidlovskii Commission; concept of 129–30, 255–6 Committee of Finances 399, 476 Great Reforms and 603 1861 proposals 477 institutions of 239, 255, 280 inconsistent role of 469 Jews in 197 and Reutern’s report (1866) 479 and literary public sphere 256 see also Ministry of Finance; state finances movement to promote 125–6 Committee of Ministers 438 principle of grazhdanstvennost’ 56 institutional authority of 438 and professional classes 259–63 role of chairman 438 and provincial assemblies 257 see also Council of Ministers Russian 256–7 communications zemstvo assemblies and 259 difficulty of 13 Civil War (1918–21) 636 problems of distance 455, 549 classicism see neoclassicism communism clergy 288–96 Bakunin’s rejection of 138 demand for reform (1905) 303 Bogdanov’s vision of 143 education of daughters 312, 313 see also Marxism education of priests 292–3, 295 Communist Party of Poland 181 endogamous marriages 294 Comte, Auguste 135 episcopate 289–90 Concert of Europe 571 financial support for 294–5 Congresses of Representatives of Industry legal status of offspring 295 and Trade, Council of 420, 424 monastic (‘black’) 290–1 conscience court (sovestnyi sud) 461 numbers of 292, 294 conscription 372, 394 and parish reforms (1860s) 287 annual levies 372 parochial kinship ties 293 Catherine the Great’s modifications pastoral role 292, 294, 297 (1775) 532 radicalisation of 302 compulsory military service for Jews 190–1 secular (‘white’) 292–6 effect on household size 382 seminaries to train 266, 277, 286, 292 exemptions 545 social role of 302 introduced (1789) 170, 311 social status of (dukhovnoe soslovie Peter the Great’s system (1705) 532 hereditary rank) 228, 293–4, 295 reformed (1874) 388, 392, 544, 603, 609 status of Muslim 213, 214 of sailors 582–3 Ukrainian 165, 182, 289 special levies 532, 537, 540 use of sermons 121, 297, 297n.38, 300, 302 conservatism, Russian 122–4, 131–3 ‘clerical liberalism’ 296 conspiracy, role in politics 151–3 climate 373 Constantinople coal, production levels 415, 421 Russian advance on (1789) 541 Cobenzl, Louis de, Austrian ambassador 514 Russian advance on (1829) 559, 565 Cold War 18 Constitutional-Democratic (Kadet) party 58, College of Mining and Manufactures 312, 395 135, 220 colonies 17 and women’s suffrage 323 Russian view of Asian provinces 47, 49, 212 constitutionalism 124–6 Commercial Bank 402 consumption Commission (and Office) for the Affairs of commercial 324 New Converts 205, 206 by migrant women 320

719

Index

Copenhagen, battle of (1801) 519 development of commercial 401, 402 corporal punishment institutions 397 abolished (1863) 603 international state 396 of women 339, 340–1 private 397 corporate institutions 457–60 for property market 397, 405 and development of corporate identity 467 see also banks and banking noble assemblies 229, 257, 459–60 crime urban government 457–9, 463 in cities 352 see also zemstvo assemblies distinguished from sin 352 corruption, in local government 465 murder of spouses 339 Cossacks 17, 154, 167–8, 175, 183 political 364, 366, 367, 638, 640 Bolotnikov revolt (1606–7) 378 in rural areas 352, 455 Hetmanate in eastern Ukraine 167, 168 state-crime 638, 648 abolished 170, 171, 175 see also criminal law; punishment; Khmelnyts’kyi rebellion against Poland terrorism (1648–54) 165, 169, 491 Crimea 489, 490 military importance of 170 annexation (1783) 186, 397, 513 nobles assimilated into Russian elite 170, campaigns against (1687 and 1689) 490 233 and Chigirin War (1677–81) 490 nobles’ rights 169, 170 independence (1774) 510 and Ottoman Empire 167, 168 jadidism movement 219 peasant rebellions 378 Jewish population in 186 and Poland 167, 169, 176 Melli Firqa (National Party) 221 Pugachev revolt (1773–75) 89, 147, 151, 154, Muslim population 205, 206, 214 378 Tauride Directorate (TMDP) 209 raid on Turkey (1768) 509 war (1736–9) 535 Razin revolt (1670–1) 378 Crimean War (1854–6) 11, 13, 540, 594 Society of Notable Military Fellows 169 cost of 403, 478, 603 under Catherine the Great 169–70 and need for modernisation 12, 594 cotton origins of 560 industry 400, 421 and Ukraine 176 production in Central Asia 10 and view of empire 53 Council of Ministers (1857) 439–40 women as nurses 314 collective decision-making 440 Criminal Code (1864) 344 and ‘strong minister’ role 441 criminal law Council of Ministers (1905) 417, 446 age of accountability 339 Special Committee 366 development of gender difference in 340, Council of Sworn Attorneys 362 341–2 Counter-Enlightenment 121–2 rules of procedure 344 courts, local 345, 389, 456, 461 status of women in 339–42 Coxe, Revd William 90 see also crime Cracow (Poland) 172 Croatians 570 crafts Cubism 115 concentrated in St Petersburg 76 Cui, Cesar,´ composer 99 Kremlin Armoury workshops 69 cultural life Nizhnii Novgorod 268 middle classes and 256 peasant, in towns 453 in Nizhnii Novgorod 278–83 traditional 84 in towns 90, 278 workshops at Abramtsevo 105 culture credit contribution of Russia to global 1729 statute on promissory notes 396 civilisation 10 administration of 395 Polish inﬂuence 31, 68, 69, 165 Catherine credit system 396 Ukrainian inﬂuence 68, 165

720

Index

see also Russian culture De Smeth, Raymond and Theodore, culture, folk, interest in 84, 279 Amsterdam bankers 398 Curie, Marie (nee´ Skodowska) 179 De Velly, J. L., artist 79 currency deacons 292 bronze coin 397 Decembrist revolt (1825) 33, 94, 145, 153, 160–1, and gold standard 410, 413, 417 558 monetary reform 401, 412 and formation of secret police 637 paper money 412, 478, 479 Degaev, Sergei, police informant 639 exchange rate 401, 403, 423 Deitrikh, V.F., public prosecutor 354 introduced (1768) 397 Demidov family, merchant aristocrats 233 ‘Siberian rouble’ 412 democracy 19 silver coin 397 and introduction of trial by jury 349 supply of coin 493 liberal 25 customary law 121, 216, 353 and rule of law 362, 367 compensation preferred to see also socialism punishment 352 democratisation and dowry rights of peasant women 148, of art 101 329n.12 of family 313 in rural areas 351, 389, 456 Denmark and volost’ courts 456 alliance with Russia (1765) 509 customs tariffs and Great Northern War 495, 499 1889 410 relations with Prussia/Germany 567 post-Napoleonic 399 treaty with (1699) 491 revenue from 482 dervishes, wandering 217 under Catherine the Great 396 Derzhavin, Gavrila, poet 87 Czartoryski, Prince Adam 149, 152, 173–4 desertion (from army), rates of 533 and Alexander I’s foreign policy 522–3, 527 Desnitskii, S. A., ﬁrst Russian professor of Czekanowski, Aleksander 179 law 465 Czerski, Jan 179 Diaghilev, Sergei 93, 110, 111 Ballets Russes company 112 Dacia (Romania) 513 exhibitions 111 Dadiani family, Georgian princes 234 and internationalisation of Russian Daghestan culture 111–12 administrative system 216 Digest of Laws (1832)(Svod zakonov) 335, 337, Anti-notary uprising (1913) 222 439 imamate state 211 on conduct in marriage 337 Muslim revolts 217, 540 on duties of husbands 337 Shaﬁ‘i Muslims in 36, 203, 205 see also Law Codes Dal’, Vladimir, philologist 266, 598 Dikov, Admiral I. M., naval minister 588 Damaskin, Ioann, Bishop of Nizhnii Din we-l-Eleb (Muslim newspaper) 222 Novgorod 277 Din we-Magyshat (Muslim newspaper) 222 dancing 72, 79 Directorate of Religious Affairs of Foreign ballet 79, 85, 93, 112 Confessions (1810) 208 Danilevskii, Nikolai Iakovlevich, Pan-Slav Discount-Loan Bank of Persia 405, 414 conservative 131 disease see cholera; medicine; plague Russia and Europe 61–3, 132 District Courts 345, 356, 357, 389 Dannhauer (Tannhauer), Gottfried, districts (uezd), noble corporate painter 70 institutions 229 Danube, River 559 divorce Danzig 491 church regulation of 286, 309, 335, 336, 342 Darwin, Charles, theory of evolution 108 grounds for 309, 336 Dashkova, Princess Catherine, Director of and property law 335 Academy of Sciences 308 and separation 336, 337

721

Index

divorce (cont.) and Provisional Government (1917) 657, voluntary (prohibited from 1730) 335 658, 669 see also marriage second (1907) 649 Dmitrii, bishop of Rostov 73 third (1907–12) 43 Dmitrii Pavlovich, Grand Duke, and church and 303 assassination of Rasputin 668 fourth (1912–17) 303, 653 Dmowski, Roman, Polish activist 180, 182 and formation of ‘Progressive Bloc’ Dnieper, River, Russian border 490, 494 (1915) 665, 666 Dniester, River 30 workers’ delegates 634 Dobroliubov, Nikolai A., intelligent 250, 273, Durnovo, Petr Nikolaevich, minister of 274 interior 237, 647 on women’s rights 315 Dvina, River 493 Dokuchaev, Vasilii Dzhunkovskii, Vladimir Fedorovich, assistant founder of Nizhnii Novgorod natural minister (internal affairs) 652, 653 history museum 282 study of black earth 390 ecclesiastical law Dolgorukii family, as ambassadors 502 on divorce 335, 336 Dolgorukii, Prince V.V. 503 influence on civil family law 337 Dolgorukova, Princess Ekaterina 610 on wife’s duty of obedience 300, 333 Don, River 494 ecology mining region 620 Central Eurasian 265 Dondukov-Korsakov, Prince A. M., Nizhnii Novgorod 267 Commander in Chief in see also environment; soils Caucasus 218, 359 economic liberalism 25 Doroshenko, Hetman 167 and goals of reformers 597 Dorpat (Tartu, Estonia) 39, 496 see also market economy Dostoevsky, Fedor 54, 55, 93 economy The Brothers Karamazov 103 backwardness of 12, 369, 394, 401, 493, 530 conservative nationalism of 131, 133 as factor in 1917 Revolution 658–62 Diary of a Writer 133, 195 banking and finance reforms (from exile 97, 637 1859) 402–5 Notes from Underground 100 Catherine system 396–402 and unveiling of Pushkin statue 102 crisis (1850s) 478–80 dress Europeanisation 396 adoption of Western (1700) 67, 90, 306–7 and expansion of empire 10 manufactured clothing 319 First World War Russian 90 in 1916 653 urban fashions 320 effect of prohibition 660 droughts 373 inflation 660 duelling 547 improvement (1890s) 481 dukhovnost’ (spirituality) 51 improvement (from 1910) 550 Dukhovskii, Mikhail, Statistical Description of joint-stock companies 406, 423 Nizhnii Novgorod Province 279 nature of 423–5 Dukhovskoi, S. M., governor-general of private enterprise 395, 405 Turkestan 218 in Soviet historiography 424–5 Duma (legislature) state role in 409–10, 424, 471 effect of national representation on local under Peter the Great 394–6 government 450 world crisis and depression (1900–3) 417, established by October Manifesto 42, 446, 418, 480 569, 613 see also state finance first (1906) 42, 220, 648 education demand for land expropriation 242 army officers 535 and foreign policy 574 of bishops 289

722

Index

for bureaucratic elite 236, 432, 598 and France 506 in Congress Kingdom of Poland 174, 179 and Muslims 186, 204 foreign governesses and tutors 307 and Senate 435 and jadidism 219 and women 340 of local officials 465–6 El’zanowski, Kazimierz, Polish engineer 182 and military service 544 Emancipation Day (1861), Nizhnii of nobility 94–7, 232, 236, 237, 249, 249n.11 Novgorod 270 of priests 292–3, 295 Emergency Laws (1881) 365–7, 615 primary 262, 464 Caucasus 359 and raznochintsy 249 Emin, F. A., novelist 86 reforms 598, 603 empire (as polity type) 9 state funding 473 and colonial identity 17 and state service 248 maritime compared with land-based 17, in Ukraine 176 46 women 307–8, 323 means of unification 20–1 Alarchinskii courses 317 and modernity 19 Liubianskii courses 317 see also Russian Empire restriction on (1880s) 318, 319 employment Elagin, Ivan, Imperial Theatre home-working 319 administrator 85 and industrialisation 319 Elbing, Baltic port 491 women in 319–20 electoral law 42 see also labour; workers revised (1907) 42 Enikeev family, Muslims 204 electrical industry 415 Enlightened Absolutism, doctrine of 89 Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 99, 598, 606 enlightened despotism 507 elites, political power of 19, 228 Enlightenment elites, Russian French 255 and 1812 war 148 German 88 awareness of social instability 154 influence on Russian elite 147, 254 civic engagement 154, 256 Jewish 189–90, 196 compared with Asian elites 238 and principles of 1864 law reforms 347 and culture see also modernisation; Russian contempt for native culture 98 Enlightenment Europeanisation 146, 237 entomologists, Polish 179–80 as patrons of arts 77, 81, 89 entrepreneurs diplomatic 572 peasants as 246 effect of 1864 law reforms on 357 regulation of 247 Muslim mirzas in 204 environment 369, 372–3 perception of empire 22, 147 impact of peasant agriculture on 373, 390, political 227 393 relations with tsars 88, 239, 242, 258, 436 episcopate 289–90 revival of interest in Orthodoxy 150 and 1905 Revolution 303 social 227 opposition to reforms 287 sub-elites (clergy and business class) 228 origins and education of 289 Westernisation of 17, 21, 67, 77 relations with local clergy 290 see also bureaucratic elite; military elite; volatility of careers 289 nobility, hereditary; ranks; women, Erevan (Armenia) 36 elite Eriksen, Vigilius, Danish artist 83 Elizabeth, Tsarina (1741–61) 31, 71, 78 Ermak, Cossack commander 28 and Cossacks 168 Ermanskii, Osip, Social Democrat 649 culture under 78–9 Eropkin, Peter, architect 70 economic development under 396 Eshevskii, Stepan, historian of Nizhnii foreign policy 505–7 Novgorod 274, 279

723

Index

Estonia 29, 39, 489 favourites, court 79, 81, 147, 441 serfdom abolished 598, 604 Alexander I’s 438 to Russia (1721) 499 Peter the Great’s 503 Eternal Peace, Treaty of (1686) 165, 167, as unofficial advisers 445 490 February Manifesto (1903) 288 ethnicity federalism and empire 19, 58 multiethnic 21 and multiethnic federalism 21 proposed 124, 125 see also nationalism; nationalities policy Fedor Alexeievich, Tsar (1676–82) 166 Europe Fedor Ioanovich, Tsar (1584–98) 204 absolutist state-building 11 Ferdinand VI, king of Spain 527 balance of power in 13, 556, 557, 571 Ferguson, Adam 255 before First World War 568, 570 festivals, peasant 386 as Christian 67 feudalism 11, 239 church lands 239 Filippov, Mikhail, liberal jurist 315 Diplomatic Revolution (changing Filosofova, Anna 315 alliances) 506 finance early modern connections with 1850s international crisis 403, 478 Muscovy 165 1873 stock-market crisis 406 experience of land reforms in 604 foreign financiers 395 geographical definition of 26, 47 foreign investment 413, 659 hereditary privileges of rank 245 and supply of coin 493 industrial growth (1890s) 414 see also Committee of Finances; credit; influence on Russia 10, 14, 16, 45–50 currency; Ministry of Finance; state Jews in 185, 195 finance legacy of Napoleonic empire 156, 157 Finansovoe obozrenie (journal) 420 legal traditions 328, 344, 347 Finland military-fiscal state development 11 annexation of (1808/9) 10, 32, 554 and peripheral states 18, 23 as autonomous province 32 view of Ottoman Empire 14, 557, 559, 568 constitutional order (1863) 610 and War of the Austrian Succession economy 416 (1740–48) 505 Kexholm province 495 see also Austrian Empire; France; Germany; Russian conquest (1713–14) 499 Great Britain; Westernisation Russification policy 39, 235, 546, 546n.37 Evdoksiia, first wife of Peter the Great 309 Socialist Revolutionaries in 645 evidence, rules of 345 Finnic peasants 370 exile, as punishment 339, 341, 366 First World War 12, 14 explorers, Polish 182 blockade of Russia 660 exports 397, 400 economic effects of 422 bread 400, 411, 422 German offensive (1915) and ‘Great grain 400, 411, 416, 421 Retreat’ 665–6 increased 411 Habsburg front 662 state monopolies 395 hunger crisis (1916–17) 653 Eylau, battle of (1807) 525 imperial army and 551–3 inflation 660 Faberge,´ Carl 103 and labour unrest 635, 653 Factory Inspectorate 408, 410 and military expenditure 470, 550 factory legislation 267, 407, 622, 625, 625n.13 military failures 659 famine and nationalities policies 43–4 1891–2 390, 411, 640 Orthodox Church and 304 grain distribution 391, 484 prohibition (alcohol) 482, 660 harvest fluctuations 375 and reliance on indirect taxation 482 farmazon (freemason), as pejorative term 153 war councils 667

724

Index

Flammarion, Camille 282 1894 472, 550, 566 Focsani, battle of (1789) 535 Treaty of Tilsit 525 Foinitskii, Ivan, legal scholar 349 Triple Entente 569 Fokine, Michel, choreographer 112 and American war of independence 511 folk-songs 84 and Bavarian Exchange 511 folk-tales 98 conscription 545 Stravinsky and 112 and Crimean War 560 used for operas 109 expansionism 521, 522 folklore 386 financial support for Russia 410, 418, 419, Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich, playwright 85, 120 421–2 Discourse 120 Grande Armee´ 147, 149, 154, 155, 156 foreign policy Jewish populations 187 from 1815 to Crimean War 556–60 legacy of Napoleonic empire 156, 157 Alexander I 519–28, 554, 556–8 nobility 230 Alexander II 561–6 and Polish uprising (1863) 178, 564 Alexander III 566–7 relations with 148, 501, 505 before Peter the Great 489, 490, 494 Tsar Alexander I and 520 Catherine the Great 507–15, 528 and Turkey 510 ‘Greek Project’ 146, 512–13, 514 see also French Revolution; Napoleon changes in 1790s 515–19 Bonaparte; Napoleonic invasion of character of tsarist diplomacy 571–4 Russia; Napoleonic Wars and Continental System (1807) 526 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 558 defence of Orthodoxy as justification for Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 447 war 497 Francis-Ferdinand, Archduke, assassination desire for ports 494, 495 of 571 Duma and 574 Frederick II, King of Prussia 505, 511 era of palace revolutions (1752–62) 504–7 and Poland 30, 508 Europhile 529 Frederick, King of Sweden 500 Kochubei’s exposition of 521 Frederick William III, King of Prussia 513, Nicholas I 558 527 Nicholas II 567–71 Fredericks, –, Dutch merchant and Paul I 516–19 banker 398 Peter the Great’s ambassadors 501–3 Free Artists’ Co-operative (1863) 100 recueillement (1856–94) 561–7 Free Economic Society 381, 390 role of unofficial advisers to tsar 445 Free Music School 99 Russian claims to patrimonial free speech, privilege of advocates 362 inheritance 496 free trade 399 Russian national/Eastern free will 136 (semi-isolationist) (svoboda ruk) 528 Freemasonry 120, 152, 153 strategic position (19th century) 554–6 French language 34, 572 and War of the Austrian Succession French Revolution 123, 124, 516 (1740–48) 505 and conspiracy theories 152 see also Great Northern War; Ministry of Tsar Paul and 516 Foreign Affairs; Russo-Turkish wars Freud, Sigmund 108 forests Friedland, battle of (1807) 525 deforestation 390 Fundamental Laws (1906) 367, 572 food gathering 376, 380 fur trade, Siberia 10, 28 foundling hospitals 311, 320 Furst,¨ Otto, theatre manager 73 as credit institutions 397 Futurism 114 Fox, Charles James 525 A Slap in the Face of Public Taste France 13, 468 (manifesto) 114 alliances with 13, 14, 564 Victory over the Sun (opera) 114 1756 506 Fuyuzat (Muslim newspaper) 222

725

Index

Gagarin family, aristocratic landowners 233, unification of 14, 549 385 see also Prussia Galicia 181, 665 Gerschenkron, Alexander 424 eastern 172 Gessen, Joseph 196 Gapon, Father, workers’ leader 627, 629 Giers, N. K., foreign minister 247, 409, 566, gaponovshchina movement 627 567n.16 gardens, landscaped 82 Gillet, N. F., artist 79 Gargarina, Princess 330 Gintsburg (Ginzburg), Evzel, Jewish Garshin, Vsevolod, writer 547 leader 193, 194, 196 Gasprinsky (Gaspraly), Ismail Bey, Crimean Gintsburg (Ginzburg), Horace 194 Tatar 219 Gintsburg (Ginzburg), House of, private Gatsiskii, Aleksandr Serafimovich 272, 274, bank 194, 420 276, 281 Gippius, Zina¨ıda 274 Gedymin, princely dynasty 233 Glazunov, Aleksandr, composer 107 Gendarme Corps 637, 638, 639, 651 Glinka, Mikhail, A Life for the Tsar (opera) 95, abolished by Provisional Government 96, 109, 150 (1917) 654 Glinka, Sergei Nikolaevich, conservative 123 and political crime inquests 640 in Nizhnii Novgorod 280 provincial security bureaus 646 Russian Messenger (journal) 123 relations with police security bureaus 643, Godunov family, Muslim origins 204 649 Gogol, N. V. 96, 170, 250 see also police Dead Souls 96, 102 General Jewish Workers’ Union in Lithuania, The Government Inspector 95, 455, 637 Poland and Russia 200 Golitsyn family, aristocratic landowners 233 see also Bund, the Golitsyn, Prince V.V. 490, 494 geography of Russia 369, 598 Golitsyn, Prince G. S., Russian governor in see also climate; ecology; environment; Armenia 42 soils Golitsyn, Prince Petr, ambassador to George I, King of England 499 Vienna 502 Georgia Golovin, Fedor, favourite of Peter the annexation (1801) 10, 36 Great 491, 502, 503 assimilation of nobles into Russian Golovkin, Gavriil Ivanovich, and foreign elite 234 policy under Peter the Great 502 ceded by Turkey (1829) 559 Golovnin, A. V. 597 relations with Russia 42 Gomm, William, English court banker 398 southern (Muslim Lazistan), annexation Goncharov Ivan, novelist, Oblomov 98 (1878) 210 Goncharova, Natalia, artist 113 see also Tiflis Gorchakov, Prince Alexander, foreign German Enlightenment 88 minister 49, 561, 573 Germans, in Russia 43 on policy in Central Asia 562 Germany and Polish uprising (1863) 564 Alexander I and 521 and war with Turkey (1877–8) 565, 566 Alexander III and 566 Gordon, General Patrick 490, 503 aristocracy 232, 239 Goremykin, I. L., prime minister (1914) 422 banks 406, 419 Gorky, Maxim, playwright 115, 153, 157 Central Powers coalition with Austria 570 Lower Depths 110 and China 568 Gorky (city of) see Nizhnii Novgorod conscription 545 Gorlice-Tarnow, battle of (1915) 553 First World War 43 Gorodets, river port 268 investment in Russia 660 government military superiority 551, 567, 659 and First World War 653, 666 as threat to Russia 14, 541, 575 collapse of (1916–17) 668–9 trade disputes with 566 war councils (1915) 667

726

Index

functions and purpose of 124 rivalry with France 13, 522 legal-administrative controls 246, 247 and Russian threat to India 40, 541, 555, 557, ministerial government system 399, 432–4 562–3 and nature of autocracy 442–6 and Russo-Turkish War (1878) 565 and need for first minister 441, 443 and Second Coalition 516, 517 policy-making 429, 431 and Third Coalition 523, 524, 525 in ministerial system 432 trade with 399, 423, 493, 501 reaction to 1905 anarchy 647 and Treaty of Reichenbach 527 relations with local administration 450, see also British Empire 451–2 ‘Great Game’ 18, 563, 569 subordinate organs system 430–2 Great Northern War (with Sweden) supreme organs (verkhovnye organy) 435–41, (1700–21) 45, 69, 117, 168, 495–9, 531 448 declaration of 489 and workers effect on commerce and industry 394 attempts to appease 625–7, 631–2 Mecklenburg Plan 499 commissions on factory legislation 622 Peter’s justification of 496–8 reaction to strikes 622–3 Russian casualties 537 see also autocracy; bureaucracy; Treaty of Nystad (1721) 499 Chancellery; Council of Ministers; Great Reforms, under Alexander II 37, 97, 101 ministries; State Council; state and 1905 Revolution 613 finances aims of reformers 597, 599–602, 608 governors and bureaucracy 433, 447 Nizhnii Novgorod 275 and Church 287, 295 and provincial assemblies 257, 275, 460 and counter-reforms 288, 318, 409, 615 relations with local officials 454–5, 466 and economic policy 405, 597 role in urban affairs 458 Editing Commissions 600–2, 604, 607 and zemstvo assemblies 453–4, 464 and land reforms 604–5 governors-general, drawn from effect on political debate 130 aristocracy 235 General Memorandum (1860) 607 Grabczewski, Bronisaw 180 ideology and programme of 599–608 gra¸in and Islam 203 exports 400, 411, 416, 421 and land reform 603–6 requisitions by state 391, 484 and later reform programme 612–13, 615 shortages in First World War 661, 669 loss of momentum 609–10 trade 268, 423 Nizhnii Novgorod 275, 275n.43 see also bread and provincial assemblies 257 Granovskii, Timofei Nikolaevich, historian the reformers 597–8, 614 and Westerniser 128 rise of merchant class 101 grazhdanstvennost’ (framework of civil role of Peace Mediators 602, 611 order) 56 as ‘watershed’ 593–4, 614 Great Apostasy (1866) 217 see also serfs, emancipation; zemstvo Great Britain 18 assemblies and American War of Independence 511 Gredeskul, Nikolai, Kadet jurist 651 and Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 569 Greece and Armed Neutrality 518, 519 and Catherine the Great’s ‘Greek English aristocracy and gentry 228, 232, 243 Project’ 146, 512–13, 514 export of textile machinery 618 war of independence (1820s) 126, 557, 559 financial support to Russia 398, 419 Grenville, Lord 525 and Great Northern War 499 Grodekov, General N. I. 212 naval power 13, 17, 575 Gross-Jagersdorf,¨ battle of (1757) 506 and Poland 556 Grotius, Hugo 117 policy towards Russia 13, 18, 560 Gruzinskii, Prince, marshal of nobility in and Prussia 506 Nizhnii Novgorod 273, 273n.31

727

Index

Gubernskie vedomosti (provincial journal), Nizhnii Novgorod 274 Nizhnii Novgorod 272, 277, 278, 280, in outlying regions 387 281, 282 and periodic redistribution of arable Gubin, A. M., mayor of Nizhnii land 383–4 Novgorod 277 simple 376, 387, 392 guilds and village communes 385 introduction and regulation of 452 Hrushevs’kyi, Mykhailo, Ukrainian in provincial administration 275, 281 historian 181 St Petersburg 452 Hubertusburg, Peace of (1763) 507 Gustav III, king of Sweden 510, 513 Hungary Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden 491, 492 and 1848 Revolutions 558 and Habsburg Empire 18, 490 Habsburg dynasty 13, 14 and liberalism 24 see also Austrian Empire nobility 230, 243 Hamburg, bankers 399 see also Austria-Hungary Hanover, and Great Northern War 499 hunting, game 376 Harman and Company, London bankers 399 Husainov, Muhammedzhan, Orenburg Hartung, Mikolaj 179 mufti 210 Hasidism, Jewish mystical-pietist movement 188–9 Iagushinkii, P. I., favourite of Peter the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) 189–90, 196 Great 503 Haxthausen, Baron August von 279, 328 Iaokim, Patriarch 166, 285 Hayat (Muslim newspaper) 222 Iavorskii, Stefan (Iavors’kyi, Stepan) 165, 166, health care 40 497 zemstvos’ role in 258, 464 sermon against Peter I 117 see also medicine icon processions 298 Hebrew language 187 icons 91 Hegel, G. W.F. 255 Pokrova 167, 168 Hegelianism, Polish 174 popularity of 76 Herzen, Alexander (Aleksandr Ivanovich), recognised as works of art 113 radical writer and Westerniser 128 Idealism, philosophical 126, 129 Dilettantism in Scholarship 129 Ignat’ev, Count A. P., Commission on exiled 637 Emergency Laws 367 Letters from France and Italy 129 Ignat’ev, Count Nikolai 561, 565, 573 On the Development of Revolutionary Ideas in illegitimacy 311, 320 Russia 129 foundling hospitals 311, 320 historical determinism 141 Il’minskii, Nikolai, professor of Turkic Hlukhiv, Cossack capital 169 studies 41, 212 Hobbes, Thomas 118 Immeritinsky family, Georgian origins 234 Hoffman, Karol 173 Imperial Academy of Arts, training by 89 Hohenzollern dynasty 13, 14 imperial army Holstein, Peter the Great’s alliance with 500 in 17th century 530 Holy League 490 autocratic power over 536, 540, 548 Holy Regiment of the Old Believer Muslims deﬁciencies of 537–9 (Vaisov Brotherhood) 210 failure (1854–1917) 540–51 Hope and Company, Dutch banking and First World War 551–3, 659, 665 house 398, 404, 406 funding and costs 535–6, 549–51 households cost-cutting devices 537–8 as basis of peasant economy 376 expenditure (1910–14) 470, 550 changes in size and divisions 379, 381–2, manpower 532 391, 392 recruitment 532–3, 544, 663 effect of tax changes on size of 382 see also conscription gender and generation tensions 383 minorities in 190–1, 204, 215, 545

728

Index

and Nicholas II 235, 548–9, 550 individualism demand by commanders for abdication and Christianity 134 of tsar (1917) 657, 658, 664–5 conservative opposition to 133 opposition to, military development of 129 commanders 664 and rationalism 127 personal command of army (1915) 667 rejected by socialists 137 non-commissioned officers 546 Industrial Revolution, Europe 12, 13 officers industrialisation 618 casualties (by 1916) 552, 663 conflicting views of 433, 434 decline in prestige 546–7 Poland 179 drawn from nobility 534, 546 and women as factory workers 319 education 230, 535 see also industry; workers foreign 230, 492 industry general staff officers (GSOs) 547 aristocratic enterprises 232, 241 lack of cohesion among 547 and crisis of 1900s 418 quality of 492, 493, 534–5, 546–9 domestic production 409, 415 organisation 538 early factories 267, 395, 397, 400, 617, 618n.2 artel units 533, 546 effect of Great Northern War on 394 Caucasian Corps 540 factory regulation 267, 407, 410, 622, 625, elite regiments 233, 547 625n.13 homogeneity of 533, 545 growth (1890s) 414, 619 and reserve system 538, 544, 663 growth (1910–14) 421, 634 at outbreak of Great Northern War 492 inferiority in 1914 551 outstanding commanders 535 and labour force 619 at Poltava 498 machine building 415 reforms in Muscovy 530 administrative restructuring 543 Nizhnii Novgorod 268 after 1905 Revolution 543, 550 policy of forced development 408–17 military districts 543 private enterprise 395, 405 under Alexander II 541 state support for 406, 407 under Peter the Great 531–2 war production 552, 659, 661–2, 666, 667 size see also iron and steel; textile industry; in 1756 536–7 workers in 1825 531 infanticide 311 by 1914 545 Ingria 495 problems of 537–8, 543 taken by Russia 496, 499 success (1700–1825) 531–9 taken by Sweden 489 symbiotic relation to state 530 inheritance 327–9 technology gender differences 327, 328, 377 armaments production 551 intestate 328 backwardness 538 laws of succession revised (1912) 342 improvements 543 peasant customs 377 investment in 549 inorodtsy (‘aliens’), category of 34 under revolutionary control 669 institutions use against internal disorder 536, 543 all-estate 239, 460–5 use of mercenaries 492 of civil society 239, 255, 280 see also conscription; military elite; of government 429, 438 mutinies; soldiers Peter the Great and 430 Imperial Court Chapel 106 urban 451, 452 Imperial Theatre Administration 85, 105 welfare 461 India, Russian threat to Britain in 40, 541, 555, see also corporate institutions; government; 557, 562–3 subordinate organs; supreme organs; Indian Mutiny (1857) 55 zemstvo assemblies

729

Index

intelligentsia 250–5 see also Muslims and Muslim communities; definition of 251–2 Orenburg Assembly exiled 637 Islamic institutions 203 hostility towards army 547 Ismail, Usman 206 interest in peasantry 390 Istoriia Rusov 175 Jewish 196 Italy 23, 527 and liberal bureaucracy 615 landowners 243 myth of 253 liberalism in 25 opposition to government 96 Russian defeat of French in (1799) 535 origins 251, 252, 253, 254 Ittifaq al-Muslimin (Muslim Union) party 220 professionals as 259 Iurev (Tartu, Estonia) 39, 496 provincial 282 Iusupov family, Muslim origins 204 as raznochintsy 96, 250–1 Iusupov, Prince F. F., and assassination of relations with professionals 263 Rasputin 668 and secret police 637 Ivan IV,Tsar (the Terrible) 28, 116, 496 and social identity 252, 254–5 Ivan VI, Tsar (1740–1) 78 and workers 623–4, 627, 645 Ivanov, General 664 see also radicals Ivanov, Vyacheslav 113 International Women’s Day march (February Ivanovo-Voznesensk, strikes (1905) 633 1917) 656 Ivashev, Vasilii, Decembrist 315 International Working Men’s Association Izmail, battle of (1790) 535 138 Izvol’skii, Aleksandr, foreign minister 247, International Workingmen’s Congress (First), 567n.16, 569, 570, 574, 588 and Polish uprising (1863) 178 Iran Jaczewski, Leonard, Polish explorer 182 Muslim emigration to 210, 221 jadidism (Muslim reform movement) 202, see also Persia 219–20 Iranian Revolution (1907–11) 221 and political parties 220 Ireland 19, 243 Jan Kazimierz, King of Poland 167 iron and steel industry 268, 401, 415, 421 Jan Sobieski, King of Poland 167, 491 cast iron production 415 Jankowski, Michal 179 Urals 15, 232, 493, 620 Japan 13, 577 Irshad (Muslim newspaper) 222 naval programme (1895) 577, 578 Irving, Washington 33, 98n.14 war with China 568, 577 Iskra (Social Democrat newspaper) 645 see also Russo-Japanese war (1905) Islam Jaridat Daghestan (Arabic newspaper) 222 Hanafi Muslims 203 Jassy, Treaty of (1792) 513 jihad against Russian state 211, 217 Jena, battle of (1806) 525 mullahs 204, 214 Jewish Enlightenment 189–90, 196 in Ottoman Empire 16, 20 Jewish statute (1804) 32 and pan-Islamism 217, 221 Jews political dimension (from 1905) 203 anti-Jewish riots (pogroms) 197, 198–9, 366, qadi (lawyer) 204, 209 665 reformism (jadidism) 202, 219–20 and anti-semitism in Russia 43, 184, 188, 199 Russian oriental studies of 211–13 suspected of conspiracies 151, 153 Shafi‘i Muslims (Daghestan and on Bestushev medical courses for Chechnia) 203 women 318 shari‘a law 207, 208, 359 compulsory military service 190–1 Shi’i Muslims (Central Asia and conversions to Christianity 186, 190 Transcaucasia) 203 cultural separatism 32, 133, 187 Sufi 208, 209, 211, 217 demand for rights and freedoms 193–4, 200 in Transcaucasus 205, 211 in Eastern Europe 185–6 traditionalism (qadimism) 202 emancipation in Europe 195

730

Index

emigration of 184, 198 kahal (Jewish autonomous community) 32, and expansion of Russian empire 31–2, 172, 188 187 abolished 36, 191 expelled from Kiev 170 decline of influence of 192 andfirstDuma(1906) 42 threat of Hasidism to authority of 188–9 and Hasidism 188–9 Kalisch, Treaty of (1813) 527 integration 191 Kanashevich, Luka, Archbishop of Kazan 205 backlash against 197–9 Kanatchikov, Semen 629n.18 effect on Jewish society 196–7, 200 Kandinsky, Vasily 108, 113, 114 participation in public life 193–201 Kankrin, Count E. F., minister of finance 400, policy of selective 194–6 478 Jewish Committees 190, 191, 193 monetary reform 401 and kahal autonomous community 32, 36, Kantemir, Prince Antiokh, satirist and 188–9, 191, 192 poet 80 labour movement (the Bund) 199–200, Kara Mustafa pasha, siege of Vienna 490 626 Karakozov, Dmitri, attempt on life of as lawyers 196, 363 Alexander II 610 merchants 186, 187, 193, 402 Karamzin, Nikolai, sentimentalist writer 87 in Poland 172, 178, 180, 186, 187 on 18th-century Russian culture 88 corporative autonomy 187, 188 defence of autocracy 122–3 and Polish Uprising (1863) 178 History of the Russian State 87 population growth 70, 191, 192n.10, 195 in Nizhnii Novgorod 280 religious education 191 on subordinate status of women 338 restrictions on 32, 191, 198 Karelia, to Russia (1721) 499 excluded from proposed religious Karelin, A. O., photographer in Nizhnii toleration 125 Novgorod 274 Pale of Settlement 32, 184, 188, 402 Karelina, Vera 322 role in Russian Revolution 184, 196 Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein 501 status Kars district (Transcaucasia) 216 defined as inorodtsy 35 Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich meshchane (artisans and petty conservative journalist 131, 359 traders) 31, 187 and Dostoevsky 133 under Nicholas I 35, 190–1 influence on economic reforms 409 Zionism 199 Kaufmann, I. I., economist 414 Jomini, Baron de 525 Kaufmann, General Konstantin von 562 Joseph II, emperor of Austria 511, 513 Kaufmann, K. P. von, governor-general of journals see literature; press Turkestan 217 judges Kavelin, Konstantin Dmitrievich, jurist and independence of 345, 346, 360, 364 Westerniser 128, 598 liberal mission of 362 Analysis of Juridical Life in Ancient Russia 129 Judiciary Statutes (1864) 345, 362 and land reforms 603 jurists memorandum on serf emancipation influence of 361, 362 (1855) 597 see also lawyers; legal profession on obedience of wives 338 Justice, Ministers of 361 Kazakh steppe 562 justice of the peace, office of 345, 354–6 mosques 206, 207 abolished 360 Muslim rebellion (1916) 223 appeals from decisions 355 schools 212 in provinces 358 Kazakhs Alash Orda (Loyalty) party 221 Kaftal, Handelman & Co., banking Islamisation of 206 house 420 skirmishes with (1840s) 36 Kagul, battle of (1770) 535 Kazakov, Matvei, architect 82

731

Index

Kazan 40, 356 ‘On the Character of European Ecclesiastical Academy 212 Enlightenment...’ 127 Muslim elite conversion (1713) 204 Kiselev, Count P. D., reform of state Muslim press 222 peasantry 476, 599, 602 Kazan, khanate of, conquest of (1551) 28, 266, Kistiakovs’kyi, Bohdan, Ukrainian legal 489, 563 scholar 181 Kazan, University of Kitezh, lost city of 264 and cultural life in Nizhnii Kizhi, wooden church of the Novgorod 279–80 Transfiguration 76 women at 317 Klado, Captain N. L. 581 Kazembeg, A. K., professor at Kazan 212, 213 Kletochnikov, Nikolai, revolutionary Kelles-Krauz, Kasimierz, Polish Marxist 181 infiltrator 642 Kerenskii, Aleksandr, leader of Trudovik Kliuchevskii, Vasilii faction 363, 666 historian 59, 373, 594 Kexholm province, Russian claims to 495 on scale of Great Reforms 600 Khabalov, General Sergei, commander of St Kniazhevich, A. M., minister of finance Petersburg garrison 656 479 Khandoshkin, Ivan, violinist 85 Kniazhnin, Iakov, playwright 85 Khanykov, N. V. 213 Knights of Malta 516, 518 Kharkov Kochubei family 170, 233 1864 law reforms in 261, 356 Kochubei, Prince V.P. 170, 520, 521, 522 peasant disorder (1902) 646 Kodiak (Alaska) 36 University 175 Kokand, khanate of 210, 541, 561, 562 Kherson, District Court 351, 353 Kokovtsov, Vladimir, minister of Khiva 40 finance 417–22 khanate of 210, 216, 561 relations with Nicholas II 447 Young Khivans movement 222 Koni, Anatolii, jurist 349, 362, 365 Khmelnyts’kyi, Bohdan, Hetman 168 Konigsberg,¨ Russian occupation (1758) 506 Cossack rebellion against Poland Konstantin Nikolaevich, Grand Duke (1648–54) 165, 169, 491 (brother of Alexander II) 596, 597 Kholodovskii, Admiral N. N. 581 and land reforms 606 Khomiakov, Aleksei Stepanovich and Russian Geographical Society 598 Slavophile writer 127 Koran The Church is One 127 printed in Arabic (1787) 206 Khotin, Ottoman fort 495 translations 212 Khrapovitskii, Antonii, archbishop 304 Korea 542, 561 Khval’kovskii, N. E., Nizhnii Novgorod chief Sino-Japanese War over 568, 577 of police 270 Korobov, Ivan, architect 70 Khvoshchinskaia, Nadezhda, The Boarding Korolenko, Vladimir, writer 547 School Girl (novel) 316 Korovin, Konstantin 105 Khvostov, A. N., minister of interior 661, 668 Korsh, Fyodor, private theatre 105 Kiaochow (Jiaozhou) Bay 568 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Kiev Academy 69, 166 Polish uprising (1794) 172, 514 becomes Russian theological school 170 released by Tsar Paul 516 Kiev (Kyiv) 182 Kositskaia, Liubov, actress of Nizhnii annual trade fair 186 Novgorod 274 courts 356, 357 Kostroma province, ‘women’s kingdoms’ metropolitanate of 166, 167 383 and origins of Rus 166 Koten, Mikhail von, St Petersburg security women at university 317 bureau chief 652 Kiev province 177 Kotov, Nikolai F. 159 Kireevskii, Ivan Vasil’evich, Slavophile Kovalevskii, M. M. 420 thinker 127 Kraj (Polish language weekly) 39

732

Index

Kramskoi, Ivan, and Free Artists’ see also workers Co-operative 100 labour mobility 619 Kreenholm Cotton-Spinning and Weaving labour movement 635–6 Factory strike (1872) 623 Bolsheviks and 627, 634–5 Krivoshein, Alexander, Minister of the Bund (Jewish) 199–200, 626 Agriculture 237 labour relations 433, 434 Kronslot (Kronstadt), naval port 496, 582 legislative reforms 625 Kropotkin, Prince Petr, anarchist writer 138, unrest (1901–3) 626 139–40, 240, 621 and working conditions 408, 410, 641 The Conquest of Bread 139 see also strikes Mutual Aid 139, 140 labour service (barshchina), owed by Should We Devote Ourselves to Analyzing the peasants 371, 385 Ideal of the Future Order? 139 Labzina, Anna 147 Krzemeniec (Ukraine), Polish lycee´ at 176 Lamanskii, Vladimir 62 Kuchuk-Kainardzhi (Kuc¨ ¸uk¨ Kaynarca), Treaty Lambsdorff, Count Vladimir Nikolaevich, of (1774) 30, 510, 513 minister of foreign affairs 247, 567n.16 Kulibin, Ivan, inventor of steam engine 273 land captains (zemskie nachal’niki) (to replace Kulomzin, A. N., member of State justices of the peace) 360, 410, 455, Council 613 466 Kunersdorf, battle of (1759) 506 as link between villages and zemstvos 463 Kunst, Johann-Christian, troupe of actors 73 Land College, and property disputes 331 Kunta-Hajji, Qadiri sheikh 211 Land and Freedom movement (1870s) 196, Kuprin, Alexander, writer 547 639 Kurakin, Prince Boris, ambassador in land reform Europe 502 and abolition of serfdom 601, 603–6 Kurbskii, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich, demand for (1906) 242 correspondence with Ivan IV 116 Poland 178 Kurland, serfdom abolished 598 land tax 371 Kuropatkin, Aleksei (A. N.), minister of Lande,´ Jean-Baptiste, ballet master 79 war 446, 542 landowners al-Kursavi, Abu-l-Nasr 219 noblewomen as 329 Kuskovo estate, Sheremetev family 83 and peasants 243, 244 Kustodiev, Boris, painter 115 power of provincial 240, 241 Kutaisov, Count Pavel, governor of Nizhnii sale of land 241 Novgorod 276 size of estates 231 Kutuzov, Field Marshal Prince Mikhail 152, transformation of estates 82 527, 535 Ukraine 176–7 Kwieczynski, Andrzej, Polish Jesuit 165 see also nobility, hereditary; property laws Kyiv see Kiev land-ownership 229, 231, 241, 243 Kyrgyz language defined as inorodtsy 35 Central Asian 41 rebellion against recruitment (1916) 663 official use of Russian 34, 357, 358 Russian literary 80 labour and Russification policies 38 division of 137, 322 see also Arabic; French; Hebrew; Latin; free (in factories) 400 Lithuania; Polish; Turkish; Ukraine gendered division of 383 Larionov, Mikhail, artist 113 serf 400 Latin, status as language of reason 165 skills shortages in First World War 662 Latin America 17 and social ownership of means of Latvia 29, 39, 665 production 139 Lavrov, Petr Lavrovich, populist socialist 136 wage 389, 391, 397, 486 Historical Letters 137 women in employment 319–20 Outlines of a Theory of Personality 136

733

Index

law Jews as 196, 363 burden of proof 345 liberalising mission of 363 cassation (annulment of verdicts) 345, 354, as political radicals 363–4 355 professional standards of 364 civil law 337, 345 in reformed justice system 345 cultural conflict with local systems 216, and traditional ‘street advocates’ 262 358–9 training 465 estates-based system 344, 357 ‘underground’ 355 Fundamental Laws (1906) 572 see also jurists; legal profession legal dualism in Russia 348, 349, 353 Le Blond, Jean Baptiste, architect 70 and principle of separation of powers 345, League of Armed Neutrality 512, 517, 518, 519, 355, 357, 367 529 role of (as instrument of change) 346 leather industry, Nizhnii Novgorod 268 role of (as substitute constitution) 344, Lebrun, Elisabeth Vigee´ 308 362–8 Lefort, General François 490, 503 rules of evidence 345 legal profession 261–2 traditional forms of 121, 262 bar councils 261 use of arbitration 354 conflict with administration 364–7 and village communes 385, 456 andlawreforms(1864) 261 volost’ system of peasant justice 361, 456, private attorneys 262 463, 609 sworn attorneys 261 see also criminal law; customary law; Digest see also lawyers of Laws (1832); ecclesiastical law; Law Legislative Commission (1767) 121, 151, 450 Codes; lawyers; legal profession; deputies elected by noble assemblies 459 property laws; trial by jury and rights of Cossacks 169 Law on Assemblies (1718) 72 and serf ownership 332 Law Code, 1649 (Ulozhenie) 247, 337 and status of raznochintsy 250 on ownership of serfs 331, 332 Leibov, Baruch, Jew in St Petersburg 186 on property transfers between spouses 334 Lelewel, Joachim, Polish republican 173 Law Code, 1832 Digest of Laws 335, 337, 439, Lena Goldfield, massacre (1912) 634, 652 598 Lenin (Vladimir Il’ich Ulianov) 140, 141–3 Law Code, 1864 reforms 261, 344–8, 362 background in law 363 criticisms of 359 Development of Capitalism in Russia 142 failures of 346–8, 368 exiled to Siberia 645 and peasants 348–56 influence of Chernyshevsky on 136, 141 and Russian Empire 356–9 interpretation of Marxism 141 law codes on revolutionary movement 646 1880s commission on 338, 359–61 State and Revolution 143 1894 commission 361 Tasks of Russian Social Democrats 141 see also Legislative Commission (1767) and Trotsky’s theory of ‘permanent law courts 261 revolution’ 143 bribery in 465 What Is to Be Done? 142, 628 conscience court (sovestnyi sud) 461 and workers 627 district courts 345, 356, 357, 389 Leont’ev, Konstantin Nikolaevich, local 345, 389, 456, 461 conservative and diplomat 131 military 648 Byzantinism and Slavdom 132 Russian language in 357, 358 Lermontov, Mikhail, poet 96 Statute of Administration and 456 ‘Motherland’ (poem) 102 street advocacy in 262 Lesin, G., banking house 420 volost’ peasant courts 361, 456, 463, 609, 615 Lesnaia, battle of (1708) 498 see also lawyers Leszczynski, Stanislaw, king of Poland 498, lawyers 505 ‘candidate’ 363 Levin, Emanuel, secretary to Gintsburg 194

734

Index

Levinson, Isaac Baer 189 suppression of Lithuanian language 38 Levitan, Isaak, landscape painter 104 under Alexander I 173 Levitskii, Dmitrii, Ukrainian painter 83 see also Poland-Lithuania Liadov, Anatol, composer 107 Lithuanian Statute 173, 176 Liaotung (Liaodong) Peninsula 568 Little Russia see Ukraine Liaoyang, battle of 542 Liubavskii, M. K., historian 59 liberal democracy see democracy Livonia 29, 496 liberalism serfdom abolished 598 clerical 296 to Russia (1721) 499 economic 25 Loan Bank (Zaemnyi Bank) (1754) 396, 402 national 136 Bank for the Merchant estate 396 Russian 131, 133–6 Bank for the Nobility 396, 397 Liberation Movement 630, 645 Lobachevskii, Nikolai, mathematician 279 liberty 130 Lobanov-Rostovskii, Prince Aleksei Bakunin’s defence of 138 Borisovich, minister of foreign Catherine the Great’s defence of 119–20 affairs 247, 567n.16 individual 134 local government natural 119, 121 Commission on (1859) 602–3 political 119, 120, 141 and crisis relief work 466 Lieven family, Baltic landowners 234, and development of industry 397 234n.20 legislation on 450 Lieven, Vice-Admiral Prince A. A. 584n.21 and local opinion 450 Lilienthal, Dr Max, Jewish educator 35 and modernisation 449 Lippman and Rosenthal, Amsterdam banking participation in 451 house 406 and peasants 449, 450 liquor see spirits; vodka professionalisation of 466 List, Friedrich, German protectionist 56, quality of officials 197, 455, 456n.13, 465–6 412 reforms 607n.39 literacy 262 Statute of Provincial Reforms (1775) 257, among army officers 230 275, 431, 450 of conscripts 544 relations with centre 450, 451–2 peasants 318, 392 role of provincial nobles in 257 in reign of Peter the Great 75 western models for 451, 453 of women 308, 313, 318 see also urban government; zemstvo see also education; schools assemblies literature 79–80, 86, 256 Locke, John 255 erotic and pornographic 86 Lomonosov, Mikhail, writer and scientist 48, fiction 74, 86 80, 118 journals 80, 86, 103, 281, 420 Lopatinskii, Feofilakt, composer 497 non-fiction 74 Loris-Melikov, Count M. T. 607, 615 poetry 80, 86 chief of Supreme Administrative print culture 253 Commission 441 provincial 281 programme of reforms 612–13 religious 74, 75, 297 Losenko, Anton, professor of history in Russian 95 painting 83 sentimentalist 87 Louis XVIII, as king of France 527 short stories 103 Louis Napoleon see Napoleon III and social reform 100 lower land court (nizhnii zemskii sud) 461 translations 80, 86 Luch (Menshevik newspaper) 652 under Peter the Great 74–6 Lutheranism, in Baltic provinces 39 see also press; printing Luxemburg, Rosa, Polish Marxist 181 Lithuania 30, 177 L’vov, Nikolai, collector of folk songs 84 retreat from (1915) 665 Lyskovo, river port 268

735

Index

Lytton, Bulwer 95 Martens, Fedor 572n.17 Martov, Iulii, Menshevik 196, 627, 645 Maddox, Michael, theatre impresario 85 Marx, Adolf 281 Magnitskii, Mikhail Leont’evich, Marx, Karl 138, 141 conspiracy 153 rivalry with Bakunin 138 Main Society of Russian Railroads 403 Marxism 10 Maistre, Joseph de 152 in Poland 180 Majewski, Karol, Polish architect 182 Marxists Makariev monastery 277 police repression of 640 Makarov, Admiral S. O. 581, 586 and workers 624, 627–9 Malevich, Kasimir, painter 108, 113, 115 masquerades, Empress Elizabeth’s passion Black Square 115 for 78 Malinovskii, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich see Masuria, battle of (1915) 553 Bogdanov materialism 129 Malinovskii, Roman, Bolshevik and Matinskii, M. A., serf playwright 254 informant 653 Mattarnovy, Georg Johann 70 Malov, Evﬁmii, teacher 212 Matveev, Andrei, painter 79 Malta 524, 527 Matveev, Andrei Artamonovich Mamontov, Savva, Private Opera 105, 109 ambassador to Netherlands 502 Manasein, Nikolai, minister of justice 361 on opposition to Peter I 117 Manchuria 542, 561, 568 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, poet 114 Mandelshtam, Max 196 Mazepa, Ivan Manifesto 356 Cossack Hetman 167, 168, 494 (Catherine the Great) defection to Swedish forces 29, 498 Manifesto on the Freedom of Conscience means of production, social ownership of (1905) 303 139 see also February Manifesto (1903); October Meck, Nadezhda von 106 Manifesto (1905) medicine Mansur, Sheikh (Ushurma), Chechen Bestuzhev medical training courses for rebel 205 women 317, 318, 319 maps, new cartographic projection of medical orderlies 262 Russia 56 as profession 260 al-Marjani, Shihab al-Din 219 social status of physicians 260 market, national 389, 391 training for women 316, 317, 318, 319 market economy 131 village healers 262 Chicherin’s defence of 134 zemstvos’ role in health care 464 and civil society 256 Mednikov, Evstratii, at Moscow security market production, peasant 380–1 bureau 641, 647 marriage Medvedev, Sil’vestr, Latin cleric 166 arranged 306, 308, 310 Melli Firqa (National Party), Crimea 221 ban on forced (1722) 309 Melnikov, Pavel Ivanovich (Pecherskii), church regulation of 286 ethnographer 266, 272, 276, 279, 598 of clergy 294 editor of newspaper in Nizhnii early (among peasants) 374, 376, 381 Novgorod 279, 280 and law on dowries 328, 330, 331, 333, 336, Mendeleev, Dmitrii 56, 414 339 Mensheviks patriarchal character of 309, 315, 318 and St Petersburg soviet 633, 657 Petrine reforms 308–9 and trade unions 634 rules of conduct (1782) 336 and workers 627 Western views of 310, 336 Menshikov, Prince Alexander, favourite of see also divorce Peter the Great 70, 73, 233, 491, 503 marshals of the nobility 454 mercantilism, Peter the Great and 396

736

Index

mercenaries 492 military power in European armies 532, 534 and empire 9, 369 Merchant Bank, Moscow 404 European model 15, 21 merchants military-technical academies 535 Jewish 186, 193, 194, 402 Miliukov, Pavel Nikolaevich, radical in Moscow 101 liberal 133, 135, 666 Nizhnii Novgorod 267, 272, 277, 281 on burden of poll tax 483 as patrons of art 102 Essays on the History of Russian Culture 135 in St Petersburg 395, 459 History of the Second Russian Revolution 135 Merezhkovskii, Dmitry, writer 111 Miliutin, Count D. A., war minister 213, 471 Merv 40, 541 on emancipation of serfs 600 meshchane status (artisans and petty traders) and financial reforms 606 Jews as 31, 187 and land reforms 603 official urban community 247 military reforms 543–5, 549 Meshcherskii, Prince Nikanor 331 as reformer 598, 599–602, 611 Meshcherskii, Prince Vladimir Petrovich, and training for midwives 317 conservative publicist 133, 651 Miliutin, N. A., reformer 450, 598, 615 metallurgy see iron and steel industry and Commission on local government meteorology, provincial interest in 282 reform (1859) 602 Metternich, Prince Klemens von 556 dismissed (1861) 601, 607 andGreekwar(1821) 557 and financial reforms 606 Meyerhold, Vsevelod, stage director 115 and land reforms 603, 605, 606 Michael (Mikhail Aleksandrovich), Grand on need for reforms 595, 607 Duke, offered crown (1917) 655, 658 on serf reforms 597, 601 Michael (Mikhail Nikolaevich), Grand Duke, mining industry viceroy in Caucasus (1860–81) 215 Don basin 620 Mickiewicz, Adam, Polish Romantic Urals 620 poet 173, 174 Ministry of Agriculture 417 Books of the Polish Pilgrimage 30 Ministry of Communications 471 middle classes Ministry of Finance 441 Nizhnii Novgorod 274–5 and budget-making 469, 479 see also intelligentsia; merchants; competence of officials 236 professions; raznochintsy control over credit 404, 405 migrants see peasant migration and foreign commercial agents 413 Mikhailovskii, Nikolai Konstantinovich, foreign financial transactions 399 populist socialist 136, 137, 138 and industrialisation policy 434 Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, Aleksandr I., An and Pacific fleet shipbuilding Account of the War for the Fatherland in programme 578 1812 150 and St Petersburg business class 228 militarism, rise of 159–60 Special Credit Chancellery 399, 404 Military Criminal Code, crimes of terrorist and State Bank 402 violence tried under 365, 648 and state economic policy 405, 414, 417 military elite 227, 535 and war financing 478 as bureaucrats 235 see also Committee of Finances; state ennoblement of 229, 231, 534 finances opposition to tsar (from 1916) 657, 658, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 573 664–5 Asian Department 573 professionals 235, 547 officials from nobility and gentry 235 view of needs of modern armies 664 see also foreign policy; Gorchakov, Prince; see also imperial army; navy Izvol’skii, Aleksandr; Nesselrode, military expenditure 204, 470n.9, 470–1, 486 Count Karl reviews of 204, 470–1, 471n.11 Ministry of the Imperial Court 204, 479n.34

737

Index

Ministry of the Interior/Internal Affairs 441 Monastery Office, for church taxation 285, and local government 450 290 and Muslim policy 208, 213, 216, 218, 221 monasticism, renaissance of 291 Police Department (1880) 639 Mongol Empire, collapse of 15 senior officials 235 monks and working conditions 433, 434 as bishops 289 Ministry of Justice 346, 361 monastic (‘black’) clergy 290–1 and bar associations 364 shortage of 291 budget 472 monopolies, state 395, 409, 412, 423 and independence of judges 346 Mordovtsev, D. L., publicist 281 public prosecutors 346 Moroccan Crisis (1905–6) 417 Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Popular Morozewicz, Jozef,´ Polish explorer 182 Enlightenment 158, 208 Morozov, Savva 110 Ministry of Trade and Industry 417 Morozov textile workers’ strike (1885) 625 Minkiewicz, Jan 179 Moscow Mirsky, D. S., literary critic 95 1905 Revolution 633, 647 missionaries as banking centre 404 to Central Asian Muslims 40, 203, 212, 221 bar council 261 to Volga region 204, 217 Church of the Resurrection 104 missionary schools, Central Asia 41 as cultural centre 79, 102, 108 modernisation 12 District Court 351 after Great Reforms 101, 614 expulsion of Jews from (1891) 198 agrarian 24 fire of (1812) 155 and enlightened despotism 507 foundling hospital (1764) 312 and local government 449 Great Reforms 356, 459 and nature of state 19, 433, 434, 447–8 imperial court at 78 modernism, Russian 110, 114 industry 415, 620 Mohammed Ali (Dukchi Ishan), Naqshbandi inflation riots (1915) 661 sheikh 217 Napoleon in 33, 147, 154, 280 Mohammed-Hajji, Avar sheikh 217 Noble Assembly building 82 Molla Nazreddin (Muslim newspaper) 222 plague (1771) 510 Mon Plaisir palace 70 population 415 monarchism, Polish 173–4 security bureau surveillants 641–2 monarchy theatre(s) 73, 165 absolute 97, 118, 119, 256, 256n.29 Moscow Art Theatre 109–10 consensus-building (under Catherine the Petrovskii 85 Great) 119–20, 151 Znamenskii 85 early theories of tsarist rule 165 urban class 459 and Enlightened Absolutism 89 business elite 228 ideal of virtuous tsar 118 merchant industrialists 101 and moral leadership 120, 122, 300 Moscow Academy 69, 73 nobles’ revolt in Europe 229, 507, 507n.2 Moscow Commercial Bank 404 obedience and resistance to 116–19 Moscow Conservatoire (1866) 99, 108 paternalist 442 Moscow Discount Bank 404 semi-constitutional (after 1905 Moscow Higher Women’s Courses (Guerrier Revolution) 442, 446 courses) 317, 319 see also autocracy Moscow International Commercial Bank monasteries 277, 290, 394 404 and anticlericalism 291 Moscow Medical School, plays staged by 73 Nizhnii Novgorod 271 Moscow Merchant Society of Mutual St Alexander Nevskii monastery 70 Credit 404 Solovetskii monastery 116 Moscow School of Mathematics and Ukraine (Roman Catholic) 176 Navigation 75

738

Index

Moscow University (founded 1755) 80, 82, under Anna and Elizabeth 79 236, 249 under Catherine II 84 Moscow-Riazan Bank 404 under Nicholas I 94 Moskovskie vedomosti (journal) 359, 409 Muslim identity 203 mosques Muslim Labour Group 220 approved designs 209 ‘Muslim question’ (late 19th cent) 217 construction permitted (1773) 206 Muslim Statute (1857) 208 contruction outlawed (1742) 205 Muslims and Muslim communities 202, 203, statistics 209 205, 210 Mukden, battle of 542 administration 204, 217 Munchengr¨ atz,¨ Treaty of (1833) 558 in Caucasus 214–16 Municipal Guardianships, for the poor 321 state institutions (muftiates) 207, 214, Municipal Statute (1892) 458 218, 223 Munnich,¨ General B. C. 535 anti-mufti movement 210 Murav’ev, Count Mikhail Nikolaevich, in Caucasus 36, 41, 214–16 foreign minister 247, 567n.16, 568 emigration from 36, 41 Murav’ev, M. N., sentimentalist writer 87 in Central Asia 28, 40–1, 44 Murav’ev, Nikita Mikhailovich, political clergy thinker 125 creation of ofﬁcial hierarchy 207–8, 209, Murav’ev,Count Nikolai, governor-general of 213–15 Eastern Siberia 561 role in imperial governance 215 Murav’ev, Nikolai V.,minister of justice 361 status of 213, 214 Muraviev, Alexander, governor of Nizhnii compulsory registers 208, 214 Novgorod 270, 275 connections with Islamic world 203 Muridism, Muslim resistance in North elites (mirzas) 204, 206, 209 Caucasus 211, 216 emigration 36, 41, 210, 221 Murmansk,railto 660 government policy towards 208, 213, 216, Musavat (Equality) party, Azerbaijan 221 218, 221 Muscovy 394, 530 Islamic discourses 210 Belinsky’s criticism of 128 and jadidism (reform movement) 202, and concept of obedience to grand 219–20 prince 116–17, 300 limits on Islamic law 208 Jewish settlement banned 185 missionaries and conversions 28, 40, 203, and Poland 165 204, 206, 217 Renaissance and Reformation in 165 politicisation of (after 1905) 42, 220–3 museums press 222 Nizhnii Novgorod natural history Tatars 28 282 toleration under Peter I 203, 204 in provincial towns 282 under Alexander II and Nicholas 210–20 music under Catherine the Great 205–8 atonality 113 Volga-Ural region 202, 209, 217 choral 72, 90, 282 see also Caucasus; Central Asia church 106 Mussorgsky, Modest, composer 99, 102, concert 107 109 folk-songs 84 Boris Gudonov (opera) 101, 112 instrumental 72–3 Khovanshchina (opera) 101, 278 national style 98–9 The Nursery (song cycle) 100 nationalism in 107 mutinies nationalist composers (‘the mighty army 543 handful’) 99, 107 naval 582–4 in Nizhnii Novgorod 281–2 Petrograd garrison (1917) 656, 658, 662–4 opera 79 Potemkin 582–3 realism in 100 of Semenovskii Guards (1820) 558

739

Index

Nabokov,Dmitrii, minister of justice 350, 360, nationalism 20 361 among Austro-Hungarian minorities Nabokov, Vladimir, liberal jurist 346 570 Naples 520 and autocracy 151 Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte), emperor and First World War 44 of France linguistic 123 and Alexander I 520 Muslim 222 and conspiracy theories 152 Polish Romantic 174 expansionist ambitions of 521, 526 in Russian culture 96–7, 98–100 invasion of Egypt 516 see also patriotism andTsarPaul 517 ‘nationalities policies’, tsarist 27, 32–6 Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), emperor of First World War 43–4 France Lenin’s theory of 142 and Crimean War 560 and October Manifesto (1905) 42, 218 rapprochement 564 ‘Russification’ 37–42 Napoleonic invasion of Russia (1812) 33, 145, ukaz of (1904) 42 147, 154 ‘nationality’ (narodnost’) 34, 601 and foreign policy 527 Naval Ministry 578–80, 581 legacy of 157–61 Chief Administration of Shipbuilding and liberal nationalist view of 145, 150 Supply (GUKiC) 579 popular reaction to 154–5n.19 Naval Technical Committee (MTK) 578, religious response to 159 579 response of provincial government 154 naval power, need for and cost of 13 and Russian sense of vulnerability 146, Navy 154 armament 579 War for the Fatherland 147–8 Baltic fleet 13, 575, 577, 583 Napoleonic Wars 32–3, 554 defeat off Japan 542, 569, 587 Continental System 399, 527 Black Sea fleet 13, 513, 575–6, 583 effect on economy 401 conscription of sailors 582–3 emigr´ e´ nobles in Russia 518 construction programmes foreign loans to fund 399 (1895–1902) 576, 578 and rise of militarism 159 (after 1906) 588–9 Russian defeats 148, 152, 154 (from 1881) 576 Second Coalition 516 lack of petty officers 584 Third Coalition 522–5 Mediterranean fleet 398 and Treaty of Tilsit 525 Muslims in 215 Naqshbandiyya order of Muslims 205, 211, mutinies 582–4 217 Naval Cadet Corps 584 Naroch, battle of (1916) 553 Naval Engineering School 584 Narodnaia volia (terrorist group) 365 officers Narva, Estonia promotions regulations (1885) 585 Russian defeat at (1700) 495, 531 quality of 584–5 taken by Russia (1704) 496 senior 586 Naryshkin faction organisation and Azov Campaign 494 Main Naval Staff 581 under Sophia 490 Naval General Staff 588 Naryshkin family, aristocratic landowners Pacific fleet 13, 577, 587 233 construction programme (1898) 578 Natalia, sister of Peter the Great 73 Peter the Great’s 490, 493, 499 Natanson, Mark 196 ship types and design 577, 580–1, 588 nation-building 56 size in European peripheral states 23 (1900s) 580 and Russianisation 58 expansion (from 1907) 551

740

Index

tactics 581–2 as autocrat 442, 446–7, 572 battle manual (1905) 582 and Bunge 407 Instructions for Preparing Ships for culture under 107–15 Combat 582 death of (1918) 184 training 581, 582, 585 and economic policies 411, 423 Nazimov, V.I., governor-general of Vilno and February 1917 uprising 656 603 foreign policy 567–71 Nechaev, Sergei, anarchist, trial of 364, 638 and imperial army 235, 548–9, 550, 667 Nektarii, Bishop, of Nizhnii Novgorod 270 intervention in government (1915) 667–8 Nelidov, A. I., ambassador to France 418 opposition to 658 Nemirovich-Danchencko, Vladimir 109 among soldiers 664 neoclassicism and loss of popular respect 664, 668 adoption of 68, 81 military commanders 664 in painting 84 political 665, 666, 668 in Poland 167 personal interest in navy 586 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689) 28 populist preferences 236 Nesselrode, Count Karl, foreign minister 229, and relations with church 288, 303 247, 528n.22, 558, 563, 567n.16 and religious toleration 218 Nesterov, Mikhail 105 Nicholas Academy of the General Staff Taking the Veil 278 547 Netherlands 527 Nicholas Naval Academy 581, 585 banks 398, 404, 406 Nicholas (Nikolai Aleksandrovich), Tsarevich, revolt 513 death (1865) 610 trade with 493, 501 Nicholas (Nikolai Nikolaevich), Grand Neva, River 496 Duke 658 newspapers see press Nietzsche, Friedrich 108, 111 Nezhin, annual trade fair 186 nihilists 251 Neznamov, A. A., on army reform 548 women as 316 Nicholas I, Tsar (1825–55) 94, 265 Nijinsky, Vaslav, dancer 112 centralisation of power under Nikitenko, Aleksandr V. 158, 160 Chancellery 438–9 Nikitin, Ivan, painter 71 and church reform 295 Niklewicz, Tadeusz, Polish engineer 182 conservatism of 33, 35, 310 Niva (illustrated weekly) 281 and conspiracy theories 153 Nixon, Richard, US president 445 cultural policy 94, 96 Nizhnii Novgorod 264–83 death 561 administration and institutions 275–8 and Digest of Laws (1832) 337 Alexander Boys’ High School 266 and family ideals 310 Alexander Nevsky cathedral 264 foreign policy 558 Alexandrine Fair cathedral 267 growth of bureaucracy 235, 432 Brotherhood of Saint Gurii 278 and imperial army 540 character 267–71 and industrialisation 12 Church of the Annunciation 266 and Kingdom of Poland 33 city duma 266, 277, 280 and November uprising (1830) 173 civic and cultural life 278–83 policy on nationalities 34–6 Moscow literary circles in temporary policy towards Jews 35, 190–1 exile in 280 policy towards Muslims 208, 211 museum 282–3 and Pushkin 96 music in 281–2 and security police 637 gas lighting 277 and state ideology of ‘Orthodoxy, gymnasium 279 autocracy and nationality’ 94 Kremlin (fortress) 266 Nicholas II, Tsar (1894–1917) 319, 445 modern 264 abdication (1917) 571, 655, 657–8 people 271–5

741

Index

Nizhnii Novgorod (cont.) view of raznochintsy 250 middle classes 274–5 and zemstvo assemblies 258, 463, 464 population 271–2 see also Charter to the Nobility; elites, post-emancipation workers 273 Russian; noble assemblies religions 205, 271 nobility, personal 249 religious holidays 270–1 noble assemblies 229, 240, 257, 459–60 river port and wharves 267, 268, 269 political demands of 460 Rozhdestvenskaia church 267 Noble Land Cadet Corps 535 Sormovo shipyards 273, 274 nobles’ revolt, against progressive Theological Seminary 266, 277 governments in Europe 507, 507n.2 topography 264–7 Nogin, Viktor, Bolshevik 645 Fair Section 267 Nolde, Boris 58 houses 265 nomads Il’inka street 267 and conﬂicts with Russian law 358 Kunavino suburb 267, 270 displaced by migrant peasants 374 Makariev Section 267 Russian view of 22, 35 Pecherskaia street 266 north Caucasus see Caucasus, north Pokrovskaia street 266 Northern Bee (journal) 175 trade fairs 268–70 Northern League, Tsar Paul’s project 517 water-supply system 277 Northern Messenger (journal) zemstvo assembly 276, 280 Northern Society (political movement) 125 Nizhnii Novgorod, diocese of 277–8 ‘Northern System’ (Panin’s) 509 Nizhnii Novgorod region, Old Believers 264, Northern War see Great Northern War 271, 278, 283 Notes of the Fatherland (literary journal) 103 nobility, hereditary 227, 228, 249 November uprising (1830) 34, 150, 173 and 1905–6 Revolution 242 Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich absorption of foreign nobles 29, 31, 194, journal editor 86, 120 230, 233 political satires 120 boyar aristocracy 204, 232, 233 Novoe vremia (St Petersburg newspaper) 24, as bureaucrats 235 573 core aristocracy 233–4 on Nevsky cotton-mill strike 622 and culture 232 Novosil’tsev, Nikolai Nikolaevich differentials of wealth within 231, 232, mission to London (1804) 523 241–2, 460 preparation of constitutional charter 124 education 94–7, 232, 236, 237, 249, 249n.11 Nystad, Treaty of (1721) 499, 500 exclusive right to own serfs 229, 231, 247 and Great Reforms 257, 603 obrok (service in cash or kind), owed by hedonism of 147 peasants 371, 475–6 independent political interest 258 Obruchev, N. N., General, assistant to industrial enterprises 232, 241 Miliutin 549 lack of common identity 231–2 ‘Obukhov defence’ labour unrest (St as landowners 82, 229, 231, 241, 243 Petersburg 1901) 626 military service 534, 584 Ochakov, annexation of 513 obligatory state service 78, 81, 147, 229, 534 October Manifesto (1905) 42, 218, 633, 647 political threats to 242–4 and Constitution of 1906 367, 572 power in provinces 240, 241 establishment of Duma 42, 446, 569, 613 and provincial assemblies 229, 257, 459–60 Odessa 319, 356 relations with bureaucracy 234, 240–1, 257, as commercial port 399, 400 436 District Court 353 relations with tsars 239, 242, 258, 436, 514–15 founded (1794) 10, 30, 515, 515n.8 size of 229, 231 Jews in 197 status as soslovie 229 municipal government 459 and Table of Ranks (1722) 229, 249 strikes (1903) 646

742

Index

Odintsov, Aleksei, governor of Nizhnii cultural influence 68, 90, 98, 103 Novgorod 275 music 72 Office of Court Bankers and Commissioners religious literature 75 (1798) 398 view of sculpture as ‘graven images’ 72, oil industry 415, 421 91 foreign investment 413 and First World War 304 Oka, River, at Nizhnii Novgorod 264 Great Reforms and 287 Okhotsk, Siberia 28 and Greek War of Independence 126 Old Believers 285, 296, 377 hierarchical structure of 132, 289–90 church campaigns against 277 elderhood (starchestvo) 291 and Cossack revolts 378 historical and education of girls 313 liturgical reforms (1650s) 284 monks at Solovetskii monastery 116 medieval 284 Nizhnii Novgorod region 264, 271, 278, patriarchate (1589) 284 283 and Reformation in Muscovy 165 Melnikov’s saga of 272, 278 Holy Synod 103, 285 Vaisov Brotherhood 210, 211 institutional changes 284–8 view of market economics 417 diocesan administration 285–6, 287 opera 79, 101, 109 diocesan assemblies 287 exported to Paris 112 during Imperial period 284 Italian company at St Petersburg 94, 101, parish reforms 287 105 lands 371 private houses 105 secularised 239, 277, 290 Opium War, Second 561 and legacy of 1812 war 158 Oranienbaum palace 70 in Nizhnii Novgorod 270, 277–8 Orbeliani family, Georgian origins 234 Petrine reforms 166, 284, 285, 290, 296, Orenburg Assembly, Islamic muftiate 207, 497 208, 210, 214, 218 and adoption of European calendar and and Muslim military officers 215 dress 67 and Tauride Directorate 209, 214 and Rasputinism 304 Orientalism relations with State 284, 288, 303 Russian ideology of 49 and Russian identity 27 in Russian music 107 schism see Old Believers travellers’ perception of 90 and serfdom 126, 300–1 view of Islam 202, 211–13 social influence 300–2 Orlov family, aristocrats 233 jurisdiction of 457 Orthodox Church, in Ukraine 166 relations with laity 298 Orthodox Church, Russian 20, 296 suppression of local customs and and 1905–7 Revolution 302, 303 superstitions 297 and 1917 Revolution 305 view of marriage and divorce 309, 336 administration spirituality of 127 chief procurator (office of) 285, Synod of 1712 166 286 and third Duma 303 shortcomings of 284, 287 Ukrainian influence in 165, 166, 289 administrative colleges 285 variations within 296 believers 296–300 see also clergy; episcopate; monasteries; numbers of 292 parishes observance rates 298–300, 304 Ostankino estate, Sheremetev family 83 popular Orthodoxy 297, 305 Ostermann, Andrei, Vice-Chancellor, and challenges to 298 foreign policy 505 enlightenment role for 297 Ostermann, Heinrich, as ambassador for political weakness 25 Peter the Great 502 conservatism of 116, 123 Ostrovsky, Alexander, playwright 315

743

Index

Ottoman Empire 13, 30 and Holy League 490 and Balkans 565–6 see also Catholic Church and Chigirin War (1677–81) 490 Paris compared with Russian Empire 14–16, 238 Diaghilev’s Saisons russes in 93, 112 Cossacks and 167, 168, 509 Polish emigr´ e´ politics in 173–4 and Crimea 490, 513 Russian army in (1814) 33, 94 effect of decline on Muslim populations 16 security bureau in 640 European view of 14, 557, 559, 568 Paris, Peace of (1856) 540, 560, 564, 594 and First World War 43, 571, 660 Paris, Treaty of (1814) 527 independence of Orthodox states 570 Paris, Treaty of (1815) 527 Islam as unifying factor 16, 20 parishes 292 Jewish populations in 185, 186 and ﬁnancial support for clergy 294–5 mufti establishment 207 funds 299 Muslim emigration to 210, 221 parish councils 295, 298 rights of Christians in 510 reforms (1860s) 287 Russian alliance with (1805) 524 Parliamentary System Russian view of 489, 521, 555, 559 after 1905 Revolution 446 system of government 15 see also Duma and threat to Black Sea access 575 Paskevich, Field Marshal Prince Igor war with Italy (1911) 588 Fedorovich, viceroy of Poland (to wars with see Crimean War; Russo-Turkish 1856) 34 wars passports see also Turkey internal 394, 408 Oxenstierna, Count Axel 492 for women 337, 343 Ozerov, N. Kh. 420 Patkul, J. R., as ambassador 502 Ozerov, Professor I. Kh., economist 423, 626 patriotism, war of 1812 and 145, 148, 150, 155, Ozvobozhdenie (Liberation) movement 630, 156 645 Paul I, Tsar (1796–1801) assassination 151, 507, 518 Pahlen family, Baltic landowners 234 authoritarianism of 151 Pahlen, Count K. I., minister of justice 613 and Bonaparte 517 paintings 69, 70–1, 79, 84 and Chancellery 438 abstract 114 character 516, 518n.11 allegorical 71, 79 economy under 398–9 avant-garde 108 forced labour for women 312 Cubism 115 foreign policy 516–19, 524 ‘Donkey’s Tail’ exhibition (1912) 113 and nobility 229, 460 historical 83, 101 and rise of militarism 159 ‘Jack of Diamonds’ exhibition (1910) 113 Pavlova, Anna, ballerina 112 Neo-Primitivism 113, 114 Pavlova, Karolina K., on 1812 invasion 155 portraits 68, 71, 83 Pavlovo Russian landscape 102 choral singing 282 Palestine 16, 199, 560 iron and steel industry 268 pan-Islamism, fear of 217, 221 Pavlovsk, palace 82 Panin, Count Nikita, adviser to Catherine the peasant communes 383, 385, 392, 456, 463 Great 436, 509, 512, 520 obshchina system of land-ownership 605, Panina, Countess Alexandra 307 611 Panina, Countess Anna 307 see also households; villages Pan-Slavism 39, 132, 523 peasant migration 374–5, 389, 391 in Balkans 565 into towns 90, 247, 352, 453 and view of empire 61 to cities (First World War) 662 see also Slavophiles; Slavs to outlying regions 387–8 Papacy women 319–21

744

Index

Peasant Union 323 women peasants consumption patterns 319 and 1864 judicial system 348–56 demand for rights 322 on church lands 371 education 318, 319 contacts with wider society 389–90 in labour market 319–20 economic self-sufficiency 376 and zemstvos 463, 609 and effects of 1861 legislation on 608–9 see also agriculture; households; serfdom; and environment 372–3 serfs; villages exploitation of 369, 370, 371, 372, 385 Pecherskii, Andrei see Melnikov, P. I. grievances 379, 392 Pecherskii monastery, Nizhnii Novgorod 271, and jury duty 349, 350 277 and land reform 603–6 Peking,Treatyof(1860) 49, 561 land purchases (redemption People’s Justice Party 640 schemes) 388, 408, 476, 477, 481, 484 People’s Revenge Group (Nechaev’s) 638 problems of 605–6, 611 People’s Will group and reform process 600, 601, 603–6 assassination of Tsar Alexander II 639 and local government 449, 451 infiltrated 639 local self-government 602 women in 318 on noble estates 371 Pereiaslav, agreement of (1654) 167 obligations Pereire, Isaac and Emile, financiers 402 of military service 372, 382, 532 peripherality 18, 23 to landowners 371, 384 Perovskaia, Sofia, and assassination of to state 371, 384, 453 Alexander II 318 obrok payments 371, 475–6 Persia and patriotism in 1812 war 145, 148, 150, 155, relations with 555, 569 156 trade with 405, 414, 499 perception of law 351–6 war with (1820s) 478, 540 population growth 369, 373–5, 379, 389 see also Iran and reform period 370, 602 Persian War (1721) 499–500 relations with rural landowners 242, 243, Pervyi shag, Kazan journal 281 244 Pestel’, Colonel Pavel Ivanovich revolts by 377–8, 393, 483 political thinker 125 1902 646 Russian Law constitutional plan 125 protests against exploitation 385–6 Peter I, Tsar (the Great) (1689–1725) 11, 46, 72, threat of rebellion 482–3, 485, 595 166, 309 on state lands 371, 388 building of St Petersburg 69–70 supplementary incomes 380, 486 as collector of art 71 tax burden on 468, 482–6 and Cossack Hetmanate 168 in towns 90, 247, 352 development of Russian high culture 68–77 trading privileges 247 early industrial development 617 Ukrainian 177 economic reforms 394–6 way of life 370 edict on calendar (1699) 67 central Russia: late 17th to late 19th edict on Western dress (1700) 67, 77, 306–7 century 378–7;tolate17th century effects of reforms on women 306, 311, 327, 375–8 340 customs and practices 378, 381–5, 391–3 foreign policy late 19th and early 20th century 388–3 ambassadors 501–3 living standards 386–7, 390–1, 484, 485 and Azov Campaign 494–5 nutrition levels 391 and Caucasus 36 in outlying regions 387–8 conquest of the Baltic 29, 500–1, 512 in paintings 84 motives for Great Northern War 495–7 poverty 468, 485 and Persian War (1721) 499–500 regional variations 370–1 and Poland 168, 500

745

Index

policy-making 503 Pitirim, Bishop, of Nizhnii Novgorod 277 and Jews 186 Pitt, William (the Younger) 525 and local government 449, 452 plague, Moscow (1771) 510 marriage reforms 308–9 Platonov, Sergei, historian 283 and military Plehve, Viacheslav, minister of interior 646 annual levies of conscripts 372 Plekhanov, Georgii Valentinovich, Marxist as military strategist 535 and Menshevik 140, 199 modernisation of army 492, 531–2, 534 as ‘father of Russian Marxism’ 140, 627 and Muslims 203, 204 and Lenin 142 incentives for conversion from Our Differences 141 Islam 204 Socialism and the Political Struggle 141 and obrok payments 475 Pleske, E. D., minister of finance 417 and Orthodox Church 166, 284, 285, 289, Plevna, assaults on (1879) 541 290, 296, 497 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich, political opposition to 117–18 conservative jurist 131 poll tax 371, 394, 473, 483–4, 535 and 1864 law reforms 359 reform of central government 429, 430–1 counter-reforms 288, 318, 409, 615 and Senate 435 and fear of pan-Islamism 217 and Russian Empire 27, 28, 46, 51, 146 on government 429 Spiritual Regulation 285, 297 and parish school movement 278 Table of Ranks (1722) 229, 248 procurator for the Holy Synod 103 and tsarevich affair 117, 166 Podolia province (Ukraine) 177, 188 and the West poetry 80, 86, 87 first visit (1697–8) 69, 490 ‘golden age’ 95–6 and Russian role in Europe 501 Symbolist 110, 113 Westernisers’ admiration for 128 Pogodin, Mikhail (M. P.), historian 51, 53, 55, see also Great Northern War 594 Peter II, Tsar (1727–30) 78, 168, 290 pogroms 197, 198–9, 366, 665 Peter III, Tsar (1761–2) 78, 81, 501 Pokrovskaia, Maria, feminist 324 nobles’ obligation to state service Pokrovskii, Nikolai Nikolaevich, foreign ended 534 minister 247, 567n.16 and Prussia 506, 507 Poland Peterhof, palace of 70 1864 law reforms in 356, 358 Petersburg International Commercial and 1905 Revolution 42, 181 Bank 404, 405 annexation of 10, 11, 397, 516, 554 Petersburg Private Bank 404 Czartoryskii’s policy on 522, 523 Petipa, Marius, choreographer 106 economy 416 petitions, by peasants against exploitation 385 and First World War 43 Petrashevskii Circle 97 industrialisation 179, 620 Petrashevskii, Mikhail 50, 54, 55 Jews in 172, 180, 186, 187 Petrograd Soviet 657, 669 landless gentry 173 and establishment of Provisional National Democratic movement 180, Government 669 182 see also St Petersburg National League (1893) 180 Petrovskoe estate, Gagarin family 385 nobility 230, 234 Philippines, annexed by USA 577 political activism 180–1 photography, in Nizhnii Novgorod 274 rebellions against Russian rule 22 Physiocrats, influence on Catherine the see also Polish rebellion (1863) Great 396 religious dissent in 509 Picart, Peter, engraver 71 retreat from (1915) 665 Pilsudski, Jozef,´ Polish Socialist Party 181, 182 Russian embassy in 502 Pinsker, Yehuda Leib (Lev), Zionist 199 Sejm established (1863) 610 Pirogov, Nikolai, and role of women 314 socialism in 180–1

746

Index

see also Poland, Congress Kingdom of Polenov, Vasilii 105 (1815–32); Poland (Polish-Lithuanian Poles Commonwealth); Polish rebellion and Decembrist revolt 33 (1863) (January uprising); Warsaw, emigr´ e´ community in Paris 173–4 Grand Duchy of as explorers 182 Poland, Congress Kingdom of (1815–32) 33, andfirstDuma(1906) 42 172, 528, 556–7 Great Emigration from Russia 173 autonomy within Russian Empire 33, 172, intellectual influence in Russia 182 556 as scientists 179–80, 182 Catholic Church in 179 suspected of conspiracies 151 defeat of (1831) 540 Poletyka, Hryhorii, Cossack 169 effect of Napoleonic Wars on relations police with 148–50 provincial forces 197, 454, 456n.12, 465 modern politics in 177 role in justice system 345 November uprising (1830) 34, 150, 173 secret (okhrana) (Third Section) 361, 439, ‘organic statute’ (1832) 34, 150, 173 441, 455, 637, 638 Russian Viceroy imposed (1832) 34 urban forces 455 see also Polish rebellion (1863); Western see also Gendarme Corps; Police Provinces Department (1880) Poland, Partitions of 30–1, 148, 186, 510, police chiefs, local (ispravnik) 356 514 Police Department (1880) 639 end of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth abolished by Provisional Government (1795) 171–3 (1917) 654 Poland (Polish-Lithuanian criticism of security police 651 Commonwealth) 30, 166 inadequacy of regular 647 Catherine the Great and 508–9 methods 643–4, 649 Constitution of 3 May 1791 171, 513 mobile surveillance brigade (for Cossacks 167, 169 provinces) 641, 646 rebellion (1648) 165, 169, 491 Moscow bureau surveillants 641–2 cultural influence 31 reforms 652 on Russia 68, 69, 165 relations with Gendarme Corps 643, 646, and Great Northern War with 649 Sweden 168, 491, 500 security bureaus 639–40 hegemonic power of 31, 489 regional 649, 652 and Holy League 490 security during First World War 653–4 Jews in 31, 185 Special Section 644, 651 and Ottoman Empire 166 use of informants 640, 642–4, 650, 652 Renaissance in 165 police state (polizeistaat), principles of Russia and 489 208 science 174–5, 179–80, 182 Polish language social and political reform under Stanislaw censorship of 38 Poniatowski 171, 508 status as language of reason 165 and Time of Troubles (1612–13) Polish positivism 179–80 149 Polish rebellion (1863) (January uprising) 22, Treaty of Eternal Peace with Muscovy 132, 177, 541, 610 (1686) 165, 167, 490 Anglo-French intervention 12, 564 and Ukraine 166, 167 financial crisis 403 Uniate Church 173 and ‘Russification’ 37, 38 war of 1653–67 489 and Ukraine 176 War of Polish Succession (1733–36) 505 Polish Socialist Party 181 see also Poland; Poland, Congress Kingdom political culture of (1815–32); Poland, Partitions of; and 1812 war 151–3 Poles pervasiveness of conspiracy theory in 151–3

747

Index

political opposition 96, 440 shift of settlement eastwards 493 to Peter the Great 117–18 urban 415 to Tsar Nicholas II 665, 666, 668 populism, women and 317 see also Bolsheviks; Mensheviks; radicals populist movement 136–8, 181 political parties and culture 103, 104, 111 and economic debates 420–1 and politicised workers 623 Land and Freedom Party 196 women and 317–18 Muslim 221 Port Arthur (Lushun)¨ 568 Muslim Union 220 acquisition 542 Polish Socialist Party 181 defences 550 and Progressive Bloc (1915) 666 Japanese annexation of 569, 577 see also Constitutional-Democratic (Kadet) loss of 542 party; Russian Social Democratic Portsmouth, Peace of (1905) 542, 569 Workers’ Party (RSDWP) Posen (Poland) 172 political thought Potemkin family, Cossack origins of 233 anarchism 138–40 Potemkin, Prince Grigorii constitutionalism 124–6 favourite of Catherine the Great 81, 509, liberalism 131, 133–6 512, 514 nature of monarchy in Russia 116–19 opposition to 514 Polish 173–4 Potemkin mutiny (1905) 582–3 Polish activism 180–1 Potresov, Aleksandr, exiled to Siberia 645 Polish positivism 179–80 poverty 468, 485 populism 136–8 and local government 455 republicanism 125 Municipal Guardianships 321 Russian conservatism 122–4, 131–3 Nizhnii Novgorod 272 Russian Enlightenment 119–21 rural 390 social democrats 140–4 Prach, Ivan, collector of folk-songs 84 socialism 136–44 Praskovia, Tsarita 74 Ukrainian influence on 165 Pravda (Bolshevik newspaper) 652 Westerniser/Slavophile debate 126–30 press see also Lenin; Marxism Arabic 222 Polivanov, General A. A. 549 commercial 253, 256 minister of war 664 debate on peasant reforms 604 poll tax 371, 379, 382, 384, 473–4 economic and financial journals 420 arrears 411 first newspapers 75 clergy exemption 293 illustrated journals 281 impact on peasantry 483–4 influence of 573 phased out 388, 408, 481 Jewish 197 to finance army 535 Muslim 206, 219, 222 Polots’kyi (Polotskii), Symeon, Ukrainian newspapers in Nizhnii Novgorod 281 cleric 165 provincial 281 Poltava, battle of (1709) 18, 29, 168, 498 reaction to strikes 622 Poltava province, peasant disorder (1902) 646 revolutionary newspapers 645, 652 Poliakov, L. S., Moscow banker 404 Russian, backlash against Jewish Poniatowski, Stanislaw August, last king of integration 197 Poland 171–2, 508 The World of Art journal 110–1 population see also literature; Novoe vremia; printing 1897 census 620 Pressburg, Peace of (1805) 525 growth 473, 493 prikazy (chancelleries) 430 Jewish 70, 191, 192n.10, 195 Princip, Gavrilo, assassin of Francis- Muscovy 530 Ferdinand 571 Nizhnii Novgorod 271–2 printing peasant 369, 373–5, 379, 389 church control over 76

748

Index

church script (kirillitsa) 75 subdivisions (provintsii) 450 civil script typeface 75 Provincial Archival Commissions (1883) 283 early 18th century 74 provincial assemblies industry 620 and emancipation of serfs 257 state presses 74, 89 nobility and 257, 275, 460 prints and engravings 71 provincial capitals, administrative lubok wood prints 76, 84 structure 275 popular 84 provincial society 449 Procurator-General of Senate 435, 436 Nizhnii Novgorod 278–83 professions and professional classes 259–63 Prus, Boleslaw independence 259 The Doll (novel) 179 and intelligentsia 259, 263 Pharaoh (novel) 180 law 261–2 Prussia 12 medicine 260, 262 and Austria 511 politicisation of 260 Jewish populations 187 repression of organisations 261, 263 landowners as political force 241, 242, 243 state training 259 Napoleon in 527 teaching 260, 262 relations with Russia 506–7, 510, 511, 521, uncertified protoprofessionals and 261, 262 564–5 see also bureaucracy; lawyers and Seven Years’ War 506 ‘Progressive Bloc’, formation of (1915) 665, and Third Coalition 523, 525 666 and Treaty of Kalisch 527 prohibition, during First World War 482, 660 and Tsar Nicholas I 558 Prokopovich, Feofan (Prokopovych, Teofan), and Tsar Paul’s Northern League 517 churchman and writer 74, 75, 118, 165, and unification of Germany 549, 565 166 see also Germany ‘Vladimir’ (play) 76 Prussia, East, Russian occupation (1758) 506 proletarian dictatorship, Lenin’s theory of 143 Przenicki, Andrzej, Polish engineer 182 property 139 public opinion, increasing importance of 574, abolition of 136 608, 612 investments by women 329 public (social) welfare property laws 327–9 boards of 461 1753 changes 330, 332 role of zemstvos 258, 464 administration of marital property 330 state funding for 472 conflict with family law 337, 338 women’s role in 321 gender difference in 327, 342 public sphere and law on dowries 328, 330, 331, 333, 336, emergent 256 339 literary 256 ownership of land and serfs by nobility 229 see also civil society transactions between husband and Pufendorf, Samuel 117, 497 wife 333–5 Pugachev, Emelian, Cossack 147 Ukraine 176 Pugachev revolt (1773–75) 89, 147, 151, 154, 483, women’s responsibilities 329 510 women’s rights 311, 342 punishment prostitution administered informally by peasants 352 among domestic servants 320 corporal 339, 340–1 regulation of 312 death penalty, for women 339 Protasov, Count N. A., chief procurator 286 during states of emergency 366 protectionism 396, 400, 410, 413 exile as 339, 341, 366 Protopopov, Alexander, minister of interior peasants’ view of state 352 (1916) 653 use of torture 339 provinces (guberniia) 450 Purishkevich, Vladimir, assassination of noble assemblies 229, 257 Rasputin 668

749

Index

Pushkin, Alexander 68, 95, 155 assassination 668 Eugene Onegin 95, 96 and Church 304, 305 folk-tales 98 influence of 667, 668 and ‘golden age’ of Russian poetry 95–6 Rastrelli, Bartholomeo Francesco, statue in Moscow to (1880) 102, 133 architect 78 The Contemporary (journal) 95 Rastrelli, Carlo Bartholomeo, sculptor 72 rationalism 127 Quarenghi, Giacomo, architect 82, 397 Raupach, Hermann, maestro di capella in St Petersburg 79 Rabochaia mysl’ (Workers’ Thought) raznochintsy (social category) 246–51 (journal) 627 educated commoners as 96, 249 Rachkovskii, Peter, security chief 639–40 radical intellectuals as 250–1 Rachmaninov, Sergei, composer 108, 112 subgroups 246 All-Night Vigil 115 and Table of Ranks 249 radicals 120–1 Razumovskii family, Cossack origins of 233 intellectuals 250–1 realism lawyers as 363–4 in literature 97, 100 opposition to Alexander II 440 in music 100 underground organisations 640 rejected by avant-garde 108 and workers 623–4 Reformation, and elite landholdings 239 see also intelligentsia; revolution; terrorism refugees, from German offensive (1915) 665 Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich, radical regionalism, the ‘provincial idea’ 273 novelist 87, 120–1 Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813) 527 Radoszkowski, Oktawiusz, Polish Reingardt, N. V.,on subordination of entomologist 180 women 338 Raifskii, Aleksei, Orthodox missionary Reinke, N., Senator 358 priest 205 religion railway workers 620 disputation 165 railways 12, 182, 400, 416 and political theory 118 bonds issued 406 and unification of empire 20 construction programme 619 see also Catholic Church; Christianity; credit funding for 403 Islam; Orthodox Church into Asia 54, 56 religious holidays, Nizhnii Novgorod 270–1 into Central Asia 40 religious toleration national network 388, 391, 549, 551 Catherine the Great’s edict (1773) 206 St Petersburg to Warsaw (1862) 38 and October Manifesto (1905) 218 state funding for 471 principle of 208 state ownership of 410 proposed 125, 135 to European capitals 108 under Nicholas II 218 Trans-Siberian 18, 276, 412, 472, 568 Renny, Aime,´ Genoese banking house 398 ranks (chiny) Repin, Ilya 105 and economic function 247 The Volga Barge-Haulers (painting) 101 fluctuations in lives of urban workers 272 representative government 124, 129, 130 ‘honoured citizen’ (1832) 249 and civil society 255 inorodtsy (‘aliens’) 34 flaws of 134 and legal administration 456 and Great Reforms 607 legally defined 194, 229, 245 lack of 240 rights and privileges of 245 liberty and 130 Table of (1722) 229, 248, 249n.9 and social progress 135 urban 31, 452, 458 see also Duma; provincial assemblies; see also elites, Russian; meshchane; nobility, zemstvo assemblies hereditary; raznochintsy; soslovie republicanism 125, 157 Rasputin, Grigorii Rerikh, Nikolai 112

750

Index

Retusaari Island 496 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai 99, 103, 109, 112 Reutern, Count M. Kh., minister of Invisible City 278 finance 405, 479–80, 549 Scheherazade 107 and need for modernisation 595 rivers, characteristics of 265 and problems of peasant redemption Rodzianko, Mikhail, president of Duma 657 scheme 611 Romania 513, 559 Reval (Tallinn) 29 official discrimination against Jews 70, taken by Russia (1710) 496 184n.1 Revoliutsionnaia Rossiia (Socialist Romanov, Dmitrii, and Treaty of Peking 49 Revolutionary newspaper) 645 Romanov dynasty 149, 151 revolution of 1905 42–3, 108, 613 as centre of aristocratic circles 233 and Constitution of 1906 367, 572 desire for recognition 11 effect on army 542–3 instability of in 18th century 147, 151 effect on economy 417–18 key positions in government 236 and labour unrest 631–4 Romanticism Muslims and 220–1 Polish 174 October Manifesto 42, 218, 613, 633 Ukrainian 175 Orthodox Church and 302 Roslin, Alexander, Swedish artist 83 Poland and 181 Rostislavov, Dmitrii, clergyman 312 police success against revolutionaries 648, Rostopchin, Count Fedor V. 151 650 as governor-general of Moscow 152, 153, 155 political unrest 645–8 Rostov, theatre 73 in rural areas 390, 393, 647 Rostov-on-Don, labour unrest 627 and semi-constitutional monarchy 446 Rostovstev, Count Ia. I. 612 Ukraine and 181 Chairman of Editing Commission 601 and Winter Palace demonstration (‘Bloody Rothschilds (Paris and London), bankers 403, Sunday’) 629, 647 406 women and 322–5 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 148 see also Duma (legislature) notion of popular sovereignty 131, 134 revolution Rozhestvenskii, Admiral Z. P. 586, 587 and conspiracy theories 152 Rozumovs’kyi, Kyrylo (Razumovskii, Kyril), and ‘direct action’ (violence and Cossack Hetman 168, 169 terrorism) 135, 242 Rozumovs’kyi, Olekskii (Razumovskii, Marxist theory of 141, 657 Aleksei), Ukrainian Cossack 168 popular 129, 130, 138, 139, 243–4 Rubinstein, Anton, pianist 98, 282 socialist 141 Rubinstein, Nikolai 99 threat of 507 Rumiantsev, Count N. P., minister of Trotsky’s theory of ‘permanent’ 143 commerce 399, 527 see also Decembrist revolt; French and Continental System 526 Revolution; Revolution of 1905; Rumiantsev, Field Marshal Count Petr 509, Revolutions of 1848; Russian 535 Revolution; terrorism Rumiantseva, Nadezhda 321 revolutionaries Rurik (Riurik), princely dynasty of Rus 233 assumption of power 669 Rus, origins of 166, 175 legal methods of protest 652 Russia Revolutions of 1848 558 and 1848 European revolutions 558 Reynolds, Sir Joshua 81 aspiration to Great Power status 11, 13, 24 Riga 29, 495 and emergent nationalism 22, 23 annual trade fair 186 as European Great Power 554, 571 industrial workers in 620 European influence on 10, 14, 16, 45–50, 54 Jewish merchants banned from 186 and Holy League 490 revenue from tolls 492 joins Entente (1907) 419 taken by Russia (1710) 496 at outbreak of Great Northern War 492–4

751

Index

Russia (cont.) as European empire 45–50, 54 as peripheral to Europe 23, 501 expansion of 10, 28–32, 374, 416, 531 political instability by 1914 12, 24, 653 effect on economy 397 prospects for post-Soviet 26 as inexorable movement eastwards 59 relations with Islam 202, 211, 217 into Central Asia 36, 40, 49, 53–4, 555, and Seven Years’ War 506 561–2 territorial gains at partition of motivation for 562–4 Poland 172–3 to East Asia 542, 550, 561 tsarist system of government 15, 21 as intermediary between Europe and see also autocracy Asia 50, 62 and War of the Austrian Succession Jewish populations in 70, 186, 191 (1740–48) 505 metropole-colony distinction 17, 46, 51, 60 see also autocracy; France; Germany; Great Muslim populations within 202, 205 Britain; Ottoman Empire; Prussia; and national consolidation 56, 220 Russian culture; Russian Empire as national empire 55–63 Russian Bank, for foreign trade 404 and peasant population growth 374 Russian Bible Society 153 variations in local administration 450 and response to Napoleonic invasion 157–8 see also Baltic provinces; Poland; Russian Russian culture 27, 34, 68, 89 identity; Ukraine artists’ opposition to state 96 Russian Enlightenment 68, 85 development under Peter the Great 68–7 and Counter-Enlightenment 121–2 elite consumption of 89, 253 and origins of intelligentsia 253, 254 as European avant-garde 108 political thought 119–21, 256 and foreign embassies 502 and religions 207, 297 ‘golden age’ under Catherine the Russian Geographical Society 598 Great 81–8 Russian identity 27, 51, 149 internationalisation of 107 imperial and national 45 limited independent activity 89, 105 political debate on 126 modernism 110 and Russianisation 57 nationalism in 96–7, 98–100, 103 Slavophiles’ view of 127–8 neo-nationalism 112 Westernisers’ view of 128–30 and origins of intelligentsia 253 see also Russian nationalism; Orthodoxy and 41, 68, 90 Russianisation; ‘Russification’ popular consumption of 84, 253 Russian language 34, 123 Populism 103, 104, 111 in law courts 357, 358 reputation by early 20th century 92–4 and Russification policies 38 under Alexander II 97–102 in schools 38 under Alexander III 103–7 Russian Museum (state museum of Russian under Anna and Elizabeth 78–80 art), St Petersburg 104 under Nicholas I 94–7 Russian Musical Society (founded 1858) 99, under Nicholas II 107–15 107, 280, 282 see also architecture; art; literature; music; Russian nationalism 149 painting; Russian Enlightenment; and 1812 war 147–51 theatre as antithesis to Napoleonic France 148 Russian Empire 9, 25, 46 and concept of empire 51–2 as anti-European empire 51–5 and European identity 48 civilising mission of 47, 49, 52–3 reactionary 146 compared with Ottoman Empire 14–16 see also Russian identity; ‘Russification’ and effect of 1864 law reforms 356–9 Russian Revolution (1917) 13, 17, 553 effect of Europhile foreign policy on 529 abdication of tsar 571, 655, 657–8 and ethnic nationalities 22–3, 28–9, 192n.10 bread shortage (1916–17) 653, 655, 658, 662 tsarist ‘nationalities policy’ 27, 32–6 demonstrations in St Petersburg 656 ethnic Russian settlement in Asia 40, 59 and labour movement 635–6

752

Index

mutiny of Petrograd garrison 656, 658, ban on marriage of women teachers 321 662–4 as banking centre 404, 419 Petrograd Soviet declared 657, 669 bar council 261 Provisional Government 636, 654, 657, 658 cathedral 70 proximate causes of abdication 655–8 construction of 69–70, 496 in rural areas 390, 393, 668 cosmopolitan culture in 107 and workers’ soviets 636 culture under Peter the Great 68 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party as economic centre 417 (RSDWP) 196, 628 foundling hospital (1764) 312 and the Bund 200, 626, 628 Imperial Court 72, 78 Russianisation (obrusenie) (national Jews in 32, 195, 197 homogenisation) 57 jury lists 350 ‘Russiﬁcation’ (after 1863) 27, 37–2, 132 Kremlin Armoury workshops 69 administrative 37 Kunstkamera 70 cultural 38, 104 labour unrest distinct from Russianisation 57 1901 ‘Obukhov defence’ 626 in Finland 39, 235, 546n.36 Assembly of Russian Factory measures in Poland 178, 546 Workers 322, 629, 630 unplanned 37 and gaponovshchina movement 627, Russo-Asian Bank 419 629 Russo-Chinese Bank 405, 414 increased militancy 635 Russo-Japanese War (1905) 12, 42, 467, 542, and Marxist intelligentsia 627, 645 550, 568–9, 587 Nevsky cotton mill strike (1870) 621–2 economic effects of 405, 417 and Shidlovskii elections 632 effect on domestic politics 569 strikes (1896–7) 625 and shipbuilding programmes 578 as main trading port 395 Russo-Korean Bank 405 Medical Surgery Academy, women at 316, Russo-Turkish wars 317, 318, 319 (1711) 435 municipal reforms (1846) 459 (1735–39) 505, 535 Peter and Paul fortress 70 (1769–74) 397, 509, 510 police security bureau 642 (1787–91) 186, 398, 513 population 415 (1807) 525 as Russian capital 394, 395 (1829) 478, 540, 559 St Alexander Nevsky monastery 70 (1877–78) 210, 471, 541, 565–6 School of Law 236 Ruzskii, General 664 society Ryabushinskii family, Moscow bankers 417, business elite 228 420, 424 industrial workers in 620 Ryabushinskii, Stepan 110 social categories 452 Rymnik, battle of (1789) 535 tensions between nobles and merchants 459 Sablukov, Gordii, teacher 212 State Paper Money Bank 397 Saburov, A. A., jurist 613 stock exchange 395 Saburov, P. A., ambassador 613 strategic vulnerability 575 sacristans 292 Summer Palace 70 St Petersburg 10, 13 symphony concerts 107 1864 law reforms in 356 and The World of Art journal 110 and 1917 Revolution 635, 653 theatres demonstrations (February) 656 Bolshoi 85, 105 garrison mutiny 656, 658, 662–4 Hermitage 85 and workers’ soviet 632–4 Mariinsky 101, 105, 108 Academy of Arts 79, 83, 89, 94, 99, 104 under Anna 78 Academy of Sciences 77, 82, 308 university 236

753

Index

St Petersburg (cont.) missionary 41 Winter Palace 78 national 461 Women’s Medical Institute 319 primary 103, 278, 312, 318, 464 Zubov’s engraving of 72 state high 236, 239, 266, 312 see also Petrograd Soviet Tatar 212 St Petersburg Cadet Corps 80 and use of Russian language 38 St Petersburg Conservatoire (1862) 99, 105 village 262, 278, 389 St Petersburg, Treaty of (1881) 564 Schwartzenberg, Prince Felix, Austrian Saint-Simon, Comte de, and role of credit 402 foreign minister 559 salt science state monopoly 395 Academy of Sciences 77, 82, 308 tax on 475 Polish 174–5, 179–80 Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail E., reformer and and social development 135 satirist 153, 598 Scott, Sir Walter 95 Samarin, Iu. F., reformer 35, 598, 601 Scriabin, Alexander 108, 113–14 and land reforms 603, 605 Mysterium 114 Samarkand 40, 562 Prometheus 113 San Stefano, Treaty of (1878) 566 sculpture 72 Sandepu, battle of 542 equestrian statue of Peter I 91 Sandomierz, Confederation of 168 wooden relief carving 72 Saratov Sebastopol, fall of (1855) 540, 560, 594 1864 law reforms in 356 Second World War 14 middle classes 275 secret societies 160 Sardinia 520 Seeley, J. R. 58 Sarovskii, Serafim, canonisation of (1903) 288 Sekowski, Jozef,´ Pole and Russian satire 120 academic 175 debate on nature of 86 self-determination 143 Savary, General, Napoleonic official 526 Semenov-Tian-Shanskii, P. P., ethnographer Savitskii, Petr 62 and senior state official 53, 60, 607 Sazonov, Sergei Dmitrievich, foreign seminaries, religious 170, 286, 292 minister 247, 570, 571, 567n.16 Nizhnii Novgorod 266, 277 sblizhenie (rapproachment) 57, 61 Semipalatinsk 561 Schadel,¨ Gottfried Johann 70 Senate Schleinitz, Johann baron von, as ambassador administrative supervision by 436 for Peter the Great 502 Criminal Cassation Department 345, 354 Schluter,¨ Andreas, sculptor 70 founded by Peter the Great 435, 450 Schoenebeck, Adriaan, engraver 71 judicial role of 345, 354, 435 School of Law, St Petersburg 236 as High Court of Review 436 schools and law on transactions between church control over 103, 278 spouses 334–5 and development of Russian literature 80 procurator-general 435 ecclesiastical 286, 295 and rulings on serf ownership 331, 332–3 girls’ 307, 312, 313 Special tribunal 365 boarding 307 tax collection 435 primary 312, 318, 464 under Alexander I 436 state secondary (gimnaziia and sentimentalism, vogue for 87 progimnaziia) 314, 318 Serbia gymnasia 94–7, 249n.11 autonomy (1829) 559 jadid Muslim reformed 219 First World War 571 Jewish parochial 190 Slav nationalism in 570 Jewish state 35, 191 serfdom 369, 370 Kazakh 212 abolished in Baltic provinces (1816–19) 598

754

Index

criticism of 94, 96, 120, 121, 124 Shakhovskoi, Prince 270 Decree on Free Agriculturalists (1803) 598 and theatre troupe in Nizhnii Decree on Obligated Peasants (1842) 598 Novgorod 279 defence of 123 Shamil, imam in Daghestan and as economic system 596 Chechnia 211, 215, 541 flight from 377 defeat of 41, 558, 562 inventories (1847–8) 598 Shchapov, A. P., historian 59, 279 Napoleonic Wars and 160 Shcheglovitov, Ivan, minister of justice 43, 361 origins 371 Shcherbatov, N. B., Prince, minister of serfs interior 668 and cultural life on estates 82, 83 Shcherbatov, Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich, exploitation of 16, 17, 21, 128 Counter-Enlightenment thinker 88, by non-nobles 247 121–2 as factory workers 400, 618 Journey to the Land of Ophir 121 and jury system 349 On Corruption of Morals in Russia 121 labour obligations 371, 385 Shekhtel, Fedor, architect 110 legal emancipation 248, 533 Sheremetev family, aristocratic as ‘living collateral’ 402 landowners 233 married 331 Sheremetev, Field Marshal Count Boris 494 Orthodox Church and 300–1 Shevchenko, Aleksandr 113 ownership by (married) women 330–3 Shevchenko, Taras, Ukrainian Romantic, participation in local government 451 ‘Kobzar’ 175 reform of state peasantry 476, 599 Shibanov, Mikhail, serf painter 84 and rights of nobility to ownership 229, Shidlovskii Commission, on workers’ 231, 247 representation 631–2 scale of ownership 231 shipbuilding 257n.9 and state legal system 456 20-year programme (from 1881) 576 women as dowry property 331–2 1895–1902 programme 576 see also peasants Nizhnii Novgorod 268, 273, 274 serfs, emancipation (1861) 37, 241, 257, 270, Pacific fleet programme (1898) 578 371, 388, 433 private yards 579 effects of abolition 391, 608–9 state yards 579 first announcement by Alexander II transformation (1906–14) 588 596 Voronezh yards 69, 490 and industrial growth 619 Shipka Pass, defence of (1878) 541 legal changes 602 Shipov, Nikolai, serf entrepreneur 247 and local government 450 Shishkin, Ivan, landscape painter 102 and obrok revenues 476 Shishkin, Nikolai Pavlovich, assistant foreign and Poland 178 minister 567n.16 and poll tax 474 Shishkov, Aleksandr Semenovich reasons and preconditions for 594–9 and linguistic nationalism 123 Statute of 19 February 597, 600 and Poland 149 and tax revenues 477, 484 Shliapnikov, Aleksandr, Bolshevik 656 see also peasants, and land reform Shmidt, Anna Nikolaevna, journalist in (redemption) Nizhnii Novgorod 274 Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke 644 Shulgin, Vasilii, nationalist 666 Serov, V.A. 105 Shuvalov family, aristocratic landowners 233 servants, domestic 319 Shuvalov, Count Ivan, favourite of Seven Years’ War 506–7, 537 Elizabeth 79 Sha-Ho, battle of 542 Shuvalov, Count P. A. Shafirov, Petr Pavlovich 502 and economic reforms 396, 606 Discourse on Swedish war 117, 496, 497 head of gendarmes and security 610

755

Index

Siberia Shcherbatov’s ideal of 121 conquest of 28 social orders see ranks defined as colony 48, 50, 60 social welfare see public welfare and expansion into Central Asia 36 socialism fur trade 10, 28 evolutionary 141 inhabitants defined as inorodtsy 35 German 134 Islam in 202, 206 in Poland 180–1 peasant agriculture in 387 socialism, Russian 136–44 reformed courts 356, 357 anarchism 138–40 reforms (1822) 34 populism 136–8, 181 regional identity 18 social democrats and Marxists 140–4 Siberian Bank 404 Socialist Revolutionary Party 220 Silesia, Prussian invasion 505, 506 and 1905 Revolution 650 Sinopsis (first Russian history book, Kiev programme of terrorism 645, 651 1674) 166 and radical student unrest 645 Sipiagin, D. S., minister of interior, and workers 624 assassinated (1902) 646 Societ´ eG´ en´ eraledeCr´ edit´ Mobilier Sitka (Alaska) 36 (1852) 402 Skarzy’nski, Ksawery, Polish engineer 182 societies Skobelev, General M. D. 541 private and civic 280 Slavdom, conservative view of 132 secret 160 Slavic tribe, migration 60 ‘society’ (obshchestvo) Slavophiles, on Russian national notion of 249 identity 127–8 see also civil society; nobility; ranks Slavs Society for Inexpensive Lodgings 315 in Balkans 14, 570 Society of Notable Military Fellows call for emancipation of 130 (Cossacks) 169 peasants 370 Society for the Spread of Enlightenment see also Pan-Slavism Among the Jews of Russia 196, 199 Slavynets’kyi, Iepifanii, Ukrainian cleric 165 Society for the Training of Well-Born Girls sliianie (blending, merging) 57, 61 (Smolnyi Institute) 307 Slovenes 570 Society of Wandering Exhibitions (the Smith, Adam 255 Wanderers) 101, 103 Smolensk War (1632–4) 492 soil erosion 390 Smolnyi Institute, first school for girls 307 soils sobornost’ (social collectivity) 51 black earth (chernozem) 369, 371, 373, 374, social change, role of bureaucracy in 433 380 Social Democrats (SDs) fertility 372 and Economism 628 forest (non-black earth) 371, 375 First Congress (1898) 644 Sokovnin, Vasilii, conspiracy against Peter repression of 628, 640–1 I 117 Second Congress (1903) 645 soldiers 389, 537 split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks barracks accommodation 538 (1903) 624, 628 military colonisation (‘land militias’) 538 and workers 624, 627, 644 opposition to Nicholas II 664 see also Russian Social Democratic quartering and bivouacs 538 Workers’ Party status of wives and children 248, 311 social inequality 132, 134 see also conscription social justice, and abolition of property 136 Solovetskii monastery, Old Believer monks social mobility 248 at 116 social order Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich instability 147, 154–7, 392 historian and Westerniser 59, 128, 373 and rise of militarism 159–60 History of Russia from Ancient Times 129

756

Index

Solov’ev, Vladimir Sergeevich, liberal State Bank (1860) 402, 406, 412, 417, 419 philosopher 133, 134–5, 274 State Chancellery (Gosudarstvennaia Justification of the Good 135 kantselariia) National Question in Russia 134 core of liberal reformers in 597 Sophia, Regent (1682–89) 68, 166 see also Chancellery foreign policy 490, 494 State Council soslovie (estate) 227, 229, 245–8 founded by Alexander I 437–8 sostoianiia (hereditary social categories) 245 legislative oversight 437 South-Russian Industrial Bank 404 part-elected (after 1905) 446 Southern Society (political movement) 125 under Alexander II 439 Soviet Russia, view of 18th-century Russian state of emergency culture 87, 89, 91 1905–7 revolution 366 Spain 17, 23, 25, 243 declared (1881) 365, 615 legacy of Napoleonic Wars 160 state finances 469 liberalism in 25 banking and finance reforms (from restoration of Ferdinand VI 527 1859) 402–5 Special Conference on the Religious Affairs of bonds issued on European markets 410 Sunni Muslims (1906) 218 budget deficits 397, 401, 403, 408, 409, 479, Spencer, Herbert 137, 179 480 Speranskii, Count Mikhail Mikhailovich, budget surplus 411, 418, 480 senior official 124, 152, 237 expenditures 470–3, 479 and Department of Spiritual Affairs 208 foreign debt 398 and law codes 439, 598 foreign loans 398, 399, 403, 413, 417–18, 479, and obedience of wives 338 480, 659 and reform of supreme organs 436, 598 funding for railways 471 reforms blamed for defeats in Napoleonic interest on loans 472 wars 148, 526 military expenditure 470–1, 478, 535–6, 576, Siberian reforms (1822) 34 588 spirits radical restructuring proposed excise reforms (1863) 474, 479, 607 (1880s) 477–8, 606 and prohibition (First World War) 482, 660 railway bonds 406 state monopoly on 412, 416, 423 revenues 473–8 tax revenues from 422, 472, 474–5 size of budget 416, 468, 486 see also vodka state income under Peter the Great 530, Spiritual Regulation (1721) 285, 297 536 Stanislavsky, Konstantin, actor and see also Committee of Finances; Ministry of teacher 93, 109 Finance; tax Stanislaw August Poniatowski, last king of State Noble Land Bank 405 Poland 171–2, 508 State Peasant Land Bank 405 Stanislaw Leszczynski, as king of Poland 498, state service obligations 505 collective responsibility for 384, 385, 457 Starov, Ivan, architect 81 nobility 78, 81, 147, 229, 534 Stasov, Vladimir, critic 99, 101 peasants 371, 384, 453 on Diaghilev 111 communal responsibility for 372 ‘Twenty-Five Years of Russian Art’ see also conscription; obrok;tax (1882) 107 statistics, interest in 272, 273, 275, 276, 279 Stasova, Nadezhda 315 Statute of 19 February 1861 (emancipation of state serfs) 597, 600 absolutist military-fiscal 11 Statute of 1874 (abolition of military continental-scale 19 recruitment system) 603, 609 in Leninist theory 143 Statute of Provincial Reforms (1775) 431, 450 role in industrialisation 395, 406 and noble assemblies 459 see also government; institutions system of state courts 456

757

Index

Statute on Public Order (1782) Stupin, A. V.,icon painter, Nizhnii on conduct in marriage 335, 336, 337 Novgorod 274 on duties of husbands 337 Sturdza, Aleksandr Skarlatovich, Orthodox and obedience of wives 335, 336, 338 conservatism 123 Stavuchany, battle of (1739) 535 Sturmer,¨ Boris Nikolaevich, senior official Stefan, Archbishop of Kursk 304 and premier 567n.16 Stepanova, Afim’ia P. 155 subordinate organs (podchinennye steppe, open, peasant agriculture 387 organy) 430–2 Steppe region co-ordination of 436, 439, 441 Muslim administrative area 216, 222 colleges (later ministries) 192, 431n.3, 435 see also Kazakh steppe efficiency of 448 steppe, southern and expenditure demands 469, 479 displacement of nomads by peasants 374 ministerial government system 432–4 expansion into 10, 15 Sudeikin, Grigorii, chief of security 639 Stieglitz, Alexander, Director of State Sufi Islam 208, 209 Bank 402–4 Russian measures against 211, 217 Stieglitz, Ludwig 403 in Transcaucasus 205, 211 stock exchange, St Petersburg 395 sugar Stolbovo, Treaty of (1619) 489 industry 399 Stolypin, Petr A. 446, 648 tax 482 agricultural reforms 181, 389, 417, 464, 613 al-Sughuri, Abd al-Rahman, Naqshbandi military field courts 648 sheikh 217 and policy towards Muslims 221 Sukhanov, Nikolai 368 prime minister (1907) 42, 182, 237, 616 Sukhomlinov, V.A., war minister assassinated (1911) 43, 614, 651 (1909–15) 550, 551 reform of security police system 648–9 Sukhum district (Transcaucasia) 216 use of Emergency Laws 366 Sumarokov, Aleksandr Petrovich, Straits Convention (1841) 560 playwright 80, 119 Stravinsky, Igor 108 Sinav i Truvor 119 Firebird 112 Supreme Administrative Commission Petrushka 112 441 Rite of Spring (premiere` 1913) 93, 112 supreme organs (verkhovnye organy) 435–41, Strel’na, palace of 70 448 strikes 620 see also Senate; State Council; Supreme 1870s 621–3 Privy Council as extension of peasant unrest 620 Supreme Privy Council, established by general (October 1905) 633, 647 Catherine I 435 intelligentsia-assisted (1896–7) 625, 627 Surikov, Vasily, painter 101 Ivanovo-Voznesensk (1905) 633 Suslova, Nadezhda, first woman doctor in July 1903 646 Europe 316 police measures against 622, 625, 633, 644 Sutherland, Richard, court financier 398 as political issue 621–2 Suvorov, Alexander (A.V.),Russian women as strikers 322, 635 commander 509, 535 see also labour relations Sverdlov, Yakov Moiseevich 184, 200 Stroganov family, merchant aristocrats 28, Svetloiar, Lake 264 233 Sviatopolk-Mirskii, Prince Petr, minister of Struve, Petr Berngardovich, political thinker interior 647 and activist 58, 133, 420 Sweden 29, 510 Critical Observations on the Economic defensive alliance with Russia (1724) 500 Development of Russia 141 expansion into Estonia 489 as Legal Marxist 140 hegemonic power of 491 Problems of Idealism 141 as natural enemy 496, 521 Signposts 135 and Northern System 509

758

Index

at outbreak of Great Northern War 492 on salt 475 persecution of Orthodox peasants 495, on sugar 482 497 on tobacco 482 and Treaty of Nystad (1721) 500 trade duties 408 war with (1656–8) 489 and village organisation 384 war with (1788–90) 513 on wine 398 see also Great Northern War see also customs tariffs; poll tax; spirits; Switzerland 527 state finance; tax collection Symbolism, in Russian literature 98 tax collection Symbolist poets 110, 113 mechanisms 430, 473, 484 Szyma’nski, Adam 179 supervision by Senate 435 see also tax-farming Table of Ranks (1722) 97, 229, 248 tax-farming 193 Taganrog 510 abolished 474 re-annexed (1739) 505 on liquor sales 474, 479 T’ai-tsu, first Ming Emperor of China 445 Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich 99, 105–6, 111 Talashkino estate, artists’ colony 110, 112 ballet music 106 Tallinn (Estonia) 29, 496 church music 106 Tannenberg, battle of (1914) 552 Eugene Onegin (opera) 100 Taraqqi (Muslim newspaper) 222 orchestral music 106 Targowica, Confederations of 171 The Queen of Spades (opera) 105, 108 Tartu (Estonia) (formerly Dorpat) 39, 496 teachers 260, 262 Tashkent 40, 562 training courses for women (Guerrier cholera riots (1892) 40 courses) 317, 319 Judicial Chamber (1899) 356, 358 women as 314, 317, 321 Tatars telegraph 594 assimilation into Russian elite 230, 234 introduction (1860s) 455 Christian (in Kazan) 40 Tenishev family, Muslim origins 204 conquest of 489 Tenisheva, Princess Maria 110, 112 Lithuanian 206 Tercuman (Muslim weekly newspaper) 219 Muslim 28, 219 terrorism 135, 242, 365, 639 peasants 370 and 1905 Revolution 647 Tatishchev, Vasilii Nikitich, governor of casualties among officials 647, 648 Orenburg 47, 118, 205 Socialist Revolutionary programme Tauride Directorate (TMDP), to control of 645, 651 Muslim affairs 209 use of military courts to try 648 tax Teschen, Treaty of (1779) 511 on capital income 408 Tevkelev family, Muslims 204 commerce (on business) 413, 481 textile industry 399 excise reforms (1863) 474, 479, 607 major strikes (1870s) 621–3 on households 371, 382, 384, 473 mechanisation 618–19 impact on population 482–6 Morozov strike (1885) 625 income 342, 480, 481 St Petersburg strikes (1896–7) 625 increase in indirect 412, 413, 474, 481–2, women workers 322 485–6 theatre 73–4, 85 land 371, 382, 463, 481 independent 105 levied by zemstvos 463, 464 influence of Stanislavsky 93, 109–10 local 453 Moscow 73, 85, 109–10, 165 property-based 408 Nizhnii Novgorod 278–9 proposed increases (1861) 477 Russian plays for 80, 85 reforms proposed 477–8, 606 St Petersburg 85, 101, 105, 108 revenues 369, 473–8, 484 under Catherine the Great 85 sales 388 see also ballet

759

Index

Third Section (of Chancellery), police and see also Moscow; Nizhnii Novgorod; St intelligence functions 439, 441, 455, Petersburg 637, 639 trade 396, 400, 415 Three Emperors’ Alliance with Asia 414 (Dreikaiserbund) 565 with China 395 Tiﬂis (Georgia) 214, 356 and credit 405 Tilsit, Treaty of (1807) 32, 399, 525, 526 effect of Great Northern War on 394 Time of Troubles (1612–13) 16, 370 and expansion of empire 10 Poland and 148, 149 with Great Britain 399, 423, 493, 501 Tkachev, Petr Nikitich, populist socialist 136, growth of 493 137–8 imports 397 tobacco and Napoleonic Wars 399 state monopoly 395 with Netherlands 493, 501 tax 482 neutral (principle of) 511 Tobolsk, Siberia 28 with Persia 405, 414 Toeplitz, Treaty of (1813) 527 and Persian War (1721) 499–500 Tolstoy, Count D. A. protectionism 396, 400, 410, 413 minister of interior 356 in towns 247 revisions to Great Reforms 615 see also exports; merchants Tolstoy, Leo, novelist 93, 102, 113, 138, 140 trade fairs 186 Anna Karenina 100 Nizhnii Novgorod 268–70 Childhood 97 trade unions 626, 634 Confession 140 lack of rights 24 The Kingdom of God Is within You 140 police 446 War and Peace 100, 145 Shidlovskii Commission proposals 631–2 What I Believe 140 Transcaspian Province 541 Tomsk, Siberia 28 see also Turkestan Tornau, Baron E.N. 212 Transcaucasia see Caucasus; Caucasus, north torture Trediakovskii, Vasilii, writer 80 exemption of pregnant women 340 Trepov, General, governor of St use of 339 Petersburg 317, 365 towns and cities Tretiakov, Pavel 101, 104 civic buildings 82 Trezzini, Domenico, Swiss-Italian civic life in 280–1 architect 69 cultural life 90, 278 Trial of the 193, acquittals (1877) 365 Jewish populations in 192 trial by jury 345 and jury system 349 acquittal rates 353 justices of the peace 354 amendments 360 legal categories of inhabitants 31, 452 burden of jury service 349, 350, 609 migrant women in 320 complaints to Cassation Department 345, migration of peasants into 90, 247, 352, 453, 354 662 ignorance of rural jurors 351 police force 455 problems in practice 349–51 population growth 415 in provinces 357–8 and provincial administration 275 trials, public 345 taxes 457, 485 Triple Entente 419, 569, 570 urban administration Troshchinskii (Troshschyns’kyi) family 170 reforms 450, 456, 458 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronshtein) structure of 38, 457–9 internationalist 140, 633 under Catherine the Great 151, 264, 458 and Lenin 142 under Peter the Great 449, 458 theory of ‘permanent revolution’ 143 urban planning 264, 265–7, 458 Trubnikova, Maria 315 and zemstvo assemblies 463 Trudovik Party, and women’s suffrage 323

760

Index

Trusevich, Maksimilian, director of Police Russian provinces created (1781) 170 Department 649 suppression of Ukrainian language 38, 181 Trzemeski, Jozef,´ Polish explorer 182 see also Cossacks Tsaritsyno, gothic palace for Catherine II 82 Ukraine, eastern (left-bank) 29 Tsarskoe Selo, Catherine Palace at 78, 82 annexation (1667) 10, 18, 186, 489, 490, 531 Tsederbaum, Alexander 196 history of 175 Tsiolkovskii, Konstantin, astronomer 282 Jews in 186 Tsushima Straits, battle of (1905) 542, 569, Ukraine, western (right-bank) 587 Jewish commercial classes in 176, 177 Turgenev, Ivan peasant uprisings (1905–1907) 177 A Huntsman’s Sketches 97 and Poland 166, 167 Fathers and Sons 97 Polish nobility and landowners in 176–7 and inferiority of raznochintsy 250 under Russian rule 30, 175 and unveiling of Pushkin statue 102 Ukrainians Turkestan 49, 58, 562 and Cossack revolts 378 cultural conflicts of law 359 influential careers in Russia 170 Muslim administrative system 216–17, 218 Ulianov, Vladimir Il’ich see Lenin Muslim rebellion (1916) 222 Ulybyshev,Alexander, musicologist in Nizhnii reformed courts 356, 357 Novgorod 281 Russian settlement in 40 Uniate Church 173, 178 Turkestan Spiritual Board 218 Union of All-Russian Medical Personnel 260 Turkey Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of genocide in Anatolia 20 Labour (Marxist) 627, 640 as natural enemy 521 Union of Unions (1905) 260 Russian alliance with (1805) 524 Union of the United Nobility 229 see also Crimean War; Ottoman Empire United States 18, 19, 49 Turkish (Turkic) language 219, 222 as economic model 423 Tver imperialism in East Asia 576 jury lists 350 presidency and bureaucracy 445 reconstruction of 82 see also American War of Independence Tyrtov, P. P., naval minister 586 universities 239, 432 Jews in 195 uezdy (provincial divisions) 450 Kazan 279–80, 317 Ufa, Islamic muftiate 207, 214 Moscow 80, 82, 236, 249 Ukraine 30, 148 Polish 34, 174, 178 agricultural reforms 181 St Petersburg 236 annexation 10, 18 women in 315, 317 Commission on National Education 176 Unkiar-Skelessi, Treaty of (1833) 559 Cossacks in 167–8 Ural Mountains cultural divisions 176 as boundary of Europe and Asia 47, 62 cultural influence on Russia 68, 165, 182, metallurgical industry 15, 232, 493, 620 289 urban government elites assimilated into Russia 233 local-central conflicts 452–3 expansion into (by Catherine the Great) structure of 457–9 30 under Catherine the Great 151, 264, 458 Jews banned from 186 under Peter the Great 449, 458 land tenure system 384 see also towns and cities ‘Little Russia’ 170, 176 urban planning 458 modern politics in 181 Nicholas I’s passion for 265 nationalist movement 22, 181 Nizhnii Novgorod 264, 265–7 Orthodox Church 166 Urbich, Johann baron von, as ambassador for Reformation in 165–6 Peter the Great 502 Russian populism 181 Urusov family, Muslim origins 204

761

Index

Urusov, Prince Mikhail, governor of Nizhnii healers 262 Novgorod 275 law and order 385 Ushurma (Sheikh Mansur), Chechen schools 262, 278, 389 rebel 205 shared burden of obligations 372, 384, 385 Utyz-Imani (al-Bulghari), Abd al-Rahman, see also peasant communes Sufi 210 Villuan, V.I., musician 282 Uvarov, Count Sergei Semenovich, minister Vilno (Vilnius, Wilno, Vilna) 33, 356 of education 35, 124 Jews in 35, 197, 199 on bureaucracy 433 lost to Germans (1915) 44 state ideology of ‘Orthodoxy, autocracy Polish university in 34, 174 and nationality’ 34, 94, 124, 150 Vinaver, M. M., lawyer 363 Vinogradov, Ioann, priest in Nizhnii Vaisov, Baha al-Din, Tatar Sufi 210 Novgorod 273 Vaisov, Inan al-Din 210 Virt, Anna, private school 313 Vaisov Brotherhood 210, 211 virtue Valuev, Count Petr (P. A.), minister of abstract 122 interior 38, 563 civic 120, 121 and land redemption scheme 606 private 119, 147 and modification of reforms 611 Vishniakov, Ivan, painter 79 proposal for income tax 480 Vladimirskii-Budanov, M. F., on legal rights of vanguard party, Lenin’s theory of 142 women 338 Vasilevskii island, Peter the Great’s residence Vladivostok 182, 561, 577, 660 on 70 vodka 412 Vasnetsov brothers, Viktor and Apollinari 105 illegal distilling 485 Vaught, Velho, Rally & Co., official court tax revenues from 472, 474–5 bankers 398 Voiekova, Akulina, lawsuit on serf Vedomosti (first newspaper) 75 ownership 331 Velden (Felten), G.-F. 82 Volga, River, at Nizhnii Novgorod 264 Venice, and Holy League 490 Volga-Kama Commercial Bank 404 Verbitskaia, Anastasia, The Keys to Happiness Volga-Kama region, Muslims in 217 (novel) 324 Volga-Ural region Verdi, Giuseppe, La Forza del Destino 101 Great Apostasy (1866) 217 Verela,¨ Treaty of (1790) 513 Islam in 202, 204, 209, 217 Vereshchagin, M. N., lynched in Moscow 152, jadidism reform movement 219 153, 154 Volhynia province (Ukraine) 177 Vernadskii, G. I., historian 59, 62 Volkonskii family, landowners 233 Vernier, Paris banking house 406 Volkov, Dmitrii S., provincial goldsmith 151 Versailles, Treaty of (1756) 506 Volkov, Fedor, actor-manager 80 Vial’tseva, Anastasia, singer 321 Volkova, Mariia A. 148 Viborg Vologda province, women’s association in 315 ceded to Russia (1721) 499 volost’ peasant courts 361, 456, 463, 609, 615 taken by Russia (1710) 496 Volotskii, Iosif (1439–1515) 116 Victoria, Queen 572 Voronezh, shipyards 69, 490 Vienna 93 Vorontsov family, aristocrats 233 Turkish siege of (1683) 490 Vorontsov, Alexander 514 Vienna, Congress of (1815) 33, 172, 399, 528, 556 Vorotyn, river port 268 and Alexander’s ‘Holy Alliance’ 556 Vrubel, N. A. 105 Vigel, F. F., memoirist 330 Vsevolodovich, Prince Georgii (1189–1238), villages 377 legendary founder of Nizhnii arable land held in common 381, 383–5, 410 Novgorod 283 commune organisation 383, 385, 392, 456 Vsevolozhskii, Ivan 106 festivals 386 Vyborg 29

762

Index

Vyshnegradskii, I. A., minister of finance 405, on inadequacy of state budget 468, 486 409–11, 412, 482 industrialisation policy 241, 434, 619 influence of 573 Wagner, Richard 111 monetary reform (1897) 412 Wanderers, the (artists) 101, 103 and Nicholas II 442 Wanli, Ming Emperor of China 445 and Russo-Japanese War 569 Waqf institutions 203, 208, 209, 216, 217 and shipbuilding programme 578 war, effect on state finances 478 Wittelsbach dynasty, Bavaria 511 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) 505 women 306, 319, 323 War for the Fatherland (1812) 147–8 and 1905 Revolution 322–5 liberal nationalist view of 145, 150 education War Ministry, and Muslims 213, 216, 218 higher 317, 318, 323 War of Polish Succession (1733–36) 505 non-elite 312–13, 318 Warsaw 171, 178 family responsibilities and ideals 306, 310 Jews in 35, 197 in industry (First World War) 662 lost to Germans (1915) 44 in labour market 319–20 surrendered to Russians (1794) 535 migrant 319–21 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of (Napoleonic) 149, and modernisation 313–22 172, 525, 526 feminist organisations 322 Waterloo, battle of (1815) 527 image of ‘new woman’ 324–25 Wedgwood, Josiah 81 and populist movement 317–18 Weil, G., German orientalist 212 rejection of conventions 316 Western Provinces (modern Belarus, rights 314–15 Lithuania and western Ukraine) 34, ‘sexual question’ 324 148 and socialist ideals 316 cultural Russification in 38 in nunneries 291, 309 Polish hegemony 31, 37 as nurses in Crimean War 314 see also Belarus; Lithuania; Ukraine peasants Westernisation consumption patterns 319 debate with Slavophiles 126–30 gendered division of labour 383 intellectual opposition to 88 political rights 322–3 resistance to Peter the Great’s reforms 77 in public life 321 of Russian elite 17, 21, 67 in Russian art 71 see also Europe soldiers’ wives (soldatka) 248, 311 Westernisers, view of Russian national state controls over sexuality 312, 324 identity 128–30 as teachers 314, 317, 321 Wielopolski, Aleksander, Polish reformer 178 in universities 315, 317 Wilhelm I, king of Prussia and German wives’ duty of obedience 300, 333, 338 Emperor 564 ‘woman question’ 313–14, 316, 327 Wilhelm II, emperor of Germany 447, 567 as writers 87, 308 Wilkicki, Andrzej, Polish naval scientist 182 see also divorce; marriage; women, elite; William I, of Orange, king of Netherlands 558 women, legal status of Wilmot, Catherine 328, 331 women, elite 306, 308, 326 Wiszniewski, Wincenty, Polish and criminal law 339, 340 astronomer 174 education 307–8 witchcraft, belief in 353 and inheritance laws 327–9 Witkiewicz, Jan Prosper, Polish scholar 175 litigation rights 328 Witte, Count Sergei (S. Iu.), minister of management of estates 329 finance 56, 221, 237, 405, 411–14, 417 and serf ownership 330–3 criticism of Kokovtsov 422 and women’s rights movement 315 economic reforms 411 women, legal status of 311, 326–7 and expenditure on railways 409, 472 abused wives 334, 335

763

Index

in criminal law 339–42 yasak (tribute paid in furs) 28 and family law 330, 335–9, 341 Yeni Dunai, Turkish fortress 30 inheritance laws 327–9 Yiddish language 187 obligation to obey husbands 308, 333, 335, Yusupov family, Tatar origins of 234 336, 337–9, 343 and passports 337, 343 Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, A. P., survey of serf presumption of frailty of women 336, 337, estates 597 339, 340–1, 343 Zachary Zhdanov & Co., banking house property transactions between husband 420 and wife 333–5 Zakataly district (Transcaucasia) 216 right to own and manage property 311, Zamoyski, Count Andrzej, Polish 326, 327, 328 nationalist 178 and serf ownership 330–3 Zaporihizian Sich, free Cossacks in 167, 168, women’s suffrage 323 170 Women’s Union 322, 323 Zarudnyi, S. I., legal reformer 347 Woolf, Virginia 93 Zasulich, Vera, shooting of General workers 617–18 Trepov 317, 365, 639 and 1917 Revolution 635–6 Zavodovs’ky (Zavadovskii, Petr), Petro 171 artisans in Nizhnii Novgorod 268, 270 Zavodovs’kyi (Zavadovskii) family 170 and Civil War 636 Zeidman, A.I. & Co., banking house 420 on industry councils (First World War) Zemgor (All-Russian Union of Zemstvo and 662 Municipal Councils) 667 links to communes 619 zemstvo assemblies (from 1864) 259, 275, 388, petition to tsar (1905) 630–1 450, 461–5 politicised 24, 623, 634 conflicts with central government 453–4, relations with intelligentsia 623–4, 627, 645 464, 610, 611 and St Petersburg soviet 632–4 functions of 276, 453 serfs as factory workers 400, 618 inter-province co-peration 454 social and political importance of 620–1, and jury lists 350, 609 624–5 legislation on 450, 463 state peasants 617 Nizhnii Novgorod 276, 280 and strikes in 1870s 621–3 peasant representation on 609 urban industrial 619 power of Third Element (employees) 462 wage labour 389, 391, 486 property qualifications women in factories 319 462 Zubatov’s government-sponsored resistance to Stolypin’s land reforms organisations for 625–7, 644 464 workers’ soviets 636 rights of taxation 258, 276, 453, 463 St Petersburg (Petrograd) 632–4, 657, and Statute of 1890 615 669 Statute (1864) 600, 602 working class and urban institutions 463 growth of 415 war relief work 454, 466 and identity 624 Zemtsov, Mikhail, architect 70 Lenin’s view of 142 Zhitomir, Jewish rabbinical institute 35 Nizhnii Novgorod 273 Zhukovsky, V.V.,businessman 420 urban 131 Zhukovsky, V.A., poet 595 working conditions Zhuliakov, Toigil’da, Muslim 205 and labour disputes 433, 434 Zikrism, Sufi movement 211 regulation of 408, 410, 641 Zinovev, I. A., ambassador 409 World of Ar t, The (art journal) 110–11 Zionism 199 Zolkiew,´ battle of (1706) 498 Xinjiang (China) 561, 563, 564 Zorndorf, battle of (1758) 506, 534

764

Index

Zubatov, Sergei, Moscow Security use of informants 642–4 Bureau 640 use of surveillants 641–2 and 1903 strikes 646 Zubov family, and Catherine the Great’s government organisations for foreign policy 514 workers 625–7, 644 Zubov, Aleksei, engraver 72 and growing revolutionary unrest Zubov, Ivan, engraver 72 645 Zybin, S. S., governor of Nizhnii police methods 643–4, 649 Novgorod 276

765