Refractions of Rome in the Russian Political Imagination by Olga Greco

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Refractions of Rome in the Russian Political Imagination by Olga Greco From Triumphal Gates to Triumphant Rotting: Refractions of Rome in the Russian Political Imagination by Olga Greco A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Comparative Literature) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Professor Valerie A. Kivelson, Chair Assistant Professor Paolo Asso Associate Professor Basil J. Dufallo Assistant Professor Benjamin B. Paloff With much gratitude to Valerie Kivelson, for her unflagging support, to Yana, for her coffee and tangerines, and to the Prawns, for keeping me sane. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ............................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter I. Writing Empire: Lomonosov’s Rivalry with Imperial Rome ................................... 31 II. Qualifying Empire: Morals and Ethics of Derzhavin’s Romans ............................... 76 III. Freedom, Tyrannicide, and Roman Heroes in the Works of Pushkin and Ryleev .. 122 IV. Ivan Goncharov’s Oblomov and the Rejection of the Political [Rome] .................. 175 V. Blok, Catiline, and the Decomposition of Empire .................................................. 222 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 271 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 274 iii Introduction The story of classical reception in Russia is quite unlike that of Western Europe. Its earliest manifestations were not part of school education, and, until the eighteenth century, there was little admiration for or even awareness of the famous authors of antiquity. Instead, the introduction of classical literature and history was firmly tied to the development of autocracy and empire. As a result, it was ancient Rome and, especially, imperial Rome that attracted the initial attention. From the start, it was distinguished from ancient Greece.1 The preface of the very first dictionary to include Greek and Latin vocabulary clearly articulates this distinction: “Greek language,” writes the dictionary’s compiler Fedor Polikarpov, “is the language of wisdom, Latin of autocracy” ("Греческий язык есть язык мудрости, латинский - единоначальствия."). This text dates to 1704, the period when Peter the Great, the first Russian imperator, put classics to use in his imperial spectacles, performing Roman triumphs, commissioning artwork of himself in Roman garb, and importing Roman political terminology.2 Antiquity, in Iurii Vorob’ev’s formulation, “had to serve the interests of the new Russia.”3 Since 1 The same distinction is implicitly or explicitly articulated in the works of a number of writers I discuss. A. Pushkin, as G. Knabe has written, uses Greek references primarily in mythological contexts and Roman ones in historical and political ones (Russkaia Antichnost’, 146); Ivan Goncharov likewise distinguishes between the historical and political Rome and the mythological Greece, though, as I show, there is a dynamic dialogue between these categories instead of a simple distinction. Finally, Blok specifically singles out Rome as a model for empire and revolution and only briefly refers to Greece in the context of philosophy ruined by Cicero’s mediocrity. 2 In 1711, he founded a Senate, modelled in name though not function on the Roman institution of that name. He also accepted a number of Roman titles, including “imperator,” “pater patriae,” and “maximus.” (Stephen Baehr, The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth-Century Russia, 50). It is important to note that scholars have questioned just how Roman these Roman allusions were. Paul Bushkovitch, for instance, argues that their more immediate significance was the “imitation and rivalry with the Hapsburgs” and Rome’s role as a “background for the birth of Christ.” (Bushkovitch, “Roman Empire in the Era of Peter the Great,” 158 and 161). Without engaging with the theoretical issue of what is or is not authentic reception or authentic use of Rome here, I will just note that Rome always seems to be about something other than Rome itself, as my dissertation will hopefully demonstrate. 3 Vorob’ev, Iu. K. Latinskii iazyk v russkoi kul’ture XVII-XVIII vekov, 4. 1 these interests also included the development of imperial literature and ideology, one of the crucial purposes of the importation of classics4 was to provide the vocabulary, genres, and structures for this new literature.5 As Russian literature continued growing, the number and functions of Roman allusions became numerous and varied, many of them apolitical. At the same time, however, the initial role and connotations of ancient Rome were never quite forgotten, and, time after time, we see Russian authors turn to Roman history to respond to the political developments in their contemporary Russia. As late as the twentieth century, the Russian Symbolist poet Viacheslav Ivanov noted that he felt no kinship to ancient Rome because he was “indifferent to the imperial ideal.”6 One of the goals of this dissertation is to explore this persistence and importance of the political Rome from the early days of the Russian Empire to the Russian Revolution of 1917. I offer six case studies from six authors, each of whom served as a prominent literary voice in his generation and historical moment, both in the estimation of his contemporaries and of later scholarship: Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), Gavrila Derzhavin (1743 - 1816), Kondratii Ryleev (1795-1826), Aleksandr Pushkin (1799-1837), Ivan Goncharov (1812-1891), and Aleksandr Blok (1880-1921). Despite the difference in their historical circumstances, each of these writers turns to Roman history and literature to think through and respond to Russian history and politics. However, Rome is a variable rather than a constant, and my more important goal is to draw attention to variability, to refractions of Rome, because Russian Romes are 4 See Vorob’ev’s work or a detailed study of the various functions performed by the Latin language, including its role in the development of science, technology, education and diplomacy. 5 Wes, in what seems to be a too extreme but very intriguing formulation, argues "...there was never any question in Russia of a rediscovery of classical antiquity. Antiquity was discovered. The discoverers incorporated their discovery into the frame of reference of their own time. They discovered what fitted into the frame. What did not fit into the frame was not discovered. This frame was in the first place the frame of autocracy" (173). 6 Rudich, “Vyacheslav Ivanov and Classical Antiquity,” 278. 2 numerous. They pass through the mediums of changing political circumstances, value systems, literary trends, and legacies of earlier Romes. The Rome of Lomonosov (Ch. 1), for instance, is a proud imperial rival to Russia, the competition with which elevates Russia and its rulers above other nations, but the Rome of Pushkin and Ryleev (Ch. 3) is the land of passionate struggle against autocracy; that of Blok (Ch. 5) is a bloated decomposing corpse awaiting destruction and implicitly negating previous – admirable – Romes. This multiplicity is important to emphasize because of one sentence that has become "the best known example of a Russian claim to classical credentials,"7 “the best-known instance of Russia’s self-identification with Rome.”8 This sentence comes from a letter by a sixteenth- century monk from Pskov and reads: “Two Romes have fallen, but the third stands, and there will not be a fourth” ("Два убо Рима падоша, а третий стоит, а четвертому не быти"9). Its ubiquity is a problem. In the first place, as a number of scholars have pointed out, the letter was likely neither written nor interpreted, nor used, to promote the ideas that it has come to represent in later scholarship.10 More importantly, however, the statement is dangerous because it seems to offer a neat (and profoundly inaccurate) way of characterizing Russia’s relationship to reception, especially in the earlier periods. Out of its original context, the sentiment can suggest that Russia was striving to identify itself with Rome. After accepting this attempt at identification, one can find in this “doctrine” the justification of territorial expansion, attempts to claim status among European nations, and other purposes that identifying oneself as Rome might entail. 7 Torlone 13. 8 Kalb 15. 9 Catalano 147. 10 For a detailed analysis of the epistle, from its dating to its context and content, see Nikolai Andreev’s article “Filofey and his Epistle to Ivan Vasil'jevich.” For a more recent emphatic reminder about the inaccuracy of pointing to the idea of “Third Rome” as “an early justification for Russian expansionism” and imperial ambition, see Daniel Rowland’s "Moscow – the Third Rome or the New Israel." For an account of how the misunderstanding of the concept arose in the nineteenth century and developed thereafter, see Marshall Poe’s “Moscow, the Third Rome: The Origins and Transformations of a ‘Pivotal Moment.’” 3 An assumption of identification, however, is too neat and simplistic, and it erases the dynamic complexity in the creation and negotiation of meanings that references to Rome often contain, regardless of the period in question.11 In the texts that I have studied
Recommended publications
  • Eine Welt Allein Ist Nicht Genug“ Großbritannien, Hannover Und Göttingen 1714 – 1837
    1 Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften 31 2 3 „Eine Welt allein ist nicht genug“ Großbritannien, Hannover und Göttingen 1714 – 1837 Herausgegeben von Elmar Mittler Katalogredaktion: Silke Glitsch und Ivonne Rohmann Göttingen 2005 4 Ausstellung in der Paulinerkirche Göttingen 20. März–20. Mai 2005 Unterstützt von: © Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen 2005 Redaktionelle Assistenz: Meike Holodiuk • Anica Rose Umschlag: Ronald Schmidt • Satz: Michael Kakuschke • Jürgen Kader Digital Imaging: Martin Liebetruth • Einband: Burghard Teuteberg ISBN 3-930457-75-X ISSN 0943-951X 5 Zum Geleit Elmar Mittler .............................................................................................. 9 Von der Manufakturstadt zum „Leine-Athen“. Göttingen, 1714–1837 Hermann Wellenreuther ........................................................................... 11 Exponate A .............................................................................................. 29 Personalunion mit England und Mitglied im Reich: Von Kurhannover zum Königreich Hannover, 1690–1837 Hermann Wellenreuther ........................................................................... 32 Exponate B .............................................................................................. 49 Britische Bilder und Vorstellungen von Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert Frauke Geyken ......................................................................................... 52 Exponate C .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Propaganda on an Augustan Denarius
    Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Featured Research Undergraduate Student Research Fall 11-2013 The Use of Propaganda on an Augustan Denarius Jens Ibsen Pepperdine University, [email protected] Melissa Miller Pepperdine University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/sturesearch Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Ibsen, Jens and Miller, Melissa, "The Use of Propaganda on an Augustan Denarius" (2013). Pepperdine University, Featured Research. Paper 79. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/sturesearch/79 This Research Poster is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Student Research at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Featured Research by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Use of Propaganda on an Augustan Denarius Jens Ibsen & Melissa Miller ABSTRACT Our coin is a silver denarius minted in Lugdunum (now Lyon), most likely under the reign of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. There are factors which point to a possibility of the coin being a restitution Above: A Comparable Trajan AR Denarius(c. 98 -117 CE) issue minted under either Trajan or Hadrian, such as its pristine Source; http://tjbuggey.ancients.info/ condition, which implies a lack of use, and the similarity of symbols employed on this denarius and denarii of Trajan’s era. The coin is a prime example of Augustus’ use of propaganda inserted into Roman daily life to sell the idea of empire to a Roman people who ardently defended a long-standing tradition of republican government.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Astronomy from Darkness to Blazing Glory
    Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory Published by JAS Educational Publications Copyright Pending 2010 JAS Educational Publications All rights reserved. Including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Second Edition Author: Jeffrey Wright Scott Photographs and Diagrams: Credit NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USGS, NOAA, Aames Research Center JAS Educational Publications 2601 Oakdale Road, H2 P.O. Box 197 Modesto California 95355 1-888-586-6252 Website: http://.Introastro.com Printing by Minuteman Press, Berkley, California ISBN 978-0-9827200-0-4 1 Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory The moon Titan is in the forefront with the moon Tethys behind it. These are two of many of Saturn’s moons Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, ISS, JPL, ESA, NASA 2 Introduction to Astronomy Contents in Brief Chapter 1: Astronomy Basics: Pages 1 – 6 Workbook Pages 1 - 2 Chapter 2: Time: Pages 7 - 10 Workbook Pages 3 - 4 Chapter 3: Solar System Overview: Pages 11 - 14 Workbook Pages 5 - 8 Chapter 4: Our Sun: Pages 15 - 20 Workbook Pages 9 - 16 Chapter 5: The Terrestrial Planets: Page 21 - 39 Workbook Pages 17 - 36 Mercury: Pages 22 - 23 Venus: Pages 24 - 25 Earth: Pages 25 - 34 Mars: Pages 34 - 39 Chapter 6: Outer, Dwarf and Exoplanets Pages: 41-54 Workbook Pages 37 - 48 Jupiter: Pages 41 - 42 Saturn: Pages 42 - 44 Uranus: Pages 44 - 45 Neptune: Pages 45 - 46 Dwarf Planets, Plutoids and Exoplanets: Pages 47 -54 3 Chapter 7: The Moons: Pages: 55 - 66 Workbook Pages 49 - 56 Chapter 8: Rocks and Ice:
    [Show full text]
  • Lomonosov's Telescope
    Mikhail Lomonosov: Father of Russian Science Robert P. Crease Stony Brook University Vladimir Shiltsev Fermilab Portraits of Lomonosov (1711-1765): In his 30s (left) and 50s (right) Maps of Pomorie, (ca 19 cent.) and of Kholmogory region (1771) Caravan and Sleigh Lomonosov Tercentennial 8 Lomonosov Tercentennial 9 Lomonosov Tercentennial 10 Lomonosov Tercentennial 11 Lomonosov Tercentennial 12 Marburg Diploma Lomonosov Tercentennial 13 Lomonosov Tercentennial 14 School & Scientific Tradition Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Mikhail Lomonosov 1646 – 1716 Christian Wolff 1711 - 1765 1679 - 1754 In Germany 1737-1741 Lomonosov Tercentennial 15 Lomonosov Tercentennial 16 Lomonosov Tercentennial 17 Mosaics “Battle of Poltava” (1764) Lomonosov Tercentennial 6.4 x 4.8 m18 Lomonosov Tercentennial 19 Lomonosov Tercentennial 20 Lomonosov Tercentennial 21 Vladimir Shiltsev PPPL 2014 Reveal the Genius: An Amazing Story of Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov’s Discovery of Venus’s Atmosphere Vladimir Shiltsev (Illinois) Alex Koukarine (California) Yuri Petrunin (Colorado) Igor Nesterenko (Siberia) Randall Rosenfeld (Canada) Sun, Venus and Earth Venus Earth Vladimir Shiltsev PPPL 2014 Transits of Venus over Sun’s Disc lasts about 6 hours 1761: June 6 1769: June 3-4 1874: Dec 8-9 1882: December 6 2004: June 8 2012: June 5-6 2117: Dec 11 2125: December 8 Vladimir Shiltsev PPPL 2014 Why So Rarely? Tilted Orbits Venus orbit tilted 3.40 w.r.t. ecliptic Vladimir Shiltsev PPPL 2014 Discovery of Venus’s Atmosphere In 1761, Mikhail Lomonosov observing the transit of Venus noted appearance of luminous arc over the part of the planet off the Sun’s disc at egress: «…From these observations, Mr. Councilor Lomonosov concludes that the planet Venus is surrounded by a significant air atmosphere similar to (if not even greater than) that which surrounds our terrestrial globe…» Source: “The Appearance of Venus On The Sun, Observed At The St.Petersburg Imperial Academy Of Sciences On May 26, 1761.” , StP.Acad.Sci.
    [Show full text]
  • Wanderings in the Roman Campagna (London 1909), 306-331
    Extract from Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, Wanderings in the Roman campagna (London 1909), 306-331. 306 WANDERINGS IN THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA He owned three estates, — one at Como, one at Citta di Castello, one on the coast of Laurentum, which he describes with loving care in letter xvii of the second book. Archaeologists have transformed Pliny's den at Laurentum into an immense structure fit for an emperor or for a financial magnate. Canina, for instance, assigns to it a frontage of 250 feet, a depth of 156, and a total area, outbuildings included, of 550,000 square feet;1 and yet Pliny himself speaks of his Laurentinum as being of no importance whatever.2 "Hail," he says, "has ruined the crop in my farm at Tifernum Tiberinum [Citta di Castello]. From my tenants at Como I hear of better prospects, but of low market prices. My Laurentinum alone seems to be right, but what do I own there? A cottage and a garden surrounded by sands!" I am, I believe, the only living archaeologist who can claim the privilege of having entered Pliny's house and walked over its floors and beheld its aspect, during the excavations made in 1906 to gather materials for the macadamizing of a new royal road. There cannot be any uncertainty about its site. Pliny himself points it out, with due precision, when he writes: "I can get the necessaries of life from the nearest village, from which I am separated by only one villa." The village, called the Vicus Augustanus Laurentum, was discovered by King Victor Emmanuel in 1874, and its Forum and its Curia are still traceable through the undergrowth.
    [Show full text]
  • King-Salter2020.Pdf (1.693Mb)
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Dostoevsky’s Storm and Stress Notes from Underground and the Psychological Foundations of Utopia John Luke King-Salter PhD Comparative Literature University of Edinburgh 2019 Lay Summary The goal of this dissertation is to combine philosophical and literary scholarship to arrive at a new interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground. In this novel, Dostoevsky argues against the Russian socialists of the early 1860s, and attacks their ideal of a socialist utopia in particular. Dostoevsky’s argument is obscure and difficult to understand, but it seems to depend upon the way he understands the interaction between psychology and politics, or, in other words, the way in which he thinks the health of a society depends upon the psychological health of its members. It is usually thought that Dostoevsky’s problem with socialism is that it curtails individual liber- ties to an unacceptable degree, and that the citizens of a socialist utopia would be frustrated by the lack of freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Sixth Meeting of FG IMT-2020, Beijing, 17-20 May 2016
    Academia ITU-T Sector Member ITU events Saint Petersburg, Russia, 21-23 May 2019 PRACTICAL INFORMATION For - ITU Forum “Internet of Things: Future Applications and Services. Perspective 2030”/4th ITU Workshop on Network 2030 - Fourth ITU-T Focus Group on Technologies for Network 2030 (FG NET2030) meeting, - ITU-T Study Group 3 Regional Group for Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Transcaucasia (SG3RG- EECAT) meeting; - ITU-T Study Group 11 Regional Group for Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Transcaucasia (SG11RG-EECAT) meeting; - ITU-T Study Group 13 Regional Group for Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Transcaucasia (SG13RG-EECAT) meeting. 1. VENUE FOR THE EVENTS Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications (SPbSUT), Russia, 193232 St Petersburg, Prospekt Bolshevikov, 22, k. 1 (Metro station: “Ulitsa Dybenko”), Tel./fax +7 (812) 315 01 12, web address www.sut.ru. 2. REGISTRATION Online registration for the events is available at each group/event individual webpage: - 2 - For ITU Forum/4th ITU workshop at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and- Seminars/201905/Pages/default.aspx For FG NET2030: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/net2030/Pages/default.aspx For SG3RG-EECAT: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2017- 2020/03/sg3rgeecat/Pages/default.aspx For SG11RG-EECAT meetings at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2017- 2020/11/sg11rgeecat/Pages/default.aspx respectively. For SG13RG-EECAT: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2017- 2020/13/sg13rgeecat/Pages/default.aspx Note: The SG3RG-EECAT, SG11RG-EECAT and SG13RG-EECAT meetings will be restricted to delegates and representatives from Member States, Sector Members and Associates of ITU-T Study Groups 3, 11 and 13 each in the region respectively, in conformity with clause 2.3.3 of WTSA Resolution 1 (Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Antique Arms and Armour in the Architectural Decor of St. Petersburg
    HISTORIA I ŚWIAT, nr 6 (2017) ISSN 2299 - 2464 Sergey NIKONENKO (Saint Petersburg State University, Russia) Representations Of Antique Arms and Armour in the Architectural decor of St. Petersburg Keywords: Architectural décor, Helmets, Armour, Saint Petersburg, Classicism Saint Petersburg has been the capital of Russian empire in 1703 – 1917. It is one of the most beautiful cities all over the world with majestic architectural ensembles. This article is devoted to the representations of antique arms in St.Petersburg’s architectural décor. I want to add that this décor has not been studied completely. But I think that it is very useful to look at St.Petersburg’s military architectural décor as the kind of retrospective and academic style in new European arts. There are two historical periods in St.Petersburg’s architecture when architects and sculptors used ancient military décor. First of them is Classicism style (1770-1840). This is the time of constructing the main architectural ensembles and squares in the centre of St.Petersburg in so called “empire style”. Second of them is New Classicism style (1904-1916). It was the time of private buildings, especially of banks and dwelling houses. This article has two parts. In First part I propose the typology of buildings and architectural décor. Then I give the full list of St.Petersburg’s buildings with ancient military décor (compiled and published for the first time). In Second Part I will try to comment some main examples of ancient military décor. I. There are several kinds of images in ancient military décor: - Gods (Athena, Ares, Apollo, Hermes) - Heroes (Achilles, Ajax, etc.) - Emperors (Alexander the Great, Caesar, etc.) - Simple soldiers and horsemen.
    [Show full text]
  • Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early Empire
    University of Adelaide Discipline of Classics Faculty of Arts Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early Empire Tammy DI-Giusto BA (Hons), Grad Dip Ed, Grad Cert Ed Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy October 2015 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 4 Thesis Declaration ................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 Context and introductory background ................................................................. 7 Significance ......................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical framework and methods ................................................................... 9 Research questions ............................................................................................. 11 Aims ................................................................................................................... 11 Literature review ................................................................................................ 11 Outline of chapters ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Eugene Miakinkov
    Russian Military Culture during the Reigns of Catherine II and Paul I, 1762-1801 by Eugene Miakinkov A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics University of Alberta ©Eugene Miakinkov, 2015 Abstract This study explores the shape and development of military culture during the reign of Catherine II. Next to the institutions of the autocracy and the Orthodox Church, the military occupied the most important position in imperial Russia, especially in the eighteenth century. Rather than analyzing the military as an institution or a fighting force, this dissertation uses the tools of cultural history to explore its attitudes, values, aspirations, tensions, and beliefs. Patronage and education served to introduce a generation of young nobles to the world of the military culture, and expose it to its values of respect, hierarchy, subordination, but also the importance of professional knowledge. Merit is a crucial component in any military, and Catherine’s military culture had to resolve the tensions between the idea of meritocracy and seniority. All of the above ideas and dilemmas were expressed in a number of military texts that began to appear during Catherine’s reign. It was during that time that the military culture acquired the cultural, political, and intellectual space to develop – a space I label the “military public sphere”. This development was most clearly evident in the publication, by Russian authors, of a range of military literature for the first time in this era. The military culture was also reflected in the symbolic means used by the senior commanders to convey and reinforce its values in the army.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index Abaza, A. A., member of State Council 471 Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeevich, Slavophile Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman ruler 20 writer 127 Ablesimov, Aleksandr, playwright 86 Fundamental Principles of Russian abortion 324 History 127 About This and That (journal) 86 Aksel’rod, Pavel, Menshevik 627 Abramtsevo estate, artists’ colony 105 Alash Orda (Loyalty) party, Kazakh 221 Adams, John Quincy 519 Alaska Adrianople, Treaty of (1829) 559 Russian settlements in 36 adultery 309, 336, 339 sold to USA (1867) 564 advertising 320, 324 alcoholism 185, 422, 422n.77 Aerenthal, Count Alois von, Austrian foreign Alekseev, Admiral E. I., Viceroy 586 minister 570 Alekseev, A. V.,army commander-in-chief Afanasev, Aleksandr, anthology of (1917) 664 folk-tales 98 Aleksei see Alexis al-Afgani, Jamal al-Din, Muslim reformer Alexander I, Tsar (1801–25) 219 conception of Russian destiny 149 Afghanistan 563, 566, 569 and conspiracy theories 153 Africa, ‘Scramble’ for 576 court agricultural reforms favourites 152, 438 Stolypin’s 181, 389, 417, 464, 613 liberal advisers 149, 526 and vision of social justice 24 and economy 399–400 agriculture 232, 379, 410 and Europe 149, 520 1870s depression 241 ‘Holy Alliance’ 556 arable 375 foreign policy 519–28, 554, 556–8 and environment 373, 390 and Britain 523, 524, 525 expansion southwards 493 and France 520, 523 extensive cultivation 374, 375, 387 and Jews 190
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the French in London Liberty, Equality, Opportunity
    A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity A history of the French in London liberty, equality, opportunity Edited by Debra Kelly and Martyn Cornick LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU First published in print in 2013. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY- NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978 1 909646 48 3 (PDF edition) ISBN 978 1 905165 86 5 (hardback edition) Contents List of contributors vii List of figures xv List of tables xxi List of maps xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Introduction The French in London: a study in time and space 1 Martyn Cornick 1. A special case? London’s French Protestants 13 Elizabeth Randall 2. Montagu House, Bloomsbury: a French household in London, 1673–1733 43 Paul Boucher and Tessa Murdoch 3. The novelty of the French émigrés in London in the 1790s 69 Kirsty Carpenter Note on French Catholics in London after 1789 91 4. Courts in exile: Bourbons, Bonapartes and Orléans in London, from George III to Edward VII 99 Philip Mansel 5. The French in London during the 1830s: multidimensional occupancy 129 Máire Cross 6. Introductory exposition: French republicans and communists in exile to 1848 155 Fabrice Bensimon 7.
    [Show full text]