Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index Abaza, A. A., member of State Council 471 Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeevich, Slavophile Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman ruler 20 writer 127 Ablesimov, Aleksandr, playwright 86 Fundamental Principles of Russian abortion 324 History 127 About This and That (journal) 86 Aksel’rod, Pavel, Menshevik 627 Abramtsevo estate, artists’ colony 105 Alash Orda (Loyalty) party, Kazakh 221 Adams, John Quincy 519 Alaska Adrianople, Treaty of (1829) 559 Russian settlements in 36 adultery 309, 336, 339 sold to USA (1867) 564 advertising 320, 324 alcoholism 185, 422, 422n.77 Aerenthal, Count Alois von, Austrian foreign Alekseev, Admiral E. I., Viceroy 586 minister 570 Alekseev, A. V.,army commander-in-chief Afanasev, Aleksandr, anthology of (1917) 664 folk-tales 98 Aleksei see Alexis al-Afgani, Jamal al-Din, Muslim reformer Alexander I, Tsar (1801–25) 219 conception of Russian destiny 149 Afghanistan 563, 566, 569 and conspiracy theories 153 Africa, ‘Scramble’ for 576 court agricultural reforms favourites 152, 438 Stolypin’s 181, 389, 417, 464, 613 liberal advisers 149, 526 and vision of social justice 24 and economy 399–400 agriculture 232, 379, 410 and Europe 149, 520 1870s depression 241 ‘Holy Alliance’ 556 arable 375 foreign policy 519–28, 554, 556–8 and environment 373, 390 and Britain 523, 524, 525 expansion southwards 493 and France 520, 523 extensive cultivation 374, 375, 387 and Jews 190 harvest fluctuations 375, 381, 478 monarchy under 151, 240 Jewish colonies 191 and Poland 33, 172 livestock 376, 380, 387 policy on nationalities 32–4, 149 long-fallow (two-field) system 375, 379 Muslims 208 and national market 391 reforms Nizhnii Novgorod 267 Committee of Ministers 438 on noble estates 231, 241 constitutional charter productivity levels 381, 391, 486 commissioned 124 Siberia 387 and ministerial government system 432, three-field system 375, 379–80, 385 436, 598 Aigun, Treaty of (1858) 561 political reforms 122, 123, 148, 152, 526 Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1748) 506 Senate 436 711 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index Alexander I, Tsar (cont.) All-Russian Muslim Ministry 221 relations with nobility 240 All-Russian Teachers Union 260 and Russian Bible Society 153, 158 All-Russian Union for Women’s Equality and Treaty of Tilsit 399 (Women’s Union) 322 Alexander II, Tsar (1855–81) All-Russian Union of Zemstvo and Municipal assassination (1881) 102, 197, 318, 365, 485, Councils (Zemgor) 467, 667 613, 639 Alvensleben Convention (1863) 564 attempt on life (1866) 610, 638 Alvensleben-Erxleben, Count Albert von 564 culture under 97–102 Ambassadorial Office (Posol’skii prikaz) 501 foreign policy 561–6 ambassadors government Peter the Great’s 501–3 bureaucracy under 433 Peter’s use of foreigners 502 Council of Ministers 439–40 American War of Independence 511–12 and State Council 437, 439 and League of Armed Neutrality 512 and state finances 480 see also United States and imperial army 541 Amur river basin, annexation of 53, 60, 561 policy towards Muslims 210, 211, 213 anarchism 138–40 and Polish insurrection (1863) 37 aristocracy and 240 reforms Andreev, Leonid, writer 547 and land reforms 603 Andrusovo, Truce of (1667) 531 and later reform programme 612–13 Andrusovo, Treaty of (1654) 30 andlawreforms(1864) 344 Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 569 personal role in Great Reforms 594, Anna, daughter of Peter the Great 71 595–6, 609 marriage to Karl Friedrich of Holstein 501 and selective integration of Jews 194–6 Anna, Tsarina (1730–40) 78 and state secondary schools for girls 314 culture under 78–80 see also Great Reforms and ‘debauched’ women 312 Alexander III, Tsar (1881–94) Her Majesty’s Cabinet 435 autocracy and Jews 186 and constraints of bureaucracy 361, 443 and Muslims 204 and counter-reforms 103, 104, 318, 361, Anti-Muslim Missionary Division 212, 213 410, 615 anticlericalism 291 culture under 103–7 Antokolsky, Mark 105 foreign policy 566–7 Antonii (Khrapovitskii), Archbishop 304 policy towards Muslims 211, 213 Antonovych, Volodymyr, Ukrainian Alexander Lycee´ (previously Tsarskoe Selo populist 176, 177 Lycee),´ St Petersburg 236 ‘Confessions’ (1862) 176 Alexandra, wife of Nicholas II 667, 668 Antropov, Aleksei, painter 79 Alexis, Crown Prince (son of Peter I) 117 Arabic language, phonetic teaching of 219 Alexis, Crown Prince (son of Nicholas II) 658 Araja, Francesco, maestro di capella in St Alexis, Grand Duke (uncle of Nicholas II) 586 Petersburg 79 Alexis, Tsar (Aleksei Mikhailovich) 68, 116, Arakcheev, Count A. A., review of military 492 expenditure 470 court theatre 73 Archangel, port of 395, 400, 493, 660 and Ukraine 165 architects Algeciras conference (1906) 418 Catherine the Great’s 81 Algeria 16 imported by Peter the Great 70 All-Russian Fair, Nizhnii Novgorod (1896) 283 Russian 70, 77 All-Russian Muslim Congress architecture First (Nizhnii Novgorod) 220 gothic 82 Second (St Petersburg) 221 ‘Moscow Baroque’ 76 Third (Nizhnii Novgorod) 221 neoclassical 81–3 Fourth (St Petersburg 1914) 221 ‘Petrine’ 69 712 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index ‘revivalist’ neo-Muscovite 104 Austrian Empire (Austria-Hungary) 18, 46, wood as commonest building material 76 490 Arensky, Anton, composer 107 anti-French alliance with 505 Argunov family (serfs) 83 and Balkans 14 Argunov, Ivan, painter 84 and Catholicism 20 aristocracy see boyars; elites; nobility, Central Powers coalition with hereditary Germany 570 Armenia 36, 210 and Crimean War 560 Russification policy 41 finances 468 Armenians, and first Duma (1906) 42 and Franco-Russian Entente (1857) 564 army see imperial army; military elite and Great Northern War 499 art and Holy League 490 avant-garde 108 Jewish populations 187 democratisation of 101 military superiority 551 Futurism 114 multiethnic federalism 21 independent 89, 105 as natural rival 521 patronage 77 and Ottoman Empire 557 portrayal of women in 71 and Prussia 511 prints and engravings 71, 76, 84 reconquest of Hungary 490 rise of National movement 102 relations with Serbia 570 sculpture 72, 91 and Russia 501, 509, 510, 565, 570–1 The World of Art journal 110–11 summer 1916 offensive against 553 see also ballet; literature; music; paintings; and Third Coalition 524 theatre and Treaty of Toeplitz (1813) 527 artists War of the Austrian Succession at Abramtsevo 105 (1740–8) 505 foreign 68, 70, 83 see also Vienna imported by Peter the Great 68, 70 Austro-German alliance (1879) 14 at Kremlin Armoury 69 Austro-Russian treaty (1795) 513 Russian 71, 77, 79, 83–4, 93 authoritarianism Arts and Crafts movement (European) 105 justified by Napoleonic invasion 146 Ashkhabad, and reformed courts 358 of Paul I 151 Asia autocracy definition of boundary with Europe 47 and central role of monarch 442, 572 Russian civilising mission in 49, 52 and centralised administration 430, 432, see also Central Asia; Russian Empire 438–9 assemblies see noble assemblies; provincial and concept of paternalistic monarch 442 assemblies; zemstvo assemblies defence of 122–3, 132, 409 Assembly of Justices of the Peace 355 and development of domestic industry 409 Assembly of Russian Factory Workers, development of 370, 442–6 Gapon’s (St Petersburg) 322, 629, 630 effect of 1864 law reforms on 344, 607 assimiliatsiia (assimilation) 59, 61 elite support for 88 Astrakhan, khanate of, conquest of 28, 489 fear of ‘ministerial despotism’ 444, 445 Auerstadt,¨ battle of (1806) 525 and legality of imperial decrees 437 Augustus II, King of Poland (1697–1733) 491, and Manifesto of 1881 615 505 and modernisation 447–8 deposed 498 nationalist conception of history and 151 and Great Northern War 490, 494 and need for co-ordinating chief meeting with Peter the Great 168, 490 minister 443–5 reinstated 500 power of 12, 536, 540 Augustus III, King of Poland (1733–63) 505, 508 relations with bureaucracy 436, 439, 442–3 Augustynowicz, Tomasz 179 relationship to State Council 437 Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 525 and right to initiate legislation 437 713 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-63941-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index autocracy (cont.) Baltic provinces as state ideology 34, 94, 124, 150 1905 revolution in 42, 648 see also monarchy abolition of serfdom (1816–19) 598, 604 Avdeev, A. P., Nizhnii Novgorod citizen 278 absorption of nobility into Russian Avvakum, archpriest (1620–82) 116 Empire 29, 35, 231, 234 Azat (Muslim newspaper) 222 annexation of 10, 29, 186 Azef, Evno, informant 640, 650 land tenure system 384 Azerbaijan professional classes 16 Musavat (Equality) party 221 reformed courts 356, 358 see also Baku Russification policies 39 Azov 510 see also Estonia; Finland; Ingria; Latvia; capture of (1696) 69, 490 Lithuania; Livonia re-annexed (1739) 505 Baltic Sea Azov Campaign (1695–6) 494–5 Russian access to 29, 500–1, 512, 515 Azov province, Muslim elite conversion Russian navy in 575 (1713) 204 Bankal’skii, Petr, writer and businessman in Azov-Don Bank 404 Nizhnii Novgorod