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Çeşme Deniz Savaşı / Battle of Cesme 1770

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Çeşme Deniz Savaşı / Battle of Cesme 1770 Hazırlayanlar 1770 ÇEŞME DENİZ SAVAŞI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ.................................................................................................. GİRİŞ.................................................................................................... BÖLÜM 1 1.1 Bir Tarih Şehri Çeşme..........................................................................11. 1.2 XVIII. Yüzyılda Avrupa ve Osmanlı - Rus İlişkileri............................................25 1.3 Osmanlı Donanması.............................................................................40 1.4 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha....................................................................71 BÖLÜM 2 2.1 I. Petro ve Donanma............................................................................79 2.2 Rus Filosu Komutanları.........................................................................95 2.3 Ateş Gemileri ve Havan Gemileri.............................................................104 2.4 İskorbüt...........................................................................................116 BÖLÜM 3 3.1 Kronştadt - Çeşme..............................................................................119 3.2 Mora Ayaklanlamaları...........................................................................149 3.3 Anabolu ve Suluca Muharebeleri..............................................................158 BÖLÜM 4 4.1 Sakız Kanalı Muharebesi........................................................................185 4.2 Çeşme Savaşı...................................................................................208.. BÖLÜM 5 5.1 Limni Kuşatması ve Savaşı.....................................................................233 5.2 Akdeniz Rus Donanmas’ nın 1771 - 1774 Yılları Arasındaki Harekatı.......................255 5.3 Çeşme Savaşının Sonuçları ve Yapılan Hatalar................................................265 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................... INDEX................................................................................................... BATTLE OF CESME 1770 CONTENTS PREFACE............................................................................................... INTRODUCTORY....................................................................................... CHAPTER 1 1.1 Cesme, Where History Took Place.............................................................11 1.2 European and Ottoman - Russian Relations in the 18th Century.............................25 1.3 Ottoman Navy..................................................................................40 1.4 Gazi Hasan Pasha of Algiers....................................................................71 CHAPTER 2 2.1 Peter the First the Navy.......................................................................79. 2.2 Commanders of the Russian Fleet.............................................................95 2.3 Fire Ships and Mortar Vessels (Bomb Ships)..................................................104 2.4 Scurvy.............................................................................................116 CHAPTER 3 3.1 Departure of the Russian Fleet Krostadt - Cesme.........................................119 3.2 Uprising of the Morean Greeks (Peloponnes Uprising).....................................143 3.3 Battle of Anapoli and Battle of Suluca.......................................................152 CHAPTER 4 4.1 Battle of Chios Channel.......................................................................185. 4.2 Battle of Chesme..............................................................................208.. CHAPTER 5 5.1 Siege and Battle of Lemnos....................................................................233 5.2 The Russian Mediterranean Fleet Operation (1771 - 1774 )..............................255 5.3 Lessons learned and Results of the Battle of Chesme.....................................265 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................... INDEX................................................................................................... Önsöz Preface Giriş Giriş İstanbul Deniz Müzesi Komutanlığı 10 1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı / Battle of Cesme 1770 1.1 Bir Tarih Şehri Çeşme 1.1 Cesme, Where History Took Place eşme Anadolu’nun batısında, Ege Cesme is a settlement and a harbor situated Denizi içine girmiş bir yarımadanın da on the promontory of a peninsula that projects Çucunda yer alan bir liman ve yerleşim out over the Aegean Sea, in Western Anatolia. birimidir. Urla veya Çeşme Yarımadası diye The main body of this headland known as the anılan bu yarımada asıl kütlesi kuzey-güney Urla or Cesme Peninsula stretches out in a istikametinde uzanmakta olup, kuzey kısmına north-south direction and the northern section Karaburun denilmektedir. Bu kütle ile hemen of the peninsula is known as Karaburun. The aynı istikamette yarımadanın batısında Sakız Island of Chios is oriented in a similar direction, Adası uzanmaktadır. and to the west of the peninsula. Urla Yarımadası tarihi ile doğrudan bağlantılı The history of Cesme, which is directly olan Çeşme’nin tarihi kesin olmayan bilgilere related with the history of The Urla Peninsula, göre, Milattan 5.000 yıl öncesine kadar uzanır. started circa 5000 BC, based on indefinite Çeşme yöresi, M.Ö. 3.000’li yıllarda Erythoros sources. The environs of Cesme were explored komutasındaki kolonistler tarafından keşfedildi ve by the colonies under the command of yerleşim yeri oldu. Erythrai ismini alan yerleşim Erythoros, and were settled around 3000 BC. bölgesi, bugünkü Çeşme’ye 27 km. uzaklıkta bir The region was named Erythrae after being koyda kurulmuştu. Şehir, ilk dönemlerinde krallıkla founded as a cove settlement 27 km from the yönetiliyordu. Cyssus adıyla anılan Çeşme, o present town of Cesme. The town was ruled dönemde Erythari’nin en güvenli ve korunaklı by a kingdom in the precedent years. Cesme limanlarından biriydi. Erythrai, Chios(Sakız) was called Cyssus, and it was at the time one adasıyla birlikte köle ve şarap ticaretinden önemli of the most unshakable and secure harbors of bir pay alıyordu. Erythrae. Along with the island of Chios(Sakiz), Erythrae, had a significant share in the slavery M.Ö. 494’te şehir, Pers’lere karşı yapılan ve and wine trade. yenilgiyle sonuçlanan Lade Deniz Savaşı’na katıldı. Ardından Attik-Delon Deniz Birliği’ne üye oldu. Çeşme Limanı, 1778 / Cesme Harbor, 1778 11 İstanbul Deniz Müzesi Komutanlığı M.Ö. 334 yılında Büyük İskender, Erythrai’yi The town witnessed the Battle of Lade alarak şehre bağımsızlığını verdi. Makedonya against the Persians, which resulted in defeat İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanmasından sonra in 494 BC. It then became a member of the Bergama Krallığı’na, M.Ö. 130 da Bergama Kralı Delian League. Atlalas’ın ölümü ile Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Alexander the Great conquered Erythrae hakimiyetine geçmiştir. Roma İmparatorluğu in 334 BC, and granted the region its bölününce Erythrai, Doğu Roma(Bizans) independance. It was ruled by the Pergamon topraklarında kalır. Kingdom following the fall of the Macedonian Çeşme ile ilgili otantik bilgiler, M.Ö. Empire, then, following the death of King 190 yılında Romalı’ların 3. Antiokhos’un Attalos III of Pergamon in 130 BC, by the donanmasını bu sularda mağlup etmeleri ile Roman Empire. After the division of the Roman başlar. Bu zafer üzerine Romalılar’ın Anadolu Empire, Erythrae fell within the borders of the ve Yakın Doğu’yu işgale, Çeşme Yarımadası’nda Eastern Roman (Byzantine) territory. başladıkları kabul edilmektedir. The authentic historical data on Cesme İyoniyen döneminden, Çeşme Yarımadası’nda starts revealing itself with the defeat of the üç önemli şehir günümüze kadar mevcudiyetini Armada of Antiochus III, by the Romans in these korumuştur. Bunlar Klazomenai (şimdiki adı waters in 190 BC. It is assumed that, following Kilizman veya Urla), Eritrai (şimdiki adı Ildır) this victorious confrontation, the Romans ve Teos (şimdiki adı Seferihisar) dır. began their invasion of Anatolia and the Near- East, at the peninsula of Cesme.. Çeşme yöresinde Türk egemenliği, Alparslan’ın 1071’de Malazgirt’te Bizans The ruins of three of the Ionian cities on İmparatoru Romenos Diogenes’i mağlup ve esir the Cesme Peninsula are preserved.. They etmesi ile başlar. Bu zafer ile bütün Anadolu are Clazomenae (today’s Kilizman or Urla), Türk hükümranlığına açılmış ve Türk’ler zaman Erythrae (today’s Ildir), and Teos (Seferihisar). kaybetmeden Anadolu’ya yayılmış ve bu arada, The Turkish Hegemony around the Cesme Selçuk Komutanı Kutalmışoğlu Çeşme’ye region started with the defeat, and enslavement ulaşmıştır. of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes at Malazgirt (Manzikert) in 1071. Anatolia M.S. 1080 de Çeşme Yarımadası Türklerin became completely open to further dominance mutlak hakimiyeti altındadır. Osmanlı by the Turks following this victory. The Turks, İmparatorluğu’nun bu yöreye hakimiyetinden then quickly spread across Anatolia, and the önceki dönemde, iki büyük Türk Beyi çok Seljuks Commander Kutalmisoglu reached önemli faaliyetleri ile bölgeye yeni bir hayat Cesme. getirmişlerdir. Çaka Bey ve Umur Bey. The Cesme Peninsula was under the direct Alparslan’ın komutanlarından Çaka Bey , Ege rule of the Turks by 1080 AD. Two Turkish Beys Denizi’ne açılan ilk Türk Komutanı’dır. İzmir’de brought new life to the region even before the inşa ettirdiği hafif filo ile (1085) Ege adalarına Ottoman Empire became
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