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Rulers of Opinion Women at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1799

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Rulers of Opinion Women at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1799 Rulers of Opinion Women at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1799-1812 Harriet Olivia Lloyd UCL Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Science 2018 1 I, Harriet Olivia Lloyd, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the role of women at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in its first decade and contributes to the field by writing more women into the history of science. Using the method of prosopography, 844 women have been identified as subscribers to the Royal Institution from its founding on 7 March 1799, until 10 April 1812, the date of the last lecture given by the chemist Humphry Davy (1778- 1829). Evidence suggests that around half of Davy’s audience at the Royal Institution were women from the upper and middle classes. This female audience was gathered by the Royal Institution’s distinguished patronesses, who included Mary Mee, Viscountess Palmerston (1752-1805) and the chemist Elizabeth Anne, Lady Hippisley (1762/3-1843). A further original contribution of this thesis is to explain why women subscribed to the Royal Institution from the audience perspective. First, Linda Colley’s concept of the “service élite” is used to explain why an institution that aimed to apply science to the “common purposes of life” appealed to fashionable women like the distinguished patronesses. These women were “rulers of opinion,” women who could influence their peers and transform the image of a degenerate ruling class to that of an élite that served the nation. Second, Adeline Johns-Putra’s argument that the poet and audience member Eleanor Anne Porden (1795-1825) saw Davy As a “knight of science” is expanded upon to explain Davy’s success at the Royal Institution. In the cult of heroism of the Napoleonic era, Davy and his female audience co-constructed a chivalrous chemistry in the lecture theatre. Chivalry meant deference to rank And sex. Thus Davy and his female audience disassociated chemistry from its late eighteenth-century connections with political radicalism. 3 Impact statement This thesis offers one more contribution towards a global, long-term trend in academic historical research that seeks to include women’s stories. At the time of writing, female biographies made up 14% of entries in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Here, I have challenged the gender imbalance in the historiography of the early years of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In doing so, I have fleshed-out the transformation of the public image of chemistry around the turn of the eighteenth century, a transformation noted by Jan Golinski in his influential text, Science as Public Culture (1992). The research presented in this thesis has reached a global, digital audience outside of academia. I shared my main findings and methods with 1,816 students enrolled on a free Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), “Humphry Davy: Laughing Gas, Literature and the Lamp,” hosted by Future Learn and the University of Lancaster. The outcome was that many of the students reflected on their previous conceptions of scientific audiences in the early-nineteenth century as being predominantly male. 4 AcknowledGements I should like to thank my supervisors; Frank James, for the many times he read and gave guidance on chapters of this thesis, and Simon Werrett, for helping me to place my argument in a wider context. I should also like to thank Charlotte New and Jane Harrison at the Royal Institution for guiding me through the archives; and everyone at the STS department at UCL for their collegial support. Without funding from the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh this thesis would not have been possible, I should like to thank the Trust for giving me this opportunity. I should also like to thank the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry and the British Society for the History of Science for providing me with a travel grant so that I could spend time at the Derbyshire Record Office examining the papers of Eleanor Anne Porden. I should also like to thank my mother, Shelagh Kinnings, for proofreading this thesis, and my husband, Fergus Edmondson, for all of his support and encouragement. 5 For my father, Kit Lloyd. 6 Table of contents Chapter 1 – Introduction 11 1.1 Morris Berman’s social history of the Royal Institution 17 1.2 Audiences for science 25 1.3 Rulers of opinion – a feminist history of the Royal Institution 33 1.4 Overview of thesis 43 Chapter 2 – Methodology 50 2.1 Introduction 50 2.2 Prosopography 52 2.3 Subscribing to the Royal Institution 57 2.4 The problem with Proprietors 68 2.5 Conclusion 74 Chapter 3 – A “partly obscure reversal” 76 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Uniting manufacturers and men of science 79 3.3 The service élite 88 3.4 The School for Mechanics 99 3.5 Conclusion 109 Chapter 4 – “A very incongruous union:” fashion and chemistry 112 4.1 Introduction 112 4.2 Chemistry and the Season 115 7 4.3 Fashion and chemistry 129 4.4 Making the union incongruous 141 4.5 Conclusion 151 Chapter 5 – Chivalrous chemistry 154 5.1 Introduction 154 5.2 Women, war and Sir Walter Scott 158 5.3 Davy, “knight of science” 164 5.4 Chemistry’s challenge to chivalry 173 5.5 Davy among the service élite 179 5.6 Conclusion 190 Chapter 6 – Royal blue 194 6.1 Introduction 194 6.2 A new generation of Bluestockings 198 6.3 Intellectual companionship 207 6.4 Woman of display 218 6.5 Conclusion 224 Chapter 7 – Conclusion 227 7.1 Review of argument 227 7.2 Chemistry out of fashion? 234 Bibliography 243 Appendix 268 8 Table of figures Figure 1. James Gillray, Scientific Researches! or New Discoveries in Pneumaticks! or an Experimental Lecture on the Powers of Air (1802). Page 35. Figure 2. The Managers’ Minutes, 20 January 1812, RI MS AD/02/B/02/A05. Page 57. Figure 3. Mary Tate, Viscountess Palmerston (1752-1805) (1801). Page 93. Figure 4. Patrick Boyle, The Fashionable Court Guide, or Town Visiting Directory, for the Year 1793 (London: 1793), British Library, RB.23.a.17986. Shown against library card for scale. Page 120. Figure 5. Charles Williams, Luxury or the Comforts of a Rumpford (1801). Page 139. Figure 6. Mary Ann Flaxman, Portrait of Eleanor Anne Porden (1795-1825) (undated). Page 165. Figure 7. Alfred Reginald Thomson, Sir Humphry Davy demonstrates the electric arc at the Royal Institution, 1808 (1955). Page 171. Figure 8. Frederick George Byron, Frontispiece to Reflections on the French Revolution (1790). Page 188. Figure 9. Elisabeth Vigée-LeBrun, Madame de Staël as Corinne (1807-8). Page 216. Figure 10. Thomas Rowlandson, Surrey Institution, (1808-1810). Page 236. Table 1. Subscriber Categories at the Royal Institution, 1799-1812, with a comparison of rates and privileges. Page 59. Graph 1: Number of female subscribers to the Royal Institution recorded in the administrative archives, 1799-1812. Page 63. 9 Graph 2: Income in pounds (£) from three main subscriber groups to the Royal Institution (Proprietor, Life Subscriber, Annual Subscriber) over the period when subscriptions opened in 1799 until 12 June 1809. Page 70. 10 Chapter 1 Introduction The early years of the Royal Institution of Great Britain have long provided fertile ground for scholarship.1 It has become somewhat of a classic case study of “public science,” and its early years are most often associated with the work of Humphry Davy (1778-1829), who was engaged as Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer and then Professor of Chemistry from 16 February 1801 until 10 April 1812.2 Jane Marcet (née Haldimand, 1769-1858) is perhaps the most famous woman to have attended Davy’s lectures, and she has received attention for popularising science among an upper class female readership.3 However, the women who were involved at the Royal Institution in its early years as a collective group have never been the focus of these scholarly examinations, this despite evidence that suggests the audience was at times mostly female. After attending one of Davy’s lectures in 1810, Louis Simond observed, “more than one half of the audience is female.”4 The Liverpool Mercury newspaper reported that “three to four hundred Ladies of the highest rank and respectability” had “constantly” audited Davy’s geology course in the lecture season of 1811. 5 1 Richard D. Altick, The Shows of London (CAmbridge, MAssAchusetts And London, EnglAnd: The Belknap Press of HArvArd University Press, 1978); Henry Bence Jones, The Royal Institution. Its Founder and its First Professors (London, 1871); Morris BermAn, Social Change and Scientific Organization. The Royal Institution, 1799-1844 (London: HeinemAnn EducAtionAl Books Ltd, 1978); Morris BermAn, “The EArly Years of the Royal Institution 1799-1810: A Re-Evaluation,” Science Studies 2 (1972): 205-240; Gwendy Caroe, The Royal Institution: An Informal History (London: John MurrAy Publishers Ltd, 1985); FrAnk A. J. L. JAmes (ed.), ‘The Common Purposes of Life’: Science and Society at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (Aldershot: AshgAte, 2002); Jon KlAncher, Transfiguring the Arts and Sciences: Knowledge and Cultural Institutions in the Romantic Age (CAmbridge: CAmbridge University Press, 2013). 2 Jan Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (CAmbridge: CAmbridge University Press, 1999 (1992)); Jan Golinski, “Humphry DAvy’s SexuAl Chemistry,” Configurations 7 (1999): 15-41; Jan Golinski, The Experimental Self: Humphry Davy and the Making of a Man of Science (ChicAgo And London: University of ChicAgo Press, 2016); Sophie Forgan (ed.), Science and the Sons of Genius: Studies on Humphry Davy (London: Science Reviews Ltd., 1980); DAvid Knight, Humphry Davy: Science and Power (CAmbridge: CAmbridge University Press, 2006 (1992)).
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