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Home , New England Colonies

The Colonies Ch. 3: Colonies Take Root (1587-1752) Section 2 1.) Students will describe the geography & climate of the New England Colonies. 2.) Students will describe the Puritan settlement in . 3.) Students will identify the new settlements that developed in New England as a result of Puritan religious practices. 4.) Students will explain the changes that took place in the New England Colonies in the 1600’s. 1.) What was the climate and geography of the New England colonies?

2.) What was the Puritan settlement in Massachusetts like?

3.) What were the new settlements that developed as a result of Puritan religious practices?

4.) What were the changes that took place in the New England colonies in the 1600’s? I. Review of England’s Early Settlements II. The New England Colonies A. Geography of New England B. in Massachusetts Bay 1. The Puritans Leave England 2. The C. New Colonies 1. Anne Hutchinson’s Dissent 2. Settling D. Growth and Change 1. King Phillip’s War 2. Puritan Influence Declines survived its first winter and began to grow slowly. Meanwhile, new colonies were growing up in this region, which is presently New-England. You will now learn about the challenges that the new colonies faced.

•New England is made up of the following states: Massachusetts, Connecticut, , , , and . •Much of it is made up of hills and low mountains. There are also large areas covered by forests. The soil is thin and rocky, which makes farming difficult. •The largest river is the . •New England has very fertile fishing grounds.

•Winters in New England are long and snowy. •Summers are short and warm. •This actually helped some of the early colonists; the cold caused them to catch much fewer diseases and lived longer than the colonists in . Why would colonists in New England have turned to fishing rather than farming?

(A) The Connecticut River created fertile fishing areas in New England

(B) The soil in England is thin and rocky; making farming extremely difficult.

(C ) Early winters often killed planted crops before they could be harvested.

(D) Short summers don’t give farmers enough time to grow a large harvest.

(E) All of the above.

•Motivations for the puritans were similar to those of the Pilgrims – conflict with the Church of England. •They didn’t want to split off from the church; simply change it. •Puritans were very influential in England in the early 1600’s. •Many were important professionals such as landowners, merchants, or lawyers. Puritans Leave England •In 1630 about 900 Puritans made the voyage from England to North America in 11 ships. •They formed the Massachusetts Bay Company, which received a charter to establish settlements in what is now Massachusetts and New Hampshire. •They were led by John Winthrop, a respected landowner and lawyer. •They believed this would provide a good examples to other colonies. John Winthrop •Between 1639 & 1648 was voted in and out of his position as governor with Massachusetts Bay Colony. •Declared that the Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community The Massachusetts Bay Colony •The Puritans established several settlements in their colony. •The best Harbor was the location of the main town, . •By 1643, about 20,000 people lived in the colony. •By the mid-1630’s, Massachusetts Bay had an elected assembly called The General Court. •Each town was responsible for sending members to the assembly. •Voting was limited to adult males of the Puritan church. The Massachusetts Bay Colony •By the mid-1630’s, Massachusetts Bay had an elected assembly called The General Court. •Each town was responsible for sending members to the assembly. •Voting was limited to adult males of the Puritan church. •The General Court and the colony’s governor were elected each year. The Massachusetts Bay Colony •The Irony – The Puritans had founded their colony so they could worship as they chose; however, they did not give Non-Puritans the same right. •They did not believe in religious toleration •Toleration – Recognition that other people have the right to different opinions. •The Salem Witch Trials were a series of hearings to prosecute people accused of witchcraft throughout various areas in New England between February 1692 and May 1693. •Despite being generally known as the “Salem” witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in a variety of towns. •The best known trials were conducted by the Court of Over and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. •Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned, with even more accused. •At least 5 of the accused died in prison. •All 26 who went to trial were convicted. • The two courts convicted 29 people of the capital felony of witchcraft. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged. •One man was crushed to death after heavy stones were placed upon his body in an attempt to obtain a conviction. •Jail conditions for the accused were horrible; attempting to get people to confess. •Women were often placed in dunking tanks for hours until they confessed in an effort to get the torment to stop. The Initial Outbreak

•In Salem Village, 1692, Betty Parries, 9, and her cousin, Abigail Williams, 11, daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris, began to have “fits”. The girls screamed, threw things around the room, uttered strange sounds, and contorted their bodies. They also complained on being pinched and pricked. •The local doctor could find no evidence of physical ailments. • The first 3 people accused of affecting these girls was Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and Tituba. •Sarah Good was very poor and known to beg for food and shelter from her neighbors; Sarah Osborne was known as promiscuous and rarely attended church meetings. Tituba was of mixed race and a natural target for accusations. The Initial Outbreak

•These women were all brought before local magistrates and interrogated for days before they were finally sent to jail. •Testimony from Sarah Good’s 4 year old daughter was used in her trial and was ultimately what led to her conviction. •These three women were societal outcasts; or people whom everyone else expected to be guilty of witchcraft. •It wasn’t until upstanding church goers and members of the clergy began being accused that people became so frightened of these accusations. Impact of the Salem Witch Trials

• RELIGIOUS CONTEXT – Puritans believed that their religion was the only right one; even though they had come to the America’s to escape the same persecution that they were inflicting upon others. •ECONOMIC CONTEXT – Individuals had the possibility for monetary gain by accusing people of witchcraft. •SOCIAL CONTEXT – People were afraid to get around anyone outside their family; if someone didn’t like you, all they had to do was accuse you of witchcraft The Court of Over and Terminer, 1692 Sarah Good – Walking to Execution Local Officials Apprehending a “Witch” A Hanging – 1692 itan Why did the Puritans go to North America?

(A) To be able to practice their religion freely;

(B) To establish a colony based solely on religion;

(C ) To serve as an example for others;

(D) All of the above New Colonies – Title •Disagreements about religion led to the formation of other colonies in New England. •One key dispute involved , minister in of a church in the town of Salem. •He believed that Puritans should split entirely from the Church of England •Also criticized Puritans who seized Native American lands; thought they should pay them •He was forced to leave Massachusetts Bay in 1635; he moved to what is now Rhode Island, buying land. •In 1635, Williams founded the town of Providence. •In 1644, the colonists in Rhode Island received a charter from the king to govern themselves. •They decided that Rhode Island would have no established church; making a huge step for religious toleration. People could worship as they saw fit. •Followers of the Jewish faith found religious freedom here. •She was expelled from Massachusetts in 1638 after being put on trial for questioning some of the Puritan teachings. •She then established a settlement on what is now part of Rhode Island. •In 1642, she traveled farther south into what is State. •Left Massachusetts in 1636 with about 100 followers. •Settled in what is today, Connecticut. •There he founded the town of Hartford. •Soon new settlements developed after more Puritans followed him. •In 1639 the colonists drew up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which established a government with an elected legislature and governor. •In 1662, Connecticut received an official charter from the king, granting it self-government. •Was also forced to leave Massachusetts for agreeing with some of Anne Hutchinson’s views. •Him and some followers moved to New Hampshire; where they established the town of Exeter. •It was not made a separate colony until 1680. Why did Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

(A) They did not agree with Puritan teachings

(B) They thought that they could make more money somewhere else

(C) They changed their religion to Jewish

(D) None of the Above Growth & Change – Title

towns.

They set local taxes and elected people to run run to people elected and taxes local set They •

household.

Membership was restricted to male heads of of heads male to restricted was Membership •

all local issues local all

town meeting town . This was an assembly that decided on on decided that assembly an was This .

Each Puritan town governed itself by setting up a a up setting by itself governed town Puritan Each •

in strong, stable families. stable strong, in

Also believed that people should work hard and live live and hard work should people that believed Also •

manage their own affairs own their manage

Puritans believed that towns and churches should should churches and towns that believed Puritans •

Growth & Change – Local •People earned their living in many different ways: •Farmers – grew crops, made leather products and other objects •Fishers – Caught Cod and other types of fish that were shipped to buyers in Europe •Shipbuilding industry provided many jobs •By the 1660’s more than 300 ships from New England were fishing off the coast or moving products across the Atlantic Ocean. •By the 1670’s there was a drastic decline in Native American population, primarily because of disease. •By 1670 there were only 12,000 native American’s in New England; one tenth of their population 100 years earlier •In 1675 a major conflict erupted; led by Metacom, chief of the . (King Phillip) •His mission was to stop Puritan expansion. •Many other Native American groups joined the war. •The fighting lasted about a year and many lives were lost. •The Natives destroyed 12 English towns •The uprising ended in 1676 when Metacom was captured and killed •The end of the war left English colonies free to expand. Metacom – King Phillip •By the 1670’s there was a drastic change in the outlook of people in New England; the generation born in the “New World” had lost some of the religious fervor of their parents. •People concentrated on growing farms and making money; successful merchants in places like Boston became the towns leaders. •The towns were doing quite well but religious rules of the original founders had less influence. Why did Metacom declare war on the Puritans?

(A) He did not like their clothes;

(B) He wanted to prevent them from expanding;

(C ) He had gotten into an argument with their leader

(D) All of the above I. The New England Colonies A. Geography of New England B. Puritans in Massachusetts Bay 1. The Puritans Leave England 2. The Massachusetts Bay Colony C. New Colonies 1. Anne Hutchinson’s Dissent 2. Settling Connecticut D. Growth and Change 1. King Phillip’s War 2. Puritan Influence Declines