Biomass Resources for Alcohol Fuels

The Space Congress® Proceedings 1981 (18th) The Year of the Shuttle

Apr 1st, 8:00 AM

James E. MacDowell Planning Research Corporation

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Scholarly Commons Citation MacDowell, James E., "Biomass Resources for Alcohol Fuels" (1981). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 1. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1981-18th/session-3/1

This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR ALCOHOL FUELS

James E. MacDowell. P.E. Planning Research Corporation Cocoa Beach, Florida

ABSTRACT The current shortage in petroleum and the poor he would have used alcohol to power the Ark. outlook for the future indicate that a deter He knew how to ferment it. In fact, accord mined effort should be made at this time to ing to Genesis, he liked it very much. develop, construct, and operate alternate fuel plants. In 1936, we began to worry somewhat about future petroleum resources. It suddenly For the near term, the production of alcohol dawned on us that we had best look around for fuel from biomass represents a fast practi alternate fuels to run our internal combustion cal means of adding to the dwindling petrol engines. You see, at the time of the early eum supply. internal combusion engines, alcohol seemed to be the preferred fuel because of its universal The biomass feedstocks which will feed the availability, and its favorable physical- alcohol distilleries need to be carefully chemical properties. The potential supply and selected. The food chains should not be low cost of gasoline, then a worthless by drastically interrupted, and agricultural product of petroleum refining, soon turned economic balances should not be altered. attention from alcohols to refined hydrocarbon fuels. A number of years elapsed before there This paper will investigate the various alter was again a consideration of alcohol as a natives regarding alcohol production within motor fuel. the confines of selected biomass feedstocks, so as to promote a new industry, rather than There were probably as many papers written interrupt normal agricultural activities. on the subject of alcohol for motor fuels, and symposiums given in the 1936 era as there has been in recent times, dating from the Arab oil embargo in 1973. INTRODUCTION In fact, during the 1936 era, bills were intro Back in 1896 when Henry Ford completed his duced in Congress and various State Legisla first automobile of the Model T vintage, he tures to make the use of alcohol in gasoline expected that alcohol would be used as a compulsory. Some of these papers are included fuel. As he explained, it was a good clean in the literature cited in the references at fuel, and performed as well as gasoline the end of this paper. They make interesting whose exhaust didn't smell good, and was an reading. Quite a struggle took place between outrageous pollutant. the proposers and condemners. The cheap price of gasoline and the activities of big oil In 1926, Robert H. Goddard built his first lobbyists won the day. We generally forgot liquid rocket, powered by what? Alcohol. about alternate fuels until 1973. In the last minutes of World War II, the Since then, sparked by the oil embargo, we German V-2 was used to bombard Britain, have been seriously looking at the possibili powered by what? Alcohol. ties of alternate renewable fuels. These al ternate fuels include biomass, petroleum pro The Indianapolis racing cars, powered by what? duction from oil shale and tar sands, coal Alcohol blends and alcohol. and its liquid and gaseous derivative possi bilities, including liquid fuels, solar in its If Noah had been more advanced technically, various collection options, ocean thermal and

3-42 so forth. However, it is biomass which can be I do not believe that anyone can make an used to make liquid fuel principally for in accurate prediction as to our projected in ternal combusion engines with which this paper creases or decreases in the use of gasoline. is concerned. Gasoline consumption in 1980 is down be tween 7% and 10% from that used in previous Since 1973, we have seen the price of gasoline years. We have had an oil glut in most of rise from an estimated $0.40 per gallon to 1980 and that is continuing in 1981. The over $1.50 per gallon today. It will go high rising cost has evidently made a change in er. Reasonable estimates expect it to peak driving habits. at around $2.50 per gallon in the next few years. With alcohol currently selling at around $1.50 WHY ALCOHOL FUELS? per gallon, it is beginning to look better and better as an alternate fuel for the near term, The big problem is that fossil fuels are not and possibly for long into the future. renewable and are running out. We have to find some alternate fuels for our motor vehicles. We could revert back ESTIMATES.OF WORLD ULTIMATE RESOURCES OF to Stanley Steamers, burning wood or coal CRUDE OIL FROM CONVENTIONAL SOURCES to fire the boiler. Or perhaps, as is still common in some agricultural areas of Eurpoe, In the 1936 era, the oil industry advised that burn a low BTU gas generated by wood pyroly- at current consumption rates, we had suffici sis. Perhaps these basic ideas aren't too ent crude oil to last at least 300 years. bad -- but they sure are inconvenient and That was 45 years ago. (Some sources are mak messy. The author drove the truck that was ing the same claims for coal at this time). fitted out at the University of Florida with a pyrolysis chamber which burns wood. It Figure lisa graph of what Dr. King Hubbert takes fifteen minutes to start from a cold considers to be the situation, in general, at chamber, accelerates to 60 mph on a straight present. Note the increase until about 1968, level road in 10 minutes, and in traffic, you then the general decline. You might say that drive with the gas pedal floor-boarded, and according to Hubbert's chart we might run out still creep. It's best in traffic to switch entirely in about 90 years. over to the gasoline carburetor and gasoline tank. It also gets good mileage on a cord of The discovery of giant oil fields peaked in wood; but, obviously, it would be preferrable 1920 in the United States, and between 1930 to use a liquid fuel compatible with an inter and 1960 worldwide. A study by Nehring of the nal combustion engine. Rand Corporation concluded that there may be 2 to 6 more supergiants to be located in the Alcohol is such a fuel; the technology is here; Middle East and, possibly, 1 to 2 elsewhere. the feedstock is available; and we don't have Nehring also concludes that ultimate recovery to reinvent the wheel. The economics also of crude oil worldwide amounts to 1700-2300 look pretty good. It would also be good to billion barrels. See Table 1. Estimates by be self-sufficient in production of our liquid Jodry' (Sun Oil), Moody,' Hendricks, and the fuels -- such as Brazil is trying to do. How 1977 World Oil Conference^ all agree fairly ever, in the case of the United States, alco well with Nehring's figure. hol alone won't do the job. We use too much energy, but alcohol fuel, if produced to its potential, can make a big dent in crude oil PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES imports. Petroleum accounts for about 26% of U. S. Primary energy consumption, 45% of which is imported. PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL The moonshiners have very unsophisticated In 1980, according to DOE's monthly energy techniques for the fermentation and distilla review for January 1981, the United States tion of grains for alcohol. The better ones consumed about 101 billion gallons of gaso who take care not to poison the public have line. This is based on an average consump low yields in terms of alcohol per bushel of tion of 6.6 million 42-gallon barrels per grain. They are proud of their product. day for the year. Others out to make the big bucks with high yields take little precaution and even have Our average imports of crude oil for 1980 been known to add lead acid batteries, drano were 5.2 million barrels per day, or close (for a good bite), iodine and other strange to 2 billion barrels for the year. substances, some guaranteed to provide

3-43 blindness and "jerk leg 11 with each jug. BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION Figure 2 shows such a still. Everyone is familiar with solar energy in Industrial or fuel alcohol distilled from terms of solar thermal collectors, photo fermented feedstock requires distilleries voltaic cells and so forth. Plants are which are a bit more complicated. An in unique solar collectors. They absorb light, dustrial or fuel alcohol distillery is water, atmospheric carbon dioxide, soil really composed of two parts; the first pro nutrients and change these ingredients into cesses the feedstock through the fermentation, organic materials which form the plant struc stage. Figure 3 shows such a processor. ture. These plants are frequently termed There is a process grain storage bin, then Biomass, and by using plants to make alcohol, a hammer mill or grinder to break open the we are using the converted sunlight as fast grain kernels, a mixing vessel where a mash as the plants make it available. This way, slurry is made with water, and an alpha amy- we avoid the painfully slow process of fos- lase enzyme is added to reduce the viscosity. silization. The slurry is now fed to the flash cookers, cooked, then cooled, and then enters the Instead of waiting millions of years for our liquifying plug flow reactor. In this react crude oil so that we can convert it to gaso or, the insoluble starches (amylose and amy- line -- we get our alcohol after a planting lopectin), are converted to dextrin, a solu season, and the crops are renewable -- we ble starch. won't run out. The next step is that of saccharification. Any plant can be converted to alcohol in The dextrin solution is pumped to the sac some manner. There are many crops which charification and fermentation reactors. In have been proposed as candidates for alcohol the saccharification reactor, the pH is ad feedstocks. In addition to the grains, sugar justed, beta amylaseis added, the amount of crops, and cellulose with which we have exper necessary water is adjusted, and the conver ience, you will find water-hyacinths, Jerusa- sion from starch to glucose takes place. In leum artichokes, cassava, plus others, and at the next step, yeast is now added, and fer the end of a long list, even cattails. We mentation takes place. At the conclusion of do not mean to discourage the seeking of other fermentation, about 48 hours, the mash will and possible better crops, but the bottom line have an alcohol content of 6% to 10%, and is gallons of alcohol per acre of production. is ready for distillation. The crops which we have considered are shown Shown in Figure 4 is a continuous distilla in Table 2. The top half of the table shows tion system. The holding tank is kept near the total U. S. production in 1980, of food a full level by series of fermentation tanks chain alcohol feedstocks. Diversion of this operating as batch fermenters. The first group to alcohol production will reduce the column to which the alcohol and water mixture amount which can be used for food. The lower is fed is a steam stripper. Here the water half shows the total United States' availabil is initially stripped from the mixture. The ity in 1980 for cellulose conversion to alco ethanol vapor is taken off at the overhead. hol. These are considered waste, although Some of the distillate is refluxed, i.e. fed some of the wood waste and agricultural wastes back to the steam stripper for further proces are burned to provide energy or, in some sing, and some is sent to the finishing col cases, used for chemical foodstocks. umn. The vapor taken off at the overhead of the finishing column is at the azeotrope, Table 3 shows us the alcohol conversion po i.e. 94.7% ethanol. Removal of the remain tential of the crops which we are considering. ing 5.3% water to provide anhydrous alcohol is accomplished with the dehydration column where, A striking feature of both tables is the su in this case, heptane is added to form a ter periority of the cellulosic wastes in both tiary mixture. The action of the heptane is annual volume availability*and biomass to to remove the residual water from the mixture. alcohol conversion efficiency. The distillation section is a three-column closed loop system. The heptane is distilled from its absorbed water, and is reused. Other absorbents are benzene, ethers and gasoline. BASIS FOR BIOMASS SELECTION The distillation section is common to any feedstock, only the feedstock processing por The use of food chain biomass crops for con tion of the distillery changes with differ version to alcohol will cause two basic things ent feedstocks. Thus, a distillery which to happen. (1) It will reduce the amount of uses a variety of feedstocks needs have a food available. (2) Economic competition for processing facility for each. the biomass will eventually increase the cost of food and alcohol feedstocks.

3-44 It is possible to plant more food chain crops major part of this volume. They are: Archer and dedicate them to conversion to fuel Daniels Midland, Midwest Solvents, and Publick- alcohol; these crops would be excess. For er. Of the 105 million gallons, it is esti example, Figure 5 shows present United States mated that probably 70 million came from ADM. cropland as a percentage of total land area by farm production region. You will note It is estimated by DOE that production of al the intense agricultural activities in the cohol will increase in 1981 to approximately central plains and eastern part of the Uni 160 million gallons. ted States with the exception of the region covered by the Appalachian chain. The goals of President Carter's administration were production of 200 million gallons of al Figure 6 shows an estimate of potential crop cohol in 1980, and 500 million gallons by 1981. land with high or medium potential as a per Actual production has and will fall short of centage of total land area. This is an in his goals. crease over that now in use. In Florida for example, 9% is now available; a 13% increase It is interesting to note that the Department is possible, making a total available of 22%. of Energy did not manage to make any loan guarantees for new alcohol production plants. These areas do not include marginal lands They did provide grants for a few feasibility which would be suitable for some form of sil studies and additions to existing plants. The viculture. Department of Agriculture and the Economic De velopment Administration are reported to have This is not to say that food chain biomass made loan guarantees for a few small alcohol should not be used for alcohol production in distilleries, but it is reported that none of its entirety. There are culls that could be the plants have yet produced alcohol. The profitably employed, and waste streams from private sector, without Government aid, has milling operations that could be used to shown the most real activity in the production advantage. Alcohol distilleries, on a region of fuel alcohol, but none of their large al basis, could take advantage of such waste plants are yet in operation. products. Table 5 gives the price of conventional food However, on a national basis, cellulosic chain feedstocks. Waste material could provide a sound base upon which alcohol fuel production could be initiated. For the future, a silviculture program based on fast growing woods, and util SOME PROBLEMS WITH FEEDSTOCK COSTS ization of marginal lands which will benefit from the forest growth will go a long way One problem is easily seen. Corn, the feed towards liquid fuel self-sufficiency for the stock on which alcohol production *has been United States. As of 1980, the U. S. commer based (with spot prices as high as $4.00 per cial forest lands contained some 22 billion bushel) can be converted to about 2.6 gallons tons of timber. per bushel. At $3.20 per bushel (U.S.D.A. figure), the feedstock cost alone is $1.23 a Table 4 makes some comparisions between al gallon. Even with current gasoline prices at cohol potential from the food chain crops around $1.50 per gallon, alcohol based on fer and cellulosic biomass shown in Table 6. mented grains is not yet competitive. Inves This table shows how much alcohol could be tigators report that grain fermented alcohol made from the food chain crops if we diver will be competitive with gasoline, when gaso ted all production to fuel alcohol, and how line prices reach $2.00 per gallon. This much alcohol could be distilled from the probably assumes that grain prices do not risa cellulosic wastes if we could collect all Grain production costs and food demand will of them for alcohol conversion. Both assump discourage expansion of grain fuel alcohol. tions are ridiculous. This would be impossi ble, but the results are interesting. For the food chain crops, a total of 28.9 bil lion gallons of alcohol could be distilled; COST IMPROVEMENTS WITH CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCK and for the cellulosic wastes, 79.0 billion gallons of alcohol would be produced. The cellulosic wastes on the other hand have certain advantages. First, there are more of them by volume than the grains. Secondly, their conversion efficiencies per unit volume U. S. ALCOHOL PRODUCTION IN 1980 to alcohol is higher. Thirdly, their cost should be significantly lower. The municipal Total U. S. alcohol fuel from fermentation solid wastes are a national disposal problem, in 1980 was reported to be 105 million gal but they do have some value as fuel. They are lons. Three firms were responsible for the disposed of by incineration; but, at present,

3-4S are land-filled. one-half, we are left with 1.3 billion gal lons. For use as an alcohol feedstock, the cellu lose fraction must be separated. The tech nology to do this is available. ESTIMATED ANNUAL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION The cost of municipal solid waste for alco BASED ON CURRENT CELLULOSE RESOURCES hol production (unseparated) is reported by some investigators to be $0.20 per ton. Well, we're back in the guessing (estimating) Based on conversion to alcohol at 95 gal business again and let's be pessimistic. lons per ton, the raw feedstock cost would be $0,002 per gallon of alcohol. When com From the wood wastes, 600 million tons, one petition begins for this feedstock, the price can assume that one-half is collectible, 300 will undoubtedly rise. But, in any case, the million tons. The agricultural wastes will cost competition cannot be as severe as we be limited to half of the 200 million dry tons would expect from food chain crops in the 1 si ted or 100 million tons. Potentially, we same situation. can add 2/3 of the 200 million tons of grasses, or 133 million tons. From the 60 million tons The grasses are field surplus. Some are left of municipal solid waste, we will consider 3/4 on the land for enrichment (tilth). The re or 45 million tons. Table 6 gives us an mainder are used in some extent for fodder. idea of what might be produced in terms of Collection schemes vary, so cost of this fuel alcohol. feedstock has yet to be really established for alcohol production. If grown as a feed While the whole scenario posed by Table 6 stock for alcohol production, reported feed is hypothetical, the bottom line is that we stock costs average $0.31 per gallon. would only need to manufacture about 10 bil lion gallons of alcohol to supply 10% to our The estimates of total reported agricultural national gasoline consumption. Even if we say wastes vary from 550 million tons per year these particular figures are grossly inaccur (highest noted) to 78 million tons (lowest). ate, and they well might be -- the potential The costs of these wastes as alcohol feed for alcohol production is evident -- just by stocks are not clearly established. making use of our cellulose wastes. They lead one to believe that national self-sufficiency The wood wastes are utilized in the wood in liquid fuels for our internal combustion processing industry to some degree as fuel. engines is not impossible. However, in spite of this, there is a surplus which is unused. Cost of these wastes as alcohol fuel feedstocks depend upon collec tion techniques. New machinery, now devel ABOUT TECHNOLOGY FOR CELLULOSE TO ETHANOL oped, should collect this material economic CONVERSTION ally. But, there is not sufficient experi ence with the newer techniques to quote a Hydrolysis of cellulose to alcohol has been cost. Sawdust is reported to cost $30 per carried out for many years. Most notable was ton when delivered within a 50-mile radius, the German effort during the latter part of World War II where cellulose based alcohol All of these cellulosic wastes must be col ran their war*machine. lected and delivered to a distillery site. The costs of collection and transportation Since that time, research has been continuing. will probably be the ruling factor in feed The Madison Process, developed in 1946 by the stock costs. Forest Products Laboratory of the U. S. Depart ment of Agriculture, was a spinoff of the In all cases,, to use these cellulosic feed German Schoeller Process and had a fair yield, stocks economically, the location of the "estimated at approximately 60 gallons of al distilleries will have to be close to the cohol from a ton of wood. This yield was not feedstock source. considered economically attractive at the time because of competition with the low cost An illustration of this, Figure 7, shows of gasoline, so research continued. the distribution of crop residues, grass and legume herbage as reported by the Office of The processes shown in Figure 8 are typical of Technological Assessment, Based on the the newer cellulose to sugar acid hydrolysis theoretical conversion of 95 gallons of al processes. cohol per ton, Missouri, with its 27,9 mil lion tons, if all were utilized., could pro Considerable work has been accomplished on duce 2.7 billion gallons.This is the prob enzymatic techniques for the direct conversion lem with estimating, it's a guess. Using of cellulose to alcohol. The Army's Natick

3-16 Laboratories (Spano) and the University of carried out rapidly so as not to destroy California, Berkeley Campus (Wilke et al)4 the sugars. The cellulose substrate is have been prominent in this effort, as well first treated with acid, the acid removed for as researchers at MIT. While promising for re-use, then high pressure steam is employed the future, enzymatic processes may not be for hydrolyzation. In this manner, high available for the near term. yields are possible. George Tsao^ at Purdue is pursuing an acid hydrolysis process which seems to have merit. Rutgers University and NYU are also experi CONCLUSIONS menting with novel acid hydrolysis techniques using extrusion techniques. Me have tried to show some real possibilities from the standpoint of available biomass for For the next fifteen years or so, acid hy a new alternate fuel industry in the United drolysis of some kind will be the method States. The biomass is undoubtedly available, employed for cellulose to alcohol conversion. and chemical processes for conversion to alco- fr°T at this time are well known. There is Cellulose conversion to alcohol was never also a market. reallv considered bv DOE. In fact, their early policy seemed to have been to neglect The economics look good, and will improve with alcohol fuels entirely. the rising cost of crude oil. The Forest Products Laboratory continued their As a nation, we are petroleum conscious. To research, and during the past year have been move us into alternate fuels will apparently studying acid hydrolysis processes. The re require one of the following to happen: sult is the selection of a process for fur ther study. This one is an oldie, first pro 1. A shut-off of imported crude and posed by Professor K. N. Cederquist" of Swe a real gasoline shortage. den. His paper giving the results of a bench model operation was given at a seminar 2. A few farsighted pioneers who can in Lucknow, India in October/November 1952. see the money-making possibilities. The components of wood are the hemi- 3. Or, we just wait until we run out cellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The sugars of petroleum. of the polysaccharides are mainly hexoses and pentosan (hexose and pentose sugars). The hemicellulose is the easiest to delignify with dilute acid hydrolysis and release the pentose sugars. The cellulose, containing the hexoses, are the most difficult to hydrolyze and require concentrated acid. Hydro chloric or sulphuric acids are generally used. According to the different chain lengths of the polysaccharides, the residence time in contact with the hot acid, or the time of hydrplyzation vary. Consequently, the mono- saccharides which are first formed will be exposed to the hot acid for a longer time and some will be destroyed. Thus, to obtain a maximum yield of sugar from the cellulosic material, the sugars must be removed as fast as they are formed. This has been one of the major economic problems with previous acid hydrolysis sys tems for sugar conversion from cellulose. To hydrolyze the hemicellulose, low concentra tions of acid are required, for the cellulose conversion, high acid concentrations are re quired. These two things are not compatible. The acid itself is expensive. In the past, it has been usually neutralized and not re used. In these new processes, the hydrolyzation is REFERENCES

1 A Survey of United States and Total World 13 Wood Residue Potential for Energy, Production, Proved Reserves, and Remain John I. Zerbe, Forest Products ing Recoverable Resources of Fossil Fuels Laboratory, U.S.D.A. Biomass- and Uranium, Institute of Gas Technology, Energy '80 Conference December 31, 1978, Joseph D. Parent 14 Biomass Compilation, National Energy 2, Program, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 3 Energy From Biological Processes, Con James Bones gress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, 1979, Lionel S. 15 U. S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Johns et al Reserves 1978 Annual Report. Septem ber 1980, U. S. Department of Energy 4 A Wealth of Waste; A Shortage of Energy, University of Utah, 1979, Larry Lander- 16 Fort Peck Montana Indian Reservation, son 220,000 Gallon Per Year Ethanol Distillery, Systems Engineering. 5 Gasohol, A Technical Memorandum, Congress February 1980, James E. MacDowell of the United States, Office of Technolo et al gy Assessment, Lionel S. Johns et al, 1979 17 Alcohol Gasoline Blends, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, September 6 The Report of the Alcohol Fuels Policy 1936, Leo M. Christensen Review, U. S. Department of Energy, September 1979, K. A. Miller, F. A. 18 Engine Performance with Gasoline and Schooley Alcohol, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, September 1936, L. C. 7 Some Remarks on Wood Hydrolyzation, The Lightly and E. J. Ziurys Production and Use of Power Alcohol in Asia and the Far East, Lucknow, Indian, 19 Utilization of Ethanol - Gasoline 1952, K. N. Cedarquist Blends as Motor Fuel, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, September 1936, 8 Madison Woodsugar Process, June 1946, Oscar C. Bridgeman U.S.D.A., Forest Products Laboratory, E. E. Harris, Edwin Beglinger 20 Monthly Energy Review, January 1981, U. S. Department of Energy 9 Wood Hydrolysis for Sugar Production, April 1959, U.S.D.A. Forest Products Laboratory, Roger Alloyd, John F. Harris 10 Fermentation and Hydrocarbons, II Latin American Botanical Congress, Brasilia Brazil, 1978, Melvin Caluin 11 Costs of Producing Selected Crops in the United States, 1977, 1978 and Projections for 1979. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, United States Senate 12 Potential Resource Availability with Whole Tree Utilization. November 1978, TAPPI 1978 Annual Meeting Procedures, Vol. 61, No. 11. H. Gus Wahlgren, Thomas H. Ellis, U.S.D.A.

3-48 FIGURE 1

PRODUCTION RATE (BILLION BBL/YR)

REMAINING RESOURCE PROVED RESERVES i BASE

10 CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075

GRAPH PREPARED BY DR. KING HUBBERT

3-49 TABLE 1

ULTIMATE RECOVERY OF CRUDE OIL ACCORDING TO NEHRING, 109 bbl

KNOWN POTENTIAL TOTAL

NORTH AMERICA 179.8 100-200 280-380 SOUTH AMERICA 68.4 52-92 120-160 EUROPE, WEST 24.6 25-45 50-70 E. EUROPE AND USSR 102.4 63-123 165-225 AFRICA 75.6 45-94 120-170 MIDDJJEEAST 509.9 350-630 860-1140 ASIA/OCEANIA 50.9 54-104 105-155

TOTAL 1011.5 688-1288 1700-2300

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CNEMICAI.

OXVOCN

AMD

CITVWA

MlOCCttM,

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mOCfSiWATIII

•8

1.05

16.5

200 200

600

354.55

305

1060

QUANTITY

TOTAL TOTAL

1980 1980

IN IN

CANDIDATES

1980

STATES STATES

CANDIDATES CANDIDATES

IN IN

FOR: FOR:

UNITED UNITED

FEEDSTOCK FEEDSTOCK

STATES STATES

TONS TONS

TONS TONS TONS TONS

TONS TONS

TONS TONS TONS TONS TONS TONS

TONS TONS

FIGURES FIGURES

FEEDSTOCK FEEDSTOCK

THE THE

UNIT UNIT

IN IN

UNITED UNITED

ALCOHOL ALCOHOL

MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION

MILLION MILLION

TABLE TABLE

MILLION MILLION

MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION

MILLION MILLION

THE THE

ALCOHOL ALCOHOL

IN IN

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

PRODUCED PRODUCED

RYE RYE

BARLEY BARLEY

OATS

CHAIN CHAIN

1980 1980

CONSIDERED CONSIDERED

BE BE

FOOD FOOD

PRODUCED PRODUCED

TOTAL TOTAL

PRODUCTS PRODUCTS

CAN CAN

THE THE

SORGHUM

WASTE WASTE

TOTAL TOTAL

WASTE WASTE

WHICH WHICH

1 1

SOLID SOLID

RICE RICE

GRAIN GRAIN

CORN CORN

WHEAT WHEAT

INCLUDE INCLUDE

(ALL)

BEETS BEETS

CANE CANE

SORGHUM SORGHUM

WASTES WASTES

FEEDSTOCK FEEDSTOCK

''GRAINS ''GRAINS

MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL

GRASSES GRASSES

AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL

WOOD WOOD

POTATOES POTATOES

SWEET SWEET

SUGAR SUGAR GRAINS GRAINS SUGAR SUGAR TABLES BIOMASS TO ALCOHOL CONVERSION POTENTIAL OF FEEDSTOCKS CONVERSION FOOD CHAIN FEEDSTOCKS UNIT (GALLONS/UNIT)

GRAINS (ALL) TON 93.0 POTATOES TON 28.0 SUGAR BEETS TON 21.4 SUGARCANE TON 21.0 SWEET SORGHUM TON 17.0

WASTE BIOMASS TO ALCOHOL CONVERSION POTENTIAL OF FEEDSTOCKS1 CONVERSION FOOD CHAIN FEEDSTOCKS UNIT (GALLONS/UNIT)

GRASSES TON 95 WOOD WASTE TON 95 AGRICULTURAL WASTE TON 95 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TON 60

THE GALLONS PER UNIT CONVERSION FIGURES ARE ESTIMATED, THEY ARE THE AVERAGE FIGURES OF THE HIGHS AND LOWS AS REPORTED BY SEVERAL INVESTIGATORS.

3-55

NORTHEAST

APPALACHIAN

SOUTHEAST

AREA AREA

LAND LAND

REGION

TOTAL TOTAL

OF OF

nounc9

FIGURE FIGURE

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

PLAINS

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE

NORTHERN NORTHERN

A A

FARM FARM

AS AS

BY BY

MOUNTAIN MOUNTAIN

0.5%

CROPLAND CROPLAND

THAN THAN

•LESS •LESS PACIFIC

IORTHEAST

APPALACHIAN

FOR FOR

AREA

LAND LAND

POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

TOTAL TOTAL

MEDIUM MEDIUM

OF OF

OR OR

HIGH HIGH

FIGURE FIGURE

WITH WITH

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE

PLAINS

A A

NORTHERN NORTHERN

AS AS

IN IN

CROPLAND CROPLAND

CONVERSION, CONVERSION,

POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

THAN THAN

'LESS 'LESS PACIFIC TABLE 4 COMPARISON BETWEEN USING ALL FOOD CHAIN BIOMASS CROPS AND ALL WASTE CELLULOSE FOR CONVERSION TO FUEL ALCOHOL

ANNUAL GALLONS FOOD CHAIN FEEDSTOCK ALCOHOL GRAINS (ALL) 2.8 x 10™ SUGAR BEETS 6.42 x 10° POTATOES 5.7 x 107 TOTAL 28.0 x 109

CELLULOSIC WASTES WOOD 5.7 x 10™ AGRICULTURAL WASTE 1.9x10™ GRASSES 1.9x10™ MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 3.6 x 109 TOTAL 79.0 x109

NOTE: IN 1980, WE CONSUMED ABOUT 101 BILLION GALLONS OF GASOLINE IN THE UNITED STATES. THE TOTAL HYPOTHETICAL PRODUCTION ABOVE IS 107 BILLION GALLONS OF ALCOHOL.

3-58 TABLE 5

1980 PRICES OF FOOD CHAIN CONVENTIONAL FOODSTOCKS

FEEDSTOCK UNIT COST, U.S. DOLLARS1

RICE HW $12.50 WHEAT BU 4.00 CORN BU 3.20 GRAIN SORGHUM BU 3.20 BARLEY BU 2.80 OATS BU 1.75 RYE BU 2.50

1 FROM CROP REPORTING SERVICE, U.S.D.A., MARCH, 1981

3-59 0.3

AND

HARVESTED

TON/YR)

NEAR-TERM

PROCESSING

DRY

ELECTRICITY

NORMALLY

POTENTIAL

SUGARCANE

(MILLION

WHICH

GENERATE

AND AS

FIGURE?

REFINERIES.

BAGASSE

ARISES

BURNED

SU/3AR

RESIDUES

THIS

PRODUCTION

THE

THUS

CROP

ISSUGARCANE

CURRENTLY

HERBAGE

STEAM

USABLE

AND

SOURCE

0.1

SUGARCANE.

PROCESS

THE

THAN

MAJOR

BYPRODUCT

THE

WITH

SUPPLY

•LESS b TABLE 6

PER YEAR ESTIMATE OF GALLONS OF FUEL ALCOHOL PRODUCED FROM AMOUNT OF CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCK WHICH MIGHT BE REASONABLY COLLECTED

QUANTITY ANNUAL GALLONS OF FEEDSTOCK MILLION D.T. ALCOHOL PRODUCED

WOOD 300 2.85 x 1010 AGRICULTURAL WASTE 100 9.5 x 109 GRASSES 133 1.3 x 10 1C MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 45 2.7 x 109 TOTAL GALLONS 5.37 x 1010

TOTAL IS 53.7 BILLION GALLONS

THE 1980 U.S. GASOLINE CONSUMPTION WAS ESTIMATED 101 BILLION GALLONS. THE THEORETICAL PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL AS SHOWN ABOVE IS 56% OF OUR GASOLINE CONSUMPTION.

3-61 FIGURES

BALL ___. CTEAM ACID MILLED WOOD 1 1

PRETREATMENT ENZYMES- i ENZYMATIC ACTION T ALCOHOL

ENZYMATIC PROCESS

IT EXTRUDER

WOOD SUGAR TO FERMENTATION AC',D

EXTRUSION PROCESS

3-62 FIGURES

STEAM WOOD -Or DILUTE ACID CHIPS

DIGESTER STEAM TO CONDENSER

ACID WOOD SUGAR NEUTRALIZED TO FERMENTATION LIGNIN

SCHOELLER/MADISON WOOD TO SUGAR PROCESS

STEAM WOOD DILUTE ACID CHIPS

MONOSACCARIDE SUGARS RESIDUE TO FERMENTATION TO STEP 2 CONCENTRATED ACID

ACID TO GLUCOSE RECOVERY TO FERMENTATION LIGNIN CEDARQUIST PROCESS

I 3-63