DOCSLIB.ORG

Executive Summary What Are Drugs?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Executive Summary What Are Drugs? Executive Summary What are drugs? Cocaine? Marijuana? How about K2? Alchohol? Opiates? (Legal .vs. Illegal) Tabacco? How about anything that impairs your senses from normal? - Would that include GMO, Fluoride, and processed foods? - Others? Legalize or Decriminalize? Constitutional Issues? The people/families/topics that keep coming up all the time (United States connections) Anslinger Rockefeller Family, including John D., and David Astor Fortune Rothchild Banking family Ford (eugenics) Federal Reserve (banking cartel ties) J.P. Morgan Warburg Jacob Schiff Dupont Hearst Family fortunes, including logging, paper mills and newspapers. I.G. Farbin, including Bayer, Agfa, BASF and Novartis Nazi Connections Banking Connections Bush Family, Clinton Family CIA connections and drug/gun running for money Cheney and Halliburton/KBR Nixon Commission on Executive Power, including Rumsfeld and Cheney - How to take over the executive branch Colonel North and his FEMA/COG connections CFR History of Alcohol Prohibition http://www.druglibrary.org/prohibitionresults1.htm Did Alcohol Use Decrease During Alcohol Prohibition? The assertion: First, use of alcohol decreased significantly during Prohibition. This decrease in turn lead to a marked decrease in the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver. Finally, the suicide rate also decreased by 50%. From Chapter 6 - Role of Tobacco and Alcohol in the Drug Legalization Debate from "Drug Legalization: Myths and Misconceptions" by the U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. The Short Answer: Alcohol consumption rose to record levels during alcohol prohibition. National alcohol prohibition began in 1920. Apparent alcohol use fell from 1914 to 1922. It rose thereafter. By 1925, arrests for public drunkenness and similar alcohol- related offenses were already above the pre-prohibition records. Consumption by women and children increased dramatically. The Longer Answer: In truth, nobody really knows exactly how much alcohol consumption increased or decreased during Prohibition. The reason was simple enough -- people like Al Capone didn't pay taxes on their product and thereby report their production to the government. Licensed saloons became illegal speakeasies, and many common citizens took advantage of the high sales price of illegal booze by secretly manufacturing booze in their own bathtubs. That's one of the major problems with all drug prohibitions -- they greatly reduce the ability to make accurate judgments about the problem. There is no good way to count the number of illegal dealers, or the people who are secretly making gin in their own bathroom. Therefore, to make such a judgment, we have to rely on a number of indirect indicators. By the greatest majority of indicators, the biggest drops in alcohol consumption and alcohol problems actually came before national prohibition went into effect. Those drops continued for about the first two years of Prohibition and then alcohol consumption began to rise. By 1926, most of the problems were worse than they had been before Prohibition went into effect and there were a number of new problems -- such as a drinking epidemic among children -- that had not been there before. Did Alcohol Prohibition increase crime? The assertion: A second reason why Prohibition was a successful program is due to the fact that it did not -- contrary to popular myth--cause an increase in the crime rate. It is true that there was an increase in the homicide rate during Prohibition, but this is not the same as an increase in the overall crime rate. Furthermore, the increase in homicide occurred predominantly in the African- American community, and African-Americans at that time were not the people responsible for alcohol trafficking.108 The drama of Elliot Ness and Al Capone largely was just that, drama sensationalized by the media of the time." From Chapter 6 - Role of Tobacco and Alcohol in the Drug Legalization Debate from "Drug Legalization: Myths and Misconceptions" by the U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. The Short Answer: none. The Longer Answer: The references above have already shown that common people who had never been involved in crime before engaged in criminal activity after alcohol prohibition started. But there is far more evidence of a Prohibition crime wave than just those references. This chart shows that there were steep increases in both homicides and prisoners in custody during Prohibition. Thursday, January 10, 2008 John D. Rockefeller & Alcohol Prohibition I like to learn a thing or two every day, and today I learned a very interesting thing indeed. Many people know that alcohol can be used as fuel for cars and farm equipment. It's popular today in the guise of ethanol, but ethanol is largely a red herring. Ethanol is a ghost of what could have been had the Prohibition movement not killed alcohol fuel in its infancy. Most people are not aware that Henry Ford's Model T came in a variation that allowed the driver to switch the carburetor to run the engine on farm-made ethyl acohol [sic]. This allowed the operator to stop at local farms (equipped with stills) to refuel his/her car during long trips through the backcountry. After all- the gas station wasn't exactly as ubiquitous in those days, as it is now. The Standard Oil Company and its industrialist-founder John D. Rockefeller wasn't too happy with this arrangement. After all, Rockefeller's company had a virtual monoploly on gasoline at this time in our nation's development. It kind of makes me wonder why we're fighting an illegal war over oil in the desert, thousands of miles away, when we could probably retrofit our cars to run on domestically produced alcohol fuels (which does not have to be corn-based like ethanol). Like William Randolph Hearst's campaign against cannabis (marijuana), Rockefeller's campaign against alcohol was ultimately successful... for him. Hearst and Rockefeller's respective campaigns were horrible crimes perpetrated against America, the environment and truth, but both men were personally enriched through their scheming. Since the late 1800's there had been a growing Alcohol Temperance Movement developing among reformers. Rockefeller saw an opportunity in this. It is well-documented that local efforts to curb alcohol consumption were expanded to the national level when high-profile figures like Rockefeller joined in the anti-alcohol efforts. Was he so concerned with the social problems that abuse of alcohol was said to cause? No... John D. Rockefeller was not concerned with family dynamics in the working classes. But he was influential in changing the goals of the movement from temperance to prohibition. As we know, his contribution to the outlawing of the production and sale of alcohol was successful. Of course, Rockefeller and the oil companies reaped tremendous profits as a result. Remember that the period covered by the 18th Amendment (1919-1933) coincided with the huge rise in the sale and operation of automobiles. America was on the move, and all of these cars were now operated solely on gasoline. By the time that the 21st Amendment was passed, ending the prohibition of alcohol, the standard was already set and worked completely in the favor of the Rockefeller family. While this is an excellent example of a conspiracy against the American people that is both provable and successful, there is one problem with calling it a conspiracy: Conspiracies require illegal acts, and lying to the American people is not necessarily illegal. Unethical, yes, but unless you were personally slandered there's no chance of legal recourse against such conspiratorial campaigns. In the end, this is an example of how rich men can ride roughshod over the Constitution and the democratic process and there's not a damn thing anybody can do about it. http://dgrim.blogspot.com/2007/06/great-scheme-alcohol-based-fuels-ford.html The Great Scheme: Alcohol-based fuels, Ford, Rockefeller, and Prohibition. One of the many bits of information I gleaned from my discussions with Tapahpunja yesterday has to do with the prohibition of alcohol. This is a multifaceted issue that concerns spirituality, social control, energy production, and US History. From the standpoint of a Hindu, alcohol consumption is forbidden. This makes sense in the context of social interaction. There is no debate that alcohol abuse contributes to many of our social problems today. Having had ample experience with alcoholics, I know firsthand what addiction can do to relationships. Many domestic incidents and other types of criminal activity involve the use of alcohol. Meanwhile, there is much evidence that alcohol negatively affects more organs of the human body than any other legal or illegal drug. Despite all these possible consequences, I have no plans to stop consuming alcohol. I believe there are some positive social effects that occur with its moderate use, and there is some scientific data that demonstrates that it can be consumed healthily. But there is an entirely different dimension to alcohol that I wasn't even aware of. Alcohol may be an option in dealing with the impending energy and environmental crises of the Twenty-first Century. It is a little known fact that Brazil is the world leader in the production of bioalcohol fuel. Because of recent concerns of rising gasoline prices, President Bush visited Sao Paulo (on March 7, 2007) to sign agreements on importing alcohol fuel and its technology. Vehicles using this fuel were actually widespread in the late 1970's in Brazil, but gasoline reclaimed its market share in the 1980's. With anxieties about the world oil supply once again in the forefront of many minds, this option has become increasingly attractive. The advantages of alcohol-based fuels are multi-faceted. They burn completely and efficiently and produce 100% less carbon monoxide emissions because the byproducts of their consumption include only carbon dioxide, water and heat.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Bio- Ethanol and Biogas Initiatives for Transport in Sweden
    Assessment of bio- ethanol and biogas initiatives for transport in Sweden Background information for the EU-project PREMIA EU Contract N° TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31083/503081 May 2005 2 Abstract This report is the result of an assignment on assessment of bio-ethanol and biogas initiatives for transport in Sweden, granted by VTT Processes, Energy and Environment, Engines and Vehicles, Finland to Atrax Energi AB, Sweden. The report of the assignment is intended to append the literature and other information used in the “PREMIA” project The work has been carried out by Björn Rehnlund, Atrax Energi AB, Sweden, with support from Martijn van Walwijk, France. The report describes the development of the production and use of biobio-ethanol and biogas (biomass based methane) as vehicle fuels in Sweden and gives an overview of today’s situation. Besides data and information about numbers of vehicles and filling stations, the report also gives an overview of: • Stakeholders • The legal framework, including standards, specifications, type approval, taxation etc. • Financial support programs. Public acceptance, side effects and the effect off the introduction of bio-ethanol and biogas as vehicle fuels on climate gases are to some extent also discussed in this report. It can be concluded that since the early 1990’s Sweden has had a perhaps slow but steadily increasing use of bio-ethanol and biogas. Today having the EC directive on promotion of bio bio-fuels and other renewable fuels in place the development and introduction of filling stations and vehicles has started to increase rapidly. From 1994 to 2004 the number of filling stations for bio-ethanol grew from 1 to 100 and during the year 2004 until today to 160 stations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Emissions of Butanol Using a Spark Ignition Engine and Their Reduction Using Electrostatically Assisted Injection
    A STUDY ON THE EMISSIONS OF BUTANOL USING A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE AND THEIR REDUCTION USING ELECTROSTATICALLY ASSISTED INJECTION BY BENJAMIN R. WIGG THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Professor Dimitrios C. Kyritsis Abstract Butanol is a potential alternative to ethanol and offers many benefits including a much higher heating value and lower latent heat of vaporization. It also has a higher cetane number than ethanol and improved miscibility in diesel fuel. Additionally, butanol is less corrosive and less prone to water absorption than ethanol, which allows it to be transported using the existing fuel supply pipelines. However, while some previous research on the emissions of butanol-gasoline blends is available, little research exists on the emissions of neat butanol. This thesis focuses on two areas of study. The first area relates to on the comparison of UHC, NOx, and CO emissions of several butanol-gasoline and ethanol-gasoline blended fuels during combustion in an SI engine. The objective was to compare the emissions of butanol combustion to the ones of ethanol and gasoline. The second part of the study relates to the use of electrostatically assisted injection as a means of reducing the UHC emissions of butanol by decreasing the fuel droplet size using a charge electrode and extraction ring designed for a port fuel injector. Emissions measurements taken with and without a charge applied to the injector were used to determine the effect of applying a voltage to the fuel spray on engine emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results
    September 1999 • NREL/TP-540-25818 Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results K. Kelly, L. Eudy, and T. Coburn National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute ••• Battelle ••• Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-98-GO10337 September 1999 • NREL/TP-540-25818 Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results K. Kelly, L. Eudy, and T. Coburn Prepared under Task No. FU905010 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute ••• Battelle ••• Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-98-GO10337 TP-25818 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Office of Technology Utilization, which is part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Transportation Technologies in Washington, D.C. Mr. Dana O’Hara is DOE’s program manager for the light-duty vehicle evaluation projects at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Appreciation is expressed to the three emissions laboratories that performed the testing: Environmental Research and Development, in Gaithersburg, Maryland; Automotive Testing Laboratory, in East Liberty, Ohio; and ManTech Environmental, in Denver, Colorado. We also thank Phillips Chemical Company and Compressed Gas Technologies for supplying the test fuels for this project. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, appara- tus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Cellulosic Biofuel Fuels Credit General Instructions
    Alcohol and Cellulosic Biofuel Fuels Credit OMB No. 1545-0231 Form 6478 2011 Department of the Treasury Attachment Internal Revenue Service ▶ Attach to your tax return. Sequence No. 83 Name(s) shown on return Identifying number Caution. You cannot claim any amounts on Form 6478 that you claimed (or will claim) on Form 720 (Schedule C), Form 8849, or Form 4136. (a) (b) (c) Type of Fuel Number of Gallons Rate Column (a) x Column (b) Sold or Used 1 Qualified ethanol fuel production for fuel sold or used before 2012 (see instructions for election) . 1 2 Alcohol 190 proof or greater and alcohol 190 proof or greater in fuel mixtures sold or used before 2012 . 2 3 Alcohol less than 190 proof but at least 150 proof and alcohol less than 190 proof but at least 150 proof in fuel mixtures sold or used before 2012 . 3 4 Qualified cellulosic biofuel production for fuel sold or used before 2012 that is alcohol (see instructions for election) . 4 5 Qualified cellulosic biofuel production for fuel sold or used before 2012 that is not alcohol (see instructions for election) . 5 6 Qualified cellulosic biofuel production for fuel sold or used after 2011 (see instructions for election) . 6 7 Add the amounts in column (c) on lines 1 through 6. Include this amount in your income for 2011 and, if you reported an amount on lines 4, 5, or 6 above, enter your IRS registration number (see instructions) . 7 8 Alcohol and cellulosic biofuel fuels credit from partnerships, S corporations, cooperatives, estates, and trusts (see instructions) .
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Fuel Manual
    The Manual for the Home and Farm Production of Alcohol Fuel by S.W. Mathewson Ten Speed Press J.A. Diaz Publications 1980 Table of Contents Chapter 1 AN OVERVIEW Alcohol Fuel Uses of Alcohol Fuel Other Alternative Fuels Chapter 2 BASIC FUEL THEORY Chemical Composition Combustion Properties Volatility Octane Ratings Water Injection Exhaust Composition Engine Performance – Straight Alcohol Engine Performance – Alcohol Blends Chapter 3 UTILIZATION OF ALCOHOL FUELS Methods of Utilization Alcohol Blends Pure Alcohol Diesel Engines Engine Modification Alcohol Injection Chapter 4 ETHANOL PRODUCTION – GENERAL DISCUSSION Raw Materials Manufacturing Steps Process Design Chapter 5 PROCESSING STEPS COMMON TO ALL MATERIALS Dilution Ph Control Backslopping Cleanliness Hydrometers 1 Chapter 6 PROCESSING STEPS SPECIFIC TO SACCHARINE MATERIALS General Description Extraction Chapter 7 PROCESSING STEPS SPECIFIC TO STARCHY MATERIALS Preparation of Starchy Materials Milling Cooking Conversion Malting Premalting Preparation of Malt Enzyme Conversion Acid Hydrolosis Mash Cooling Chapter 8 PROCESSING STEPS SPECIFIC TO CELLULOSE MATERIALS Cellulose Conversion Chapter 9 YEAST AND FERMENTATION Yeast Yeast Preparation Fermentation Fermentation By-products Note of Caution Chapter 10 INDIVIDUAL RAW MATERIALS Sugar/Starch Content vs Alcohol Saccharine Materials Fruits Molasses Cane Sorghum Sugar Beets Sugar Corn Wastes Starchy Materials Grains Jerusalem Artichokes Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Cellolose Materials Multiple Enzyme Treatment Chapter 11 DISTILLATION Distillation
    [Show full text]
  • How Good Politics Results in Bad Policy: the Case of Biofuel Mandates
    How Good Politics Results in Bad Policy: The Case of Biofuel Mandates Robert Z. Lawrence Harvard Kennedy School 2010 M-RCBG Faculty Working Paper Series | 2010-12 Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business & Government Weil Hall | Harvard Kennedy School | www.hks.harvard.edu/mrcbg The views expressed in the M-RCBG Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business & Government or of Harvard University. M-RCBG Working Papers have not undergone formal review and approval. Papers are included in this series to elicit feedback and encourage debate on important public policy challenges. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. How Good Politics Results in Bad Policy: The Case of Biofuel Mandates Robert Z. Lawrence Abstract Biofuels have become big policy and big business. Government targets, mandates, and blending quotas have created a growing demand for biofuels. Some say that the U.S. biofuels industry was created by government policies. But recently, biofuels have become increasingly controversial. In this paper Lawrence argues that the growing list of concerns about the impact of biofuel targets and mandates—are the predictable result of a failure to follow the basic principles of good policy-making. Good policy-making requires developing a policy goal or target (i.e., reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing oil consumption, or increasing rural economic development) and designing an instrument to efficiently meet that particular goal. The more precise the goal, the better. In addition, for each target, there should be at least one policy instrument.
    [Show full text]
  • Methanol: a Future-Proof Fuel a Primer Prepared for the Methanol Institute
    Methanol: A Future-Proof Fuel A Primer Prepared for the Methanol Institute February 2020 Tammy Klein, Project Lead Principal [email protected] / +1.703.625.1072 (M) Table of Contents Introduction & Summary ......................................................................................................................................4 Methanol’s Fuel Quality Benefits .........................................................................................................................9 Octane Contribution .......................................................................................................................................11 Improved Efficiency .......................................................................................................................................13 Vapor Pressure ..............................................................................................................................................13 Distillation ......................................................................................................................................................14 Existent Gum ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Methanol’s Biodegradability and Air Oxidation ............................................................................................... 16 Addressing Concerns about the Use of Methanol .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Ethanol and Iso-Butanol Blends on Gaseous and Particulate
    Energy 82 (2015) 168e179 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy The impact of ethanol and iso-butanol blends on gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spray-guided and wall-guided direct injection SI (spark ignition) engines * Georgios Karavalakis a, b, , Daniel Short a, b, Diep Vu a, b, Robert L. Russell a, Akua Asa-Awuku a, b, Heejung Jung a, c, Kent C. Johnson a, b, Thomas D. Durbin a, b a University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA b Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA article info abstract Article history: We examined the effects of different ethanol and iso-butanol blends on the gaseous and particulate Received 2 August 2014 emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spark ignition direct injection engines and with one Received in revised form spray-guided and one wall-guided configuration. Both vehicles were tested over triplicate FTP (Federal 3 December 2014 Test Procedure) and UC (Unified Cycles) using a chassis dynamometer. Emissions of THC (total hydro- Accepted 8 January 2015 carbons), NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons), and CO (carbon monoxide) reduced with increasing Available online 7 February 2015 oxygen content in the blend for some of the vehicle/fuel combinations, whereas NOx (nitrogen oxide) emissions did not show strong fuel effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Energy Data Book
    USEFUL WEB SITES GOVERNMENT LINKS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE www.usda.gov Agricultural Research Service www.ars.usda.gov Forest Service www.fs.fed.us National Agricultural Library www.nal.usda.gov National Agricultural Statistics Service www.nass.usda.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY www.energy.gov Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy www.eere.energy.gov Biomass Program www.eere.energy.gov/biomass Alternative Fuels Data Center www.afdc.nrel.gov Clean Cities www.ccities.doe.gov Fuel Economy www.fueleconomy.gov Biomass Energy Data Book cta.ornl.gov/bedb Buildings Energy Data Book www.btscoredatabook.net Power Technologies Data Book www.nrel.gov/analysis/power_databook Transportation Energy Data Book cta.ornl.gov/data Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY www.ornl.gov Center for Transportation Analysis cta.ornl.gov FIRSTGOV www.firstgov.gov FEDERAL GOVERNMENT – FEDSTATS www.fedstats.gov U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS www.bls.gov U.S. CENSUS BUREAU www.census.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE www.commerce.gov Bureau of Economic Analysis www.bea.gov U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY www.epa.gov NON GOVERNMENT LINKS American Corn Growers Association www.acga.org American Soybean Association soygrowers.com National Biodiesel Board www.biodiesel.org National Oilseed Processors Association www.nopa.org National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition www.e85fuel.com Pellet Fuels Institute pelletheat.org Renewable Fuels Association www.ethanolrfa.org ORNL/TM-2006/571 BIOMASS ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 1 Lynn Wright Consultant Oak Ridge, Tennessee Bob Boundy Roltek Clinton, Tennessee Bob Perlack Stacy Davis Bo Saulsbury Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee September 2006 Prepared for the Office of Planning, Budget and Analysis Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilization of Renewable Oxygenates As Gasoline Blend Components
    Utilization of Renewable Oxygenates as Gasoline Blending Components Janet Yanowitz Ecoengineering, Inc. Earl Christensen and Robert L. McCormick Center for Transportation Technologies and Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-50791 August 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Utilization of Renewable Oxygenates as Gasoline Blending Components Janet Yanowitz Ecoengineering, Inc. Earl Christensen and Robert L. McCormick Center for Transportation Technologies and Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. FC08.9451 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 1617 Cole Boulevard NREL/TP-5400-50791 Golden, Colorado 80401 August 2011 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Extending the Supply of Alcohol Fuels for Energy Security and Carbon Reduction
    2009-01-2764 Extending the Supply of Alcohol Fuels for Energy Security and Carbon Reduction R.J. Pearson and J.W.G. Turner Lotus Engineering, Norwich, Norfolk, UK M.D. Eisaman and K.A. Littau Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Copyright © 2009 Lotus Engineering and PARC ABSTRACT hydrocarbons can be supplied using feed stocks from the biosphere up to the biomass limit from biofuels and, The paper critiques proposals for de-carbonizing beyond the biomass limit, from the atmosphere and transport and offers a potential solution which may be oceans using captured CO 2 and hydrogen electrolysed attained by the gradual evolution of the current fleet of from water. Using the hydrogen in a synthesized fuel predominantly low-cost vehicles via the development of rather than as an independent energy carrier can be carbon-neutral liquid fuels. The closed-carbon cycles thought of as a pragmatic implementation of the which are possible using such fuels offer the prospect of hydrogen economy. This avoids the extremely high maintaining current levels of mobility with affordable infrastructure and distribution costs which accompany transport whilst neutralizing the threat posed by the high the use of molecular hydrogen. predicted growth of greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. The production of liquid fuels from CO 2 and water are reviewed in which fully-closed carbon cycles are Approaches to de-carbonizing transport include theoretically possible with the development of large-scale electrification and the adoption of molecular hydrogen as renewable energy generation and CO 2 capture from the an energy carrier. These two solutions result in very atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Fuel 1 Alcohol Fuel
    Alcohol fuel 1 Alcohol fuel Although fossil fuels have become the dominant energy resource for the modern world, alcohol has been used as a fuel throughout history. The first four aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol) are of interest as fuels because they can be synthesized chemically or biologically, and they have characteristics which allow them to be used in current engines. One advantage shared by all four alcohols is their high octane rating. This tends to increase fuel efficiency and largely offsets the lower energy density of alcohol fuels (as compared to petrol/gasoline and diesel fuels), thus resulting in comparable "fuel economy" in terms of distance per volume metrics, such as kilometers per liter, or miles per gallon. Biobutanol has the advantage that its energy density is closer to gasoline than the simpler alcohols (while still retaining over 25% higher octane rating); however, biobutanol is currently more difficult to produce than ethanol or methanol. The general chemical formula for alcohol fuel is C H OH. n 2n+1 Most methanol is produced from natural gas, although it can be produced from biomass using very similar chemical processes. Ethanol is commonly produced from Biological material though fermentation processes. When obtained from biological materials and/or biological processes, they are known as bioalcohols (e.g. bioethanol). There is no chemical difference between biologically produced and chemically produced alcohols. However, "ethanol" that is derived from petroleum should not be considered safe for consumption as this alcohol contains about 5% methanol and may cause blindness or death. This mixture may also not be purified by simple distillation, as it forms an azeotropic mixture.
    [Show full text]