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Montana Bioenergy Guidebook

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Montana Bioenergy Guidebook Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction How to Use This Guidebook ........................................................................1 What is Biomass Energy?.............................................................................2 What is a Biorefinery?..................................................................................2 How to Plan a Bioenergy Project .................................................................4 Section 2: Bioenergy Technologies Introduction...................................................................................................8 Alcohol Production.......................................................................................10 Anaerobic Digestion .....................................................................................19 Combined Heat and Power...........................................................................25 Densification.................................................................................................30 Direct Combustion........................................................................................36 Gasification...................................................................................................41 Landfill Gas ..................................................................................................46 Liquefaction..................................................................................................52 Oilseeds Extraction and Biodiesel................................................................56 Pyrolysis .......................................................................................................65 Section 3: Environmental Considerations Introduction...................................................................................................70 Air Quality ....................................................................................................71 Air Quality Laws and Regulations ..........................................................72 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)...............................73 Prevention of Significant Deterioration ..................................................75 Nonattainment Area New Source Review...............................................75 Hazardous Air Pollutants.........................................................................76 PM-10 Standards .....................................................................................79 PM-2.5 Standards ....................................................................................79 Waste Management ......................................................................................81 Solid Waste Disposal (Non-hazardous) ..................................................81 Hazardous Waste Disposal......................................................................82 Water Quality................................................................................................84 Section 4: Permits by Category Introduction ..................................................................................................85 Agriculture....................................................................................................86 Commodity Dealer’s License Commodity Warehouse License Feed Dealer’s Permit Fertilizer Dealer Registration Air Quality ....................................................................................................90 Montana Air Quality Permit Title V Operating Permit Prevention of Significant Deterioration Review New Source Review in Nonattainment Areas Open Burning Permit Alcohol Production.......................................................................................94 Alcohol Fuel Producers Permit (Federal) Special Fuel Distributor’s License Renewable Identification Number Registration & Reporting BioDiesel .....................................................................................................96 Building, Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing .............................................97 Building Permit Mechanical Permit Electrical Permit Plumbing Permit Forest Clearing and Burning.........................................................................102 Fire Hazard Reduction Timber Sales Permit Land Use.......................................................................................................103 Floodplain and Floodway Permit Lakeshore Permit Major Facility Siting.....................................................................................104 Certificate of Compliance Occupational Safety and Health ...................................................................105 Boiler Operating Certificate Boiler Operators License Fire Safety Inspections Waste Management ......................................................................................108 Hazardous Waste Management Facility Permit Underground Storage Tank Permit Small Biodiesel Production Facility Permit Solid Waste Management System License Water Quality................................................................................................113 Montana Groundwater Pollution Control System (MGWPCS) Permit Montana Pollution Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) Permit Permit for Storm Water Discharges Assoc. w/ Construction Activity National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Stream Protection Act Permit Stream Bed and Land Preservation Permit Beneficial Water Use Permit Other .............................................................................................................121 Small Biodiesel Production Facility License EPA Biodiesel Fuel Registration Testing Exemption for Non-Certified Alternative Fuels Weighing or Measuring Device License One-Stop Business Licensing Section 5: Special Considerations Business Licensing Requirements................................................................126 Combined Heat & Power and Small Power Production...............................126 Dam Safety ...................................................................................................127 Forested Areas ..............................................................................................127 Highways/Transportation .............................................................................128 Indian Reservations ......................................................................................129 Local Areas...................................................................................................129 Navigable Waterways...................................................................................130 Occupational Safety and Health ...................................................................130 Urban Areas/Municipalities..........................................................................131 Water Use .....................................................................................................132 Index Appendix A: Montana Bioenergy Facilities.................................................133 Appendix B: Agencies/Organizations ..........................................................145 Appendix C: Biomass Resources .................................................................166 Glossary of Bioenergy Terms.......................................................................177 Acronym Guide ...........................................................................................186 References and Selected Bibliography.........................................................188 Section 1: Introduction The Montana Bioenergy Guidebook was produced to provide project developers, government officials, professionals, and others with a brief description of the technologies used in developing bioenergy projects and the permitting process involved with those projects. Many individuals, businesses, and municipalities are interested in developing bioenergy projects, and many laws and regulations affect such projects. Projects frequently require permits from local, state, and federal agencies and this guidebook addresses all three levels of regulation. The Montana Bioenergy Guidebook is not a legal document and should not be relied on exclusively to determine legal responsibilities. It is not a substitute for obtaining detailed information regarding licenses, permits, standards, operating requirements, and enforcement from government agencies. Any particular project may require permits and licenses not included in this guidebook. The authors recommend that whenever a specific area of regulation is identified the appropriate agencies be contacted for further information. How to Use This Guidebook The Montana Bioenergy Guidebook is divided into five sections. Section 1 explains the purpose of the guidebook and how to use it, introduces the reader to bioenergy concepts, and outlines the process of planning a bioenergy project. Section 2 discusses ten bioenergy technologies and provides an overview of the permits, licenses, or other areas of compliance related to each technology. Also included are process flowcharts that detail feedstocks, process steps, end products, and potential emissions for each technology. State and federal incentives, if available, are identified. Section 3 discusses environmental considerations related to air quality, water quality, and waste management. Section 4 lists permits by category and provides an overview of applicable laws and application procedures. Section 5 discusses special
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