European Long-Term Ecosystem and Socio-Ecological Research Infrastructure

D5.2 Site Catalogue, 1st instalment: Transnational Access Sites Brochure Authors: Alessandra Pugnetti and Andy Sier Lead partner for deliverable: CNR Other partners involved: EAA, CNRS, UFZ, TUC, CNR, UNS, SLU, NERC, VLO- INBO, UHEL, SGN, MTA-OK, BGU, LUBI-IBUL, UNIBUC, ZRC-SAZU, CSIC

H2020-funded project, GA: 654359, INFRAIA call 2014-2015

Start date of project: 01 June 2015 Duration: 48 months

Version of this document: 01 Submission date:

Dissemination level

PU Public X

PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

CI Classified, as referred to in Commission Decision 2001/844/EC

Document ID: 5.2 eLTER SITE CATALOGUE INSTALMENT 1: TA © eLTER consortium SITE BROCHURE

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Version control Edited by Date of revision

Created – V1 Alessandra Pugnetti 14/07/2016

Internal review Andy Sier 15/07/2016

Internal review

Revised – V2

Revised – V3

Revised – V4

Reviewed

Revised – V5

Signed off – co-ordinator

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Publishable Executive Summary Production of the eLTER Site Catalogue, D5.2, was always foreseen as a step-wise process, releasing instalments of the deliverable at intervals, each one a refinement of the previous one. This report is instalment 1. It is a brochure of the 18 eLTER Transnational Access sites. It marks a key step towards preparing a full site catalogue by the end of the project, and is also a useful product for the project. This delivered version is useful to promote the TA scheme and the research facilities provided at these 18 sites. With this deliverable we have: (1) Developed a template for the full site catalogue (2) Established an initial production process, which we will now refine (3) Established the necessary links with DEIMS and the technical staff (4) Created a usable document with which we can both promote the TA scheme and collect feedback on the design of the final site catalogue from a range of end users. In parallel with this, eLTER site records in DEIMS are being updated by site managers and the next step will be to produce draft output in 'catalogue format' for each of the 160 eLTER VA sites, from which we can further refine the content (i.e. DEIMS data) and the production process. Preparation of this instalment is a little delayed according to our planned schedule, but we are confident that the final site catalogue will be delivered on time by month 48 of the project. Contents

Publishable Executive Summary

1. Deliverable content and structure ...... 4 2. Production process and connections with DEIMS ...... 4 3. Next steps ...... 6 4. Acknowledgements ...... 6

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1. Deliverable content and structure The deliverable 5.2 “eLTER site catalogue instalment 1” marks a key step towards preparing a full site catalogue by the end of the project. Actually, the production of the eLTER site catalogue was always foreseen as a step-wise process, releasing instalments of the deliverable at intervals, each one a refinement of the previous one. The present version covers a subset of sites, specifically the 18 eLTER Transnational Access (TA) sites. It contains a description of the TA scheme and of the 18 TA sites. It reports, for each of the 18 TA sites: (i) a short and clear description of the site typology and of the main LTER activities, (ii) the main purposes of the site, (iii) the core research topics, (iv) the location of the site, (v) the site manager name and email and vi) the web link to the site. Through appropriate icons it also shows: (i) site access, (ii) available modes of transport, (iii) environmental observation facilities, (iv) accommodation facilities,(v) available power supply and the data transmission infrastructure. Finally, a specific section lists selected publications for each site. This deliverable was created in close connection with the 18 TA site managers, who provided and revised descriptions of their site along with pictures illustrating the habitats and field activities of each site. At the same time, the site managers were asked to complete the information available on DEIMS (http://data.lter-europe.net/deims) and to take care of the matching between the brochure and DEIMS. Wherever possible, information for the brochure was source from DEIMS. The process for doing this effectively will be further streamlined, having learned valuable lessons from producing the TA site brochure. Production of the full site catalogue will, therefore, be tightly linked to the storage of site information in DEIMS. With this deliverable we have: (1) Developed a template for the document, consistent with the general graphic design of the project (2) Established a production process, which we can now refine for the next instalment (3) Established the necessary links with DEIMS and the technical staff, necessary for the further development of the catalogue that will include also the VA sites, as the final product to be delivered by month 48 (4) Created a usable document with which we can both promote the TA scheme and collect feedback on the design of the final site catalogue from a range of end users.

2. Production process and connections with DEIMS In parallel with the creation of the TA site brochure, we established a robust link with DEIMS and with the technical staff working on DEIMS for eLTER. In particular Christoph Wohner, from EAA was involved since the beginning of this task. We carried out, first of all, a mapping of the brochure requirements and available DEIMS fields in order to improve the matching between the two. We then agreed the format needed to export the data from DEIMS to the brochure. These two steps were crucial for the further

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development of the much more extensive site catalogue, which will also cover the eLTER Virtual Access (i.e. data providing) sites, a total of more than 160 LTER sites. Figure 1 summarises the process of preparing the TA site brochure, which was as follows: 1. For the 18 TA sites, we asked the site managers to provide the required site information by completing a Microsoft Word form. We also asked them to update their DEIMS eLTER site record. The Word form was needed because there were a few items of information required that could not be entered on DEIMS in its present form. Site managers also provided images and a list of selected publications relating to their site 2. The page layout was developed in Adobe InDesign (desktop publishing software) 3. Our aim was to use DEIMS site metadata in preference to that provided on the Word form. Data were exported as an XML file and imported into InDesign. Additional information was added from the Word forms, and site pictures were added 4. Site-related publications were added 5. Site managers checked the draft pages, changes were made and where necessary, site managers updated DEIMS as a result.

Word Adobe form Indesign

Site TA site XML Manager DEIMS brochure file database

Figure 1: The key components of the TA site brochure production process. Draft versions of the brochure were checked by the Site Managers

DEIMS actually contains data describing LTER sites around the world, and separate from the eLTER project, international LTER site managers were asked to update their DEIMS site records by the end of June 2016. This will be beneficial to us when producing the full site catalogue. Using the recently updated data for the 160 eLTER sites, we will produce draft output in 'catalogue format', from which we can further refine the content (i.e. DEIMS data) and the production process. The process used to produce the TA site brochure was time-consuming. However, it can be improved by ensuring that all the source information needed is stored in DEIMS (including the images). This will eliminate the need to collect information via a Word form. It should also be possible to automate the process of building the site pages from the XML data file. There will, however, still need to be a manual step of checking each page and making adjustments.

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Nevertheless, we are confident that preparing the full site catalogue will be a more streamlined process. During the preparation of this TA site brochure, we recognized the good and useful structure of the DEIMS fields, which contained most information we required, with the need for only minor changes. However, some issues came to light. For example the different fields were not always properly filled and, in some cases, site managers found it difficult to update the site information without technical help. This is an important point, because the further development of the catalogue is strictly dependent on the proper connection of the site catalogue with DEIMS, and we anticipate the limiting factor will be encouraging and helping site managers to input up-to-date and complete site metadata, rather than the process of importing data from DEIMS into the site catalogue.

3. Next steps This site catalogue instalment will be made available for download and in printed form if necessary, for a wide range of users. We will use it to promote the TA scheme and sites and at the same time collect feedback from users that will be of great help for further development and improvement. The catalogue production process, started with this instalment, will be refined for the next instalments, which we envisage to be: Instalment 1: TA site brochure (as described in this report) – Month 12 Instalment 2: Draft full catalogue (160 sites, internal use only) – Month 16 Instalment 3: First beta version of full catalogue (digital only) – Month 24 Instalment 4: Second beta version of full catalogue (digital only) – Month 36 Instalment 5: Final eLTER site catalogue (digital and print versions) – Month 48 This schedule may change. Following the recent updating of the DEIMS eLTER site records by all the site managers, we will next produce draft output in 'catalogue format' for each of the 160 eLTER VA sites. This will be released internally. With it we can further refine the content (i.e. DEIMS data) and the production process. Although the preparation of this instalment has been a little delayed according to our planned schedule, we are confident that the final site catalogue will be delivered on time by month 48 of the project.

4. Acknowledgements We are grateful to all the TA site managers for their help in compiling the information for the brochure, and for updating their DEIMS site records. We also indebted to Christoph Wohner (EAA) for technical help with DEIMS, to Nathalie Kaffenberger (SGN) for formatting and correcting the publication list and to Heather Lowther (CEH) for commenting on the brochure’s design.

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eLTER project TRANSNATIONAL ACCESS SITES

June 2016 of their natural setting, the available Our first TA call (launched in February 2016) Introduction instrumentation and installations, received 37 proposals, of which 23 were existing long-term data, and the funded. Six proposals described multi-site he Horizon 2020 project “eLTER” To this end eLTER H2020 related IT infrastructure. The studies. All but three of the eLTER sites (European Long-Term Ecosystem comprises the following sites cover a wide range of received at least one research visit proposal. and socio-ecological Research components: ELTER H2020 WILL habitats including grasslands, Infrastructure) started in June 2015. Research topics addressed included climate QQ HELP ADVANCE THE forests, wetlands and T Four exemplary scientific impacts on ecology, limnology and freshwater agricultural landscapes in eLTER H2020, which runs until 2019, will serve use cases with increasing DEVELOPMENT OF ecology, nitrogen flux interactions with ecology, both uplands and lowlands. as the flagship for the further development level of complexity to EUROPEAN LONG-TERM and socio-ecology. of the Long-term Ecosystem Research assess LTER data quality There is even a cave site. ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH The second eLTER call for Transnational infrastructure and community in Europe. and services; The eLTER TA scheme INFRASTRUCTURES Access is expected to be announced in QQ encourages both staff and The specific role of eLTER H2020 is to catalyze IT architecture and tool November 2016 with the deadline for young scientists visiting conceptual and service developments of a development alongside the submission at the end of February 2017. This laboratories and sites to learn, distributed, highly integrated and widely used use cases; call will be focussed on those eLTER sites that research infrastructure to support a wide and experts travelling to advice on QQ Detailed specification of eLTER received few or no applications in the first call. range of ecosystem and critical zone research LTER-related activities at sites. It is design towards ESFRI; questions, such as: particularly aimed at: Further details of the eLTER TA scheme, QQ Concerted data delivery of selected 162 including outcomes and future calls are Q QQ How are ecosystems and biodiversity Q Scientific users, particularly the new LTER sites (Virtual Access); available at www.lter-europe.net/elter/ta. changing or adapting to global-change generation of ecological and socio- stresses? QQ Supported access to 18 top ecosystem ecological scientists All the sites are described in more detail on research sites (Transnational Access); DEIMS, the Drupal Ecological Information Q QQ Q SMEs and larger industries interested in What are the determinants of ecosystem Management System (https://data.lter-europe. QQ Research infrastructure integration, relevant technological developments resilience? net/deims/). DEIMS contains information from nationally, at a European scale and globally. Q QQ What are the threshold interactions Q Other stakeholders interested in data and around the world about LTER networks, sites, resulting in system shifts? other services provided by eLTER H2020. personnel and datasets.

QQ How can we respond locally, nationally and eLTER H2020 will closely interact with two internationally to support systems that are other major elements in this effort:

more resilient to global change effects? QQ eLTER ESFRI process: a formalization process in the framework of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (eLTER was recently accepted as an “emerging ESFRI infrastructure”)

QQ LTER-Europe network of national networks (25 countries with a pool of around 400 LTER Sites and 35 LTSER Platforms). LTER- Europe is the formal European regional group of the global ILTER network. It provides multiple networking activities with ©2016 eLTER project permanent governance structures. Brochure produced by Alessandra Pugnetti (CNR, Italy) and Andrew Sier (NERC-CEH, UK) with help from eLTER TA site managers (named in the site pages), Christoph Wohner and Herbert Haubold (both at UBA, Austria). Transnational Access scheme Site information and photographs kindly provided by The eLTER H2020 Transnational Access (TA) the site managers. scheme offers in-person (physical) access to 18 eLTER H2020 is a project funded by the European well-equipped, long-term ecosystem research Commission (GA: 654359), H2020 INFRAIA call 2014- 2015. For more information about the project and sites across major European socioeconomic European LTER facilities, visit www.lter-europe.net and environmental gradients in 17 countries. Set in Open Sans ©2016 OpenSans.com Licensed The 18 sites, which are described in this under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the “License”). brochure, were carefully selected so as to be You may obtain a copy of the License at: http://www. apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 most attractive to prospective users in terms

2 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 3 The Transnational Access sites Legend

Number Site name Country Page Access 1 Long-term ecosystem research and Austria 6 monitoring Zöbelboden All yr All year round access 2 (a,b) Zone Plaine et Val de Sèvre (ZAPVS) France 7 Some parts of site accessible by two wheel drive 2WD and Zone Atelier Alpes (ZAA) vehicle Some parts of site only accessible by four wheel 4WD 3 LH-Siptenfelde Germany 8 drive/off-road vehicle 4 Koiliaris Critical Zone Observatory Greece 9 Boat Some parts of site only accessble by boat (CZO) Snow is cleared from site (or snow clearing SC 5 Lake Maggiore Italy 10 equipment available) 6 Fruška Gora National Park Climate Serbia 11 change and Air Pollution Impact Transport available Studies Boat 7 Kindla Integrated Monitoring site Sweden 12 Boat available

8 (a,b) Burnsmuir and Cairngorms LTSER United 13 SM Snow mobile available platform Kingdom 9 Brasschaat – De Inslag Belgium 14 4WD Four wheel drive/off road vehicle available 10 Hyytiälä, SMEAR II LTER Finland 15 Find more on DEIMS 2WD Two wheel drive vehicle available 11 Rhine-Main-Observatory (RMO) Germany 16 i To view a site’s entry on the DEIMS database, simply append the 12 Kiskun LTER ExDRain field experiment Hungary 17 unique site code (e.g. LTER_EU_AT_003) to this web address: Accommodation 13 LTSER Northern Negev Israel 18 https://data.lter-europe.net/deims/site/site code here SR Staff room at site 14 LTSER Engure Latvia 19 10 15 LTSER Montado Portugal 20 beds Lodging available (number of beds indicated) 16 Braila Islands LTSER Romania 21 10 17 Postojna Planina Cave System (PPCS) Slovenia 22 Observation facilities 18 ICTS-Doñana LTSER Spain 23 7 °C Temperature-controlled container Selected publications for each site are listed on pages 24-27 8b 14 AB 8a Aquatic monitoring buoy

T can Measuring tower in tree canopy

T 9 3 <10m Measuring tower less than 10m above canopy 11 T >10m Measuring tower more than 10m above canopy 1 12 2a 16 5 17 6 2b Power supply Permanent power: Power Power Power Distributed across site / Available at a dist cent central location / No details 15 Permanent power available:

18 <1 1-5 5-10 10-100 >100 kW kW kW kW kW 4 13 Data transmission facilities

Data >< Data transmission within the site

Data <> Data transmission from the site

4 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 5 Austria France

Zöbelboden LTER SOERE Réseau des Zones Ateliers - Zone Atelier Plaine KARST FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN AUSTRIA & Val de Sèvre (ZAPVS) and The Zöbelboden was established in 1992 as the only Zone Atelier Alpes (ZAA) Integrated Monitoring station in Austria under the UN Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution FRENCH ALPS AND LARGE AGRICULTURAL (CLRTAP). In 2006 it became part of LTER Austria. The SYSTEM DEIMS: Zöbelboden covers a small forested catchment (90 ha) DEIMS: of a karstic mountain range (500 to 950 m above sea LTER_EU_FR_001 LTER_EU_AT_003 The infrastructure SOERE RZA is the French LTER network LTER_EU_FR_009 level) in the Kalkalpen national park. Monitoring and and the ZAs constitute long-term observatories of research is focussing on air pollution effects on forested anthropoecosystems over various territories and all main catchments and its interaction with climate change. The ecosystem types, which make possible studying complex Zöbelboden represents one of the best known karst relationships between human activities, dynamics of catchments in Europe with long-term data series of the biodiversity, and changes in the biogeochemical cycles major components of its ecosystems. The Zöbelboden and ecosystem function. Two sites are open to access via is managed by the Umweltbundesamt GmbH. Sampling eLTER H2020: ZA Plaine & Val de Sèvre (ZAPVS) and Zone of chemical specimen is done by local staff. Chemical Atelier Alpes (ZAA). analyses are carried out by the laboratory of the Location: Reichraming, 200 km west of Vienna Umweltbundesamt in Vienna. All data and metadata Location: ZAPVS: 50 km from Poitiers or La from monitoring and research projects are stored in a Ecosystem(s): Temperate broadleaf and mixed Rochelle. semantically structured database. forests; temperate coniferous forests Purpose of site ZAA: situated in the northern French Research topics: Phenology, dendrochronology, PARTLY OBSERVATION Alps about 1 hour from Lyon and biodiversity, ecosystem diversity, PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION Geneva. Restricted access at some Purpose of site species diversity, air chemistry, times of year and to some areas depositions chemistry, soil The main purpose of the site is the study of long-term MAINLY OBSERVATION chemistry, water chemistry, soil effects of global change on mountain socio-ecosystems or Ecosystem(s): Temperate coniferous, broadleaf PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION solution chemistry, conservation, agricultural socio-ecosystems The expertise areas covered and mixed forests; farmland terrestrial ecology, population by the infrastructure are: biodiversity and functioning landscape, including mostly annual The main purpose is long-term observation of air ecology, plant ecology, community of ecosystems and landscapes, including agricultural crops, grasslands, and forest pollution and climate change effects on ecosystem ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscapes, the river and its floodplain and coastal fragments remnants. functions and services. Some small experiments are also microbial ecology, animal ecology, areas; archaeological and socio-economic studies of the carried out such as nitrogen fertilization. Effects of natural geography, biogeography, geology, relationships between human societies and ecosystems; Research topics: Agriculture, biodiversity, biology, forest disturbances are studied in detail. The scientific geomorphology, biogeochemistry, impact of global change, including greenhouse gases conservation, community ecology, focus is on air pollution and climate change effects on the land use history, hydrology, emissions; ecosystem pollution; natural resource ecosystem ecology biogeochemistry, in particular the carbon and nitrogen meteorology, climatology, depletion and biodiversity loss. Site Manager: ZAA: Thomas Spiegelberger, Irstea cycling, the hydrology, and biodiversity of the forested toxicology, ecotoxicology [email protected]; catchment. The data is used to reveal long-term trends of Philippe Choler, Univ. Grenoble ecosystem functions and services provided by forested Site Manager: Environment Agency Austria Alpes karst catchments. Thomas Dirnböck thomas.dirnboeck@ [email protected] Material inputs, pollutants and nutrients via air and umweltbundesamt.at; Johannes ZAPVS: Vincent Bretagnolle, Centre precipitation are measured as well as their effects on the Kobler Johannes.kobler@ d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé ecosystem, the soil, the runoff water and biodiversity. umweltbundesamt.at [email protected]

1-5 T Power >100 All yr 4WD SC SR °C 10 Power Data Data beds >10m cent kW All yr WD WD SR 2 4 beds dist >< <> Data Data >< <> Web link(s)

Web link(s) QQ ZAPVS: http://www.za.plainevalsevre.cnrs.fr/;

QQ ZAA: http://www.za-alpes.org/ QQ http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/en/services/ services_pollutants/services_airquality/en_ref_ zoebelboden/

QQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL-XnwiXr8Y

6 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 7 Germany Greece

Koiliaris Critical Zone TERENO - Siptenfelde Observatory (CZO) AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN THE LOWER MEDITERRANEAN KARSTIC WATERSHED HARZ MOUNTAINS The Koiliaris River watershed is a Critical Zone The site is a 4x4 km square within a landscape dominated Observatory that represents severely degraded soils by forest (61 % cover) and arable fields (18 % cover). It due to heavy agricultural impact such as grazing, over is part of the TERENO observation network. Biodiversity many centuries. It represents Mediterranean soils under components that are regularly surveyed include breeding DEIMS: imminent threat of desertification (soil carbon loss) due DEIMS: birds, butterflies, hoverflies, bees and plants. Soil moisture LTER_EU_DE_026 to climate change that is predicted by the UN IPCC for the CZO_EU_GR_01 and ground water levels are measured continuously. region over the next century. The total area is 130 sqkm and the total length of the river is 36 km. There are 17 local communities in the catchment. Purpose of site Intensive hydrological and geochemical monitoring has been conducted since 2004 while the site has PARTLY OBSERVATION historical data since the ‘60s. In addition, high-frequency PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION hydrological and water quality monitoring stations have been deployed to obtain data for the characterization Location: 70 km from UFZ in Halle Location: 25 km east of Chania, Crete The main focus is on the investigation of long-term effects of the hydrological and biogeochemical processes with varying process response-times. There are 3 of different land use intensities on biodiversity and Ecosystem(s): Agricultural, temperate grasslands, Ecosystem(s): Agricultural, Forest, Mediterranean meteorological stations within the watershed and several ecosystem services and of water balance characteristics temperate broadleaf and forests, woodlands, and scrub outside. Water quality data of surface and groundwater at the landscape scale, including feedbacks and mixed forests interaction with climatological, pedological, topographical have been collected since 2004. Research topics: Biodiversity, sediment chemistry, and ecological factors. Biodiversity surveys cover vascular Research topics: Phenology, biodiversity, species soil chemistry, water chemistry, plants (every two to three years), arthropods (yearly; diversity, terrestrial ecology, plant soil solution chemistry, terrestrial mainly pollinators using combined flight traps) and birds ecology, vegetation dynamics, ecology, geology, history, land (every three years). These surveys of vegetation, land use, community ecology, community Purpose of site use history, hydrography, dynamics, ecosystem ecology, hydrology, agriculture, silviculture, birds and arthropods have been conducted since 2009 MAINLY OBSERVATION (birds) and 2010 (insects). Vegetation data from the 90s ecosystem function, ecosystem meteorology, climate monitoring, PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION are also available. service, animal ecology climate change Site Manager: Mark Frenzel, UFZ Helmholtz Centre Koiliaris CZO is an exemplary site for studying the Site Manager: Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Technical for Environmental Research Mediterranean soils under imminent threat of University of Crete [email protected] desertification due to climate change. The main type [email protected] of soil degradation in the basin is water erosion, which is due to the clearing of forests and natural vegetation for cropping and livestock grazing. De-vegetation and Power >100 Data Data All yr 4WD SR Power All yr SC 2WD inappropriate cultivation practices induces soil organic dist kW >< <> matter losses making soils susceptible to erosion and desertification with global consequences for food Web link(s) security, climate change, biodiversity, water quality, Web link(s) and agricultural economy. Key research questions QQ http://www.ufz.de/exploratories/index. investigated at Koiliaris CZO are the following: water QQ http://www.koiliaris-czo.tuc.gr php?en=22427 resources management and sustainable management QQ http://www.herslab.tuc.gr of soils, hydrological modelling of complex terrains, high frequency environmental monitoring, soil degradation and soil formation, stream and ground water chemistry.

8 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 9 Italy Serbia

Lago Maggiore Fruška gora National Park: Climate change and Air LARGE SUBALPINE LAKE Pollution Impact Studies

Lake Maggiore is the second largest and deepest Italian ISLAND MOUNTAIN CHAIN subalpine lake. It was studied since the beginning of last century although not systematically. Regular researches started by the foundation in 1938 of the Italian Institute of Fruška gora is an isolated, narrow, island mountain in Pannonia plain. It is intended by river courses extending Hydrobiology “Dr. Marco De Marchi” in Verbania Pallanza DEIMS: DEIMS: to the south and north, with some side ranges with and allowed mainly to follow the trophic state evolution of LTER_EU_IT_045 LTER_EU_RS_001 the lake and the effect of global warming. Since 1978 the steep slopes, spreading from the main narrow range. lake is regularly monitored, in the frame of an international Its location, specific geological history and different agreement between Swiss and Italian Governments. microclimatic conditions make it very interesting and important to science.This mountain chain is about 80 km long; the widest part of the chain has the width of 15 km. The highest pick of the mountain is Crveni cot (549 Purpose of site m), but the chain looks massive because it surmounts ambient which is lowland.Fruska Gora’s valleys are MAINLY OBSERVATION covered with pastures and fertile fields, numerous Location: North west Italy, between the Location: 30 km from Novi Sad PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION Piedmont and Lombardy regions vineyards and orchards which decorate its lower slopes while higher ground, above 300 meters, is covered with Ecosystem(s): Temperate broadleaf and At the site and in the labs, the Institute CNR ISE performs Ecosystem(s): Large lake dense deciduous forests. mixed forest limnological research covering chemistry, hydrology, physics, plankton ecology, zoology, microbial ecology and Research topics: Biodiversity, ecosystem diversity, Research topics: Physiology, genetics, biodiversity, palaeolimnology. Other studies address anthropogenic species diversity, genetics, ecosystem diversity, species impacts, including climate change. phenology, taxonomy, chemistry, Purpose of site diversity, genetic diversity, water chemistry, aquatic conservation, terrestrial ecology, Core research topics ecology, community ecology, PARTLY OBSERVATION forest ecology, plant ecology, Hydrology and meteorology: analysis of long-term trends community dynamics, successional NO EXPERIMENTATION vegetation dynamics, community of rainfall pattern, focused on the possible effects of dynamics, trophic dynamics, ecology, successional dynamics, climatic changes. ecosystem ecology, ecosystem This site is founded to explore climate change and air ecosystem ecology, ecosystem service, ecosystem function, pollution impacts on forests, land use changes (primarily service, animal ecology, Plankton ecology: analysis of long-term changes of microbial ecology, paleoecology, in forest ecosystems), the structure and function of forest environmental science, pollution, planktonic assemblages under trophic and climatic population ecology, population ecosystems and its biodiversity and the structure and meteorology, climatology, climate forcing. Analysis of trophic relationships in zooplankton dynamics, population changes function of steppe habitats. monitoring, climate change using stable isotopes. Monitoring of phytoplankton over time, hydrology, limnology, Mt. Fruška Gora follows the best European practices blooms through remote sensing. paleolimnology, environmental Site Manager: Dusanka Krasic, University of Novi currently incorporated inside the framework of Sad Microbial ecology: analysis of long-term dynamics of science, pollution International Cooperative Programme on Assessment [email protected] organic carbon and aquatic bacteria; quantification of TEP Site Manager: Giuseppe Morabito, National and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forest, (Transparent Exopolymeric Particles); investigation on the Research Council of Italy, Institute operating under the UNECE Convention on Long-range development of antibiotic resistance in aquatic bacteria. Transboundary Air Pollution. 6-10 T Power <1 for Ecosystem Study All yr WD SC SR 2 beds °C >10m cent kW Hydrochemistry: analysis of long-term evolution of [email protected] Research conducted at the site focuses on forest the chemical parameters, in relation with trophic and biodiversity (vegetation, birds, small mammals) and Data Data climatic changes. Estimation of nutrients loads from the ecology of forest associated bio-indicators (Diptera), >< <> 10 catchment, analysing the chemistry of the tributaries. All yr Boat SC SR Power aiming to aid in their conservation. Genetic analyses are beds °C AB Taxonomic and functional characterization of fish fauna, also performed to determine the genetic status of certain focusing on resource competition and invasion of genera and their conservation implications. Additionally Web link(s) allochtonous species. species distribution models are used at the national scale Web link(s) to design conservation priority maps. QQ http://www.npfruskagora.co.rs/eng.html

Q QQ http://www.ise.cnr.it/lter/default.htm Q www.biosense.uns.ac.rs

10 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 11 Sweden United Kingdom

Kindla, Integrated Monitoring Burnsmuir & Cairngorms site LTSER platform

PROTECTED CONIFEROUS BLUEBERRY FOREST LOWLAND AND UPLAND SCOTTISH ECOSYSTEMS

Kindla is a highly instrumented forested catchment This site comprises two separate but linked sites belonging to the ICP-Integrated Monitoring network. in Scotland. Burnsmuir is a landscape area close to Measurements include meteorology, hydrology, Edinburgh. Within its area are two established research soil physics, mineralogy and chemistry, pore water/ locations, Whim Bog and Auchencorth Moss. The DEIMS: groundwater composition, surface water and biology. Cairngorms National Park LTSER Platform is further DEIMS: LTER_EU_ Vegetation, all plants from trees to bryophytes, is recorded north in the Scottish Highlands. Cairngorms National LTER_EU_UK_077 SE_001_002 at regular intervals from a grid with permanent plots. Park includes within it the Cairngorms Environmental Change Network LTER site. These sites are described separately in DEIMS (see the links provided). Burnsmuir & Cairngorms LTSER platform is the an umbrella site Purpose of site created to offer eLTER H2020 Transnational Access to the three facilities. Science is focussed on biosphere- MAINLY OBSERVATION atmosphere interactions, hydrology, climate and socio- NO EXPERIMENTATION ecological linkages. Auchencorth Moss site is a WMO-GAW Location: 200 km from Stockholm regional site and an EMEP supersite (UNECE/CLRTAP) with Process orientated biogeochemical monitoring of the Location: Burnsmuir: By car from CEH new laboratory space for visiting scientists. Real-time Edinburgh with CEH staff. forested landscape, within the ICP Inetraged Monitoring Ecosystem(s): Forest, Taiga measurements of aerosol composition and reactive gases framework. Research focuses on ecosystem hydrological Cairngorms LTSER: By car or public Research topics: Biodiversity, ecosystem diversity, are carried out routinely. Whim Bog is a globally unique balances and chemical budgets, climate and hydrological experiment designed to understand nitrogen deposition transport (nearest town: Aviemore) modelling, as well as acidification, eutrophication, toxic species diversity, atmospheric chemistry, interstitial water on ecosystems. A new ozone manipulation area was added Ecosystem(s): Agricultural, temperate coniferous metals and biodiversity. Main achievements include in 2015. Historic environmental data for Burnsmuir are important contributions to acidification research. chemistry, depositions chemistry, forests, temperate grasslands soil chemistry, water chemistry, available. The Cairngorms National Park is Britain’s largest and shrublands, montane, soil solution chemistry, terrestrial (4,528 km²); 36% of the park is over 800 m,2% over 1000 heathland ecology, forest ecology, population m. It is home to a rich diversity of wildlife and plants; 49% ecology, population dynamics, is designated as a Natura site and 25% as Sites of Scientific Research topics: Biodiversity, biogeochemistry, population changes over time, Importance. The land is in a heterogeneous mix of public chemistry, air chemistry, depositions plants population changes over and private ownership; 18,000 people call the Park their chemistry, soil chemistry, soil time, plant ecology, vegetation home and ~1.4m people visit the Park every year. solution chemistry, water dynamics, community ecology, chemistry, ecology, terrestrial successional dynamics, community ecology, hydrology, meteorology, dynamics, ecosystem ecology, Purpose of site climatology, climate change, ecosystem function, environmental climate monitoring science, pollution, geology, PARTLY OBSERVATION Site Manager: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology biogeochemistry, hydrology, PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION Burnsmuir: Ulli Dragosits meteorology, climatology, climate [email protected] monitoring Science is focussed on biosphere-atmosphere interactions, climate, ecosystem services and socio-ecological linkages. Cairngorms: Jan Dick Site Manager: Lars Lundin, Swedish University of [email protected] Agricultural Sciences At Auchencorth Moss in addition to the atmospheric [email protected] observatory, there is a unique fetch for micrometeorological measurements and it is studied for carbon and GHG Power 10-100 Data All yr 2WD 4WD 2WD 4WD SR catchment research and ecological processes. cent kW >< T Data All yr WD SC 4 <10m >< Whim Bog is a globally unique experiment testing the separate effects of dry-deposited, wet-deposited, oxidised, and reduced N, including direct acute impacts and long- Web link(s) term landscape change. Web link(s) QQ Whim Bog: http://data.lter-europe.net/deims/site/ Research in the Cairngorms National Park LTSER EXPEER-UK-03; http://www.whimbog.ceh.ac.uk/ QQ http://info1.ma.slu.se/IM/station/Kind.html platform focusses on integrated land management and environmental change involving managers, residents, QQ Auchencorth Moss: www.ceh.ac.uk/our-science/ biodiversity and visiting people. Research covers natural monitoring-site/auchencorth-moss-atmospheric- science disciplines (including atmospheric chemistry, observatory

climate change, terrestrial ecology, hydrology) and a range QQ Cairngorms ECN: http://data.lter-europe.net/deims/ of social science disciplines. site/LTER_EU_UK_058

QQ Cairngorms Nat. Park LTSER: http://data.lter-europe. net/deims/site/LTER_EU_UK_059

12 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 13 Belgium Finland

Brasschaat - De Inslag Hyytiälä SMEAR 2 LTER

SCOTS PINE FOREST FORESTRY FIELD STATION

The site under consideration is a 2 ha first generation The SMEAR site (Station for Measuring Ecosystem- plantation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand on Atmosphere Relations) is situated in the Hyytiälä Forestry former heathland (planting age = 1929) which belongs Field Station of the University of Helsinki. The site consists to a mixed coniferous/deciduous forest located in the of a managed, 50-yr old Scots pine forest stand, two open Campine region of Flanders. The site is equipped with DEIMS: oligotrophic fen sites and a humic lake with forested DEIMS: a measuring tower and a permanent intensive forest LTER_EU_BE_001 catchment. The main idea of SMEAR-type infrastructures LTER_EU_FI_007 condition monitoring plot (ICP Forests level II). is continuous, comprehensive measurements of fluxes, storages and concentrations in the land ecosystem– atmosphere continuum. The forest measurements are operated continuously since 1996, and include e.g. leaf, Purpose of site stand and ecosystem scale measurements of greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds, pollutants (e.g. MAINLY OBSERVATION O3, SO2, NOx) and aerosols, in addition to full suite of NO EXPERIMENTATION meteorological measurements. The biogeochemical Location: 20 km from Antwerp (main station) cycles and vegetation – soil – atmosphere interactions Location: 25 km from Orivesi and 210 km The research infrastructure in Brasschaat is mainly used are studied both experimentally and with long-term from Helsinki for intensive forest condition monitoring (ICP Forests), Ecosystem(s): Mixed forest, temperate observations. The site has full carbon, water and soil–vegetation-atmosphere transfer of nutrients coniferous forests nitrogen budgets made over 10 years, and it is a full ICOS Ecosystem(s): Boreal forest/taiga, fresh water (nitrogen, base cations, sulphur), dynamic soil chemistry ecosystem station. lakes Research topics: Biogeochemistry, air chemistry, modelling and observation of greenhouse gases (CO2, depositions chemistry, soil Research topics: Physiology, ecophysiology, N2O, CH4, O3) in the atmosphere and soil compartment. chemistry, soil solution chemistry, phenology, biodiversity, ecosystem Meteorological variables are measured using sensors hydrology, meteorology Purpose of site diversity, atmospheric chemistry, mounted on the 40m high measuring tower or isotopic chemistry, depositions located within the 2 ha study zone. Air concentration Site Manager: Johan Neirynck MAINLY OBSERVATION chemistry, soil chemistry, water measurements are conducted at different heights up [email protected] chemistry, soil solution chemistry, the measuring tower using slow response monitors (O , PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION 3 terrestrial ecology, forest ecology, NO ) for profile analysis or dry deposition calculations. x Research focuses on the ecosystem properties, population ecology, population Measurements of air pollutants (SO , nitrogen compounds, T Power 10-100 Data 2 All yr 4WD °C biogeochemical cycles, ecosystem-atmosphere dynamics, plant ecology, vegetation etc.) are also made at a single height using passive >10m cent kW >< interaction, and how this is linked to vegetation types dynamics, ecosystem ecology, samplers. There is an eddy-covariance system for flux and structures, either in different ecosystems or resulting ecosystem function, ecosystem measurements (heat, momentum, water vapour, CO 2 from vegetation management and land use. The main service, microbial ecology, fungal and other greenhouse gases) to study the exchange of Web link(s) aim is continuous, comprehensive measurements of ecology, aquatic ecology, wetland greenhouse gases between the forest and the atmosphere. fluxes, storages and concentrations (biogeochemical ecology, stream ecology, lake QQ https://www.elter.be/brasschaat cycles and vegetation–soil–atmosphere interactions) in ecology, pollution, geology, the land ecosystem–atmosphere continuum. biogeochemistry, history, land use history, limnology, management, silviculture, meteorology, climatology, climate monitoring, climate change, atmospheric physics, soil physics

Site Manager: Janne Levula, University of Helsinki [email protected]

10 All yr WD SC Boat SM WD SR 2 4 beds

T T T Power >100 Data Data °C can <10m >10m cent kW >< <>

Web link(s)

QQ http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/SMEAR/index.php/smear- ii

14 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 15 Germany Hungary

Rhine-Main Observatory Kiskun LTER ExDRain field (RMO) experiment

RIVER AND FLOODPLAIN ECOSYSTEM PANNONIAN SAND GRASSLAND

The Rhine-Main-Observatory (RMO) covers the catchment Kiskum LTER ExDrain is a highly equipped climate change area of the Kinzig River in Hesse, Germany (~1000km²). experiment for studying the separate and interactive Situated at the fringe of the Rhine-Main area, the second effects of a single extreme drought and chronic (multi- largest metropolitan area in Germany, the Kinzig river year) manipulation of precipitation (drought and divides three lower mountain ranges (Rhön, Vogelsberg, DEIMS: water addition). The field station makes continuous DEIMS: Spessart). This makes the RMO a highly fragmented LTER_EU_DE_018 measurements of basic soil and weather parameters LTER_EU_HU_012 mosaic of different land cover and land use types, and has instruments for measuring soil and ecosystem with intensely used areas interspersed with patches of respiration, field spectrometry, soil moisture content, etc. wilderness area (partly nature reserves/Natura2000). The RMO was started officially in 2007, however many of the data series started earlier. The scientific focus of Purpose of site the work in the RMO is on understanding the role of land use and (micro-) climate in shaping meta-community PARTLY OBSERVATION structures in a fragmented river-floodplain ecosystem. PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION The core area for intensive monitoring is the 100km² of Location: 40 km from Frankfurt city and Location: 110 km from Budapest floodplain in the lower parts of the catchment. About 1/3 Frankfurt international airport The main focus is on the effects of elements of weather events connected to climate change like extreme drought, Ecosystem(s): Temperate grasslands, savannas, of this core area is covered with open landscape, forest Ecosystem(s): River and shrublands and settlements, respectively. The monitoring comprises annual drought, and increased level of precipitation on the composition and functioning of a semi-arid grassland, 21 permanent reference monitoring plots, as well as Research topics: Biology, conservation, plant ecology, Research topics: Biology, conservation, ecology, by means of a long term field experiment: Kiskun additional context-dependent monitoring schemes. vegetation dynamics, community management, meteorology, LTER ExDrain. The experiment is designed to study (a) ecology, successional dynamics, social sciences vegetation composition and net primary productivity, (b) community dynamics, aquatic fine-scale plant species assembly, (c) plant quantitative ecology, wetland ecology, stream Site Manager: Miklós Kertész, MTA Centre for anatomy, (d) litter decomposition, (e) soil athropode Purpose of site ecology, hydrology, limnology Ecological Research diversity, (f) nematode diversity, (f) fungi diversity, (g) plant [email protected] MAINLY OBSERVATION Site Manager: Marlen Maehrlein root biomass and activity, (h) decomposition and net PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION [email protected] ecosystem exchange. 6-10 T Power Power All yr 4WD 2WD SR Research within the RMO aims at investigating beds <10m cent dist biodiversity patterns and ecological processes in 25 Power 10-100 Data All yr 2WD SR Data Data complex, fragmented landscapes. Research focusses on beds cent kW >< >< <> different habitats in streams and their floodplains, along a gradient of land use intensity, including areas with natural vegetation, agricultural and settlement areas. It Web link(s) Web link(s) is through this comprehensive long-term and large-scale approach that far-reaching conclusions about the causes QQ http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id QQ http://www.kiskun.lter.hu/en of changes in biodiversity can be drawn. This in turn, =15596&PHPSESSID=dkqm8k40r69b3fq7duigj4dvor4 allows the prediction of the effects of future land-use f6of8&abteilungID=26&institutID=1 or climate-induced changes on biodiversity as well as to infer recommendations for the protection of endangered species and habitats.

16 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 17 Israel Latvia

LTSER Northern Negev LTSER Engure

DRYLAND ECOSYSTEM INLAND AND MARINE WETLANDS

LTSER-Negev is composed of five LTER sites (Shaked, Lake Engure is a remnant of the Litorina sea, formed about Lehavim, Migda, Shagririm, and Yatir) and the area 4000 years ago. It sits within a 644 km2 drainage area. Part between them. It is a semi-arid climatic zone and it of the territory is the Lake Engure Nature Park, a Ramsar includes semi-arid scrubland, dry-land agriculture, site including unique inland and marine wetlands. Most planted forests of various densities, as well as various DEIMS: of the drainage area is covered by pine forests, but there DEIMS: settled areas. Since water is the main limited factor for LTER_EU_IL_005 are also large areas of marshlands, meadows, deciduous LTER_EU_LV_001 natural ecosystems and agriculture, our sites represent forests, dunes and agricultural lands. 186 bird species three prevailing methods of dry land management: and 844 vascular plant species have been recorded in (1) Rainfed Afforestation (RFA) where direct rainfall is the area. 44 species of birds, 5 fish species and 3 plant the main water resource and planted trees replace species are protected at European level, 23 habitats are the natural growing shrubs; (2) Runoff Harvesting in EU habitat directive. The ecosystems of the area have Afforestation (RHA) that spatially integrates natural been changed by different human activities and are and human-made systems in order to harvest runoff historically well documented. The most important activities water from the natural system and concentrate it into in ancient times included regulation of water level, hay water-enriched patches where trees are planted; and Location: 20-30 km from Beer Sheva making, pasturing, hunting, and fishery. The traditional Location: 100 km from Riga (3) intensive and extensive grazing system based on settlement type was the former fishermen’s village, which Ecosystem(s): Deserts and xeric shrublands Ecosystem(s): Agricultural, Coastal, Temperate rainfed and runoff harvesting methods. Interdisciplinary is characterized by its linear structure along the seashore studies are conducted around these sites including coniferous forests, Fresh Water Research topics: Watershed ecology, plant ecology, and farmsteads inland. During the past decade, such hydro-geo-ecology research, ecosystem services, Lakes climate change, land use change, settlements have been subject to a wave of summer biodiversity, climate change, land use, remote sensing, desertification, grazing, ecosystem cottage, second home and guest house construction. The Research topics: Dendrochronology, biodiversity, and afforestation. engineers, landscape ecology, agriculture and main industry (fishing and fish processing) ecosystem diversity, species ecosystem processes, remote has sharply declined. Nowadays, the highest number diversity, sediment chemistry, water sensing, spectroscopy, spatial of employees is in the service sector (wholesale, cater- chemistry, population ecology, Purpose of site analysis, socio-ecology, ing,tourism and leisure industries). This presents a new population dynamics, population pedology, hydrology kind of pressure to the ecosystems of the region. changes over time, community PARTLY OBSERVATION ecology, successional dynamics, Site Manager: Moshe Shachak, Ben Gurion aquatic ecology, marine ecology, MAINLY EXPERIMENTATION University lake ecology, environmental science, [email protected] Purpose of site The site was established for understanding the structure pollution, geology, sedimentology, and the function of the dryland ecosystems, including MAINLY OBSERVATION land use history, hydrology, the social dimension, in order to understand the limnology, meteorology, social Data NO EXPERIMENTATION socioecological system of the Negev. Main study topics All yr 2WD SR °C Power >< sciences, sociology, demography are: structure, function and management of water The site serves as a model for investigating the limited ecosystems, multispectral and hyperspectral Site Manager: Viesturs Melecis, University of Latvia functioning of socio-ecological systems of a boreonemoral [email protected] remote sensing methods over dry-land ecosystems, geo- Web link(s) zone under moderate anthropogenic pressure. hydro-ecological issues in dry-lands, agro-ecosystems Research includes: (i) solving problems of optimization in dry-lands, trade-off among water use, carbon QQ www.bgu.ac.il of ecosystem services and sustainable development of 1-5 Power 5-10 All yr 2WD 2WD SR sequestration, and radiation budgets, social-ecological the region; (ii) investigation of long-term processes in beds cent kW interactions and promoting the integration of social QQ http://www.kkl.org.il/research-and-development/ lake water and sediment communities on the backround science research into LTSER focusing on the social forestry-research/lter/ of climate warming and changing land use in the drivers on land transformation. drainage area of the lake; (iii) investigation of long-term Web link(s) successional changes in different plant communities; (iv) investigation of grass-dwelling arthropod communities QQ http://www.lubi.edu.lv/index2.php?lang=2&sid=122 on the background of climate warming; (v) studies of dynamics of breeding bird fauna (species richness and abundance) in relation to different environmental both natural and anthropogenic factors, with the main focus on ducks, larids, waders and coot; (vi) water bird habitat management.

18 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 19 Portugal Romania

LTSER-Montado Braila Islands LTSER

MEDITERRANEAN AGRO-SYLVO-PASTORAL COMPLEX INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH WOODLAND FACILITY

Cork (Quercus suber) and holm (Q. ilex) oaks were the The LTSER platform is composed of a complex research dominant oak species in the Iberian Peninsula since the facility located in the city of Braila, a series of distributed end of the last glaciation. Despite of the large overlap field monitoring and research stations to cover the DEIMS: between both, cork-oak was confined to the mild western spatial heterogeneity of the LTSER platform and a LTER_EU_RO_006 regions while holm oak was and still is the dominant oak complete automated real time measurements station. over most of the Centre and East, subjected to a harsher This is complemented by a complex research platform continental climate. Millennia of land clearing driven by DEIMS: developed in Bucharest and able to support all field humans and the need for agricultural land lead to the LTER_EU_PT_001 research activities with complex determinations. almost complete elimination of cork oaks from the Centre and North of Portugal. However, in the dry lowlands south of river Tajus, the impossibility of land irrigation and the poor soil quality were two of the main drivers Purpose of site Location: Located in and near the city of Braila that contributed to the establishment of the montado Location: LTSER Montado integrates five agro-sylvo-pastoral system. Today, roughly 90% of PARTLY OBSERVATION Ecosystem(s): Agricultural, temperate broadleaf research and monitoring stations Portuguese cork-oak montados are found in Alentejo and PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION and mixed forests, small lakes, ranging from 25 to 200 km the alluvial plains of the Tajus and Sado rivers, which well large rivers from Lisbon drained sandy soils correspond to an ecological optimum Large scale studies of ecological systems focus on Research topics: Phenology, taxonomy, interstitial for this species. When compared with holm oaks, cork- Ecosystem(s): Mediterranean forests, woodlands, population/species, compartments (primary producers, water chemistry, sediment oaks are relatively fragile, being unable to withstand and scrub consumers, decomposers), ecosystems, complex of severe droughts and continental climates or calcareous ecosystems (landscapes/waterscapes), integration of chemistry, water chemistry, soils. Therefore, as one proceeds south of the Tajus, the Research topics: Phenology, dendrochronology, socio-economical research data and monitoring. Socio- conservation, terrestrial ecology, flatlands become divided between the coastal cork-oak biodiversity, species diversity, ecological analysis started almost 15 years ago, in forest ecology, plant ecology, montados and the inland holm oak montados. In spite of conservation, animal ecology, order to link the research and monitoring activities with vegetation dynamics, community their physiological differences, holm oak forests were also history, land use history, scenarios for sustainable development. ecology, trophic dynamics, cleared and the same pattern emerged, with most holm management, silviculture, ecosystem ecology, ecosystem The main focus of the site is on: oak montados occurring nowadays in inland Alentejo. meteorology, climatology, climate function, ecosystem service, Montado areas are in fact the western limit of the Spanish monitoring QQ identification of the Socio-Ecological Complexes at aquatic ecology, wetland ecology, dehesas; their aggregated area constitutes the largest different scales; stream ecology, lake ecology, Margarida Santos-Reis, Faculty of extension of montado ecosystem in the world. Site Manager: environmental science, pollution, Sciences, University of Lisbon QQ selection, testing and use of tools for social geology, biogeochemistry, history, [email protected] and economic valuation of the ecosystems and land use history, hydrography, landscapes services; hydrology, limnology, management, Purpose of site QQ adapting and development of a complex set of indices fishery, agriculture, silviculture, 6-10 Power All yr WD WD meteorology, climatology, climate 4 4 beds cent for monitoring and assessment of the structural and MAINLY OBSERVATION functional integrity and capacity of natural capital and monitoring, climate change, soil PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION sustainability of socio-ecological complexes. physics, social sciences, sociology, toxicology, ecotoxicology The purpose of the site is to study the structure and Web link(s) functioning of the montado ecosystem and landscape, Site Manager: Mihai Adamescu, University of including the social dimension and global change (climate QQ http://www.ltsermontado.pt/ Bucharest/Research Centre in change and land-use intensity) effects on ecosystem Systems Ecology and Sustainability functions and services. [email protected] The main core research encompasses the classical

LTER objectives and goes further, aiming to understand 6 Power <1 All yr Boat Boat WD SR how montado functioning and ability to provide 4 beds °C cent kW ecosystem services respond to land-use changes under Data Data a desertification scenario predicted by global climate >< <> change models.

Web link(s)

QQ http://lter.ro

20 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 21 Slovenia Spain

Postojna-Planina Cave ICTS-Doñana System

CAVE SYSTEMS MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL WETLANDS AND DUNE SYSTEM Postojnska jama (Postojna cave) is a part of the Postojna- Planina cave system (PPCS), the most biologically Doñana National Park is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, diverse cave in the world. Postojnska jama is a cradle of a Ramsar Site and a Natural World Heritage Site. It speleobiology, a locus typicus of the cave beetle Leptodirus contains the largest wetland in Western Europe, an hochenwarti, the first recognized cave adapted animal, and DEIMS: intricate matrix of marshes, phreatic lagoons, a 25 DEIMS: many other aquatic and terrestrial species. PPCS consists LTER_EU_ km-long dune ecosystem with its respective shoreline LTER_EU_ES_001 of 30 km of passages, hydrologically connected by 0.8 SI_002_001 and representative Mediterranean terrestrial plant km of unmapped stream passage, and has more known communities. The wealth of its aquatic and terrestrial species of stygobionts (obligate, permanent resident of ecosystems (beaches, sand dunes, marshlands, aquatic subterranean habitats) than any other cave or scrubland, pine tree forests, streams, lagoons, etc) other subterranean site in the world. endows it a set of unique characteristics to house a large amount of species, amongst which some emblematic ones can be highlighted, such as the Iberian lynx and Location: SW Andalusia at the mouth of the the Spanish Imperial eagle. The marshland plays a Purpose of site Guadalquivir River Location: 1.5 km from Postojna critical role as a stopover, breeding and wintering point MAINLY OBSERVATION Ecosystem(s): Underground habitats, caves for thousands of European, Iberian and African birds, Ecosystem(s): Marshes, active sand dunes, PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION making it an ecosystem with a very high ecological value temporal ponds, Mediterranean Research topics: Biology, biodiversity, chemistry, and biodiversity. shrublands and woodlands At the site and in the laboratories, interdisciplinary conservation, ecology, geography, karstological research covering biology, microbiology, geology, history, hydrology, Research topics: Biodiversity, biological invasions, chemistry, hydrology, physics, geology, cave meteorology, meteorology conservation management, ecology, and geomorphology is performed. Studies Purpose of site wetland ecology, integrative Site Manager: Research Centre of the Slovenian address biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems and ecology, ecophisiology, plant- Academy of Sciences and Arts, Karst MAINLY OBSERVATION karst landscapes, anthropogenic impacts, climate change animal interactions, evolutionary Research Institute PARTLY EXPERIMENTATION and socio-economic impacts. The research activities and molecular ecology, population Tanja Pipan mainly concern: dynamics, adaptive restoration, [email protected]; Mitja Prelovšek Long-Term Ecological Monitoring in the site is carried out extreme climatic events, remote QQ cave climate observation (the objective is to [email protected] on an ecosystem basis (wetlands, terrestrial, atmospheric), sensing applications, landscape characterise (micro) meteorologic and climatic focused on species (threatened) and following a multi-scale ecology, GHG monitoring patterns in Postojnska jama that includes setting up approach (individual, location, transect, plot, landscape). and maintenance of cave meteorological stations, 1-5 Power Conservation objectives include the preservation of Site Manager: Ricardo Diaz-Delgado, Estación All yr 2WD SC 4WD SR °C data analysis and modelling, as well as measurement beds cent critically endangered species (Iberian Lynx, Spanish Biológica de Doñana-CSIC of environmental parameters, like air and water Imperial Eagle, Marbled Teal), of the abundance of [email protected] temperature, humidity, air pressure, direction and waterfowl, and of Mediterranean wetlands and terrestrial ecosystems. The research and monitoring programme on intensity of air flow and CO2 concentration) Web link(s) 26 T natural processes and resources collects systematically All yr WD WD WD SR QQ monitoring of stream water and percolation water 4 4 2 beds °C >10m QQ http://www.zrc-sazu.si/en/enote the indicators on the status of landscape, vegetation, (various biological, ecological and physico-chemical threatened flora, limnology, mammals, birds, amphibians Power <1 Data Data parameters are regularly measured and analysed) QQ http://lter.zrc-sazu.si/ and reptiles, approached in a transversal way through dist kW >< <> QQ anthropogenic impact and tourist use is monitored geophysical, biological and management processes. using air parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, CO ) and surface bioburden indicators 2 Web link(s) QQ karst hydrogeology (characterization of groundwater flow and solute transport in selected karst aquifers QQ www.ebd.csic.es by long-term and event-based analyses) QQ http://icts.ebd.csic.es/CambiarIdiomaAction. do?idioma=ingles QQ remote sensing data analyses.

22 eLTER Site Catalogue www.lter-europe.net 23 QQ Cornulier, T., Yoccoz, N.G., Bretagnolle, V., Brommer, J.E., antibiotic resistance genes within the bacterial community QQ Zetterberg, T., Köhler, S.J., Löfgren, S., 2014. Sensitivity Selected publications Butet, A., Ecke, F., Elston, D.A., Framstad, E., Henttonen, of a large subalpine lake. Molecular Ecology 24, 3888–3900. analyses of MAGIC modelled predictions of future impacts H., Hörnfeldt, B., Huitu, O., Imholt, C., Ims, R.A., Jacob, J., doi:10.1111/mec.13293 of whole-tree harvest on soil calcium supply and stream Jędrzejewska, B., Millon, A., Petty, S.J., Pietiäinen, H., Tkadlec, acid neutralizing capacity. Science of the Total Environment QQ Manca, M., Rogora, M., Salmaso, N., 2015. Inter-annual E., Zub, K., Lambin, X., 2013. Europe-wide dampening of 494, 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.114 ZÖBELBODEN climate variability and zooplankton: applying teleconnection population cycles in keystone herbivores. Science 340, QQ Dirnböck, T., Grandin, U., Bernhardt-Römermann, M., indices to two deep subalpine lakes in Italy. Journal of 63–66. doi:10.1126/science.1228992 BURNSMUIR AND THE CAIRNGORMS LTSER Beudert, B., Canullo, R., Forsius, M., Grabner, M.-T., Limnology 74, 123–132. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2014.1014 PLATFORM Holmberg, M., Kleemola, S., Lundin, L., Mirtl, M., Neumann, QQ Henry, M., Bertrand, C., Le Feon, V., Requier, F., Odoux, J.-F., QQ Rogora, M., Mosello, R., Kamburska, L., Salmaso, N., QQ Dick, J., Andrews, C., Beaumont, D., Benham, S., Dodd,N., M., Pompei, E., Salemaa, M., Starlinger, F., Staszewski, T., Aupinel, P., Bretagnolle, V., Decourtye, A., 2014. Pesticide Cerasino, L., Leoni, B., Garibaldi, L., Soler, V., Lepori, F., Pallett, D., Rose, R., Schafer, S., Scott, T., Smith R., Turner, Uziębło, A.K., 2014. Forest floor vegetation response to risk assessment in free-ranging bees is weather and Colombo, L., Buzzi, F., 2015. Recent trends in chloride A., Watson., H., 2015. Analysis of temporal change in nitrogen deposition in Europe. Global Change Biology 20, landscape dependent. Nature Communications 5, 4359. and sodium concentrations in the deep subalpine lakes delivery of ecosystem services over 20 years at long 429–440. doi:10.1111/gcb.12440 doi:10.1038/ncomms5359 (Northern Italy). Environmental Science and Pollution term monitoring sites of the UK Environmental Change QQ Dirnböck, T., Kobler, J., Kraus, D., Grote, R., Kiese, R., Research 22, 19013–19026. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5090-6 Network. Ecological Indicators 68, 115-125. doi:10.1016/j. SIPTENFELDE 2016. Impacts of management and climate change ecolind.2016.02.021 QQ Martini, E., Wollschläger, U., Kögler, S., Behrens, T., QQ Saidi, H., Ciampittiello, M., Dresti, C., Ghiglieri, G., 2015. on nitrate leaching in a forested karst area. 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