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The Targum of Zephaniah Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture

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The Targum of Zephaniah Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture The Targum of Zephaniah Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture Managing Editor Paul V.M. Flesher University of Wyoming Editorial Board Bruce Chilton Bard College Willem Smelik University College, London Johannes C. de Moor Theological University, Kampen Moshe Bernstein Yeshiva University Josep Ribera University of Barcelona VOLUME 7 The Targum of Zephaniah Manuscripts and Commentary By Ahuva Ho LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ho, Ahuva, 1943- The targum of Zephaniah : manuscripts and commentary / by Ahuva Ho. p. cm. — (Studies in the Aramaic interpretation of Scripture, ISSN 1570-1336 ; v. 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17180-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Bible. O.T. Zephaniah. Aramaic—Versions—Targum Jonathan. 2. Bible. O.T. Zephaniah—Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish. I. Title. II. Series. BS1645.52.H62 2009 224’.96042—dc22 2008048749 ISSN: 1570-1336 ISBN: 978 90 04 17180 0 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Preface ......................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations .................................................................. ix Chapter One Introduction ...................................................... 1 1.1 Prologue ............................................................................. 1 1.2 The Nature of Targum Jonathan ..................................... 3 1.3 The Identity of TJ and the Problems of Translation ..... 4 1.4 Overview of Research ....................................................... 10 1.5 The Function of Targumim ............................................. 25 1.6 Some Notes on the Yemenite Targumic Tradition .......... 28 1.7 Research into TJ Zephaniah ............................................. 30 1.8 Methodology ...................................................................... 32 Chapter Two The Manuscripts ............................................... 35 2.1 General Observations ........................................................ 35 2.1.1 Palestinian Ms ........................................................ 37 2.1.2 Babylonian-Yemenite Mss ..................................... 41 2.1.3 Ashkenazi Mss ....................................................... 50 2.1.4 Sepharadi Mss ....................................................... 62 2.2 Examination of TJ Zephaniah—Stemmatic Research ............................................................................. 69 2.2.1 Palestinian Ms ....................................................... 69 2.2.2 Babylonian Mss ..................................................... 76 2.2.3 Yemenite Mss ........................................................ 83 2.2.4 Babylonian and Yemenite MSS—Comparison .... 101 2.2.5 Ashkenazi Mss ....................................................... 102 2.2.6 Sepharadi Mss ....................................................... 134 2.2.7 True Variants ......................................................... 168 2.2.8 Rashi and Radaq as Witnesses on TJ .................. 173 2.3 The Scribes ........................................................................ 180 Chapter Three Commentary .................................................. 185 3.1 Prologue ............................................................................. 185 3.2 Two Targumic Toseftot ........................................................ 189 3.3 Chapter 1 ........................................................................... 192 vi contents 3.4 Chapter 2 ........................................................................... 252 3.5 Chapter 3 ........................................................................... 306 Chapter Four Conclusions ....................................................... 409 4.1 Targum’s Expressions and Concerns ................................ 409 4.2 Targum’s Characteristics ................................................... 411 4.2.1 The Concept of God ........................................... 411 4.2.2 Man and God ....................................................... 412 4.2.3 Idolatry ................................................................. 412 4.2.4 Fear of God and Sin ............................................ 413 4.2.5 Prayer ................................................................... 413 4.2.6 Reward of the Righteous and Punishment of the Wicked .................................................................. 413 4.2.7 Mysticism ............................................................. 414 4.2.8 Eschatology .......................................................... 415 4.2.9 The Love of Israel ................................................ 415 4.2.10 Geographical Names ............................................ 416 4.2.11 Modifi cation ......................................................... 416 4.2.12 Clarifi cation .......................................................... 417 4.2.13 Confl ation ............................................................ 418 4.3 Targum Jonathan and Rabbinic Teaching ....................... 418 4.4 Historical Allusions and Dating ........................................ 420 4.5 The Manuscripts and Their stemmas ............................... 424 4.5.1 Stemmas ............................................................... 425 4.6 The Toseftot ......................................................................... 426 4.7 True Variants ..................................................................... 426 4.8 The Erosion of TJ ............................................................. 427 Bibliography ................................................................................ 431 Indices Sigla of Mss according to the Institute of Microfi lmed Hebrew Manuscripts of the Jewish National and University Library ( JNUL) ...................................................................... 445 Index of Names ...................................................................... 447 Index of Biblical Passages ...................................................... 451 Index of Post-Biblical Passages .............................................. 455 PREFACE This study could not have been completed without the help of the following librarians and libraries. My deepest thanks go first and foremost to Dr. Benjamin Richler and Yael Okun of the Institute of Microfi lmed Hebrew Manuscripts at the National Library of the Hebrew University, who supplied me with all the photocopies and the majority of the descriptive information. Their attentiveness and kindness have been unmatched. Many thanks to Ilana Tahan and Sut- ton Hedley of the British Library. Thank you, Ms Tahan, for taking time to host my husband and myself at the British Library. Thanks to Judit Balatz of the Budapest Magyar tudomanyos akademia who kept the library open for me after hours. Thanks to Sara Diamant of the New York Jewish Theological Seminary ( JTS), Tara C. Craig of The Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Columbia University, Dr. Hartmut-Orwin Feistel of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Mag. Michael Grünwald of the Gottweig Stiftsbibliothek, Laurent Hericher of the Paris Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and Aurora Diez Baños of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid Library. A special thank you is sent to Betty Clement of the Clairmont School of Theology for her unyielding support above and beyond her call of duty. Thanks must be given to all my most learned and respected teachers from the Hebrew University, the University of Judaism (the current American Jewish University), and Clairmont Graduate School, who guided my academic journey. Sincere thanks are due to Prof. Paul V.M. Flesher, and Brill’s editors Mattie Kuiper, Camila Werner, and Marleen Schouten-Vink, for their guidance throughout the publication process. Thanks to my students who enjoy and appreciate our weekly meet- ings, and especially Howard Mirowitz, whose stylistic suggestions have been most welcomed. Much appreciation to Ruth Abers who dedicated long hours to help me with the indices, and took care of me when I was sick. A special acknowledgment must be made to the Israeli scholar, poet and writer, Mr. Mordekhai Yitzhari, whose help in deciphering and discerning Yemenite colophons, have been immeasurable. viii preface And last but not least, I thank my family: My late father, my teacher and rabbi, Haim Ofri, who introduced me to Rashi and Targum, at a tender age; my children, Dr. Harel A. Ho, Dr. Claire L. Ho, and Ofer B. Ho, who have unfalteringly expressed their pride and love; my daughter-in-law, Joyce Tamanaha-Ho, whose literary skills have illuminated this study from its fi rst steps; my adorable grandchildren who keep me smiling, and my precious husband,
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