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Nature Et Obligations Du Mariage Selon La Doctrine Juive Traditionnelle

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Nature Et Obligations Du Mariage Selon La Doctrine Juive Traditionnelle 6/6 R3iX SOPHIE RÉGNIÈRE UNE UNION PROCLAMÉE AU CIEL : NATURE ET OBLIGATIONS DU MARIAGE SELON LA DOCTRINE JUIVE TRADITIONNELLE Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de Γ Université Laval pour Γ obtention du grade de maître ès arts (M,A.) FACULTÉ DE THÉOLOGIE ET DE SCIENCES RELIGIEUSES UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL OCTOBRE 2000 © Sophie Régnière, 2000 RÉSUMÉ Cette recherche traite de l’étude de la nature et des obligations du mariage juif à partir d ’un point de doctrine traditionnelle du Talmud de Babylone voulant que D’ieu ait uni l’homme et la femme quarante jours avant leur stade embryonnaire. S’ensuit une séparation nécessaire de ces âmes dans leur vie terrestre avant de renouer contact par le mariage, appelé kiddushin, impliquant une union par et avec D’ieu. Cette sanctification, le mariage, répond à deux buts précis : la compagnie et la procréation. Une attention particulière sera portée au récit du tout premier mariage de la Création : celui de Adam et de Hava. Il est impossible de passer sous silence le récit de la création de la femme, puisque l’existence même des kiddushin en fut conditionnée. Nous situerons la place et l’influence que la femme peut avoir au sein du mariage, ainsi que les qualités morales que doit rechercher un homme chez une femme. AVANT-PROPOS Un travail d ’une telle envergure ne peut être réalisé sans s’assurer la collaboration et le soutien de nombreuses personnes. Je souhaite donc leur exprimer mes plus sincères remerciements. Au Grand Rabbin David Sabbah et Monsieur Jean-Claude Filteau, directeur et co- directeur de mémoire, pour leur assistance, leur encadrement, leurs encouragements constants. Au Rabbin Samuel B. Prager, pour sa rigueur intellectuelle, son amour de la Torah et sa passion pour l’étude, qu’il a bien voulu partager avec moi. À Lucie Delisle, Jacques Bélanger et Jean-Thomas Nicole, mes premiers lecteurs, pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à ce travail de recherche et pour les judicieux conseils qu’ils m’ont prodigués. À Nestor Fiamba Mpimpa, pour la relecture complète de ce mémoire et l’aide apportée pour sa présentation matérielle. À Hava et Moché Suissa, pour leurs encouragements et pour être, dans leur vie quotidienne, le meilleur exemple d ’application de ce mémoire. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Résumé ...................................................................................................................... i Avant-propos.............................................................................................................ii Table des matières....................................................................................................iii Liste des tableaux..................................................................................................... vi Liste des illustrations...............................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION 0.1 Introduction générale.................................................................................. 1 0.2 Intérêt du sujet ............................................................................................ 3 0.3 Méthodologie.............................................................................................. 3 0.3.1 La Torah ...................................................................................... 5 0.3.2 Les commentaires classiques, les Midrashim, Talmudim et Zohar 6 0.3.3 Les codes de lois mosaïques........................................................ 8 0.4 Approches herméneutiques préliminaires ................................................. 9 0.5 Présentation du plan du mémoire............................................................... 11 Repères chronologiques............................................................................................. 13 Tableau des concordances des livres de la Bible....................................................... 20 Tableau de la disposition et du contenu des traités de la Mishna et du Talmud........................................................................................................................ 21 Glossaire des termes hébraïques et yiddish utilisés ................................................... 25 Conclusion générale............................................................................... 187 Bibliographie...... ....................................................................................................... 191 CHAPITRE PREMIER : LES FONDEMENTS THÉOLOGIQUES DES KIDDUSHIN 1.1 Le mariage, une institution humaine .......................................................... 30 1.2 La vision du Judaïsme : les kiddushin....................................................... 33 1.3 Importance des kiddushin.......................................................................... 34 1.4 Une pré-union : un seul être bien avant la naissance................................. 38 1.5 Le troisième partenaire : la présence de D’ieu dans les kiddushin............ 45 1.6 Le renouveau constant des kiddushin, image de la Création ..................... 52 IV 1.7 Le premier mariage : Adam et Hava......................................................... 53 1.7.1 Le double principe mâle et femelle............................................... 53 1.7.2 La création de la femme................................................................. 55 1.7.3 La célébration du tout premier mariage........................................ 58 1.7.4 La prédestination des époux ....................................................... 60 CHAPITRE DEUX : LES BUTS DU MARIAGE 2.1 Le support et Γaffection mutuels ................................................................. 64 2.1.1 Le rejet du célibat....................................................................... 64 2.1.2 La complicité de D’ieu : la prédestination .................................... 66 2.1.3 L’amitié : le ciment de la vie conjugale ........................................ 68 2.1.4 La Règle d ’Or : les différentes facettes de l’amour ...................... 69 2.1.5 Les allégories du mariage........................................................... 75 2.1.6 La complémentarité des époux ................................................... 78 2.2 La procréation .............................................................................................. 80 2.2.1 Importance de la mitzvah de procréer............................................ 80 2.2.2 Les couples sans enfants ................................................................. 84 2.2.3 La contraception et l’avortement................................................. 87 CHAPITRE TROIS : LE MARIAGE : CÉRÉMONIE ET ENGAGEMENTS 3.1 Les diverses obligations des époux ........................................................... 91 3.2 Un devoir mutuel : la fidélité ...................................................................... 93 3.3 La Huppah ou la cérémonie ....................................................................... 95 3.3.1 Le moment de la célébration ........................................................ 96 3.3.2 Un cérémonie en deux étapes : kiddushin et nissuin..................... 97 3.3.3 Coutumes précédant la cérémonie ............................................... 98 3.3.4 La première partie de la cérémonie : les erusin............................. 103 3.3.5 La seconde partie de la cérémonie : les kiddushin........................ 104 3.3.6 Conclusion de la cérémonie et festivités....................................... 106 3.4 La Ketubah ou les devoirs du mari envers son épouse ............................... 108 3.4.1 Le contrat de fiançailles : les Tenaim............................................ 109 3.4.2 Le contrat de mariage : la Ketubah............................................... 113 3.5 Un devoir particulier au mari : le devoir conjugal ..................................... 121 3.6 Les devoirs de l’épouse envers son mari.................................................... 127 3.7 Un devoir particulier de l’épouse : les lois de la Pureté familiale.............. 131 V 3.7.1 Táharah et Toumah : les concepts de pureté et d ’impureté ......... 132 3.7.2 L’importance des lois de la Pureté familiale................................. 134 3.7.3 Le lien indissociable entre la pureté et la sainteté......................... 135 3.7.4 Une autre manière de démontrer son amour ................................. 138 CHAPITRE QUATRE : LES CONDITIONS DE FORMATION DU MARIAGE 4.1 Les mariages prohibés de façon permanente .............................................. 142 4.1.1 Consanguinité et liens familiaux ................................................... 142 4.1.2 Une exception à la règle : la loi du lévirat..................................... 146 4.1.3 Les mariages mixtes....................................................................... 149 4.2 Les mariages temporairement invalides ..................................................... 153 4.3 La monogamie, la polygamie et le concubinage ........................................ 154 4.4 La dissolution du mariage : la mort ou le divorce...................................... 160 4.4.1 La procédure du divorce................................................................. 160 4.4.2 Les motifs possibles du divorce..................................................... 163 4.4.3 Une situation particulière : le cas de la Agunah............................ 166 CHAPITRE CINQ : LA PLACE DE LA FEMME DANS LE MARIAGE 5.1 Le mariage : une option pour la femme.....................................................
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