Word Formation Of Indonesian Slang In Martino Andries’what
Dosmaria Sirait, Sondang Manik
Abstract
This research studies about Indonesian Slang in Martino Andries’What and the writer want to find out the word formation and the kinds of slang in Novel. The data are taken from Marthino Andries’s “What” published in may 2007 by Tristar-Media Publisher. In this the study the writer collects the data by reading all the text of ‘What” and underline the General Indonesian Slang and Secret Indonesian Slang. The data are analyzed by identifying Indonesian Slang based on the form and the kinds of slang. After analysing the data, the writer finds that there are 11 groups of general in Indonesian slang, they are : Nasalization of active verb and adding – in, Adding – in, Adding – ke, Elimination, Contracting of two or more words, Replacing letter, Contracting diphthong, Transliteration, Terminology of word, Eliminating of phoneme, Combination., while secret Indonesian slang has 5 groups, they are: The word comes from foreign language, The word comes from region language, The word comes from Indonesian but has meaning changing. Anomaly, Acronym. The writer suggests the students of English Department who are interested in doing research related to this study, may use this study as an edition to enrich their study.
Key words: Slang, word formation, Acronym
I.Introduction
Indonesian slang is predominantly used in daily conversation. The deduce that Indonesian slang language is the primary language for oral communication spoken by every day in daily life, accept for formal speeches. It would be very unusual to communicate orally to people using the formal Indonesian.
Regarding with the title “word formation of Indonesian slang as found in Novel “the writers would like to discuss and research how the Indonesian slang happen, so the objectives of are: to find out words formation in the novel, to find the kinds of slang in the novel.
Morphology
One of the branches of linguistics is morphology. Morphology is of word formation and word structure such as affixation, compounding, reduplication and its internal structure. Rodman (1983: 110) says knowing a word means knowing both its sound and its meaning.
Morpheme
Dealing with morphology, it is necessary to talk about morpheme, because morpheme arrangement treated under the many of languages including communication of the words or parts of the words. According to Nicia (1970:61) “morphemes are the minimal meaningful unit which may constitute words or parts of words”.
According to Sibarani (2002:49) “Morpheme is of phonological changes because one of morpheme is attracted to the other morpheme in word formation”. Talking about the process of morpheme it has the three important processes, they are:
The loss of phoneme process The loss of phoneme process occurs if the first phoneme of the stem is the same as that of the last phoneme of the prefix, such as:
- ber + racun = beracun = poisonous
- ber + renang = berenang = swim
Phoneme addition process
The process phoneme addition is the process of adding a phoneme between a prefix and the stem or root consisting usually of one syllable, such as:
- me + bom = mengebom = to bomb
- me + goreng = menggoreng = to try
Assimilation
Assimilation is the process of the sound change in other words, one sound will change into other sound, such as:
- me + paksa = memaksa = to force
-me + pukul = memukul = to hit
-me + periksa= memeriksa= to check
Free Morpheme
Free Morphemes are the words that can be stand by themselves such as:
- Ball - Sleep
- Write - Run
- Speak - Cut
Bound Morpheme
Bound Morphemes are the words that can not stand by themselves, such as:
- /s/ of balls - /r/ of writer - /ing/ of speaking
Vocabulary
According to Pieter A. Napa (1993:6) Vocabulary is one of the components of language and that no language exists without words. Words are signs and symbols for ideas.
Word Formation According to Sibarani (2002:49) says that Word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation looks at the structure of the vocabulary from a historical-genetic or function aspect. For example, if know how the plural morpheme (-s) is added to singular nouns to make them plural, than can also analyze any complex noun which is already inflected plural into its constituent parts. Similarly, being able to know how the comparative suffix (-er) and the superlative (-est) added to adjectives, then given any inflected adjective, can also analyze it into its constituent morphemes.
The word formation of Indonesian slang
Indari Mastuti (2008:55) says that Some of Indonesian slang languages vocabulary was transformed from formal Indonesia through several ways, these are word formation of Indonesian slang, and they are:
Nasalization of active verb and adding - in
Nasalization of active verb and adding –in at the end of the word;
- piker : mikirin : to think
- Tanya : nanyain : to ask
- ambil : ambilin : to take
Adding- in
Adding- in at the end of the passive transitive verb
- ajar : diajarin : to be taught
- pukul : dipukulin : to be beaten
- tunggu : ditungguin : to be waited
Adding - ke
Adding –ke at the beginning of passive intransitive verb
- tertangkap : ketangkap : to be caught
- terpeleset : kepeleset : to be accident
- tersenggol : kesenggol :to be touched
Eliminating
Eliminating one or few letters of the word,
- habis :abis :depleted
- tahu : tau : know
Contraction of two or more words into one word - terimakasih : makasih : thank
- jaga image : jaim : to safeguard one’s social image
- kurang pergaulan : kuper : unsocial
Replacing letter
Replacing letter a into some words
- benar : bener : correct
- pintar : pinter : smart
- cepat : cepet : fast
Contracting diphthong
Contracting diphthong into monosyllabic letter
- kalau : kalo : if
- pakai : pake : use
- sampai : sampe : arrive
Transliterations
Some words are transliterations of English ones
- sorry : sori : maaf
- friend : pren : teman
- swear : suer : sumpah
Terminology
the terminology of word
-cantik : kece :beautiful
- dia : doski : she/he
- sahabat : sohib : friend
Eliminating of phoneme
Eliminating of phoneme (first)
- memang :emang : right
- sama : ama : with - sudah : udah : finish
Combination of words
The sound is changed
- mati - ko + mat - komat = mokat = die
- beli - ko + bel - kobel = bokel = buy
- bisa - ko + bis - kobis = bokis = can
Combination of e + ong:
- makan = Mekong = eat
- sakit = sekong = sick
- Laki = lekong = man
- Mana = menong = where
Indonesian Slang .
For example:
1 Tukul Arwana
= Ta’ sobbek-sobbek
= Kembali ke labtop
2. Inul Daratista
= Goyang ngebor
Evolution of Indonesian Slang Before 1980s
List of words and phrases commonly used in the 1980s:
- kumpul kebo : living together but not married, as in domestic partners
- Bau tanah : old, dying, close to the end of use
-Asbun : talk only
In 1980s
In this era, slang language vocabulary was formed by inserting ‘-ok’ after the first consonant of the word, deleting the last syllabl and creating a totally new word.
- Bokap The word Bokap is broken into B-ok-apak and the lst –ak is deleted, and the resulting word is = bokap, which used as a slang for Father, even until now.
In 1982s
List of words and phrases commonly used in the 1982s are:
- do’i/ doski : girlfriend or boyfriend
- kece : cute
- kuper : acronym which literally means not well socialized
In 1990s
List of words and phrases commonly used in the 1990s
-bete : bad mood totally bored
-dugem : nightlife, flashy world
-gile :exclamation word equal to crazy
In 2000s
Slang language in 2000 was oriinally from the Indonesian gay community and popularized by Debby Sahertian in her Kamus Bahasa Gaul or ‘slang language dictionary’ the method of transforming a word is to use a different word which has a similar sound. For example:
-mawar : mau : want
-akikah : aku : I, me
-geje :gak jelas :literally means not obvious
-ember : emang benar : it is true
-Etc
The kinds of Indonesian slang
Before going to show the kinds of slang language, there are some articles in slang language.
The articles of Indonesian slang
The articles of slang language are:
a. deh b. dong c. ding d. etc The general Indonesian slang
The general words:
These entry list words and phrases from Indonesia, instead of other regions
- banget : sangat, amat : very
- gua : saya, aku : I, me
- lu : kamu, engkau, kau : you
- gak : tidak : no
The Secret Indonesian slang
These are some words of slang language in secret
- akikah : saya :I, me
- kawanua : kamu :you
- mawar : mau : want.
III.Research design
In doing this research, the writer would have the method to collect the data. In this case, the writer use the library some theories and information to complete this research.
The writer takes the data from novel “What” that novel tells about some general and secret Indonesian slang language by Marthino Andries (May 2007)
Data are very significant in conducting the research. For this study, the writer used library research. Data were mainly colleted using the following steps.
1. Read all the texts of “ Bahasa Gaul” by Indari Mastuti 2. Underlined some Slang language the contain of the book To analyze the data, the writers selected the data to separate about general slang language and specific slang language sound the formation of each words, concluded the result of the analysis.
Indonesian slang is mainly in spoken form, used in social milieus and in popular media (such as radio, television, and movies etc) to certain extent is used in publication spoken by everybody in daily life except for formal speech. It would be very usual to communicate orally to the people using the formal Indonesian slang
The writer analyzed the data based on general Indonesian slang and secret Indonesian slang. She compares the general slang and secret slang from the data by Indira Mastuti (2008), she takes her analysis only 30 parts, 15 for general slang languages and 15 for secret slang languages because there are many Indonesian slang languages in this Novel, so the writer limits her analysis.
The Data Analysis of Indonesian Slang in General
The general Indonesian slang can be identified to 11 groups as found in chapter II from Indari Mastuti’s Bahasa Baku vs Bahasa Gaul (2008)
1. Nasalization of active verb and adding – in, at the end of the word For example: “ Bisa bantuin gue?” Tanyanya sambil tangannya secara nggak sadar metik-metik taneman di pot-pot bunga di depan ruko.
2. Adding – in at the passive transitive verb For example: Lahannya disediain nyokapnya demi menuhin hobi nanemnya
3. Adding – ke For example : Puluhan mobil kerendem dan nggak tau berapa puluh ribu perabot yang rusak gara-gaa banjir itu.
4. Elimination For example : “ Maap, gue nggak sengaja. Elo juga jalan napa nggak ati-ati?”
5. Contracting of two or more words For example : “ Gimana dengan Krishan yang emang suka ama Ajeng” pikir Firman dalam hati.
6. Replacing letter For example : Krishan memang pinter untuk nauin siapa yang ngebuat video klip itu.
7. Contracting diphthong For example: Tapi kalo udah promosi, Krishan tahan bicara panjanglebar tanpa ngaso sedikitpun.
8. Transliteration For example : “Sori, apa gue perlu nginjek sepatu gue sendiri supaya skor jadi satu sama”
9. Terminology of word For example : “ Firman ini udah sohib gue semenjak bokap punya bisnis Studio di rumah” Sahut Krishan.
10. Eliminating of phoneme For example : Temennya emang gitu, dalam keadaan sehari-hari Kris di bilang pendiam.
11. Combination For example : Waktu Ajeng masuk ke dalam rumahnya buat ngambil bokapnya untuk di evakuasi, Krishan dengan Firman nungguin di depan pintu.
The Data Analysis Of Indonesian Slang In Secret The attachment of secret slang are identifed to 5 (five) groups, they are
1.the word comes from foreign language
For example: Ajeng itu cewek yang serba hoki
2.The word comes from Indonesian language or region language (some words can be changing)
For example: Si misterius mikir “lima belas jeti”
3.The word comes from Indonesian but has meaning changing
For example: Bokap gue mengundi nyokap elo
4 Anomaly.
For example: Mendengar itu terang aja Krishan kegilaan
5. Acronym and Hypocrisies
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the skill to understand even to use two language or Multilanguage. Weinrich (1970) gives the level of multilingualism, they are:
- Coordinate (setara) is the skill to use two languages or more in separately without interference - Compound (majemuk) there is dispensation from first language to use the second language , growth by situation - Subordinate (bergantung) to imagine the same words or similar words.
The characters of Indonesian slang
According to the writer, she finds some characters of Indonesian slang, such as:
1. Slang receives the changing of new terminology
For example:
- bonyok : appear from bokap and nyokap or Father and Mother 2. There is no certain role
For example:
- doi : she/he but if doi add with “mu” = doimu, it will be : sweet heart
3. Slang is relaxation. It means there is no serious in spoken but look like friendly
For example:
- mokal, this word is more relax than marah, it is angry 4. It does not use in every time, it can be up and down
For example:
- chicken is penakut = parno or paranoit is penakut, it means fearer.
Conclusions
Based on the data analysis above, the writer has some conclusions that general and secret Indonesian slang have the similarities and differences in forms and kinds of slang.
1. General and secret Indonesian slang are new word in Indonesian language 2. General and secret Indonesian slang can be up and down in a moment time. 3. The place both of them can be placed in front of the sentence and can be placed in the back of the sentences. 4. There is Transliteration in general Indonesian slang (8) and in secret Indonesian slang also there is language from foreign language (A), both of them are the same. 5. General Indonesian slang has 11 groups, they are Nasalization of active verb and adding – in, Adding – in, Adding – ke, Elimination, Contracting of two or more words, Replacing letter, Contracting diphthong, Transliteration, Terminology of word, Eliminating of phoneme, Combination., while secret Indonesian slang has 5 groups, they are, The word comes from foreign language, The word comes from region language, The word comes from Indonesian but has meaning changing. Anomaly, Acronym. 6. In general Indonesian slang , there are some roles of formation while secret Indonesian slang are never found. 7. General Indonesian slang is easy to know while secret Indonesian slang is difficult to know that is why the readers need the time to learn it.
In relating to the conclusions above wrters suggest are offered:
The writer suggests the new researcher that is not only 11 groups formation of general Indonesian slang, but the writer also finds new formation that is replacing letter i into e, for example: - lain :laen : other
- kemarin : kemaren : yesterday
- senin : senen : Monday
- main : maen : play
REFERENCES
Andries Martino. 2007. What. Jakarta: Tri-Star-Media.
Blank Kesiant. 1994. Kamus Slang. Jakarta: IKAPI.
Bollinger Dwight. 1968.Aspect of Language. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Echols, John and Shadily Hassan.1976. Kamus Inggris- Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
Mastuti, Indira. 2008. Bahasa Baku vs Bahasa Gaul. Yogyakarta: Galangpress.
Nicia, 1970. Morpheme and word. Yogyakarta : Lingkaran Pustaka.
Rodman.1983.Word and Meaning. Yogyakarta : Galang.
Sehartian Debby. 2002. Bahasa Gaul. Jakarta: Galang Press.
Sibarani, Lingga. 2002. Formasi Kata. Jakarta : Kanisius Langgota.
Tabloid Gaul. 2003 edisi 34. Jakarta: Galang.
Weinrich. 1970. Multylingualism. Jakarta: Kanisius Langgota.