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Youth, Work and Lifestyles in an Indonesian Industrial Town YOUTH, WORK AND LIFESTYLES IN AN INDONESIAN INDUSTRIAL TOWN Suzanne Naafs This dissertation is part of the Research Programme of Ceres, Research School for Resource Studies for Development. © Suzanne Naafs 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. Printed in The Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-91478-09-3 YOUTH, WORK AND LIFESTYLES IN AN INDONESIAN INDUSTRIAL TOWN JEUGD, WERK EN LEVENSSTIJL IN EEN INDONESISCHE INDUSTRIESTAD Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the Rector Magnificus Professor dr H.G. Schmidt and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board The public defence shall be held on 11 December 2012 at 16.00 hrs by Suzanne Naafs born in Rotterdam Doctoral Committee Promotor Prof.dr. B.N.F. White Other Members Prof.dr. P.E. Spyer, Leiden University Prof.dr. M.A.F. Rutten, University of Amsterdam Associate prof.dr.ir. J.E. Mooij Co-promotor Associate prof.dr. L. Herrera, University of Illinois Contents Acknowledgements viii Acronyms xi Abstract xii Samenvatting xiv 1 EDUCATED YOUTH, WORK AND ECONOMIC INSECURITY IN CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA 1 Introduction 1 Scope and objective of the study 3 Youth, development and globalisation 4 Youth and development 4 Youth and global change 6 Youth as transition: a polarised debate 10 Lower middle class youth and educated underemployment 17 Education, training and work in Indonesia 24 Research questions 28 Methodology: studying young people from a youth lens 28 An ethnographic approach 28 Choice of research location 29 Doing fieldwork 31 Individual in-depth interviews 32 Participant observation and casual conversations 35 Choice of exemplary arenas and case studies 37 Limitation of the study 39 Structure of the remaining chapters 40 Notes 42 vi YOUTH, WORK AND LIFESTYLES IN AN INDONESIAN INDUSTRIAL TOWN 2 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND LOCAL POLITICS IN CILEGON 44 Introduction 44 Banten in late colonial times 47 State-led industrial development 49 Investment patterns 52 Employment prospects 53 Spatial and social divisions 55 Economic restructuring and privatisation 58 Decentralisation and the emergence of regional elites 60 Realignment: corruption and nepotism 68 Contesting Jakarta, developing Cilegon 69 Krakatau Steel’s partial privatisation 71 Youth politics and local development 74 Cultural consumption and globalised (Muslim) lifestyles 80 Conclusion 87 Notes 89 3 EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND URBAN LIFESTYLES 92 Introduction: education and regional development 92 A human capital model? 93 Islamic and secular education 97 Modern aspirations: education as upward social mobility? 100 Parents’ views on education 101 Access to education: reproducing social difference? 106 Education and urban lifestyles 109 Between fun and frustration: leaving school, entering work 112 Youth, gender and uncertain futures 112 Searching for a job: mixing education with the right connections 119 Personal networks, corruption, and nepotism 124 Cultures of educated un(der)employment 127 Rizal’s story 129 Conclusion 133 Notes 134 Contents vii 4 YOUNG MEN AND THE COMPETITION FOR JOBS IN HEAVY INDUSTRIES 135 Introduction 135 Young men and their relations with Krakatau Steel 136 Company recruitment practices 139 Fresh graduates: traineeships for university educated youth 141 Job opportunities for local and migrant youth 143 Recruitment of vocational secondary school graduates 146 Concluding remarks 162 Notes 162 5 YOUNG WOMEN, WORK AND MARRIAGE 164 Introduction 164 Young women, work and marriage 165 Background: young women in Cilegon’s labour market 166 Experiencing urban lifestyles: shopping mall girls 169 Generational tensions: daughters’ mobility andindependence 175 Ideas about marriage and the future 176 Marriage to avoid educated underemployment 179 University graduates: marriage, status and security 180 Navigating Cilegon’s changing job market 184 Notes 184 6 CONCLUSIONS 186 Introduction 186 Summary of the main findings 186 Decentralisation, globalisation and human capital 188 Young people’s aspirations for work 190 Gender and the transition to adulthood 191 Beyond the Indonesian case 193 Notes 195 References 196 Acknowledgements Researching and writing this thesis has been a long and wonderful jour- ney. It was not necessarily a straightforward one, but one that I very much enjoyed nonetheless. I am grateful to all the people in The Nether- lands and Indonesia who continued to be interested in what I was doing and who patiently saw this project to its end. In The Netherlands, I was fortunate enough to be part of a research network based around the ‘In Search of Middle Indonesia’ programme, coordinated by the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). The ‘Middle Indonesia’ programme would not have been possible without the generous funding provided by the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). Throughout the years, KITLV has been a source of both practical and intellectual support, providing a unique environment to work in. In particular I would like to thank Gerry van Klinken, Henk Schulte Nordholt, Patricia Spyer, Pujo Semedi, Nico Warouw, Pratikno, Mochtar Mas’oed, Noorhaidi Hasan, Chris Brown, Mario Rutten, Joe Errington, Cornelis Lay, Erwan Purwan- to, Ratna Saptari and Ward Berenschot for their time, critical questions and helpful feedback on my research. My fellow PhD candidates Wenty Minza, Basri Amin, Linda Savirani and Sylvia Tidey made this journey much more fun by sharing their friendship, humour and good advice. In his own good-natured way, my promotor Ben White at the Insti- tute of Social Studies (ISS) has been a stable presence throughout this project, offering stimulating conversation and sharing his extensive knowledge on academic life, social theory and Indonesia. His vision of the PhD project has always entailed more than strictly delivering the dis- sertation within a certain amount of time. Crucially, his encouragement to write articles and pursue different avenues for academic and personal viii Acknowledgements ix development, makes that I arrive at the finish line equipped with much more than just a written manuscript. My co-promotor Linda Herrera en- couraged me to locate my research on the intersection of youth studies, gender studies and neoliberal development and taught me how to inte- grate these different sets of literature. On more than one occasion, her sharp analytical skills and rigorous questions encouraged me to narrow down my research focus and extend my analysis. I have learned a lot from these discussions and feel privileged to have worked with both of them. At the ISS, the staff and students in the MA specialisation Children and Youth Studies have been a source of many pleasurable conversations and classroom exchanges. Roy Huijsmans enthusiastically shared confer- ence announcements, teaching responsibilities and conversations over afternoon tea. Kristen Cheney, Jos Mooij, Bridget O’Laughlin, Reko Ma- te, Atsushi Sano and Shuchi Karim have acted as senior and PhD discus- sants in the research design, post-fieldwork and full draft seminars at ISS. I thank each of them for their valuable comments on my work. Bilisuma Dito, Larissa Barbosa da Costa, Piyanit Onoparatvibool, and Lu Caizhen all shared an office with me on the fourth floor and it has been a pleasure to work together. Of the wider ISS PhD community I want to thank in particular Ariane Corradi, Mariana Cifuentes, Kai Teva, Richard Ampadu, Reko Mate, Maazullah Khan, Atsushi Sano, Lucienne Maas, Shuchi Karim, Moushira Elgeziri, Angelica Ocampo Talero, Pedro Goulart, Runa Laila, Shyamika Jayasundra, Christina Sathyamala, and Karem Sanchez for their company and support. Last but not least, I am grateful to Maureen Koster, Dita Dirks, Joy Misa, Almas Mahmud and Linda McPhee for their valuable support with PhD administration mat- ters, writing and presenting skills. A special thanks to my friends and family at home, who put up with my absences during fieldwork, provided much needed distraction from thesis writing, and supported me in good and bad times. I thank my grandparents (Opa & Oma Naafs, Oma Hogenboom), my mum (Maartje Hogenboom) and sisters (Saskia and Lotte) for providing relaxation and good conversation. I want to thank Phil Goss for creating artwork and Jeanne Hogenboom for commenting on parts of the thesis and for mak- ing available a digital version of the dissertation. My friends Leonie Poot, Jochem de Kok, Froukje Jongsma, Gerjan Wilkens, Kirsten Theuns, and x YOUTH, WORK AND LIFESTYLES IN AN INDONESIAN INDUSTRIAL TOWN Anton Quist provided happiness and distraction in the form of concerts, dinners and movies. In the end, this research would never have happened without the will- ingness of people in Indonesia to welcome me into their lives and toler- ate my questions. The opportunity to live and work in Cilegon is what makes this PhD such a valuable and unforgettable experience. I am in- debted to many people and organisations and it is impossible to thank each of them individually. However, I want to mention a few. The State Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK) granted research per- mission to do fieldwork in Cilegon in 2009. Pujo Semedi provided insti- tutional sponsorship and shared his enthusiasm for fieldwork and cook- ing. Initial access to Cilegon was greatly facilitated by Rachmad Putera Perdana, Amrullah Sofyan and the kind people at Banten Institute of So- cial Transformation. A special thanks to my host families in Cilegon and Serang, who looked after me and welcomed me into their homes. With- out my friends in P-Jak the research would not have been half the fun. I am grateful for all the help and kindness from Adaw, Muhaimin, Aip, Irwan and Udi since the beginning of this project. Finally, a number of religious authorities, local politicians, employers and government de- partments facilitated my research and I much appreciate their contribu- tion. Certainly, more names could be added and I may not be able to cover them all.
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