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ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﻮر، ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳ ﺎﺳﻮج ........... ..................................................................................................................17 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﻮر، ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﻲ ﻓﻴﻀﻲ1 ، زﻫﺮا ﺟﺎﺑﺮاﻻﻧﺼﺎر *2 ، وﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻲ3 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 17/9/91 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: /7/5 92 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه: ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان زﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﺑﺎ وﺳﻌﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪود 1591593 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس، ﻛﻬﻜﻴﻠﻮﻳﻪ و ﺑﻮﻳ ﺮ اﺣﻤﺪ و اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ ﻣ ﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ 929 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 417 ﺟﻨﺲ و 84 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪهي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي Fabaceae ، Asteraceae و Lamiaceae ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ 135 ، 111 و 70 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧ ﻮاده ﻫﺎ و ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎي Centaurea ، Astragalus و Nepeta ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ 53 ، 15 و 13 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، ﻫﻤﻲ- ﻛﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺮوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ %84/44 و %06/28 ﺑﻴﺶ از 70 درﺻﺪ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﻛﺜﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آن (49/68 درﺻﺪ) ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ - ﺗﻮراﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻓﻠﻮر، ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج -1 ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: Email: [email protected] 2 - ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان 3 - داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي، ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪاري و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺟﻨﮕﻞ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻛﺮج، اﻳﺮان 18 ............................ .......................... ... ........ ....... ........... ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﺮان، ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1392 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ: ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻚ و آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺣﻔﻆ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﺣﺎل ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ آن ﻫﺎ، از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﺻﻮل در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ و در ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻳﻨﺪه ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار و ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﺻﺤﻴﺢ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ از ﻣﻮﺛ ﺮي دارد. از دﻳﮕﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان ﻛﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻮم ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (8 ). اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺎ اﻧﺪازه اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، در ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﻋﻤﺪه ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ- ﺗﻮراﻧﻲ، اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﻴﺒﺮي، ﺻﺤﺮا- ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴ ﻞ و ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن و ﺳﻮداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي روﻳﺸﻲ، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده- اﻳﺮان از ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ و ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ- ﺑﺮاي ا ﻧﺠﺎم ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ از ﺳﻮي ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( 19 ). ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ دارا ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻨﻮع ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ، آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد. از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ Taya و ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ داراي ﻏﻨﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ,. et al ( 2010) ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﻮر ﭘﺎرك ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻮده اﺳ ﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻮك ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ؛ Saberi اﻳﺮان (ﺑﻴﺶ از 8000 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ) در ﺣﺪود دو ﺳﻮم ,.Moeen et al (2010) ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﻮر ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﺎره اروﭘﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(9 ). ﺷﻜﻞ ﭼﻬﭽﻬﻪ واﻗﻊ در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻗﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺳﺎزش ﻫﺎي رﺿﻮي را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ؛ ,.Pairanj et al اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ- (2011) ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ آﻳﺪ. ﻛﺮﺳﻨﻚ ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ؛ ,.Taghipour et al ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ، ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ (2011) ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﻮر ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺨﻴﺰ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄ ﻲ داده و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ روي اﻋﻼء و رودزرد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن و ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ دارﻧﺪ( 24 ). ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻛﻬﻜﻴﻠﻮﻳ ﻪ و ﺑﻮﻳﺮ اﺣﻤﺪ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ را ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮآورد ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ,.Dolatkhahi et al (2011) ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ و درك اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻏﻨﺎي ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه ارژن- ﭘﺮﻳﺸﺎن واﻗﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮادﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ(Raunkiaer .( 4 (1904) ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺮد. ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن را ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ ﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس، ﻛﻬﻜﻴﻠﻮﻳﻪ و ﺑﻮﻳﺮاﺣﻤﺪ و روﻳﺸﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك ﭘﺲ از ﺳﭙﺮي اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷ ﺪ. وﺟﻮد ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺷﺪن ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﺮوه ارﺗﻔﺎع زﻳﺎد، اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت، ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﻴﺖ، ﻛﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻴﺖ، ﻫﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ، و داﺷﺘﻦ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺗﭙﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ و ﺗﺮوﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻋﺎرﺿﻪ، ﻳﺨﭽﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻣﺮﻏﺰارﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﻮر، ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳ ﺎﺳﻮج ........... ..................................................................................................................19 ﻧﺴﺒﺖ زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪود 1591593 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر، ﻗﺴﻤﺖ- داراي ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس، ﻛﻬﻜﻴﻠﻮﻳﻪ و ﺑﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨ ﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎدﺷﺪه اﺣﻤﺪ و اﺻﻔﻬﺎن را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد (ﺷﻜﻞ 1 ). در ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﺘﻨﻮع آن ﺿﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ. واﻗﻊ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از ﻗﻠﻪ دﻧﺎ ﺗﺎ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ در ﻫﻤﻴﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﻠﻮر، زﻫﺮه در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران ﻣ ﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮد. ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﻗﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻮه دﻧﺎ ( 4409 ﻣﺘﺮ) در ﻣﺮز ﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮده ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺖ. و ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ در رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ زﻫﺮه ( 550 ﻣﺘﺮ) در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﻳﺎدﺷﺪه از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ داراي 5 اﻗﻠﻴﻢ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ: ﺧﺸﻚ، ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب، ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي، ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج (اردﻛﺎن ﻗﺪﻳﻢ) ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ 13 اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ- ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 51 ﺗﺎ 52 درﺟﻪ و 30 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺗﺮ داراي ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و 30 ﺗﺎ 31 درﺟﻪ ﻋﺮض ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( ).6 ).6 ﺷﻜﻞ 1 - 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درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ، Th : ﺗﺮوﻓﻴﺖ، Ge : ژﺋﻮﻓﻴﺖ، Ph : ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﻴﺖ، Ch :ﻛﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖ، Hy : ﻳﺎﺳﻮج؛ IT : اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ- ﺗﻮراﻧﻲ؛ SS : ﺻﺤﺎرا - ﺳﻨﺪي، ES : ﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻴﺖ، Ep :اﭘﻲ ﻓﻴﺖ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﻴﺒﺮي، Cosm : ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪول 1 - ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻮج ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺪادﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺟ ﻨﺲ ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺪادﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Asteraceae 56 135 Campanulaceae 2 3 Cupressaceae 1 1 Brassicaceae 42 59 Capparidaceae 2 3 Eleaegnaceae 1 1 Poaceae 35 54 Convolvulaceae 2 11 Ephedraceae 1 4 Apiaceae 27 47 Cucurbitaceae 2 2 Equisetaceae 1 1 Fabaceae 25 111 Fumariaceae 2 2 Fagaceae 1 1 Lamiaceae 21 70 Gentianaceae 2 2 Gutiferae 1 5 Boraginaceae 18 41 Malvaceae 2 4 Juglandaceae 1 1 Caryophyllaceae 17 35 Plumbaginaceae 2 11 Juncaceae 1 5 Rosaceae 11 35 Podophyllaceae
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  • The New Locally Endemic Genus Yazdana (Caryophyllaceae)

    The New Locally Endemic Genus Yazdana (Caryophyllaceae)

    Journal of Systematics JSE and Evolution doi: 10.1111/jse.12575 Research Article The new locally endemic genus Yazdana (Caryophyllaceae) and patterns of endemism highlight the high conservation priority of the poorly studied Shirkuh Mountains (central Iran) Jalil Noroozi1* , Atefeh Pirani2,3 , Hamid Moazzeni3 , Mohammad Mahmoodi4 , Golshan Zare5 , Alireza Noormohammadi6, Michael H.J. Barfuss1 , Michael Suen1, and Gerald M. Schneeweiss1 1Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779‐48974, Iran 3Department of Botany, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779‐48974, Iran 4Botany Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 13185‐116, Iran 5Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey 6Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany *Author for Correspondence. E‐mail: [email protected] Received 8 January 2019; Accepted 17 February 2020; Article first published online 19 February 2020 Abstract Although mountain ranges are often recognized as global biodiversity hotspots with a high level of endemism, diversity and biogeographic connections of isolated and weakly explored mountains remain poorly understood. This is also the case for Shirkuh Mts. in central Iran. Here, Yazdana shirkuhensis gen. & spec. nov. (Caryophylleae, Caryophyllaceae) is described and illustrated from the high alpine zone of this mountain. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data show that Y. shirkuhensis is related to Cyathophylla and Heterochroa (tribe Caryophylleae).
  • Hand-List of Trees and Shrubs, Excluding Coniferae, Grown In

    Hand-List of Trees and Shrubs, Excluding Coniferae, Grown In

    m 'i'i i'i ' I / «</y EOYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. HAND-LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS, Excluding Coniferse, GROWN IN ARBORETUM. J. (SECOND EDITION.) LONDON: SOX.D AT THE ROTAI. BOTANXC GARDENS, X.EMr PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. By darling i: SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Stbeet. E. 1902. pi u^/ T IS02. PREFA.CE. The present is the first of a series of Hand-lists of the collections of living plants cultivated in the Royal Gardens which it is intended to issue from time to time. It is hoped that they will he found useful in indi- cating to visitors interested in particular groups of plants, the species which Kew already possesses. In the hands of correspondents they will serve to show in what directions the collections may be added to. It is further hoped that they may be found of some value in esta- blishing an approxiihate standard of nomenclature, which is often much confused in gardens and too frequently erroneous. This is particularly the case with woody plants (shrubs and trees) grown in the open air. The preparation of the present list has accordingly been first taken in it the work of and has hand ; represents many years, only been accomplished with considerable labour. A rough census of the species and distinct varieties of plants cultivated at Kew gives the total number as, approximately, 20,U0(>. Of these ;),0(X> are hardy shrubs or trees. The first catalogue of the plants cultivated at Kew was that of Sir John Hill, published in 1768 (second edition 1769).
  • Illustration Sources

    Illustration Sources

    APPENDIX ONE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES REF. CODE ABR Abrams, L. 1923–1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. ADD Addisonia. 1916–1964. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Reprinted with permission from Addisonia, vol. 18, plate 579, Copyright © 1933, The New York Botanical Garden. ANDAnderson, E. and Woodson, R.E. 1935. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Reprinted with permission of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. ANN Hollingworth A. 2005. Original illustrations. Published herein by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth. Artist: Anne Hollingworth. ANO Anonymous. 1821. Medical botany. E. Cox and Sons, London. ARM Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1889–1912. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. BA1 Bailey, L.H. 1914–1917. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. The Macmillan Company, New York. BA2 Bailey, L.H. and Bailey, E.Z. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Reprinted with permission from William Crepet and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. BA3 Bailey, L.H. 1900–1902. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. BB2 Britton, N.L. and Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British posses- sions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. BEA Beal, E.O. and Thieret, J.W. 1986. Aquatic and wetland plants of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Reprinted with permission of Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission.
  • Departamento De Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior De

    Departamento De Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior De

    CRECIMIENTO FORESTAL EN EL BOSQUE TROPICAL DE MONTAÑA: EFECTOS DE LA DIVERSIDAD FLORÍSTICA Y DE LA MANIPULACIÓN DE NUTRIENTES. Tesis Doctoral Nixon Leonardo Cumbicus Torres 2015 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA E.T.S. I. AGRONÓMICA, AGROALIMENTARIA Y DE BIOSISTEMAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA-BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL TESIS DOCTORAL CRECIMIENTO FORESTAL EN EL BOSQUE TROPICAL DE MONTAÑA: EFECTOS DE LA DIVERSIDAD FLORÍSTICA Y DE LA MANIPULACIÓN DE NUTRIENTES. Autor: Nixon Leonardo Cumbicus Torres1 Directores: Dr. Marcelino de la Cruz Rot2, Dr. Jürgen Homeir3 1Departamento de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. 2Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. 3Ecologia de Plantas. Albrecht von Haller. Instituto de ciencias de Plantas. Georg August University de Göttingen. Madrid, 2015. I Marcelino de la Cruz Rot, Profesor Titular de Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos y Jürgen Homeir, Profesor de Ecologia de Plantas. Albrecht von Haller. Instituto de ciencias de las Plantas. Georg August Universidad de Göttingen CERTIFICAN: Que los trabajos de investigación desarrollados en la memoria de tesis doctoral: “Crecimiento forestal en el bosque tropical de montaña: Efectos de la diversidad florística y de la manipulación de nutrientes.”, han sido realizados bajo su dirección y autorizan que sea presentada para su defensa por Nixon Leonardo Cumbicus Torres ante el Tribunal que en su día se consigne, para aspirar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. VºBº Director Tesis VºBº Director de Tesis Dr. Marcelino de la Cruz Rot Dr. Jürgen Homeir II III Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco.
  • FERNS and FERN ALLIES Dittmer, H.J., E.F

    FERNS and FERN ALLIES Dittmer, H.J., E.F

    FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Dittmer, H.J., E.F. Castetter, & O.M. Clark. 1954. The ferns and fern allies of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Publ. Biol. No. 6. Family ASPLENIACEAE [1/5/5] Asplenium spleenwort Bennert, W. & G. Fischer. 1993. Biosystematics and evolution of the Asplenium trichomanes complex. Webbia 48:743-760. Wagner, W.H. Jr., R.C. Moran, C.R. Werth. 1993. Aspleniaceae, pp. 228-245. IN: Flora of North America, vol.2. Oxford Univ. Press. palmeri Maxon [M&H; Wagner & Moran 1993] Palmer’s spleenwort platyneuron (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg [M&H; Wagner & Moran 1993] ebony spleenwort resiliens Kunze [M&H; W&S; Wagner & Moran 1993] black-stem spleenwort septentrionale (Linnaeus) Hoffmann [M&H; W&S; Wagner & Moran 1993] forked spleenwort trichomanes Linnaeus [Bennert & Fischer 1993; M&H; W&S; Wagner & Moran 1993] maidenhair spleenwort Family AZOLLACEAE [1/1/1] Azolla mosquito-fern Lumpkin, T.A. 1993. Azollaceae, pp. 338-342. IN: Flora of North America, vol. 2. Oxford Univ. Press. caroliniana Willdenow : Reports in W&S apparently belong to Azolla mexicana Presl, though Azolla caroliniana is known adjacent to NM near the Texas State line [Lumpkin 1993]. mexicana Schlechtendal & Chamisso ex K. Presl [Lumpkin 1993; M&H] Mexican mosquito-fern Family DENNSTAEDTIACEAE [1/1/1] Pteridium bracken-fern Jacobs, C.A. & J.H. Peck. Pteridium, pp. 201-203. IN: Flora of North America, vol. 2. Oxford Univ. Press. aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn var. pubescens Underwood [Jacobs & Peck 1993; M&H; W&S] bracken-fern Family DRYOPTERIDACEAE [6/13/13] Athyrium lady-fern Kato, M. 1993. Athyrium, pp.
  • 165-175, 2012 Issn 1995-0756

    165-175, 2012 Issn 1995-0756

    165 Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(1): 165-175, 2012 ISSN 1995-0756 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pharmacological Review Of Medicinal Trees Spontaneous In Iran: A Historical And Modern Study 1Peyman Mikaili, 2Massoumeh Sharifi, 3Shadi Sarahroodi, 4Jalal Shayegh 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. 2Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran. 3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 4Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran. Peyman Mikaili, Massoumeh Sharifi, Shadi Sarahroodi, Jalal Shayegh: Pharmacological Review Of Medicinal Trees Spontaneous In Iran: A Historical And Modern Study ABSTRACT Medicinal plants are now becoming more widely used by people all over the world. On the other hand, the trees, especially in the Iranian platform, have not comprehensibly been reviewed in the literature. In this study, the authors have reviewed all important historical and modern literature about the medicinal trees and shrub used in Iranian traditional medicine. We compare the modern and traditional documented herbal medicine of our country and edited them as follow. All data about the terminology (if necessary some etymological information have been provided), local and native names, comparison the modern and traditional terminology and postulations about the plants, description about the medicinal parts of the plant, and finally the proposed medicinal and pharmacological activities of the trees have been presented. The detailed references have been provided for each data. The data were collected and represented as 57 species of trees and shrubs which are reported as spontaneous in Iran.
  • Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society, Volume 9, December

    Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society, Volume 9, December

    ISSN 1536-7738 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society Volume 9, December 2009 1 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114 Volume 9, December 2009 ISSN 1536-7738 Managing Editor: Sheila Strawn Technical Editor: Erin Miller Production Editor: Paula Shryock Electronic Production Editor: Chadwick Cox Technical Advisor: Bruce Hoagland Editorial Assistant: Patricia Folley The purpose of ONPS is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of Oklahoma. Membership in ONPS is open to any person who supports the aims of the Society. ONPS offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2009 Officers and Board Members President: Lynn Michael ONPS Service Award Chair: Sue Amstutz Vice-President: Gloria Caddell Historian: Sharon McCain Secretary: Paula Shryock Librarian: Bonnie Winchester Treasurer: Mary Korthase Website Manager: Chadwick Cox Membership Database: Tina Julich Photo Poster Curators: Past President: Kim Shannon Sue Amstutz & Marilyn Stewart Board Members: Color Oklahoma Chair: Tina Julich Monica Macklin Conservation Chair: Chadwick Cox Constance Murray Mailings Chair: Karen Haworth Stanley Rice Merchandise Chair: Susan Chambers Bruce Smith Nominating Chair: Paula Shryock Marilyn Stewart Photography Contest Chair: Tina Julich Ron Tyrl Publicity Chairs: Central Chapter Chair: Jeannie Coley Kim Shannon & Marilyn Stewart Cross-timbers Chapter Chair: Wildflower Workshop Chair: Paul Richardson Constance Murray Mycology Chapter Chair: Sheila Strawn Website: www.usao.edu/~onps/ Northeast Chapter Chair: Sue Amstutz Cover photo: Lobelia cardinalis L. Gaillardia Editor: Chadwick Cox Cardinal flower, courtesy of Marion Harriet Barclay Award Chair: Homier, taken at Horseshoe Bend in Rahmona Thompson Beaver’s Bend State Park, Anne Long Award Chair: Patricia Folley September 2006.
  • WUCOLS List S Abelia Chinensis Chinese Abelia M ? ? M / / Copyright © UC Regents, Davis Campus

    WUCOLS List S Abelia Chinensis Chinese Abelia M ? ? M / / Copyright © UC Regents, Davis Campus

    Ba Bu G Gc P Pm S Su T V N Botanical Name Common Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 Symbol Vegetation Used in Type WUCOLS List S Abelia chinensis Chinese abelia M ? ? M / / Copyright © UC Regents, Davis campus. All rights reserved. bamboo Ba S Abelia floribunda Mexican abelia M ? M M / / S Abelia mosanensis 'Fragrant Abelia' fragrant abelia ? ? ? ? ? ? bulb Bu S Abelia parvifolia (A. longituba) Schuman abelia ? ? ? M ? ? grass G groundcover GC Gc S Abelia x grandiflora and cvs. glossy abelia M M M M M / perennial* P S Abeliophyllum distichum forsythia M M ? ? ? ? palm and cycad Pm S Abelmoschus manihot (Hibiscus manihot) sunset muskmallow ? ? ? L ? ? T Abies pinsapo Spanish fir L L L / / / shrub S succulent Su T N Abies spp. (CA native and non-native) fir M M M M / / P N Abronia latifolia yellow sand verbena VL VL VL / ? ? tree T P N Abronia maritima sand verbena VL VL VL / ? ? vine V California N native S N Abutilon palmeri Indian mallow L L L L M M S Abutilon pictum thompsonii variegated Chinese lantern M H M M ? ? Sunset WUCOLS CIMIS ET Representative Number climate 0 Region zones** Cities zones* S Abutilon vitifolium flowering maple M M M / ? ? Healdsburg, Napa, North- San Jose, Salinas, Central 14, 15, 16, 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 San Francisco, Coastal San Luis Obispo S Abutilon x hybridum & cvs. flowering maple M H M M / / 1 Auburn, Central Bakersfield, Chico, 8, 9, 14 12, 14, 15, 16 Valley Fresno, Modesto, Sacramento S T Acacia abyssinica Abyssinian acacia / ? / ? / L 2 Irvine, Los South Angeles, Santa 22, 23, 24 1, 2, 4, 6 Coastal Barbara, Ventura,
  • Floristic Study of the Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Habitat in Firoozabad (Fars Province)

    Floristic Study of the Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Habitat in Firoozabad (Fars Province)

    Archive of SID 2 Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 9th Year, No. 32, Autumn 2017 Floristic Study of the Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Habitat in Firoozabad (Fars Province) Einollah Bahrani Fard 1, Mahdi Yousofi 2*, Ahmad Reza Khosravi 3 1 M. S. Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2 Associate Professor Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 3 Professor Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Abstract The cypress habitat of Firoozabad in Fars province is one of the valuable reserves of cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirence) in Iran. The climate of this habitat is semi-arid with an average annual rainfall of 434.8 mm and an average annual temperature of 20.6 degrees Celsius. Flora, life form, geographical distribution, and medicinal species of this habitat were studied in the present work. Identification of the collected specimens was done using the relevant references. As a result, 238 species belonging to 188 genera and 61 families were identified in the area. Asteraceae with 42 species and 33 genera and Astragalus with seven species are the largest family and genus in this region, respectively. Therophytes with 45 percent and hemicryptophytes with 25 percent were the most frequent life forms in the flora of Firoozabad cypress habitat. Geographical distribution of the species includes 38 percent Iran-Turanian, 28 percent bi-regional (Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean; Irano-Turanian, Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian), 14 percent tri-regional (Irano- Turanian, Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian, Mediterranean), 3 percent multi-regional and 5 percent cosmopolite elements.