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Natural Ecosystems of Iran, Vol

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Natural Ecosystems of Iran, Vol ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ................................ .......................................................... 1 1 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ (ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي: ﻣﺮﻳﻮان، ﺳﺎﻣﺎن ﻋﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻤﺎرﻟﻨﮓ) ﻣﺎزﻳﺎر ﺣﻴﺪري *1 ، رﺿﺎ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺪري 2 2 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 30/7/91 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 5/21/ 92 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه: اﺟﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻴﺎز دارد. ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ- اي درﺧﺘﻲ، درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي و ﻋﻠﻔﻲ در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﺳﺎﻣﺎن ﻋﺮﻓﻲ ﮔ ﻤﺎرﻟﻨﮓ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﻳﻮان اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎج و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﺤﻞ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري درﺧﺘﺎن، درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ، زادآوري و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺷﺪ. در ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎن ﻋﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد 7 ﺗﻴﭗ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎزو دار ، وﻳﻮل، ﺑﺮودار، وﻳﻮل - ﻣﺎزودار، وﻳﻮل - ﺑﺮودار، ﺑﺮودار - ﻣﺎزودار، ﺑﺮودار - وﻳﻮل در ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ 30 ﻗﻄﻌﻪ 5 آري ( 500 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ) ﭘﻴﺎده و ﺗﻌﺪاد درﺧﺘﺎن و درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﭘﻼﺗﻬﺎي 25 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ( 5×5 ﻣﺘﺮ) و ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻒ ﺑﺮاﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ. از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺷ ﺎﻧﻮن – وﻳﻨﺮ، ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن و ﻣﺎرﻛﺎﻟﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. از آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. اﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ داد هﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار Ecological Methodology ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎن ﻋﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد 9 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﻲ، 7 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي و 65 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ اﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ وﻳﻮل ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻮط وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ، درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي و درﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻠﻮط ﺷﺎﻣﻞ وﻳﻮل، ﻣﺎزودار و ﺑﺮو دار ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ و ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻴﭗ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ وﻳﻮل – ﻣﺎزودار و وﻳﻮل ﺑﺮودار داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ اي در ﺳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪ ﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي آﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد و در ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪت ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ آﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺳﻮق داده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻣﺮﻳﻮان، ﮔﻤﺎرﻟﻨﮓ، ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ، ﺗﻴﭗ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ 1- داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪاري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺳﺎري، ﺳﺎري، اﻳﺮان * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: Email: [email protected] 2-اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪاري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧ ﺸﺎه، اﻳﺮان 2 .................................................................................. ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﺮان، ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1392 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ )4( . ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻏﺮب ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮده درﺧﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ و داراي ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه وﻳﮋه اي در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮده و ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﻮده و در اﺻﻞ ﻳﻚ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻘﺎء و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري آب و ﺧﺎك ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (2 ) اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ از ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮدي اﺳﺖ ( 30 ). ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﻮع ﭘﻴﺮاﻧﺸﻬﺮ در آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﺮوع و در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ، رﻗﺎﺑﺖ و اﻟﮕﻮي رﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻮه ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﺗﺎ اﻃﺮاف ﺟﻬﺮم و ﻓﺴﺎ در ﻓﺮا واﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از اﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓ ﺎرس اداﻣﻪ دارد. ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد زاﮔﺮس در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از 10 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ( 24 ). ﻳﻚ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻏ ﺎﻟﺒﺎً در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎي ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎن دراز ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ داﻳﻤﺎً ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺳﻴﺮ ﻧﺰوﻟﻲ را ﭘﻴﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ اﻳﻦ روﻧﺪ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﻨﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻫﻢ اداﻣﻪ دارد. اﻣﺮوزه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﺑﻪ اي و ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ از ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﻨ ﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ و ﭼﺮاي ﻣﻔﺮط ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﺖ ( 15 ). ﻏﻨﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻣﺨﺮوﺑﻪ در آﻣﺪه اﻧﺪ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﺮم ﺷﺎﺧﻪ زاد را ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد( 12 ). ﺗﻨﻮع ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ و ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺪود 5 5 زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮع و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه و ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻫﻜﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ ( 20 ). ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي اﻟﮕﻮي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( 30 ). ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺗﻨﻮع درﺑﺎره ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺻﻌﻮدي از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺳﻮزﻧﻲ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار در درﻫﻪ اﺧﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺮگ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﺟﻬﺖ ﻏﺮب ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ ق و ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ از ﺗﻨﻮع اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ اﺣﺘﻴﺎج ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ( 13 ). در اﻳﻦ زون ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع دارد ( ).28 ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻌﺪد در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺑﻮده و در زﻳﺮا ﮔﻮﻧﻪ راش ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( 23 ). از ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن و ﻣﻜﺎن ﺣﻀﻮر دارﻧﺪ ( .)17 ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺗﻨﻮع درﺧﺘﻲ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ راش ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ (9 ). از ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕﺮ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺟﺮاي دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪ اي در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺣﺘﻴﺎج اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ و داﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ- 6( ). ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﺎت ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺪرن ( )18 . اﻣﺮوزه ﺗﻼش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﻫﻢ آﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳ ﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ يﻫﺎ ﺎﻫﻴﮔ ﻲ در ﺗﻴ ﭗ يﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠ ﻲ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ ي زاﮔﺮس ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ................................ .......................................................... 3 3 ( 19 ). ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻲ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع وﻳﻨﺮ داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( )10 . )10 ﮔ ﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ در روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي راش ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ و ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻛﺮد در اﺛﺮ ﭼﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ راش ﺑﺮ دﻳﮕﺮ زﻳﺮاﺷﻜﻮب در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﺪه ﮔﻴﺴﺎم ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در راﺷﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد ( )22 . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻲ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ زﻳﺮاﺷﻜﻮب دﭼﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ را در دو ﺗﻮده آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺎءاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﻜﺮ و دﺳﺖ ﺧﻮرده ﺑﺎﻧﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد ( )26 . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺟﻨﮕﻞ دﺳﺖ ﺧﻮرده ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺷﺘﺮاﻧﻜﻮه ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن در ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ 7 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﻲ، 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اي و ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻏﻨﺎ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ 117 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ ( )25 . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ .)1( ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ و زادآوري در دو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ راﺷﺴﺘﺎن و راش ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﻣﻤ ﺮزﺳﺘﺎن در ﺗﻨﻮده ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺰان ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﻴﺮودﻛﻨﺎر ﻧﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ. ﭼﻬﺎر ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺎ ﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ راﺷﺴﺘﺎن داراي ﺗﻨﻮع و -Querco-carpinetum betula, Carpineto Fagetum Oriental, Rusco-Fagetum ﻏﻨﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ راش - - Oriental and Fagetum oriental ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻤﺮزﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ( )11 . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ دو ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در -Querco-carpinetum betula, Carpineto واﺣﺪﻫﺎي اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ده Fagetum oriental ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار داراي ﺳﺮخ ، ﺟﻮاﻧﺮود ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و 4 واﺣﺪ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ -Rusco ﺷﺎﻣﻞ Fagetum Oriental and Fagetum oriental Quercus : 2 Pyrus syniaca : 1 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. در ﻛﻞ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي راﺑﻄﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﺎ Quercus brantii 3: infectoria 4و : Roza ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﺲ دارد caniana ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ( .)31 ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع واﺣﺪ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ Quercus infectoria و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻮزه Roza caniana داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻴﺮاث روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ در ﮔﻴﻼن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ( )29 . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در ﭘﮋوﻫ ﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادهﻫ ﺎي Rosaceae و و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي، ﻏﻨﺎ و Labiatae داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ را در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه درﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻠﻮط ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺎزو و ﻛﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺎس ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺎن در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان Carex ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن در ﻛﻼﺳﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن و درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. 4 .................................................................................. ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﺮان، ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1392 divla و Viola odorata ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﻮق ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻻﻳﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ داراي ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﻏﻨﺎ، ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺿﺮورت دارد ﺗﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ و ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻚ ارﺗﻮر داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار در ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪف از اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻏﻨﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي درﺧﺘﻲ، درﺧﺘﭽﻪ- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻫﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع اي و ﻋﻠﻔﻲ در ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻠﻲ در ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﻳﻮان در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ و ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻏﻨﻲ ﺗﺮ ارزش ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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    2(3) 2015: 57- 114 E-ISSN: 2148-4015 Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi http://edergi.ngbb.org.tr Ankara İli’nin Damarlı bitki çeşitliliği ve korumada öncelikli taksonları İsmail EKER1*, Mecit VURAL2, Serdar ASLAN3 1 Abant İzzet Baysal Üniv. Fen-Edeb. Fak. Biyoloji Böl. 14280 Gölköy, Bolu, Türkiye 2 Gazi Üniv. Fen Fak. Biyoloji Böl. 06560 Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye 3 Düzce Üniv. Orman Fak., Orman Botaniği A.B.D. Konuralp, Düzce, Türkiye *Sorumlu yazar / Correspondence [email protected] Geliş/Received: 23.12.2015 · Kabul/Accepted: 30.12.2015 · Yayın/Published Online: 03.02.2016 Özet: Bu çalışmada, Ankara ili için damarlı bitki çeşitliliği envanteri, hedef türlerce zengin habitatlar, korumada öncelikli taksonlar, çalışma alanının ekosistem çeşitliliği, özellikli bitki toplumları ve gösterge taksonlar, sahanın Avrupa Doğa Bilgi Sistemi (EUNIS) habitat tipleri ve çeşitlilik indeks değerleri, tür, habitat, ekosistem ve bölgesel düzeyde izleme planları ile biyolojik çeşitliliğe ilişkin tehditler ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, Ankara ilinde 110 familyada 636 cinse ait 2353 damarlı bitki taksonu saptanmıştır. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabında Veri Yetersiz (DD) olarak belirtilen Astragalus bozakmanii Podlech türü bu çalışma sırasında yeniden tespit edilmiş ve IUCN kategorisi olarak Kritik Tehlikede (CR) kategorisi önerilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, biyolojik çeşitliliğin etkin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanmasına önemli ölçüde katkı sağlanmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ankara, Biyoçeşitlilik, Flora, Koruma, Taksonomi The
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  • Caryophyllales 2018 Instituto De Biología, UNAM September 17-23
    Caryophyllales 2018 Instituto de Biología, UNAM September 17-23 LOCAL ORGANIZERS Hilda Flores-Olvera, Salvador Arias and Helga Ochoterena, IBUNAM ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Walter G. Berendsohn and Sabine von Mering, BGBM, Berlin, Germany Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, INECOL-Unidad Pátzcuaro, México Gilberto Ocampo, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México Ivonne Sánchez del Pino, CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Thomas Borsch, BGBM, Germany Fernando O. Zuloaga, Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Argentina Victor Sánchez Cordero, IBUNAM, México Cornelia Klak, Bolus Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa Hossein Akhani, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Moscow State University, Russia Michael J. Moore, Oberlin College, USA Compilation: Helga Ochoterena / Graphic Design: Julio C. Montero, Diana Martínez GENERAL PROGRAM . 4 MONDAY Monday’s Program . 7 Monday’s Abstracts . 9 TUESDAY Tuesday ‘s Program . 16 Tuesday’s Abstracts . 19 WEDNESDAY Wednesday’s Program . 32 Wednesday’s Abstracs . 35 POSTERS Posters’ Abstracts . 47 WORKSHOPS Workshop 1 . 61 Workshop 2 . 62 PARTICIPANTS . 63 GENERAL INFORMATION . 66 4 Caryophyllales 2018 Caryophyllales General program Monday 17 Tuesday 18 Wednesday 19 Thursday 20 Friday 21 Saturday 22 Sunday 23 Workshop 1 Workshop 2 9:00-10:00 Key note talks Walter G. Michael J. Moore, Berendsohn, Sabine Ya Yang, Diego F. Registration
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  • Review with Checklist of Fabaceae in the Herbarium of Iraq Natural History Museum
    Review with checklist of Fabaceae in the herbarium of Iraq natural history museum Khansaa Rasheed Al-Joboury * Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021, 14(03), 137–142 Publication history: Received on 08 February 2021; revised on 10 March 2021; accepted on 12 March 2021 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0074 Abstract This study aimed to make an inventory of leguminous plants for the purpose of identifying the plants that were collected over long periods and stored in the herbarium of Iraq Natural History Museum. It was found that the herbarium contains a large and varied number of plants from different parts of Iraq and in different and varied environments. It was collected and arranged according to a specific system in the herbarium to remain an important source for all graduate students and researchers to take advantage of these plants. Also, the flowering and fruiting periods of these plants in Iraq were recorded for different regions. Most of these plants begin to flower in the spring and thrive in fields and farms. Keywords: Fabaceae; Herbarium; Iraq; Natural; History; Museum 1. Introduction Leguminosae, Fabaceae or Papilionaceae, which was called as legume, pea, or bean Family, belong to the Order of Fabales [1]. The Fabaceae family have 727 genera also 19,325 species, which contents herbs, shrubs, trees, and climbers [2]. The distribution of fabaceae family was variety especially in cold mountainous regions for Europe, Asia and North America, It is also abundant in Central Asia and is characterized by great economic importance.
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  • Euphorbia Subg
    ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ИМ. В.Л. КОМАРОВА РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК На правах рукописи Гельтман Дмитрий Викторович ПОДРОД ESULA РОДА EUPHORBIA (EUPHORBIACEAE): СИСТЕМА, ФИЛОГЕНИЯ, ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ 03.02.01 — ботаника ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени доктора биологических наук САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ 2015 2 Оглавление Введение ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Глава 1. Род Euphorbia и основные проблемы его систематики ......................................... 9 1.1. Общая характеристика и систематическое положение .......................................... 9 1.2. Краткая история таксономического изучения и формирования системы рода ... 10 1.3. Основные проблемы систематики рода Euphorbia и его подрода Esula на рубеже XX–XXI вв. и пути их решения ..................................................................................... 15 Глава 2. Материал и методы исследования ........................................................................... 17 Глава 3. Построение системы подрода Esula рода Euphorbia на основе молекулярно- филогенетического подхода ...................................................................................................... 24 3.1. Краткая история молекулярно-филогенетического изучения рода Euphorbia и его подрода Esula ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2. Результаты молекулярно-филогенетического
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  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
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  • Triticeae Biodiversity and Conservation, a “Genebanker” View
    Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 41, 2005 (Special Issue) Triticeae Biodiversity and Conservation, a “Genebanker” View V. H������ Department of Gene Bank, Research Institute of Crop Production, 161 06 Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Wild Triticeae are important genetic resources for cultivated cereals. While wild and primitive wheats are well preserved, other genera are rather neglected. Most of Triticeae have a large area of distribution, many occupy secondary habitats, or are weedy. However, there are also species with a limited distribution and those need primary attention in conservation. Annuals can be easily stored ex situ as easily as cultivated cereals; peren- nials have their longevity shortened. For successful conservation of genetic diversity one sample of a species is not enough. It is necessary to collect samples from the whole distribution area. Geographically distant popula- tions differ not only morphologically, but can have different spectra of genes. Even within a population there are large differences. For species scattered in distribution or restricted to a certain small area, it is reasonable to consider their in situ conservation. The basic requirement is to protect the locality/ies and to ensure that they are managed for sustainable reproduction of the Triticeae. Basically, this requires maintaining acceptable levels of use by man (grazing and disturbance), acceptable levels of plant competition from other species, and controlling allochtonous invasive species. Localities with in situ conservation require instant monitoring. A detailed docu- mentation (so called passport data) is prerequisite for both ex situ and in situ conservation. The taxonomic system must be conservative, without frequent nomenclatoral changes.
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  • 1 Introduction
    National Strategy for the Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives of Spain María Luisa Rubio Teso, José M. Iriondo, Mauricio Parra & Elena Torres PGR Secure: Novel characterization of crop wild relative and landrace resources as a basis for improved crop breeding The research reported here was made possible with funding from the EU Seventh Framework Programme. PGR Secure is a collaborative project funded under the EU Seventh Framework Programme, THEME KBBE.2010.1.1-03, ‘Characterization of biodiversity resources for wild crop relatives to improve crops by breeding’, Grant Agreement no. 266394. The information published in this report reflects the views of PGR Secure partner, URJC. The European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Cristina Ronquillo Ferrero and Aarón Nebreda Trejo who collaborated in the process of data gathering and data analysis for the generation of this strategy. We are also grateful to Lori De Hond for her help with proof reading and linguistic assistance. Front Cover Picture: Lupinus angustifolius L., by Rubén Milla 2 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 2 Prioritization of Crop Wild Relatives in Spain ................................................................ 6 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Methods .................................................................................................................
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  • Taxonomy and Phylogeny in Triticeae: a Historical Review and Current Status
    Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research Review Article Open Access Taxonomy and phylogeny in Triticeae: a historical review and current status Abstract Volume 3 Issue 5 - 2016 The Triticeae is an economically important tribe within the Poaceae. Because a number of cereal crops and forage grasses belong to the tribe it has attracted much scientific Mohannad G Al–Saghir attention covering many species: taxonomy, phylogeny, genetics, cytogenetic, genome Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio analyses (crossing ability and chromosome pairing), isoenzymes, molecular biology University, USA (RFLP, RAPD, PCR sequencing) and breeding. This paper contains a brief historical outline of the taxonomy of the tribe. Phylogenetic hypotheses regarding this tribe Correspondence: Mohannad G Al–Saghir, Department of inferred from different methods, techniques and approaches, are reviewed. The Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Zanesville, different phylogenies are discussed and compared and conflicts are elucidated. Ohio, USA, Email al–[email protected] Keywords: triticeae, phylogeny, taxonomy, poaceae, perennial species, durum Received: April 23, 2016 | Published: May 10, 2016 wheat, phylogenies, genetic diversity, cytogenetics, molecular biology, chromosomes, perennial, caespitose, thizomatous species Introduction as cited above. We can therefore conclude that the most appropriate outgroup for the tribe will be Bromus. The tribe Triticeae Dum is economically the most important tribe in the grass family (Poaceae). It encompasses between 350 and 500 Definition annual or perennial species,1–3 including the important cereal crops wheat (Triticum aestivium L.), durum wheat (T. turgidum sup. durum The Triticeae encompasses annual and perennial, caespitose or (Desf. MacKay) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereal L.) thizomatous species.
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  • Chromosome Counts of Some Angiosperm Species from Iran
    NEW OR RARE CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF SOME ANGIOSPERM SPECIES FROM IRAN S. M. GHAFFARI Ghaffari, S. M. 2006 01 01: New or rare chromosome counts of some angiosperm species from Iran. –Iran. Journ. Bot. 11 (2): 185-192. Tehran. Original chromosome observations including 29 species from 19 families are reported. Of these, the chromosome numbers, for 6 taxa including, Cirsium hygrophilum (Asteraceae), Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Brassicaceae), Dianthus orientalis subsp. nassireddini (Caryophyllaceae), Phlomis bruguieri, Salvia leriifolia, Teucrium oliverianum (Lamiaceae) are new observations. Also, new tetraploid level of n=24 for Asyneuma amplexicaule (Campanulaceae) and new diploid level of n=9 for Euphorbia microsciadia (Euphorbiaceae) are reported here for the first time. Seyed Mahmood Ghaffari, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran. P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords. Chromosomes, Angiospermae, Iran. ﺷﻤﺎرش ﮐﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎدر ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪاﻧﻪ اﯾﺮان ﺳﯿﺪﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻏﻔﺎري ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﮐﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﯽ 29 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 19 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﮔﺰارش ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﻬﺎي ﮐﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﯽ ﺑﺮاي 6 ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: Cirsium hygrophilum (Asteraceae), Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Brassicaceae), Dianthus orientalis subsp. Nassireddini (Caryophyllaceae), Phlomis bruguieri, Salvia leriifolia, Teucrium (oliverianum (Lamiaceae ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺘﺮاﭘﻠﻮﺋﯿﺪي n=24 ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Asyneuma amplexicaule (Campanulaceae و ﺳﻄﺢ دﯾﭙﻠﻮﺋﯿﺪي n=9 ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Euphorbia microsciadia (Euphorbiaceae ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر ﮔﺰارش ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. 186 S. M. Ghaffari IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 INTRODUCTION Tehran University (TUH) or in the IRAN The purpose of this paper and others forth Herbarium (Ghaffari, 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1988) coming in the same series, is to give information RESULTS AND DISCUSSION concerning the chromosome counts of Angiosperm taxa of the Iranian flora.
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  • Diversity of the Mountain Flora of Central Asia with Emphasis on Alkaloid-Producing Plants
    diversity Review Diversity of the Mountain Flora of Central Asia with Emphasis on Alkaloid-Producing Plants Karimjan Tayjanov 1, Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva 1,* and Michael Wink 2 1 Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences, Mirzo Ulugbek str. 77, 100170 Tashkent, Uzbekistan; [email protected] 2 Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +9-987-126-25913 Academic Editor: Ipek Kurtboke Received: 22 November 2016; Accepted: 13 February 2017; Published: 17 February 2017 Abstract: The mountains of Central Asia with 70 large and small mountain ranges represent species-rich plant biodiversity hotspots. Major mountains include Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Alatau, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai and Kopet Dag. Because a range of altitudinal belts exists, the region is characterized by high biological diversity at ecosystem, species and population levels. In addition, the contact between Asian and Mediterranean flora in Central Asia has created unique plant communities. More than 8100 plant species have been recorded for the territory of Central Asia; about 5000–6000 of them grow in the mountains. The aim of this review is to summarize all the available data from 1930 to date on alkaloid-containing plants of the Central Asian mountains. In Saur 301 of a total of 661 species, in Tarbagatai 487 out of 1195, in Dzungarian Alatau 699 out of 1080, in Tien Shan 1177 out of 3251, in Pamir-Alai 1165 out of 3422 and in Kopet Dag 438 out of 1942 species produce alkaloids. The review also tabulates the individual alkaloids which were detected in the plants from the Central Asian mountains.
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  • The New Locally Endemic Genus Yazdana (Caryophyllaceae)
    Journal of Systematics JSE and Evolution doi: 10.1111/jse.12575 Research Article The new locally endemic genus Yazdana (Caryophyllaceae) and patterns of endemism highlight the high conservation priority of the poorly studied Shirkuh Mountains (central Iran) Jalil Noroozi1* , Atefeh Pirani2,3 , Hamid Moazzeni3 , Mohammad Mahmoodi4 , Golshan Zare5 , Alireza Noormohammadi6, Michael H.J. Barfuss1 , Michael Suen1, and Gerald M. Schneeweiss1 1Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779‐48974, Iran 3Department of Botany, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779‐48974, Iran 4Botany Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 13185‐116, Iran 5Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey 6Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany *Author for Correspondence. E‐mail: [email protected] Received 8 January 2019; Accepted 17 February 2020; Article first published online 19 February 2020 Abstract Although mountain ranges are often recognized as global biodiversity hotspots with a high level of endemism, diversity and biogeographic connections of isolated and weakly explored mountains remain poorly understood. This is also the case for Shirkuh Mts. in central Iran. Here, Yazdana shirkuhensis gen. & spec. nov. (Caryophylleae, Caryophyllaceae) is described and illustrated from the high alpine zone of this mountain. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data show that Y. shirkuhensis is related to Cyathophylla and Heterochroa (tribe Caryophylleae).
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  • Usefulness of Palynomorphological Characteristics for the Identification of Species Cyanus Mill
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2021) 45: 43-58 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-2005-55 Usefulness of palynomorphological characteristics for the identification of species Cyanus Mill. (Asteraceae) in Turkey: a taxonomic approach Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK*, Emrah ŞİRİN, Hüseyin DURAL, Kuddisi ERTUĞRUL Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye Received: 24.05.2020 Accepted/Published Online: 03.01.2021 Final Version: 27.01.2021 Abstract: Palynological characters of 20 taxa belonging to the Turkish subgenus Cyanus were studied in details using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of the subgenus Cyanus were tricolporate or syncolporate, subprolate or prolate-spheroidal, 26.15 to 53 µm in polar size, 22.84 to 46.86 µm in equatorial size, isopolar, and radially symmetrical. The only type of pollen grain ornamentation observed was scabrate-perforate. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed to investigate the relationships of the studied Cyanus taxa. As a result of the phenetic analyses, the polar axis, equatorial axis, colpus length, and apocolpium were found to be significant palynomorphological characteristics for taxonomic use. Key words: Compositae, Cyanus, pollen morphology, numerical analysis, systematics 1. Introduction Distribution of the Cyanus group lies across central The family Asteraceae is the largest and the most and southern Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, and the cosmopolitan of the flowering plants and is presumably Caucasus. Moreover, some species occur in areas of Iran the most widespread in the Mediterranean (Attard and and Afghanistan (Boršić et al., 2011). Within the scope of Cuschieri, 2009).
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