ISSN 1536-7738 Oklahoma Native Plant Record

Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 1

Oklahoma Native Plant Record Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114 Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 ISSN 1536-7738 Managing Editor: Sheila Strawn Technical Editors: Paula Shryock & Erin Miller Technical Advisor: Bruce Hoagland CD-ROM Producer: Chadwick Cox Website: www.usao.edu/~onps/ The purpose of ONPS is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of Oklahoma. Membership in ONPS is open to any person who supports the aims of the Society. ONPS offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2008 Officers and Board Members President: Kim Shannon Anne Long Award Chair: Patricia Folley Vice-president: Gloria Caddell ONPS Service Award Chair: Sue Amstutz Secretary: Paula Shryock Historian: Sharon McCain Treasurer: Mary Korthase Librarian: Bonnie Winchester Membership Database: Tina Julich Website Manager: Chadwick Cox Past President: Constance Murray Photo Poster Curators: Board Members: Sue Amstutz & Marilyn Stewart Monica Macklin Color Oklahoma Chair: Tina Julich Lynn Michael Conservation Chair: Chadwick Cox Constance Murray Mailings Chair: Karen Haworth Stanley Rice Merchandise Chair: Susan Chambers Bruce Smith Nominating Chair: Paula Shryock Ron Tyrl Photography Contest Chair: Tina Julich Central Chapter Chair: Marilyn Stewart Publicity Chairs: Cross-timbers Chapter Chair: Kim Shannon & Marilyn Stewart Paul Richardson Wildflower Workshop Chair: Mycology Chapter Chair: Clark Ovrebo Constance Murray Northeast Chapter Chair: Sue Amstutz Cover photo: Courtesy of Patricia Folley Gaillardia Editor: Chadwick Cox Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. Harriet Barclay Award Chair: Maximilian’s Sunflower Rahmona Thompson

Articles (c) The Authors Journal compilation (c) Oklahoma Native Plant Society Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100057 2

Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1

Table of Contents

Foreword ...... 3

A Floristic Study of the Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma, M.S. Thesis...... 4 Dr. Susan C. Barber

Updated List of Taxa for Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma...... 37 Dr. Susan C. Barber

Updated Flora of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge ...... 45 Mr. Keith A. Carter, Mr. Pablo Rodriguez, and Dr. Michael T. Dunn

Common Spring Mushrooms of Oklahoma ...... 57 Dr. Clark L. Ovrebo and Dr. Nancy S. Weber

Fern Habitats and Rare Ferns in Oklahoma ...... 61 Dr. Bruce A. Smith

Tribute to Paul Buck ...... 67 Dr. Constance L. Murray

Five Year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record ...... inside back cover Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3 Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Foreword

This has been a very busy year for our authors, reviewers, and editors. Thank you for waiting patiently for Volume 8. I think you will agree that it was worth the wait. Susan Barber has provided our historic article for 2008. Her thesis, “A Floristic Study of the Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma”, is long overdue to be published . She researched the relationships between soil and vegetation types, just one of the underlying causes for the great biodiversity in Oklahoma. Her thorough work provides much more to the reader than the title reveals. It is a data-rich source for future botany research, and we know you’ll enjoy it. “Updated Flora of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge” by Keith Carter, Pablo Rodriguez, and Michael Dunn marks a new step in botanical research in Oklahoma. The Herbarium at Cameron University [CAMU] is now housing the Refuge’s plant specimens, thanks to a grant and a lot of work by students, faculty, and staff at Cameron University. This is the first effort to update information regarding species at the Refuge since we published the late Paul Buck’s 1977 checklist of the flora in 2002. Hopefully, it will spur interest in keeping the Refuge list up-to-date and bring recognition to a very deserving state institution’s herbarium. We also hope that this will mark the beginning of a cooperative relationship between the Society and our state institutions’ herbaria. One of the main goals of the Record is the initiation of new sources of data for biodiversity research in Oklahoma, and this paper is evidence that we are reaching that goal. It’s been several years since we’ve published Clark Ovrebo’s popular paper about lawn mushrooms. “Spring Mushrooms of Oklahoma” by Ovrebo and Nancy Weber is a new, enlightening and enjoyable article with colorful photos from which we can learn a great deal more about the intriguing kingdom of Fungi. We’ve also been waiting several years for “Ferns and Rare Ferns in Oklahoma” by Bruce Smith. It’s finally here with photos to help identify them. Hopefully, a checklist of Oklahoma ferns will be forthcoming. Finally, we have a Memorial to Paul Buck, long-time board member and promoter of the Society. Constance Murray has provided us with a look at what it was like to have a professional, as well as a personal relationship, with someone so many of us have known and respected, someone who had a tremendous impact on the study of botany and ecology in Oklahoma.

Sheila Strawn, Editor 4 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

A Floristic Study of the Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science, December 1975 Susan C. Barber Currently, Associate Provost and Professor of Biology Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK 73106-1493 E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The vascular floras of gypsum and redbed soils in southwestern Oklahoma were collected and studied during the growing season (April-October) of 1975. A total of 359 taxa and 230 genera and 63 families were included in the study. Thirteen taxa are considered to be gypsophiles and indicators of gypsum soils in Oklahoma. Nine taxa are considered calicoles occurring only on gypsum and limestone derived soils. Two introduced species, Bromus catharticus Vahl (syn. = Bromus willdenowii) and Caesalpinia gilliesii, are believed to be new additions to Oklahoma’s flora. Editor’s note: The abstract and a brief summary of this thesis was published as “Floristic Components of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma” in The Southwestern Naturalist 24(3):431- 437 September 15, 1979 and is included here by permission (SS)

INTRODUCTION collected, it seems that the floristic components of the gypsum Gypsum outcrops and soils often and redbed areas could prove to be support a distinctive flora. These very interesting; therefore a endemic species presumably evolved study of the flora of the region in response to the rigorous was undertaken. The objectives of conditions of high calcium sulfate the study were (1) to describe the content, drought, etc. Turner floras of gypsum and redbed plains (1973) reports numerous new geomorphic provinces in gypsophilous species from Mexico. southwestern Oklahoma, (2) to In southwestern Oklahoma gypsum determine similarities and deposits are quite extensive and differences in plant taxa of the Waterfall (1950) listed new two provinces, (3) to determine if additions to the Oklahoma flora the gypsite region taxa are unique from Harmon and Jackson counties. to it or are characteristic of the This situation may parallel the redbed plains and/or gypsum well studied endemism on floras, and (4) to determine if serpentine soils of California there are differences in the (Kruckeberg, 1951). Since gypsum floras of edaphic areas within the often supports a distinctive group gypsum province. of plants and the southwestern The study area is located part of the state has been seldom within Harmon, Jackson, and Greer

Barber, S.C. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100059 5 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 counties which are located in the Specimens of the vascular flora of southwestern corner of Oklahoma, flora of the area were collected the county seats being Hollis, and identified. Collecting trips Altus, and Mangum, respectively. were made during the growing The area is located approximately season starting April, 1975 and 55 miles northwest of Wichita ending October, 1975. An attempt Falls, Texas. The total land area was made to collect the plants in is 1,272,256 acres or 1.988 square different stages of flowering and miles. Oklahoma Highway 9 near the fruiting. Voucher specimens were Salt Fork of the Red River deposited in the Oklahoma State constitutes the northern boundary Herbarium (OKLA) and the Bebb for the collection area; the Red Herbarium of the University of River, the southern boundary; the Oklahoma (OKL). North Fork of the Red River, the Geological and ecological eastern boundary; and the considerations as well as a list Oklahoma-Texas state line, the of the 359 taxa are presented in western boundary (Figure 1). subsequent chapters of this study. Three east-west transects were established in order to include GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY major soil types and the distinct geomorphic provinces. Locations of Curtis and Ham (1972) describe the collection sites established twenty-six geomorphic provinces along the transects are listed for Oklahoma. Of these twenty-six below and are indicated by the regions, three are found in the circles on the map of Figure 1. area of study: (1) the Mangum Collections were also made at Gypsum Hills, (2) the Central other sites. Redbed Plains, and (3) the Western Sandstone Hills. The latter region REDBEDS is essentially composed of the

R19W, T2N, Sec. 15 same materials as the redbeds and R19W, T2N, Sec. 17 is not discussed as a separate R20W, T1S, Sec. 19 entity (Figure 2). R20W, T1S, Sec. 20 The most extensive of the R21W, T2N, Sec. 13 geomorphic regions is the Central R22W, T2N, Sec. 13 Redbed Plains area. These deposits R22W, T2N, Sec. 15 were made during a time of sea R23W, T2N, Sec. 3 withdrawal and extremely arid R23W, T2N, Sec. 6 climates. The term redbeds applies R23W, T5N, Sec. 18 to a series of brick-red shales R24W, T1S, Sec. 12 and clays containing strata of R26W, T4N, Sec. 3 other rock, occupying an area of approximately 50,000 square miles GYPSUM in southwestern Kansas, western

R22W, T1N, Sec. 33 Oklahoma, northern Texas, and R22W, T2N, Sec. 13 extending westward to the Rocky R23W, T1S, Sec. 21 Mountains. They are of Permian or R24W, T2N, Sec. 2 Upper Carboniferous age, and rest R24W, T2N, Sec. 6 directly above Pennsylvanian rocks R24W, T5N, Sec. 21 to the east. In western Oklahoma R25W, T1N, Sec. 7 the redbeds have been covered by other formations of a later SAND AREAS AND RIVER geologic age. West of the Salt FLOODPLAINS Fork of the Red River are bluffs,

R20W, T2S, Sec. 11 mesas, and uplands of gypsum and R21W, T2N, Sec. 16 sandstone that are intermingled R22W, T4N, Sec. 1 with the redbeds. This area R26W, T5N, Sec. 24 consists of red Permian clays

Barber, S.C. 6 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Barber, S.C. 7 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

approximately 42,000,000,000 tons (Gould, 1910). There are three gypsum geomorphic provinces in Oklahoma: (1) the Cimarron Gypsum Hills (the Blaine Region of Gould, 1910), (2) the Weatherford Gypsum Hills, and (3) the Mangum Gypsum Hills (the Greer County Region of Gould, 1910). The Mangum Gypsum Hills are included within the study area. Stratification of the gypsum is erratic and the thickness of the formation varies a great deal. The gypsum does not form conspicuous hills, but appears on the surface in broken, not continuous ledges. The area is delimited from the redbeds by escarpments which are especially steep in southwestern Oklahoma. Snider (1913) described intermediates of the gypsum and the redbed plains which are deposits of gypsiferous clay known as gypsite. These deposits usually lie in valleys or flats below the gypsum ledges. These are probably formed by water which percolates through gypsum to the valley floor and evaporates from the surface leaving gypsum in a fine crystalline form mixed with the clay of the valley floors. In the field it was impossible to distinguish these soils from mixed redbed, gypsum soils. The occurrence of copper minerals in Permian strata of western Oklahoma has been known from the time of Marcy‟s and shales and has weathered into exploration in 1850. The copper is a gently rolling plain in which generally found in flowerpot the hills seldom exceed 100 feet shales which are low relief areas. in height (Bruner, 1931). The area The shales are overlain by Duncan is well suited to the growth of sandstone and underlain by thin grasses. The most extensive gypsum dolomites. These areas make up a deposits in the United States, relatively small part of the study including the Oklahoma gypsum area. region, were laid in the Permian. Clifton (1928) made a study of The area extends almost the geology of Harmon, Greer, uninterruptedly from central Iowa Jackson, and Tillman counties. The across Kansas, Oklahoma, and surface exposures within the Texas. The most extensive gypsum limits of the three counties deposits of this area are found in belong, for the most part, to the Oklahoma. The total amount of Permian system. Along the gypsum in the three counties is northeastern limits of the area

Barber, S.C. 8 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 there is a line of pre—Cambrian of the Enid group are found in exposures consisting of granite Jackson and Greer counties. None peaks and knobs. The Cimarron of the rocks of these formations series is divided into three groups are exposed at the surface in consisting of sandstone, shale, Harmon County. The Hennessey, gypsum, and dolomite(Table I). Duncan, and Chickasha are the formations. The Hennessey TABLE I formation outcrops in the eastern part of Greer County and in the GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS EXPOSED AT THE eastern and extreme southeastern SURFACE IN HARMON, GREER, AND sections of Jackson County. The JACKSON COUNTIES* Duncan and Chickasha formations appear as surface beds in the Series Group Formation northern part of Greer County. In Jackson County the formation can Cimarron Woodward Whitehorse be traced in an almost continuous Sandstone line across the center of the county beginning near the town of Dog Creek Elmer. Shale Recent deposits consisting of Blaine Blaine sands, gravels, and alluvia border Gypsums the streams in the area. Enid Chickasha Harmon County is drained by the Duncan Red River and its tributaries, the Hennessey principal of which are Lebos Garber Creek, Salt Fork, and Elm Fork. *From Clifton, 1928 Jackson County is also drained by The Woodward group, exposed the Red River and its tributaries, only at the surface in Harmon the North Fork, Salt Fork, and County, consists of two Gypsum Creek. Greer County is formations, the Whitehorse drained by Elm Fork, Salt Fork, sandstone and the Dog Creek shale and North Fork of the Red River. formation. The Dog Creek shale The drainage plain for all three formation appears as a surface counties slopes in a general outcrop in T5N and extends as far southeast direction. east as R24W. The Whitehorse The intermingling of the gypsum sandstone overlies the Dog Creek and redbeds gives the area its shales in some areas. characteristic topography. There Approximately the lower half of is a considerable area having a the formation is represented in relief dominated by low gypsum the county. hills and escarpments. Otherwise, The Blaine group, consisting the topography is that of a level only of the Blaine formation, is plain dissected by stream and found in all three counties. The erosion channels. The lowest formation presents four or more elevation for the area is 1300 series of discontinuous beds of feet along the Red River in gypsum and magnesium-calcium Jackson County, and the highest carbonate beds, with interbedded elevation is 1900 feet in red clays and shales throughout northeastern Harmon County. the area it outcrops. Occasionally the gypsum beds have a tendency to SOILS erode locally in a series of The soils of the three counties outcrops. This formation covers range from shallow to deep and are the eastern portion of Harmon nearly level to steep. In general, County, and the western portions however, the soils are moderately of Jackson and Greer counties. sloping. Soil series are described Three of the four formations

Barber, S.C. 9 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 for only Jackson and Greer farming on this association. counties, while soil associations 2. The Miles-Nobscot are described for all three association covers about 13 counties. A series consists of all percent of the county. The soils having like profiles and is chief soils in this named for a geographic feature association are moderately near the area where the soils were sandy to sandy, and the first mapped. In contrast, soil slope ranges from nearly associations consist of one or level to steep. The Miles more major series and at least one soils, the most extensive of minor series and are named for the the series, have a surface major soils. These are much more soil that is a fine sandy useful to botanists because they loam. They are nearly level cover large areas which are more to moderately sloping. The readily compared and they often Nobscot soils are sandier support distinctive vegetation and more rolling than the types. Miles soils. The Miles soils Table II enumerates the major of the association are best soil series common to both Jackson suited for cotton, grain and Greer counties. Tables III and sorghum, wheat, rye, and IV list the other major soil alfalfa. About two-thirds of series of Jackson and Greer the Nobscot soils are counties, respectively. Since soil cultivated, and rye and associations are more important to grain sorghum are the crops floristic botany, and the soil grown. The rest of the associations for each county are association is used for slightly different, each county rangeland. will be dealt with separately. Bailey and Graft (1961) 3. The LaCasa-Weymouth described eight soil associations association makes up about for Jackson County. A brief 10 percent of the land area description for each one is given of the county. The soils are in Figure 3. gently to stony soils or rock outcrops. The LaCasa 1. The Tillman-Hollister and Weymouth soils are association covers about 40 gently sloping, and the percent of the county. This steep soils are members of association is found on a the Harmon and Vernon large, broad plain that is series. Most of these soils nearly level to gently are cultivated with wheat sloping. It is broken being the major crop. occasionally by small areas Moisture conservation and of rough and broken land. In erosion control are major the level areas are the problems of dryland Tillman, Hollister, and agriculture on this Abilene soils. The steep association. areas are also composed of rough broken land. Most of 4. The Tipton-Enterprise-Tivoli these soils are cultivated association lies along the and a great portion of the rivers and occupies 15 irrigated land in the county percent of the county. The is in this association. soils are mostly level to Cotton, sorghum, and alfalfa gently sloping. The are the principal irrigated Enterprise and Tivoli soils crops of the association, are near the rivers and the and these crops and wheat Tipton soils occupy the are grown under dryland terrace areas. The Tipton

Barber, S.C. 10 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

and Enterprise soils are these areas are beds of similar and are formed in gypsum mixed with the clays very fine sands and silts of the redbeds. Harmon soils that are blown in from river are shallow soils of this channels. Tivoli soils association. This consist of wind-drifted association is not suitable sands and are billowy or for cultivation, but with dune-like. The Tipton and proper management this land Enterprise soils are fertile is often used for pasture. and crops are grown on them. 6. The Spur-Port association Tivoli soil is used for covers about 6 percent of range and is only fair to the county. This association poor for grazing. lies along the major creeks. 5. The Vernon-Rough Broken Land The Port soils are dark and association covers about 10 occupy higher positions than percent of the county. The the Spur soils. About three- Vernon soils are the fourths of this association smoother areas. Rough Broken are in cultivation and are Land consists of steep used mainly for cotton, escarpments, canyons, and alfalfa, small grain, and gullied areas. Included in sorghum.

TABLE II MAJOR SOIL SERIES COMMON TO JACKSON AND GREER COUNTIES ______Factors of Formation______Series Surface Layer Parent Material Vegetation _____ Slope___

Enterprise Very Fine Very fine sand Shortgrass Nearly level Sandy Loam and silt; Prairie to gently Quaternary sloping

Hollister Clay to Clayey Permian Shortgrass Nearly Clay Loam redbeds Prairie level

LaCasa Clay loam Clayey Permain Short Grass Nearly redbeds Prairie sloping

Miles Fine Sandy Sandy earths of Sandsage Nearly

Loam Quaternary Grassland & level to deposits Shortgrass undulating Prairie

Spur Clay Loam Loamy alluvium Mixed-Grass Nearly from Permian Prairie level redbeds

Tillman Clay Loam Clayey Permian Shortgrass Nearly level redbeds Prairie to gently sloping

Vernon Clay Loam Clayey Permian Shortgrass Gently or Clay redbeds Prairie sloping to steep

Weymouth Clay Loam Calcareous Shortgrass Gently to Permian Prairie moderately redbeds sloping

Yahola Loamy Fine Loamy to Floodplain Nearly Sand moderately Woodland level sandy alluvium ______

Barber, S.C. 11 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

TABLE III MAJOR SOIL SERIES OF JACKSON COUNTY ______Factors of Formation______Series Surface Layer Parent Material Vegetation ____Slope____

Abilene Clay Loam Calcareous Shortgrass Nearly level clayey sediments Prairie to gently sloping

Nobscot Fine Sand Sandy earths of Sandsage Gently to Quaternary Grassland strongly deposits sloping

Tipton Loam Loamy & silty Shortgrass Nearly level alluvial Prairie and gently Quaternary sloping deposits

Tivoli Fine Sand Siliceous sands Sandsage Billowy of Quaternary Grassland and duney deposits ______

TABLE IV MAJOR SOIL SERIES OF GREER COUNTY ______Factors of Formation______Series Surface Layer Parent Material Vegetation ___ Slope_____

Lawton Clay Loam Granitic outwash Mixed-Grass Nearly level Prairie to strongly sloping

Springer Loamy Fine Old alluvium Tallgrass Nearly level Sand reworked by wind Prairie to strongly sloping ______

Barber, S.C. 12 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

7. The Alluvial Land-Yahola soil association is on association is on the flood nearly level to strongly plains of the rivers and sloping uplands with a few covers about 6 percent of dunes. The Miles soils make the county. The alluvial up most of the association land is made up of sandy and are nearly level to soils on the lower part of sloping. The Springer soils the flood plain. The Yahola are gently to strongly soils are farther from the sloping and the Tivoli soils river channel and are less are on stabilized dunes. sandy. This association is Much of the acreage of this used mainly for range. Some association is cultivated. crops are grown on them. Cotton is the main crop, but wheat, rye and grain sorghum 8. The Granitic Mountains are also grown. The land has association consists of to be well managed due to stony granitic hills in the the high erosion rate and eastern part of the county the rapid loss of fertility. and was not considered in this survey. 2. The St. Paul-Woodward- Quinlan association occurs Frie, Brinlee, and Graft (1967) in the north-central and describe nine soil associations northwestern parts of the for Greer County. A brief county and is therefore description for each association outside the scope of this is given in Figure 4. study area.

1. The Miles-Springer-Tivoli 3. The Hollister-Tillman association comprises 24 association makes up 10 percent of the county. This percent of the county. The

Barber, S.C. 13 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

soils are of broad uplands of this association is in that are formed in old native range and is used for alluvium and/or in material grazing. Management is very from clay and shale. The difficult and forage Hollister and Abilene soils production ranges from very are formed in calcareous old poor to good. Where the alluvium and the Tillman soils contain gypsum care soils are nearly level and must be taken when selecting are formed in calcareous ponds. material. Nearly all of this association is cultivated. 7. The Sandy Alluvial Land- Wheat is the main crop, but Yahola association covers 5 other crops are also grown. percent of the county. This These soils are also often association is made up of irrigated. calcareous, nearly level soils on the flood plains of 4. The Lawton association makes the rivers. The Yahola soils up about 8 percent of the are, in general, found on county. This association higher areas. About 65 occupies nearly level or percent of the Yahola soils gently sloping uplands, are cultivated, mainly to broken by steep, stony cotton, wheat, and alfalfa. hills. Much of this Good range management is association is cultivated. needed in this area. Wheat and cotton are the main crops. Fields sown to 8. The Spur-Mangum association winter wheat provide makes up about 6 percent of excellent pasture for beef the county. These are soils cattle. The soils are also of the flood plains that suitable for irrigation. formed in loamy and clayey alluvium. The Spur soils are 5. The LaCasa-Weymouth mainly nearly level. The association consists of Mangum soils are dominant in gently sloping and sloping nearly level areas that are soils of the uplands. The occasionally overflowed. LaCasa and Weymouth soils Nearly all of the Spur soils are formed in material from are cultivated. Wheat, calcareous clay or shale. cotton, and alfalfa are the The Tarrant soils often main crops. The Mangum soils intermingle with the are mainly used for range Weymouth soils. Much of the rather than cultivation. land of this association is cultivated, mainly to wheat. 9. The Tipton-Enterprise The rest of the land is used association covers about 3 for rangeland, but the percent of the county. These ranges are difficult to are nearly level to strongly manage. sloping soils. These soils make up the terraces along 6. The Badland-Rough Broken the Red River. Wheat, Land association makes up cotton, and alfalfa are about 21 percent of the grown on nearly all the county. This association is land. The soils of this rugged and is characterized association are fertile to by steep escarpments. Rocks highly fertile. A large of the Permian redbeds are acreage of the area is exposed in a few areas. Much irrigated.

Barber, S.C. 14 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Barber, S.C. 15 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Barber, S.C. 16 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

No complete soil survey report association is made up of for Harmon County has been very shallow to shallow published, but the Soil upland soils with clayey Conservation Service (1973) has surfaces. The slopes are mapped the major soil associations gentle to steep. The soils for the county (Figure 5). A brief are used primarily for description for each of the eight rangeland. The shallow associations is given below. clayed soils cause drouthiness; therefore, 1. The Abilene-Tipton maintaining an adequate association is composed of vegetation cover is a deep upland soils with silty problem. surfaces and permeable subsoils on nearly level to 7. The Miller association is gently sloping topography. composed of deep, clayey, The main crops are cotton, bottomland soils used wheat, milo, and alfalfa. principally as cropland. The rangeland on this Wheat has been almost association is mostly on exclusively the only crop droughty soils. Mesquite is grown on this soil. a problem on the rangeland of this association. 8. The Riverwash association consists of deep sandy, 2. The Tillman-Hollister bottomland soils used association consists of deep principally as rangeland. upland soils with silty These soils produce a fair surfaces. They are nearly amount of forage, but the level to very gently sloping fertility is very low. Cotton is the main irrigated crop. CLIMATE

3. The Miles-Sentinel The climate of the three association is composed of county area is continental, warm- deep upland soils with sandy temperate, and subhumid. The major surfaces. The principal climatic variations are caused by crops are sorghum and the alternating movement of warm, cotton. The major soil moist air from the Gulf of Mexico problem of the area is wind and cool, dry air from the north. erosion. Daily and seasonal variations in the climate are often sudden and 4. The Weymouth-Quinlan extreme. The months of greatest association consists of rainfall are April, May, and June shallow to deep soils, loamy and then the fall months of throughout. The soils are September and October. Most of the gently sloping to steeply rains are of short duration and sloping. Most of this high intensity. The soils are association is used for driest in July and August when rangeland. high temperatures and hot, dry 5. The Harmon-LaCasa winds remove moisture rapidly. association consists of Moisture is often removed from shallow to shallow upland leaves faster than it can be soils with loamy surfaces. supplied and the plants are unable The land is mainly used for to recover. rangeland, but mesquite is a The average rainfall for problem on the ranges. Jackson County is 25 inches. The lowest amount ever recorded was 6. The Vernon-Rough Broken Land 13.92 inches in 1917 and the

Barber, S.C. 17 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 wettest year was 1941 with 49.30 inches of rain came in a three day inches. The average snowfall is period, the 24th through the 26th. 6.7 inches with snow rarely Therefore, most of July was dry covering the ground for more than and the soil was baked. With the 2 weeks, generally only 2-4 days. end of July and the first part of The average growing season is 224 August came more rain. September days. The average last frost in and October, usually wet months, the spring is March 28 and the were exceptionally dry. average first fall frost is November 7th (Bailey and Graft, 1961). TABLE V The average rainfall for Greer County is 23.68 inches. Annual AVERAGE TEMPERATURES AND DEPARTURE FROM AVERAGE (oF) FOR THE MONTHS amounts have ranged from a low of a 10.86 inches in 1910 to as much as JANUARY THROUGH OCTOBER 1975 45.13 inches in 1923. The average ______snowfall ranges from 6.5 inches in the southeastern part of the Month Average Departure county to 8.5 inches in the ______northwestern part of the county. January 42.2 +2.2 The growing season ranges from 209 February 39.4 -5.2 days in the northwest to 225 days March 50.1 -1.3 in the southeast. The average last April 60.7 -2.6 spring freeze is November 4th May 70.2 -1.3 (Frie, Brinlee, and Graft, 1967). June 78.7 -1.6 The average rainfall for Harmon July 8.0 -4.3 County is 23.2 inches. The amounts August 81.0 -1.6 have ranged from a low of 9.79 September 70.5 -5.1 inches in 1933 and a high of 45.15 October 65.4 +0.6 ______inches in 1941. The average a growing season is 225 days. The From Oklahoma Climatological average last killing frost is Data, Monthly Summaries, 1975. March 30th and the average first killing frost is November 10th (U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation TABLE VI Service, 1973). Temperature and rainfall PRECIPITATION AND DEPARTURE FROM records were recorded at the Altus AVERAGE FOR THE MONTHS JANUARY Irrigation Research Station, which THROUGH OCTOBER 1975a is located in the south-central ______portion of the collection area in Jackson County. Evaporation data Month Evaporation Departure was taken from Altus Dam at Lake ______Altus in Greer County. Temperature January 1.58 +0.74 is recorded in degrees Fahrenheit; February 2.06 +1.04 precipitation and evaporation are March 0.90 -0.36 recorded in inches. April 0.89 -1.20 Climatically, this year was an May 4.61 +0.31 unusual year for the study area, June 5.18 +1.70 as indicated in Tables V-VII. July 7.13 +5.06 Temperatures were generally below August 1.96 -0.10 average for the year. September 2.22 -0.23 Precipitation, on the average, was October 0.74 -2.05 higher in the summer months, but ______evaporation for the early part of aFrom Oklahoma Climatological the summer was greater than usual. Data, Monthly Summaries, 1975. In July 6.94 inches of the 7.13

Barber, S.C. 18 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

TABLE VII land area of the three counties is 1,272,256 acres with 1,202,800 EVAPORATION AND DEPARTURE FROM acres or 94.5% of the land in AVERAGE FOR THE MONTHS JANUARY a farms (Census of Agriculture, THROUGH OCTOBER 1975 ______1969). These farms support the majority of the 44,017 people b Month Evaporation Departure living in the three county area ______January - - (Census of Population, 1970). February - - Jackson County, population 30,902 March 5.05 +1.12 is the only county of the three April 7.03 +1.37 counties with an urban population. May 9.58 +1.49 The largest city is Altus, June 11.63 +1.38 population 23,302. The primary July - - employer for the city is Altus Air August 10.13 -2.18 Force Base located on the September - - northeastern edge of the city. October - - Other towns of the county are ______rural farm communities. In order aFrom Oklahoma Climatological of size they are Blair, population Data, Monthly Summaries, 1975 for 1,114; Olustee, population 897; the Altus Dam Station. Eldorado, population 737; Duke, population 486; and Martha, bEvaporation is measured in inches population 268. Republic Gypsum, a from a standard weather service- relatively new gypsum plant is type pan with a four foot housed at Duke. Eagle-Picher diameter. Industries owns a copper mine near Creata in the county. The prolonged winter retarded Greer County has a population spring plants flowering, however, of 7,979. Mangum is the only town high amounts of rainfall in May of any significant size with a and June allowed many of these population of 4,066. The other plants to persist into the summer. rural communities in order of size The largest number of plants was are Granite, population 1,808; collected in these two months when Willow, population 188; and the climate was most favorable for Brinkman, population 7. plant growth. The relatively low The least populated of the amount of rainfall in July, three counties is Harmon County, excluding the wet three-day period population 5,135. Hollis, the at the end of the month, and the county seat, is the largest town high evaporation rate created poor with a population of 3,150. The growing conditions for the plants, other communities are quite small with many plants being smaller with Gould being the second than normal. With the rains in largest town with 368 people late July and early August, (Figure 6). conditions once again improved for The agricultural use of the the plants. The number of plants land of the three counties is flowering again decreased with the divided equally between crop dryness of September and October. production and cattle production. The total agricultural market ECONOMY value for the three counties was $34,698,769 in 1969 with The economy of Harmon, $19,665,325 being from livestock Jackson, and Greer counties is and their products and $15,033,445 almost entirely dependent upon from crops. The total acreage is agriculture. Cattle, cotton, and 503,164 in pastureland including wheat are the main revenue sources cropland and woodland used for for the three counties. The total pasture. There are 9,189 acres of

Barber, S.C. 19 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

woodland in the three counties the native plants. with 6,421 acres being used for Two industries of the area crop production. The total crop which have had an effect upon the acreage includes 25,382 with cover vegetation are those of gypsum and crops being used only to improve copper mining. Between Elmer and the land. Eldorado there is an extensive area of copper mining near Creta. Republic Gypsum, located in Duke, has a mine near the plant (Johnson, 1954). The mining has also destroyed many of the habitats for the plants, but along the edges of the mining area, the native plants can still be found. The three county area has not been very profitable for the oil and gas industry. Clifton (1928) did an extensive geological survey of the area with respect to oil and gas and predicted that the area probably would not produce much gas and oil. In 1963 there were thirty-one oil and gas industries in the three county area (Census of Mineral Industries, 1963). In 1967 the number had been reduced to fourteen (Census of Mineral Industries, 1967). The industry has undoubtedly had a small impact upon the vegetation of the area, but the effect is not as TABLE VIII pronounced as the effect of the SUMMARY OF ACREAGE USED agricultural industry. FOR CROP PRODUCTION ______HISTORY Industry Jackson Harmon Greer Total Wheat 128,595 47,617 68,714 244,926 The first European to set foot in what is now western Oklahoma Cotton 40,722 30,634 24,239 95,595 was Vasquez de Coronado in 1541. Hay 13,147 11,799 6,289 31,235 There were no botanists in the Sorghum 13,111 10,709 6,109 29,929 group, but in a report to the Peanuts 1,537 268 526 2,311 “Holy Catholic Caesarian Majesty” Soybeans he noted (Featherly, p. 10), “We Corn Total 197,112 101,027 105,877 404,016 found no kind of wood in all these Crops plains away from the gullies and rivers, which were very few”. His The extensive use of the land description is an accurate one for for agricultural purposes has had the western part of Oklahoma a pronounced effect upon the (Featherly, 1943). vegetation. Indicators of In the year 1601 Juan de Onate overgrazing, such as Gutierrezia of Santa Fe crossed a part of what dracunculoides (DC.) Blake, are is now Oklahoma. He stated that often quite abundant in the the ground was useless for fields. Extensive cultivation of agriculture and suitable only for the land for crop plants has a hunting ground for savage tribes destroyed many of the habitats for (Featherly, 1943).

Barber, S.C. 20 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

In 1820 Stephen Harriman Long The three men went eastward from was commissioned to command the there into the Ozarks and on “Yellowstone Expedition” from St. September 19th crossed into Louis to Wyoming (McKelvey, 1955). Arkansas. Dr. Edwin James was appointed to James W. Abert was commissioned serve as botanist and geologist by congress in 1845 to survey the for the expedition. Traveling on Canadian River in western Oklahoma horseback the group departed April (Abert, 1846). The expedition left 24, 1820. As they entered the on August 9th from Bent‟s Fort on Great Plains of Iowa and Missouri, the Arkansas River. Very little James commented: was recorded concerning the vegetation, but the following is These vast plains in which the his brief description of the area: eye funds no object to rest upon are at first seen with We noticed a profusion of surprise and please sure, but prairie sage, Artemisia their uniformity at length tridentate, being about the becomes tiresome.... Nothing is only shrub that grows in these more difficult than to sandy regions. This plant seems estimate, by the eye, the to love a dry and arid soil.... distance of objects seen in In some places it grew so these plains.... A small luxuriantly that the stalks animal, as a wolf or turkey might be used for fuel. We were appears the magnitude of a disappointed in not seeing even horse. (McKelvey, p. 212) one specimen of the sage cock, Tetrao upophrasianus, which is As they crossed Nebraska, James so extravagantly fond of noted changes of the vegetation. feeding on this plant that its Prickly poppy (Argemone alba) and flesh becomes so embittered as Adam‟s needles (Yucca to render it perfectly angustifolia) were noted. As the uneatable. Not withstanding the expedition traveled farther west, abundance of the plant, we did desert plants, cacti, and not see a single specimen of sagebrush become more abundant. On th this bird during the trip. June 26 the group entered Cacti were numerous, and a Colorado and explored the Rocky species of Cucurbitaceae, Mountains approximately one month. th Cucurbita aurantia, bearing a On July 24 Long, James, and small spherical gourd, orange- another member of the party went colored. These plants are southward from Colorado to search characteristic of the dry sandy for sources of the Red River. On th plains. (Abert, p. 14) August 17 the three men crossed from Hemphill County, Texas into On September 20th the group the Antelope Hills area of Roger encountered the gypsum and Abert Mills County, Oklahoma. They were commented: to travel in Oklahoma until th We continued to follow the September 13 . James, compiler of river, and became involved in records for the expedition, was difficult ground, which was impressed by the elevated plain high and rough, composed of red and stated: clay filled with gypsum, which The luxuriance and fineness of is found so generally to grasses, as well as the pervade this country. The astonishing number and good waters percolating the immense condition of the herbivorous masses of this mineral, animals of this region clearly separate the sulphuric acid indicate its value for purposes from the lime, and acquire an of pasturage.(McKelvey, p. 232) extremely nauseous taste,

Barber, S.C. 21 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

anything but agreeable to totally destitute of water, wood wayworn travelers, although our or grass and the only substitute animals appear to relish it for fuel would be buffalo much. (Abert, p. 93) „chips‟.” As the party moved out of the They were forced to follow a mountains onto the prairie, March serpentine course of travel on described the area as having the account of deep ravines of red appearance of a meadow that has clay and gypsum buttes. On been recently mowed close to the September 23rd the group was 20 earth due to the buffalo grass. He miles west of the Antelope buttes. described the river banks as In 1852 Captain R. B. Marcy led having mesquite trees and grama an expedition to explore the Red grasses and the sandstone hills River boundary between Texas and with weeds and dwarf oaks. The Oklahoma (March, 1854). The group had hopes that the expedition went from Fort Arbuckle descriptions of the area that the through the Wichita Mountains to Indians had given were erroneous. the source of the North Fork of They soon discovered, however, the Red River. Dr. G. G. Shumard, that they were not. The water in surgeon of the expedition, the Salt Fork was bitter and collected about 200 species of unpalatable and caused nausea. The plants. Determinations of the group encountered gypsum forming plants were done by Dr. John an immense belt. He described it Torrey, who reported that many of as being much elevated above the the plants were rare and that the surrounding country, very smooth, flora resembled that of the upper and level, spreading out in every portion of the Canadian River. direction without trees or shrubs Most of the plants on the list --- “a barren solitude”. were from the Wichita Mountains. Captain Whipple headed a survey As the party rode through the party to explore a route for a Wichitas toward the Red River, railroad from the Mississippi Marcy (p. 12) noted: River to the Pacific Coast in As we advance, the country away 1853. Dr. J. M. Bigelow was the from the borders of the water- botanist of the expedition and courses becomes more barren and collected 125 species. Drs. John woodlands are less frequently Torrey and Asa Gray wrote the met with; indeed, upon the botanical descriptions for the river there is no other timber plants collected on the expedition but cottonwood (Populus (Bigelow, 1855). angulata) and elm (Ulmus As the group entered the americana), and these in very western part of Oklahoma they small quantities; for the most noted gypsum in every variety of part the valley of the river form and that there was a lack of along where we passed today is trees and scarcity of grass. entirely destitute of trees. They crossed Elm and Gypsum creeks and passed through a new He described the sand-hills to sandstone that the geologist named be ten to thirty feet high and the “new red”. Gypsum beds outcrop in vegetation sparse with weeds, these sandstones. The party camped grapevines, and plum bushes. They in the Antelope Hills area of met Chief CanajeHexie of the scanty grass relieved only by red Wichita tribe as they were leaving gullies and occasional ravines. the mountains. He told them Bigelow (1855) noted the first (Marcy, p. 17-18), “When you appearance of grama grass on the should leave the mountains to go north side of the Canadian River down to the river, the country at longitude 96o west. He noted will be flat prairie country, the fact that grama grass and

Barber, S.C. 22 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 buffalo grass are important (Bouteloua dactyloides) as the because they retain nutritive dominant herbaceous species. quality all year round and that Desert cactus (Cylindropuntia they are only well adapted to arid leptocaulis) is also abundant. climates in their native states. Scirpus marshes are quite often Apart from the grasses, the most observed around the mouths of the notable plants were evening creeks in this district. primrose, Ambrosia, and golden The Mixed-grass Plains district rods on the plains; and prairie comprises all of western Oklahoma plums on the streams. The entire except the Panhandle and the area was described by Bigelow as Wichita Mountains district. The having a considerable number of district includes vegetation both Cactaceae, especially Opuntia of the Central Redbed Plains and macrorhiza. From Oklahoma the the Mangum Gypsum Hills geomorphic party went to the Pecos and Rio provinces. The soils are basically Grande river valleys. of the Tillman-Hollister and From 1875-1877 Dr. T. E. Wilcox Miles-Sentinel soil associations. collected plants in what is now The principal plants of the western Oklahoma and the district are the grama grasses, determinations were done by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), Alphonso Wood. No further details hairy grama (B. hirsuta), side- of the excursions were given oats grama (B. curtipendula), (Henson, 1941). buffalograss, and little bluestem More recent studies of the area Schizachyrium scoparium). On the are very few. In 1932 a student at deeper soils western wheatgrass the University of Oklahoma, Rotha (Pascopyrum smithii) and silver Zelma Bull, compiled a list of bluestem (Bothriochloa plants of Greer County as part of saccharoides) are abundant. her master‟s program. The study Within each biotic district area included the extension of the distinctive plant associations and Wichita system into the communities can be seen. Six plant southwestern corner of the state. associations are included in the study area, mixed grass eroded ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS plains, mesquite grassland, sandsage grassland, shinnery oak Blair and Hubbell (1938) list grassland, woodland of creek and two biotic districts within the river floodplains, and aquatic boundaries of the study area, the communities (Figure 7). Mesquite Plains and Mixed-grass The most extensive plant Plains districts. association is that of the mixed- The Mesquite Plains district is grass prairie type which includes included to a greater extent in two distinct grassland communities. the gypsum hills region and only The first community is that of to a lesser degree in the redbed shallow soils mostly of the plains district. This province Vernon-Rough Broken land takes in approximately one-half of association and generally includes the land area included in the the grassland of the gypsum study. It includes vegetation hills(Figures 8 & 9). mostly of the Mangum Gypsum Hills In early spring very few geomorphic province and soils of grasses are in flower, but various the Tillman-Hollister, LaCasa- forbs dominate the landscape which Weymouth, and Vernon-Rough Broken includes the following: land associations. The principal vegetation is a mesquite grassland false nightshade (Chamaesaracha type with mesquite (Prosopis coniodes), (Cymopterus glandulosa) being the dominant macrorhizus), puccon woody vegetation and buffalo grass (Lithospermum incisum, Indian

Barber, S.C. 23 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

paintbrush (Castilleja purpurea dominant grasses are flowering and var. citrine) rose vervain dominate the landscape: (Glandularia canadensis), Texas blue grama, hairy grama, side- yellow star (Lindheimera oats grama, sand dropseed texana), flax (Linum rigidum), (Sporobolus cryptandrus), and prairie flax (Linum (Tridens muticus var. pratense). elongatus), little bluestem,

and tall dropseed (Sporobolus In late spring, late April asper). through May still another set of forbs dominates the scene: Numerous forbs are also loco weeds (Astragalus abundant until frost. These racemosus and other Astragalus include: species), evening primrose scurfy pea (Psoralidium (Calylophus hartweggii, var. tenuiflora), Missouri goldenrod pubescens), paper flower (Solidago missourensis), and (Psilostrophe villosa), aster bluet (Stenaria nigricans). (Aster leucelene), skull cap

(Scutellaria drummondii), The second grassland community bladder-pod (Lesquerella of mixed grass eroded plains gordonii), (Nama stevensii), consists mostly of Tillman- lazy daisy (Aphanostephus Hollister and Miles-Sentinel soil ramosisimus), beard tongue associations which are deep upland (Penstemon fenderli), scarlet soils. In early spring forbs and globe mallow (Sphaeralcea winter annuals dominate the scene coccinea), (Happlopappus (Figures 10 & 11). They include: spinulosis), lemon beebalm (Monarda citridora), and common speedwell (Veronica (Phacelia integrifolia). arvensis), purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina), creeping By June the grasses have lady‟s sorrel (Oxalis started flowering and the forbs corniculata), tansy mustards are still abundant. The forbs (Descurainia pinnata and D. include: sophia), shepherd‟s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), (Dalea enneandra), mock mousetail (Myosurus minimus), pennyroyal (Hedeoma plaintain (Plantago purshii), drummondii), prairie clover loco weed, bladder pod, prairie (Dalea candida var. flax, windflower (Anemone oligophylla, basket flower caroliniana), Indian (Centaurea americana), stick paintbrush, false dandelion leaf (Mentzelia nuda and other (Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus), Mentzelia species), Englemann daisy (Engelmannia (Haploesthes greggii), and peristenia) spiderwort evening primrose (Calylophus (Tradescantia ohiensis), wine serrulatus). cup (Callirhoe involucrata),

rabbit-tobacco (Evax verna), The grasses include: oats (Avena sativa), Japanese tumblegrass (Schedonnardus brome (Bromus japonicus), paniculatus), white tridens thistle (Cirsium texanum), (Tridens albescens), tobosa canary grass (Phalaris (Hilaria mutica), (Erioneuron caroliniana), (Pediomelum pilosum), and Canada wild rye cuspidatum), zinnia (Zinnia (Elymus canadensis). grandiflora), skull-cap (Scutellaria wrightii), and From July until October the prickly pear (Opuntia

Barber, S.C. 24 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

humifusa). (Cylindropuntia davisii), which are dominant life forms on the By the summer another set of deeper soils and Mormon‟s tea forbs is in full flower. They (Ephedra antisyphilitica), and include: buckthorn (Ziziphus obtusifolia), are dominant life forms on the widow’s tears (Commelina typically Rough Broken land or erecta), prickly poppy gypsum soils. (Argemone polyanthemos), One of the most distinctive sensitive briar (Mimosa associations of the mixed grass microphylla), fern acacia eroded plains district is that of (Acacia angustissima var. the Sandsage grassland which hirta), (Nama hispidum), and predominates on sand dunes on the golden aster (Heterotheca north side of most streams (Figure canescens). 12). Sandsage (Artemisia

filifoliai), sand plum (Prunus A few grasses have started to angustifolia), lemon sumac (Rhus flower by June. These include: aromatica), and sand bluestem rabbitfoot grass (Polypogon (Andropogon halii) are the most monspeliensis), side-oats distinctive indicators of the grama, western wheatgrass, and stabilized dune areas. The prairie three-awn (Aristida vegetation of the sand area purpeurea and other Aristida appears much more distinct than species). that of the other associations. In the spring mostly forbs are From August through October, blooming, with a few grasses the dominant grasses are in full intermingled. The list includes: flower. These include: false nightshade, bluet blue grama, hairy grama, (Hustonia humifusa), Cryptantha bristle grass (Setaria minima), bladder-pod, vetch viridis), silver bluestem, tall (Vicia ludoviciana), Texas dropseed, big bluestem bluegrass (Poa arachnifera), (Andropogon gerardii), little rescue grass (Bromus bluestem, purple top (Tridens unioloides), pepper grass flavus), and annual three-awn (Lepidium virginicum), evening (Aristida oligantha). primrose (Calylophus serrulatus), bullnettle Forbs that are present in the (Cnidoscolus texanus), Venus fall include: looking-glass (Triodanis holzingeri), three-awn (Palafoxia sphacelata), (Aristida longieseta), Indian whitlow-wort (Paronychia blanket (Gaillardia pulchella), jamesii), ironweed (Vernonia catch-fly (Silene antirrhina), baldwinii), dotted gay-feather skeleton-plant (Lygodesmia (Liatris punctata), matchweed texana), queen‟s delight Gutierrezia sarothae), annual (Stillingia sylvatia), buckwheat (Eriogonum annum), plaintains (Plantago spp.), and and blue sage (Salvia azurea). cut leaved evening primrose

(Oenothera laciniata). The mesquite grassland association can also be divided By the beginning of the summer into two grassland types. The two the area is still dominated by communities vary little from the forbs, but the grasses are grassland communities of the mixed beginning to flower also. The eroded plain association. In forbs include: aspect they are the same with the exception of mesquite, and abrojo widow‟s tears, thistle, scarlet

Barber, S.C. 25 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

pea (Indigofera miniata), American elm (Ulmus americana), milkweed (Asclepias arenaria), hackberry (Celtis spp.), (Dalea villosa), cowpen daisy soapberry (Sapindus saponaria (Verbesina encelioides), and var. drummondii), and salt (Oenothera rhombipetala). cedar (Tamarix gallica).

The grasses include: The understory includes:

rabbitfoot grass, hooded rush (Schoenoplectus fingergrass (Chloris americanus), switchgrass cucullata), sand dropseed, and (Panicum virgatum), Johnson silver bluestem. grass (Sorghum halepense), barnyard grass (Echinochloa With the coming of fall, still crusgalli), nutgrass (Cyperus mostly forbs are dominant. Unlike uniflorus), saltgrass the other associations where (Distichlis spicata var. grasses are the main plants in the stricta), canela (Pluchea fall, forbs still dominate in this odorata var. odorata), water vegetation type. The grasses pimpernel (Samolus include: ebracteatus), smartweed (Polygonum lapthifolium), and bristlegrass (Setaria cockle bur (Xanthium leucophila), sand bluestem, and strumarium). sand lovegrass (Eragrostis

trichodes), giant sandreed The final community is (Calamovilfa gigantean), and comprised of the plants from the red lovegrass (Eragrostis stock ponds, the aquatic oxylepis). community. These ponds are

temporary and tend to have a high The fall forbs are mostly members evaporation rate during the summer of the Compositae. The list months, therefore the aquatics of includes: these communities are temporal. scratch-daisy (Haplopappus The pond plants include: divaricatus), aster (Aster cattail (Typha angustifolia), subulatus), western ragweed smartweed (Polygonum (Ambrosia psilostachya), golden pensylvanicum), water clover aster (Heterotheca latifolia), (Marsilea vestita), tooth-cup and sand groundsel (Senecio (Ammania coccinea), sneezeweed riddellii). (Helenium microcephalum), and

spikerushes (Eleocharis The shinnery oak association is macrostachya and E. compressa). also a sand association and has essentially the same dominant One other area needs to be species as the sandsage grassland discussed. Shelter belts are area except that shinnery oak common in the southwestern part of (Quercus harvardii) is the the state. These were probably dominant species. Other dominants established in the 1930‟s during such as sand plum and sand the “Dust bowl” days. This lovegrass, etc. are present. accounts for some unusual range extensions occurring in the area Another plant association of including: the study area is that of the woodland of the creeks and river green ash (Fraxinus flood plains (Figure 13). The pennsylvanica), honey locust woody vegetation includes: (Gleditsia triacanthos), and desert willow (Chilopsis cottonwood (Populus deltoides), linearis). black willow (Salix nigra),

Barber, S.C. 26 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Barber, S.C. 27 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Figure 8 Mixed-grass prairie of rough broken land

Figure 9 Mixed-grass prairie of rough broken land

Figure 10 Mixed-grass and mesquite grassland of Tillman-Hollister

Barber, S.C. 28 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Figure 11 Mixed-grass and mesquite grassland of Tillman-Hollister

Figure 12 Sandsage grassland association

Figure 13 Woodland and Scirpus marsh area of river flood plain

Barber, S.C. 29 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

A COMPARISON OF THE GYPSUM AND A. longiseta G REDBED TAXA A. oligantha R A. purpurea R An important aspect of the A. wrightii R study was the comparison of the Arundo donax R gypsum and redbed floras. One Avena sativa R hundred eighty-seven species were Bothriochloa ischaemum R found to occur on the redbed B. saccharoides R plains soils, excluding the sand Bouteloua dactyloides G&R areas; whereas 108 species were B. curtipendula G&R found on gypsum. Although gypsum B. gracilis G&R soils are very fertile, they are B. hirsuta G&R often shallow and very dry, Elymus canadensis G&R conditions that are not conducive E. virginicus R to plant growth. Application of Erioneuron pilosum G&R gypsum to soils causes an increase Pascopyrum smithii R in exchangeable calcium and a Phalaris caroliniana R decrease in exchangeable sodium, Pleuraphis mutica G thus improving physical conditions Poa arachnifera R for soil and plant growth. Polypogon monseliensis R Magnesium, potassium, and nitrogen Schedonnardus paniculatus G levels all increase within a plant Schizachyrium scoparium G&R in the presence of gypsum (Poonia Sorghastrum nutans R and Bhumbla, 1973). However, soils Sporobolus airoides G of 100% gypsum exhibited a marked S. asper G&R decrease of the same nutrients. S. cryptandrus G The aspects of the two areas Tridens albescens G&R are certainly distinct as can be T. flavus G seen from the previous discussion T. muticus var. elongatus G of the two grassland communities COMMELINACEAE which coincide quite well with the Tradescantia ohiensis R gypsum and redbed soil types. LILIACEAE Yucca glauca G&R A comparison of the floras is IRIDACEAE given below where G = Gypsum and R Sisyrinchium angustifolium R = Redbeds. The list excludes sand POLYGONACEAE species. Eriogonum annum R ______E. longifolium R Taxa Soils CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex canescens G MARSILEACEAE AMARANTHACEAE Marsilea vestita R Kallstroemia parviflora R NYCTAGINACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Mirabilis linearis G&R Pellaea atropurpurea G ILLECEBRACEAE Paronychia jamesii G&R CURPRESSACEAE RANUNCULACEAE Juniperus pinchotii G Anemone caroliniana R J. virginiana R Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens R GNETACEAE Myosurus minimus R Ephedra antisyphilitica G CRUCIFERAE Erysimum repandum R GRAMINEAE Lepidium austrinum R Agropyron gerardii R L. virginicum R Aristida fenderliana R Lesquerella gordonii G&R

Barber, S.C. 30 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

LEGUMINOSAE UMBELLIFERAE Acacia angustissima Ammoselinum popei G&R var. hirta R Cymopterus macrorhizus G&R Astragalus lindheimeri G&R Lomatium foeniculaceum A. lotiflorus G ssp. daucifolium R A. missouriensis G&R PRIMULACEAE A. mollissimus G Androscace occidentalis R A. nuttallianus R Samolus ebracteatus R A. plattensis G ASCLEPIADACEAE A. racemosus G Asclepias engelmanniana G Chamaecrista fasciculate R Matelea biflora G&R Dalea aurea R CONVOLVULACEAE D. candida G&R Evolvulus nuttalianus R D. enneandra R HYDROPHYLLACEAE Hoffmanseggia glauca G&R Nama hispidum R Mimosa borealis G&R N. stevensii G M. microphylla G&R Phacelia integrifolia G Pediomelum cuspidatum G&R BORAGINACEAE Prosopis glandulosa G&R Lappula occidentalis R Psoralidium tenuiflora G&R var. occidentalis LINACEAE L. occidentalis Linum pratense G&R var. copulata R L. rigidum G&R VERBENACEAE OXALIDACEAE Glandularia canadensis G&R Oxalis corniculata R Verbena halei R O. dillenii R LABIATAE GERANIACEAE Hedeoma drummondii G&R Erodium texanum G&R Monarda citriodora G&R Geranium carolinianum R Salvia azurea R POLYGALACEAE Scutellaria drummondii G Polygala alba G S. wrightii R RHAMNACEAE Teucrium laciniatum R Ziziphus obtusifolia G SOLANACEAE MALVACEAE Chamaesaracha coniodes G&R Sphaeralcea coccinea G&R Physalis lobata R LOASACEAE P. viscosa R Mentzelia decapetala G&R SCROPHULARIACEAE M. nuda G Castilleja purpurea M. oligosperma G var. citrina G&R M. stricta G&R Penstemon albidus R CACTACEAE P. fenderli G Cylindropuntia davisii R PLANTAGINACEAE C. leptocaulis G Plantago purshii G&R Echinocactus texsensis R RUBIACEAE Echinocerreus reichenbachii G&R Hustonia humifusa R Opuntia humifusa G&R CAMPANULACEAE ONAGRACEAE Triodanis holzingeri R Calylophus hartwegii COMPOSITAE ssp. fendleri R Aphanostephus ramosissimus G&R C. hartwegii Berlandiera lyrata R ssp. pubescens G&R Centauries americana G&R Gaura longiflora G Chaetopappa ericoides G&R G. parviflora R Evax verna G&R G. sinuata R Gaillardia pinnatifida G&R G. suffulta R G. pulchella G&R Oenothera triloba R G. suavis R Stenosiphon linifolius G&R Grindelia nuda G

Barber, S.C. 31 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Haploesthes greggii G 8.4, but the plants do not often Heterotheca canescens R do well in the soils because iron, H. stenophylla G manganese, boron, and perhaps Hymenoxys odorata G&R other trace elements are so Liatris punctata G&R insoluble in these soils. He also Lindheimera texana G&R points out that potassium Machaeranthera deficiency sometimes induces iron Pennatifida G&R deficiency or chlorosis and that Psilostrophe tagetina this is a characteristic trouble var. cerifera G of calcareous soils. Calcareous Pyrrhopappus multicaulis R soils in excess can be harmful. It Symphyotrichum ericoides G&R seems then that plants common to S. oblongifolium R the limestone and gypsum have S. subulatum R adapted to the situation. Tetraneuris scaposa R Thelesperma megapotamicum R The list of plants occurring Zinnia grandiflora G&R almost exclusively on the gypsum and limestone are the following: Of the 108 species occurring on Aristida longiseta, Astragalus the gypsum, the author discovered mollissimus, A. plattensis, that only 30 were found Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (1 exclusively on the gypsum. Seven sheet from limestone area), of the 30 have herbarium records Mentezelia nuda, M. indicating occurrence only on oligosperma, Polygala alba gypsum. They include: (also from prairie sites of Ephedra antisyphilitica, deep soils), Scutellaria Haploesthes greggii, Hilaria drummondii, and Tridens muticus mutica, Juniperus pinchoti, var. elongatus (also Wichita Nama stevensii, Phacelia Mountains). integrifolia, and Ziziphus obtusifolia. The other eight species of the thirty species were collected by Six other species which the the author only on gypsum, but do author collected and observed only occur elsewhere. These are the on gypsum appear to be good gyp following: indicators. These and the previous Atriplex canescens, Sporobolus seven are considered Gypsophiles airoides, S. cryptandrus, and indicators of gypsum soils. Heterotheca stenophylla, Gaura They are: parviflora, Grindelia nuda, Astragalus missouriensis, A. Pellaea atropurpurea, and racemosus, A. lotiflorus, Schedonnardus paniculatus. Asclepias engelmanniana, Penstemon fendleri, and It should be noted that Sporobolus Psilostrophe tagetina var. cryptandrus was most often cerifera. observed on sand in the area, but The herbarium records of the above was collected and observed on the show one or two sheets which were gypsum several times. Schedonnardus not collected on gypsum. Nine taxa paniculatus occurs in mostly sandy found here only on the gypsum are disturbed areas in the rest of the reported also from limestone state. This grass was found in an soils, especially the Arbuckle area disturbed by gypsum mining. Mountains and parts of Cimarron Atriplex canescens and Sporobolus County. Russell (1969) states that airides occur only in saline sites calcareous soils free from sodium in other parts of the state. salts cannot have a pH exceeding

Barber, S.C. 32 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF OKLAHOMA Asclepias engelmanniana Woods. AND TAXA OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE (Acc. No 986). This taxon is represented by five sheets and is Two introduced species Bromus very closely related to A. willdenowii and Caesalpinia stenophylla. The two are quite gilliesii are believed to be new difficult to delimit, therefore additions to the state flora. No some of the herbarium material may specimens are deposited in the two be misidentified. This taxon is large herbaria of the state, the interesting in that it was only Bebb Herbarium at the University found on the gypsum soils in the of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma State study area. Herbarium. Caesalpinia gilliesii (Acc. No. 908) is a native of Aphanostephus ramosissimus Buckl. South America and is often found (Acc. No. 670). This taxon is very as an escape in central and West similar in aspect to A. Texas. The species was found skirrhobasis and A. pilosus. It growing on the floodplain of the actually seems quite abundant in Red River, R20W, T2S, Sec. 11, and the area and has probably been several individual shrubs were overlooked by collectors due to growing in the area. The plant was the similar appearance of its most likely cultivated for its relatives. showy flowers at the old homestead and escaped to the floodplain. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. The distinctions between Bromus (Acc. No. 841). Although only four willdenowiii and Bromus unioloides sheets are in the herbarium, this have been previously discussed by species is widespread on alkaline Raven (1960) and Beetle (1972). soils in Texas. It was only found on gypsum soils in the study area. The species are very closely related, but the author believes Berlandiera lyrata Benth. var. Acc. No. 668 to be B. willdenowii. lyrata (Acc. No. 711). Although The species is a native of South this species is represented by America and according to Gould only six sheets in the OSU (1965) is quite common on the herbarium, it is well represented coast of Texas. The species was in the Bebb Herbarium. However, introduced into the United States this taxon has been previously as a forage grass and apparently collected in Cimarron County in has escaped in many areas. It is Oklahoma. This is quite a range distinguished from B. unioloides extension for the state, but is on the basis of spikelet color, not too unlikely in that the lemma length, and arrangement of species occurs in the Texas spikelets. Panhandle. In addition to the additions to the state flora, 18 other taxa are Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. considered somewhat significant. (Acc. No. 955). This taxon is These specimens are represented by represented by one sheet and was six or less sheets in the Oklahoma collected as a member of a shelter State Herbarium. belt in Caddo County. This collection was also made in a Asclepias arenaria Torr. (Acc. No. shelter belt. The plant is native 953). This species is represented in the Trans-Pecos of Texas. by three sheets but is a widespread species in the Plains Echinocactus texensis Hopffer. Country of Texas. The plants seem (Acc. No. 725). There are no to occur sporadically, therefore sheets of this species from they could have been easily missed Oklahoma in the OSU herbarium. by collectors making one trip into Waterfall (1969) lists the species the area. as occurring in the state. Correll and Johnston (1970) give a very

Barber, S.C. 33 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 limited distribution for the species in Texas and Mexico. The two localities and was not species was observed only one time abundant either place. It could in the study area in a mesquite quite easily be overlooked by a grassland area near Eldorado. It plant collector also because it seems to be a relatively rare blends in with the vegetation species. surrounding it.

Echinocereus reichenbachii Cylindropuntia davisii (Engelm. & (Terscheck) Haage (Acc. No. 1109). Bigelow) F.M. Knuth (Acc. No. This species is represented by 996). There is one collection of three sheets, but is actually this species represented in the quite common in the study area. It herbarium. It was seen only at one probably has not been collected location by the author. Also, the more often due to the difficulty spines are approximately four in pressing and preserving cacti. centimeters long and are very painful and make the specimen Haploethes graggii Gray (Acc. No. difficult to press so it has 984). This taxon is represented by probably been passed by, by many five sheets. It is an apparent collectors. gypsum endemic and has probably not been collected more often in Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC.) the state because the gypsum areas F.M. Knuth (Acc. No. 935). This have not been well collected. species is quite often seen in the study area and has probably not Houstonia humifusa (A. Gray) A. been collected more often due to Gray (Acc. No. 664). Although the difficulty in pressing. there are only two sheets represented of this species, it is Setaria leucophilia (Scribn. & quite common in the Plains Country Merr.) K. Schum. (Acc. no. 1022). of Texas. Most likely it has been There is one representative of overlooked by plant collectors this species and is reported by because it is very inconspicuous. Correll and Johnston (1970) to occur on the Rio Grande Plains, Helenium microcephalum DC. (Acc. Trans-Pecos, and Plains Country of No. 932). Four sheets of this Texas. Most likely the taxon has species are represented and are just extended its range into all from the southwestern part of southwestern Oklahoma. the state. The plant also occurs in seasonally moist areas. Triodanis holzingeri McVaugh. Combining these two factors, the (Acc. no. 767). There are no species has most likely just been sheets of this species in the overlooked. herbarium, but it is reported by Waterfall (1969) to occur in the Pleuraphis mutica Buckley (Acc. state. Correll and Johnston (1970) No. 927). This species was only report that it occurs in open found on the gypsum soils in the plains, therefore it is probably study area and only occurred on not rare, just overlooked by two of the collection sites. collectors. However, it is locally quite abundant. Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuw. (Acc. no. 877). There are only Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods. three collections of this taxon, (Acc. No. 853). There is only one but the plant seems quite weedy, sheet represented in the therefore it has probably been herbarium. This plant was only overlooked as unimportant to observed in collect.

Barber, S.C. 34 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

SUMMARY Bowden, W.M. 1959. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the wheats, During the collecting season of barleys, ryes, and their wild 1975, 542 accessions were made by relatives. Canad. Journ. Bot. the author and the identified 37: 657-684. specimens deposited in the Bruner, W.E. 1931. The vegetation Oklahoma State and the Bebb of Oklahoma. Ecol. Monogr. 1: herbaria. From these specimens and 99-188. 26 others collected by U.T. Bull, R.Z. 1932. Vascular Plants Waterfall and G.W. Stevens, a list of Greer County. M.S. Thesis. of the vascular plants of the University of Oklahoma redbed plains and gypsum hills Clifton, R.L. 1928. Oil and gas in regions of southwestern Oklahoma Oklahoma, geology of Harmon, was compiled. The list contains 63 Greer, Jackson, and Tillman families, 230 genera, 354 species, counties. Okla. Geol. Surv. and 359 different taxa. Thirty Bull. 40: 191-210. species were found to grow only on Correll, D.S. and M.C. Johnston. gypsum soils. Approximately 60% of 1970. Manual of the vascular the taxa are from seven families: plants of Texas. Texas Research Compositae, 69; Graminae, 65; Foundation, Renner, TX. 1879 p. Leguminosae, 29; Onagraceae, 13; Curtis, N.M., W.E. Ham, K.S. Euphorbiaceae, 12; Cruciferae, 11; Johnson, C.C. Branson, S.E. and Solanaceae, 10. Two introduced Marcher, and J.F. Roberts. species Bromus catharticus Vahl 1972. Geology and earth (syn. = Bromus willdenowii) and resources of Oklahoma. Okla. Caesalpinia gilliesii are listed Geol. Surv. Educ. Publ. No. 1. as additions to the state flora 8 p. and eighteen taxa are discussed as Duck, L.G. and J.B. Fletcher. being infrequently collected and 1943. A game type map of especially significant. Oklahoma. Div. of Wildlife Restoration, Okla. Game and SELECTED REFERENCES Fish Dept., Oklahoma City, Abert, J.W. 1846. Journal of Oklahoma. Lieutenant J.W. Abert from Featherly, H.I. 1943. The Bent‟s Fort to St. Louis in cavalcade of botanists in 1845. U.S. 29th Cong. 1st Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sess., Sen. Doc. No. 8: No. Sci. 23: 10-14. 438, 1-75. Fenneman, N.M. 1922. Physiographic Bailey, D.F. and R.D. Graft. 1961. provinces and sections in Soil survey of Jackson 67 p. western Oklahoma and adjacent with maps. parts of Texas. U.S. Geol. Beetle, A.A. 1972. Ceratochloa of Surv. Bull. 730: 115-134. Bromus H.B.K. in Mexico. Frie, J.W., R.C. Brinlee, and R.D. Contribuciones al Estudio de Graft. 1967. Soil Survey of las Gramineas de Mexico. Greer County. 72 p. with maps. Bigelow, J.M. 1855. General Gould, C.N. 1904. Gypsum deposits description of the botanical in Oklahoma. US. Geol. Surv. character of the country. In: Bull. 223: 60-67. Report on the exploration and _____. 1910. Brief chapters on survey, Mississippi River to Oklahoma‟s minerals. Okla. the Pacific Ocean. U.S. 33rd Geol. Surv. Bull. 6: 33-95. Cong., 2nd Sess., Sen. Exec. _____. 1911. Preliminary report on Doc. No. 78. 4: 1-4. structural materials of Blair, W.F. and T.H. Hubbell. Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Surv. 1938. The biotic districts of Bull 5: 182 p. Oklahoma. Amer. Midland Nat. _____. 1913. Petroleum in the red 20: 425-455. beds of Oklahoma. Economic

Barber, S.C. 35 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Geol. 8: 768-780. Dubuque, Iowa. 244 p. Gould, F.W. 1956. Chromosome Poonia S.R. and D.R. Bhumbla. counts and cytotaxonomic notes 1972. Effect of gypsum and on some grasses of the tribe calcium carbonate on plant Andropogoneae. Amer. Jour. Bot. yield and chemical composition 43: 395-404. and calcium availability in a _____. 1967. The grass genus non-saline sodic soil. Plant Andropogon in the United and Soil 38: 71-80. States. Britt. 19: 70-76. Raven, P.H. 1960. The correct name _____and T.W. Box. 1965. Grasses for rescue grass. Britt. 12: of the Texas Coastal Bend. 219-221. Texas A & M University Press. _____. 1964. The generic 186 p. subdivisions of Onagraceae, Grant, Verne. 1956. A synopsis of tribe Onagraceae. Britt. 16: Ipomopsis. El Aliso 3: 351-362. 276-288. Ham, W.E. 1964. Basement rocks and Russell, E.J. 1961. Soil structural evolution of Conditions and Plant Growth. southern Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Jarrold and Sons, Ltd. Surv. Bull. 95: 302 p. Rowell, C.M., Jr. 1967. Vascular Hanson, W.E. 1941. Early botanists plants of the Texas Panhandle of Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis and South Plains. PhD. Thesis. Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater Oklahoma. Snider, L.C. 1913. The gypsum and Hitchcock, A.S. and Agnes Chase. salt of Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. 1951. Manual of the grasses of Surv. Bull. 11: 206 p. the United States. 2nd ed. Stevens, G.W. and C.W. Shannon. U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. No. 200. 1917. Plant life in Oklahoma. 1051 p. Okla. Geol. Surv. Bull 27: 215- Johnson, K.S. 1964. New gypsum 246. plant to open at Duke, Jackson Tateoka, Tugo. 1961. A County, Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. biosystematic study of Tridens. Notes, 24(1); 3-8. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48: 565-573. _____ and W.E. Ham. 1964. Copper Turner, B.L. 1973. Two new in flowerpot Shale (Permian) of gypsophilous species of the Creta area, Jackson County, Marchaeranthera from North- Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Surv. central Mexico. Phytologia Circ. 64: 32 p. 26(2): 116-120. Kelting, R.W. and Wm. T. Penfound. U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation 1953. Literature on the Service. 1973. Harmon County vegetation of Oklahoma. Proc. Conservation District Report. Okla. Acad. Sci. 34: 125-135. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1967. Kruckeberg. 1951. Intraspecific Census of Mineral Industries. variability in the response of Dept of Commerce Publ. MIC 67: certain native plant species to 2-35. serpentine soil. Amer. Jour. U.S. Department of commerce. 1970. Bot. 38: 408-419. Census of Populations. Dept. of Marcy, R.B. 1854. Explorations of “Commerce Publ. PC(VI) -38. the Red River of Louisiana in U.S. Department of Commerce. 1969. the year 1852. U.S. 33rd Con., Census of Agriculture. Dept. of 1st Sess. Ho. of Reps. Doc. 54. Commerce Publ. AC 69 (1) -36l. McKelvey, S.D. 1955. Botanical Waterfall, U.T. 1950. Some exploration of the Trans- additions to the Oklahoma Mississippi west. Arnold flora. Rhodora 52: 19-23. Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. _____. 1969. Keys to Flora of 1144 p. Oklahoma. 4th ed. Privately Pohl. R.W. 1968. How to know the published, Stillwater, grasses. Wm.C. Brown Co., Oklahoma. 246 p.

Barber, S.C. 36 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

TABULAR VIEW OF FAMILIES: GENERA (G) SPECIES (S); SPECIES AND SUBORDINATE TAXA (SS)

______

G S SS G S SS ______AMARANTHACEAE 2 2 2 MARSILEACEAE 1 1 1 ANACARDIACEAE 1 3 3 MARTYNIACEAE 1 1 1 ASCLEPIADACEAE 3 5 5 MORACEAE 2 2 2 BIGNONIACEAE 3 3 3 NYCTAGINACEAE 3 3 3 BORAGINACEAE 3 4 4 OLEACEAE 1 1 1 CACTACEAE 3 5 5 ONAGRACEAE 4 12 13 CAMPANULACEAE 1 2 2 OXALIDACEAE 1 2 2 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 3 3 3 PAPAVERACEAE 1 1 1 CHENOPODIACEAE 5 7 7 PLANTAGINACEAE 1 4 4 COMMELINACEAE 2 3 3 PLUMBAGINACEAE 1 1 1 COMPOSITAE 45 66 69 POLEMONIACEAE 1 1 1 CONVOLVULACEAE 4 4 4 POLYGALACEAE 1 1 1 CRUCIFERAE 9 11 11 POLYGONACEAE 3 7 7 CUCURBITACEAE 2 2 2 POLYPODIACEAE 1 1 1 CUPRESSACEAE 3 4 4 PORTULACACEAE 1 1 1 CYPERACEAE 5 12 12 PRIMULACEAE 2 2 2 EUPHORBIACEAE 5 12 12 RANUNCULACEAE 3 3 3 FAGACEAE 1 1 1 RHAMNACEAE 1 1 1 GERANIACEAE 2 3 3 ROSACEAE 1 1 1 GNETACEAE 1 1 1 RUBIACEAE 1 2 2 GRAMINEAE 35 65 65 SALICACEAE 2 2 2 HYDROPHYLLACEAE 2 3 3 SAPINDACEAE 1 1 1 ILLECEBRACEAE 1 1 1 SCROPHULARIACEAE 3 6 6 IRIDACEAE 1 1 1 SOLANACEAE 6 10 10 KRAMERIACEAE 1 1 1 TAMARICACEAE 1 1 1 LABIATAE 6 9 9 TYPHACEAE 1 1 1 LEGUMINOSAE 18 29 29 ULMACEAE 2 4 4 LILIACEAE 4 4 4 UMBELLIFERAE 6 6 6 LINACEAE 1 2 2 VERBENACEAE 1 5 5 LOASACEAE 1 2 2 VITACEAE 1 1 1 LYTHRACEAE 1 1 1 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 2 2 2 MALVACEAE 3 5 6 Families G S SS TOTALS 230 354 359 359

Barber, S.C. 37 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Updated List of Taxa for Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma

Susan C. Barber Associate Provost and Professor of Biology Oklahoma City University 2501 N. Blackwelder, Oklahoma City, OK 73106-1493 Email: [email protected]

The following is a list of vascular plants of the redbed plains and gypsum areas of southwestern Oklahoma based on specimens collected by the author and deposited in the Oklahoma State Herbarium and the Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma. In addition, 26 taxa collected by previous workers and four observed, but not collected, are included and so indicated. Each taxon is listed alphabetically within its family and families are listed in order according to the Engler-Prantl classification scheme. Nomenclature originally followed that of Correll and Johnston (1970) and Waterfall (1969), but has been updated by Bruce Hoagland of the Oklahoma Biological Survey according to the National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA accessed January 2009.

MARSILEACEAE A. purpurea Nutt. var. fendleriana Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. (Steud.) Vasey (syn. = A. (syn. = Marsilea mucronata A. fendleriana Steud.) Braun) A. purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey (syn. = A. POLYPODIACEAE longiseta Steud.) Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link Arundo donax L. var. atropurpurea Avena sativa L. Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng CUPRESSACEAE (syn.= Andropogon ischaemum L.) Juniperus pinchoti Sudw.; U.T. B. saccharoides (Sw.)Rydb. (Syn.= Waterfall(11261) April 4, 1953. Andropogon saccharoides Sw.) J. virginiana L. Bouteloua barbata Lag.; U.T. Waterfall (8729) August 26, EPHEDRACEAE ( = GNETACEAE) 1948. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. ex B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. C.A. Mey. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus (syn. = Buchloe TYPHACEAE dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.) Typha angustifolia L. B. gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths GRAMINEAE (POACEAE) B. hirsuta Lag. Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. Bromus arvensis L. (syn. = B. gerardii japonicus Thunb.) A. hallii Hack. B. catharticus Vahl (syn. = B. Aristida oligantha Michx. unioloides Kunth, Bromus A. purpurea Nutt. willdenowii) B. tectorum L.

Barber, S.C. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100060 38 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Scribn. & Merr. Schult. ssp. pumila (syn. = Cenchrus spinifex Cav. Setaria lutescens (Wiegel) F.T. Chloris cucullata Bisch. Hubb.) C. verticillata Nutt. Setaria reverchonii (Vasey) Pilg. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ssp. reverchonii (syn. = P. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop reverchonii Vasey); U.T. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Waterfall (7774) June 3, 1948 (syn. = Distichlis spicata L. (7802) June 5, 1948. var. stricta (Torr.) Scribn.) S. virdis (L.) P. Beauv. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Beauv. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Elymus canadensis L. Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. E. elymoides (Raf.) Swezey ssp. S. compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. Elymoides (syn. = Sitanion compositus (syn. = S. asper hystrix (Nutt.) J.G. Sm.); J.G. (Michx.) Kunth). Smith (199) June 8, 1931; U.T. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray Waterfall (8954) June 14, 1949. S. giganteus Nash; R.J. Tyrl (883) E. virginicus L. & S.C. Barber September 28, Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau 1974. E. cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Tridens albescens (Vasey) Woot. & Janchen Standl. E. curvula (Schrad.) Nees T. flavus (L.) Hitchc. (Observed only) Tridens muticus (Torr.) Nash var. Eragrostis secundiflora J. Presl elongatus (Buckley) Shinners ssp. oxylepis (Torr.) S.D. Koch (syn. = T. elongatus (Buckley) (syn. = E. oxylepis (Torr.) Nash) Torr. var. oxylepis) Urochloa texana (Buckley) R. E. trichodes (Nutt.) Alph. Wood Webster (syn. = Panicum texanum (syn. = E. trichodes (Nutt.) Buckley) Alph. Wood var. pilifera (Scheele) Fernald) CYPERACEAE Erioneuron pilosum (Buckley) Nash Cyperus retroflexus Buckley (syn. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. = C. uniflorus Torr. & Hook.) Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckley Eleocharis compressa Sull. G.W. Stevens (1111) June 21, E. macrostachya Britton 1913. Schoenoplectus americanus(Pers.) M. asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller Trin.) Parodi; U.T. Waterfall (syn. = Scirpus americanus August 26, 1948. Pers. var. americanus) Panicum capillare L. var. capillare COMMELINACEAE P. virgatum L. Commelina erecta L. var. erecta Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve Tradescantia occidentalis (syn. = Agropyron smithii (Britton) Smyth (Rydb. var. smithii) T. ohiensis Raf. forma ohiensis Phalaris caroliniana Walter Pleuraphis mutica Buckley LILIACEAE Poa arachnifera Torr. Allium drummondii Regel Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Greene forma coeruleum Trel. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Yucca glauca Nutt. var. glauca Nash (syn. = Andropogon scoparius Michx.) IRIDACEAE Setaria leucophila (Schribn. & Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Merr.) K. Schum.

Barber, S.C. 39 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

SALICACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE Populus deltoides Bartram ex Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. Marsh. R.J. Tyrl (855), C. McDonald & Salix nigra Marsh. P. Risk May 15, 1974.

FAGACEAE PORTULACACEAE Quercus havardii Rydb. Portulaca pilosa L.

ULMACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE Celtis laevigata Willd. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Cerastium brachypodum Engelm. ex Celtis laevigata Willd. var. A. Gray) B.L. Rob. reticulata (Torr.) L.D. Benson Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray (syn. = C. reticulata Torr.) (formerly in the Illecebraceae) C. occidentalis L. Silene antirrhina L. forma antirrhina MORACEAE RANUNCULACEAE Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Anemone caroliniana Walter forma Schneid. violacea Clute Delphinium carolinianum Walter Morus alba L. ssp. virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks (syn. = Delphinium POLYGONACEAE virescens Nutt. var. pernardii Eriogonum annuum Nutt. (Hutt.) L.M. Perry) E. longifolium Nutt. var. Myosurus minimus L. (syn. = M. longifolium minimus L. var. interior Polygonum lapathifolium L. Boivin) P. pensylvanicum L. (syn. = Polygonum bicorne Raf.) PAPAVERACEAE Rumex altissimus Alph. Wood Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. R. crispus L. Ownbey R. hymenosepalus Torr. CRUCIFERAE (BRASSICACEAE) CHENOPODIACEAE Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. Atriplex argentea Nutt.; U.T. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Waterfall (8733) August 25, Medik. 1948. Descurainia pinnata (Walter) A. canescens (Push) Nutt. Britton ssp. halictorum Chenopodium album L. (Cockerell) Detling (syn. = D. C. incanum (S. Watson) A. Heller pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. U.T. Waterfall (9084) June 14, osmiarum (Cockerell) Shinners) 1949. D. sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Kochia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott Dimorphocarpa candicans (Raf.) Salsola tragus L. (syn. = Salsola Rollins (syn. = Dithyrea kali L. ssp. tenuifolia Moq.) wislizenii Engelm. var. palmeri Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. Payson) (syn. = Suaeda depressa (Pursh) Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & S. Watson) A. Gray Erysimum repandum L. AMARANTHACEAE Lepidium austrinum Small Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson L. virginicum L. var. medium Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. Standl. Lesquerella gordonii (A. Gray) Watson Sibara virginica (L.) Rollins

Barber, S.C. 40 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

ROSACEAE KRAMERIACEAE Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Krameria lanceolata Torr.

LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE) LINACEAE Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze Linum pratense (Norton) Small var. hirta (Nutt.) B.L. Rob. (syn. = Linum lewisii Pursh (syn. = Acacia hirta Nutt.) var. pratense Norton) Astragalus lindheimeri Englem. ex L. rigidum Pursh var. rigidum A. Gray A. lotiflorus Hook. OXALIDACEAE A. missouriensis Nutt. Oxalis corniculata L. A. mollissimus Torr. O. dillenii Jacq. A. nuttallianus DC. var. nuttallianus GERANIACEAE A. plattensis Nutt. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L‟Hér. ex A. racemosus Prush Aiton Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. ex E. texanum A. Gray Hook.) Wall. ex D. Dietr. Geranium carolinianum L. Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata (syn. = ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Cassia fasciculata Michx.) Kallstroemia parviflora J.B.S. Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh Norton (syn. = K. intermedia D. candida Michx. ex Willd. var. Rydb.) oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners Tribulus terrestris L. (syn. = Petalostemon candidus Michx. var. oligophyllus POLYGALACEAE (Torr.) F.J. Herm.) Polygala alba Nutt. D. enneandra Nutt. D. villosa (Nutt.) Spreng (syn. = EUPHORBIACEAE Petalostemon villosum Nutt.) Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & Desmanthus illinoensis(Michx.) A. Gray) Small (syn.= Euphorbia MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald albomarginata Torr. & A. Gray) Gleditsia triacanthos L. C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small Hoffmannseggia glauca (Ortega) (syn. = Euphorbia glyptosperma Eifert (syn. = Hoffmannseggia Engelm.) densiflora Benth.) C. lata (Engelm.) Small (syn. = Indigofera miniata Ortega (I. Euphorbia lata Engelm.) miniata Ortega var. C. missurica (Raf.) Shinners (syn. leptosepala (Nutt.) Turner) = Euphorbia missurica Raf.) Medicago minima (L.) L. Cnidoscolus texanus (Müll. Arg.) Mimosa borealis A. Gray Small M. microphylla Dryand. (syn. = Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Müll. Schrankia uncinata Willd.) Arg. Pediomelum cuspidatum (Pursh) Euphorbia cuphosperma (Engelm.) Rydb. (syn. = Psoralea Boiss. (syn. = E. dentata cuspidata Pursh) Michx. var. cuphosperma Pomaria jamesii (Torr. & A. Gray) (Engelm.) Fern.) Walp. (syn. = Hoffmannseggia E. hexagona Nutt. ex Spreng. jamesii Torr. & A. Gray) E. marginata Pursh Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) E. spathulata Lam. Rydb. (syn. = Psoralea Reverchonia arenaria A. Gray; U.T. tenuiflora Pursh) Waterfall (8340) July 21, 1948. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. Stillingia sylvatica L. glandulosa Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & ANACARDIACEAE A. Gray.) Piper Rhus trilobata Nutt. var. Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. trilobata (syn. = R. aromatica

Barber, S.C. 41 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Aiton var. flabelliformis C. leptocaulis (DC.) F.M. Knuth Shinners) (syn. = O. leptocaulis DC.) R. microphylla Engelm. ex A. Gray Echinocactus texensis Hopffer U.T. Waterfall (8447) May 13, Echinocereus reichenbachii 1950. (Terscheck ex Walp.) hort ex Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Haage ssp. radicans (syn. = Rhuss Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (syn. radicans L. var. radicans) = Opuntia compressa auct. non J.F. Macbr.) SAPINDACEAE Sapindus saponaria L. var. LYTHRACEAE drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L.D. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Benson (syn. = Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn.) ONAGRACEAE Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. RHAMNACEAE Raven ssp. fendleri (A. Gray) Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Towner & P.H. Raven Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray (syn. C. hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven = Condalia obtusifolia (Hook. ssp. pubescens (A. Gray) Towner ex Torr. & A. Gray) Weberb.) & P.H. Raven (syn. = C. hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven VITACEAE var. pubescens (A. Gray) Vitis acerifolia Raf. Shinners) C. serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. Raven MALVACEAE Gaura longiflora Spach (syn. = Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gaura filiformis Small) Gray) A. Gray var. involucrata G. mollis James (syn. = G. Malvella leprosa (Ortega) Krapov. parviflora Douglas ex Lehm.) (syn. = Sida leprosa (Ortega) G. sinuata Nutt. ex Ser. K. Schum. var. hederaceae G. suffulta Engelm. ex A. Gray (Douglas ex Hook.) K. Schum.) G. villosa Torr. ssp. villosa U.T. Waterfall (9016) June 16, Oenothera grandis (Britton) Smyth 1949. (syn. = O. laciniata Hill var. Rhynchosida physocalyx (A. Gray) grandiflora (S. Watson) B.L. Fryxell (syn. = Sida physocalyx Rob.) A. Gray); U.T. Waterfall (8996) O. rhombipetala Nutt. ex Torr. & June 15, 1949. A. Gray Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. O. speciosa Nutt. O. triloba Nutt. TAMARICACEAE Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt. ex Tamarix gallica L. James) Heynh.

LOASACEAE UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE) Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh ex Ammoselinum popei Torr. & A. Gray Sims) Urb. & Gilg ex Gilg Cymopterus macrorhizus Buckley M. nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray Daucus pusillus Michx. M. nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray Eurytaenia texana Torr.& A. Gray var. stricta (Osterh.) Waterfall (11981) June 4, 1954. Harrington (syn. = M. stricta Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) (Osterhout) Greene) J.M. Coult. & Rose ssp. M. oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims daucifolium (Torr. & A. Gray) W.L. Theobald (syn. = L. CACTACEAE daucifolium (Torr. & A. Gray) Cylindropuntia davisii (Engelm. & J. M. Coult. & Rose) Bigelow) F.M. Knuth (syn. = Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link Opuntia davisii Engelm. & Bigelow)

Barber, S.C. 42 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

PRIMULACEAE Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Androsace occidentalis Pursh Rodr. Samolus ebracteatus Kunth V. halei Small V. plicata Greene PLUMBAGINACEAE Limonium limbatum Small; U.T. LABIATAE (LAMIACEAE) Waterfall (8319) July 21, 1948. Hedeoma drummondii Benth. Lamium amplexicaule L. forma OLEACEAE amplexicaule Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. M. punctata L. ssp. punctata var. ASCLEPIADACEAE occidentalis (Epling) Palmer & Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Steyerm. (syn. = M. punctata L. Woodson ssp. capricornu ssp. occidentalis Epling) (Woodson) Woodson (syn. = A. Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. asperula (Decne.) Woodson var. grandiflora Benth. decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners) Scutellaria drummondii Benth. A. arenaria Torr. S. wrightii A. Gray forma wrightii A. engelmanniana Woodson Teucrium canadense L. var. Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. canadense (syn. = Teucrium Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woodson canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eaton) CONVOLVULACEAE T. laciniatum Torr. Convolvulus arvensis L. Cressa truxillensis Kunth; U.T. SOLANACEAE Waterfall (9423) May 13, 1950. Chamaesaracha coniodes (Moric. ex Cuscuta sp. Observed only. Dunal) Britton Evolvulus nuttallianus Schult. Datura wrightii Regel (syn. = D. meteloides auct. non Dunal. POLEMONIACEAE p.p.) Ipomopsis longiflora (Torr.) V.E. Lycium berlandieri Dunal; U.T. Grant Waterfall (8994) June 15, 1949. Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & HYDROPHYLLACEAE Galeotti var. obtusifolia (syn. Nama hispidum A. Gray = N. trigonophylla Dunal); U.T. N. stevensii C.L. Hitchc. Waterfall (7801) June 5, 1948. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (syn. = Physalis lobata Torr. var. BORAGINACEAE lobata) Cryptantha minima Rydb. Solanum dimidiatum Raf. (syn. = S. Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) torreyi A. Gray forma torreyi) Greene var. occidentalis (syn. S. elaeagnifolium Cav. = L. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene S. rostratum Dunal var. occidentalis (S. Watson) S. triflorum Nutt.; G.W. Stevens Rydb.) (1096) June 23, 1913. L. occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene var. cupulata (A. Gray) Higgins SCROPHULARIACEAE (syn. = L. texana (Scheele) Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Britton) Don var. citrina (Pennell) Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Shinners (syn. = C. citrina Pennell) VERBENACEAE Penstemon albidus Nutt. Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. P. cobaea Nutt. (syn. = Verbena canadensis (L.) P. fendleri Torr.& A. Gray Britton) Veronica arvensis L. G. pumila (Rydb.) Umber (syn. = V. V. peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis pumila Rydb.) (Kunth) Pennell

Barber, S.C. 43 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

BIGNONIACEAE Chaetopappa ericoides (Torr.) G.L. Catalpa bignonioides Walter Nesom (syn. = Aster leucelene Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. S.F. Blake) Cirsium texanum Buckley MARTYNIACEAE Conyza canadensis (L.) Conq. var. Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) glabrata (A. Gray) Conq. Thell. Observed only. Croptilon hookerianum (Torr.& A. Gray) House var. hookerianum PLANTAGINACEAE (syn. = Haplopappus divaricatus Plantago patagonica Jacq. (syn. = (Nutt.) A. Gray var. P. purshii Roem. & Schult. var. hookerianus (Torr. & A. Gray) spinulosa (Decne.) Shinners) Waterf.) P. rhodosperma Decne. Engelmannia peristenia (Rafr.) P. virginica L. Goodman & C.A. Lawson (syn. = P. wrightiana Decne. E. pinnatifida A. Gray ex Nutt.) RUBIACEAE Evax verna Raf. Houstonia humifusa (A. Gray) A. Flaveria campestris J.R. Johnst. Gray (syn. = Hedyotis humifusa U.T. Waterfall (8735) August A. Gray) 25, 1948. Stenaria nigricans (Lam.) Terrell Gaillardia pinnatifida Torr. (syn. = H. nigricans (Lam.) G. pulchella Fouq. Fernald) G. suavis (A. Gray & Engelm) Britton & Rusby CUCURBITACEAE Grindelia nuda Alph. Wood var. Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth nuda (syn. = G. squarrosa Ibervillea lindheimeri (A. Gray) (Pursh) Dunal var. nuda (Alph. Greene; U.T. Waterfall (9406) Wood) A. Gray) May 13, 1950. G. papposa G.L. Nesom & Suh (syn = Haplopappus ciliatus (Nutt.) CAMPANULACEAE DC.) Triodanis holzingeri McVaugh Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) T. perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Britton & Rusby Haploesthes greggii A. Gray var. COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) texana (J.M. Coul.) I.M. Achillea millefolium L. Johnst. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. var. Helenium microcephalum DC. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Helianthus annuus L. Blankenship H. petiolaris Nutt. A. trifida L. var. texana Scheele Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Shinners (syn. = Chrysopsis Nutt. (syn. = Gutierrezia villosa (Pursh) Nutt. ex DC. dracunculoides (DC.) S.F. var. canescens A. Gray) Blake) H. stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners Aphanostephus pilosus Buckley var. stenophylla (syn. = A. ramosissimus DC. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) A. skirrhobasis (DC.) Trel. Nutt. ex DC. var. stenophylla Artemisia filifolia Torr. (A. Gray) A. Gray) A. ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & ludoviciana Rusby (syn. = Heterotheca Baccharis salicina Torr. & A. Gray latifolia Buckley) B. texana (Torr.& A. Gray) A. Hymenopappusi scabiosaeus L‟Her Gray; U.T. Waterfall (8361) var. corymbosus (Torr. & A. July 23, 1948. Gray) B.L. Turner Berlandiera lyrata Benth. var. H. tenuifolius Pursh; U.T. lyrata Waterfall (7307) June 28, 1947. Centaurea americana Nutt. Hymenoxys odorata DC.

Barber, S.C. 44 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Iva annua L. var. annua (syn. = Solidago gigantea Aiton (syn. = S. Iva ciliata Willd.) gigantea Aiton var. leiophylla Liatris punctata Hook. var. Fernald) nebraskensis Gasier S. missouriensis Nutt. var. L. punctata Hook. var. punctata faciculata Holz. Lindheimera texana A. Gray & Symphyotrichum divaricatum (Nutt.) Engelm. G.L. Nesom (syn. = Aster Lygodesmia texana (Torr. & A. subulatus Michx. var. ligulatus Gray) Greene (syn. = Lygodesmia Shinners) aphylla (Nutt.) DC. var. texana S. ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom (syn. Torr & A. Gray.) = Aster ericoides L.) Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) S. oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L. Shinners ssp. pinnatifida var. Nesom (syn. = Aster pinnatifida (syn. = Haplopappus oblongifolius Nutt.) spinulosis (Pursh) DC.) Tetraneuris scaposa (DC.) Greene Palafoxia sphacelata (Nutt. ex (syn. = Hymenoxys scaposa (DC.) Torr.) Cory K.F. Parker var. scaposa) Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A. odorata (syn. = P. purpurascens Gray (Sw.) DC.) T. megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Tragopogon dubius Scop. (syn. = T. Greene var. cerifera (A. major Jacq.) Nelson) B.L. Turner (syn. = P. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) villosa Rydb.) Benth. & Hook. F. ex A. Gray Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Vernonia baldwinii Torr. var. Nutt. interior (Small) Faust P. pauciflorus (D. Don) DC. (syn. V. marginata (Torr.) Raf.; Bruce = P. multicaulis DC. var. Harkins (91) October 17, 1970. geiseri (Shinners) Northington) Xanthisma texanum DC. ssp. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. drummondii (Torr. & A. Gray) & Stand. forma columnifera Semple (syn. = X. texanum DC. R. tagetes (James) Barnhart; G.W. var. drummondii (Torr. & A. Stevens (1080) June 21, 1913. Gray) A. Gray) Rudbeckia hirta L. var. Xanthium strumarium L. var. pulcherrima Farw. canadense (Mill.) Torr.& A. Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray Gray Silphium laciniatum Torr. var. X. strumarium L. var. glabratum laciniatum (DC.) Cronquist. Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.

Barber, S.C. 45 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

An Updated Flora of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge

Keith A. Carter, Pablo Rodriguez, and Michael T. Dunn1. Department of Biological Sciences, Cameron University, Lawton, Oklahoma 73505 1Author for correspondence: Phone 580-581-2287; E-mail: [email protected]

The herbarium collections of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge have been transferred to the Cameron University Herbarium (CAMU) so that they could be safely curated, and electronically databased and still remain accessible to refuge personnel while for the first time becoming readily available to other interested researchers. This paper is a report on the initial inventory of the specimens. The 1784 specimen collection includes 101 families, 339 genera, and 634 species that have been physically repaired and taxonomically updated as needed, accessioned into the CAMU collections, and entered into the Specify Database.

INTRODUCTION (Eskew, 1938; Osborn and Allan, 1949; Buck, 1977). The Wichita Mountains are some of the Much of the natural history of the Refuge oldest exposed mountains in the world and is recorded in herbarium collections that were because the area was too rocky to plow, they housed in the basement of the headquarters formed a natural refugium that preserved building. In 2005, refuge management what is arguably the largest remaining intact recognized the need to protect the specimens, tract of southern mixed-grass prairie in and make the data available to the scientific existence. The mountains were part of the community as well as the general public, but Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation in the still keep the data accessible to Refuge late 19th Century. When the reservation was biologists and technicians. The only facility opened to settlement in 1901, the land was set that met all of the criteria was the Cameron aside by the federal government. Originally University Herbarium (CAMU), and in 2006 administered by the Department of the the specimens were transferred to CAMU as a Interior, jurisdiction was transferred to the permanent loan. In 2008 The National Forest Service in 1905, and in 1935 Science Foundation (NSF) provided funding management of the Wichita Mountains to procure additional cabinets and equipment Wildlife Refuge (WMWR) was transferred to and to hire student workers to enter the what is now the Fish and Wildlife Service specimens into the Specify Database. This (Morgan, 1973). In 1907 bison were paper is the first report of the inventory of reintroduced to the Refuge and in 1927 these specimens and will serve as a Congress issued a mandate to preserve the benchmark for future studies that will update bloodline of Texas Longhorn Cattle. Elk, the complete flora of the Refuge. which had been extirpated by 1875 were The 23,885 hectare Wichita Mountains transplanted from Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Wildlife Refuge is located in northwestern and today in addition to the buffalo, longhorn Comanche County, Oklahoma (Fig.), ranging cattle, and elk that get most of the public’s from 34°41’N to 34°50’N and 98°48’30”W to attention, the refuge is home to over 50 98°30’30”W. Elevation ranges from 404 m mammal species including prairie dogs, (1330 ft) where Cache Creek crosses the coyotes, bobcats, and mountain lions (Tyler, WMWR southern boundary to 756 m (2479 2005). In addition, over 240 bird, 64 reptile ft) at the summit of Mt. Pinchot. The and amphibian, and 36 fish species have been mountains themselves are predominantly identified. Eight hundred and six vascular Cambrian igneous rock and the surrounding plants have been identified at the WMWR

Carter, et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100061 46 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 plains are predominantly Permian sedimentary woody eudicots are respectively Polygonum rock (Price and Gilbert, 1996). The ecoregion with nine and Quercus with eight species each. is categorized as Great Plains Steppe Shrub Now that these preliminary data have Province (Bailey, 1995) or Central Great been compiled, we hope to expand the project Plains (Woods et al., 2005) and receives on by updating the taxonomy of the classic Buck average 86.84 cm (34.19 in) of precipitation (1977) report on the flora of WMWR to annually, with May the wettest month (mean enable direct comparison with this 13.03 cm [5.13 in]) and January the driest assemblage, quantify the percentage of exotics (mean 3.50 cm [1.38 in]). Mean annual in the collections, and with the permission of temperature is 22.220C (72.00F) (Oklahoma WMWR biologists and administrators, begin Climatological Survey, 2007). surveying the Refuge for some of the rarer plants in the collection to identify those taxa MATERIALS AND METHODS in danger of extirpation.

A total of 1784 specimens were accepted ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS as a permanent loan from WMWR to CAMU in June 2006. NSF-Biological Research We would like to acknowledge NSF-DBI- Collections funds were awarded in 2008 and BRC Grant 0749657 for funding this research, were used to purchase new herbarium and Sam Waldstein (former Refuge Manager), cabinets and begin curation during that Ralph Bryant acting Refuge Manager (2006), summer. Specimens were first triaged for Jeff Rupert (Refuge Manager) and Walter damage and physically repaired as necessary. Munsterman (Wildlife Biologist) for their Preliminary identification and taxonomic support of this project. In addition, Donna updating were the responsibility of KAC. Lohr, Amber Roy, and Tom Sodhi assisted as Specimens were then entered into the Specify student researchers. database by KAC and PR. All identifications and taxonomic updates were then verified by REFERENCES MTD before annotations were added and Bailey RG 1995. Description of the specimens were fumigated and curated into Ecoregions of the United States. separate color coded genus folders. Because www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/index taxonomy for many of the specimens is .html ambiguous and no completed treatment of the Buck P 1977. Vascular Plants of the Wichita flora of Oklahoma was broadly accepted, a Mountains Wildlife Refuge 1977. combination of McGregor et al., (1986), Unpublished informational handout of Diggs et al (1999) and Judd et al., (2008) was the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. used to update the taxonomy of the Reprinted in: Oklahoma Native Plant specimens (details available upon request). Record, 2 (1): 4-21, 2002.

Diggs GM Jr., Lipscomb BL, and O’Kennon RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RJ. 1999. Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Three of the 1784 specimens were Flora of North Central Texas. Botanical collected outside the WMWR proper but all Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, three have duplicates collected on the Refuge. TX: 1626p. The collection includes 101 families, 339 Eskew CT 1939. The flowering plants of the genera, and 634 species (Appendix), including: Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, 1 family of Charophyceans, 6 families of Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist, seedless vascular plants, 2 gymnosperm 20: 695-703. families, 1 basal angiosperm, 16 monocot Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens families and 75 Eudicot families. The largest PF, and Donoghue MJ. 2008. Plant families are Asteraceae with 88 species and Systematics, A Phylogenetic Approach, Poaceae with 99 species. The largest 3rd Ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, monocot genera are Carex and Eragrostis with Massachusetts: 611p. 12 species each. The largest herbaceous and

Carter, et al. 47 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

McGregor RL, Barkley TM, Brooks RE, and Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma. U.S.G.S. Schofield EK. 1986. Flora of the Great National Cooperative Mapping Program. Plains. University of Kansas Press, Specify Software Project, Biodiversity Lawrence, Kansas: 1402p. Research Center, University of Kansas, Morgan EB, 1973. The Wichita Mountains, Lawrence, KS 66045. Ancient Oasis of the Prairies. Texan www.specifysoftware.org Press, Waco, Texas: 253p. Tyler JD 2005. Birds of Southwestern Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 2007. Oklahoma and North Central Texas. Oklahoma Climatological Data. Transcript Press Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma, Norman. 119p. (www.ocs.ou.edu). Woods AJ, Omernik JM, Butler DR, Ford JG, Osborn B and Allan PF. 1949. Vegetation of Henley JE, Hoagland BW, Arndt DS, and an abandoned prairie dog town in tall- Moran BC. 2005. Ecoregions of grass prairie. Ecology, 30:322-332. Oklahoma (Color photo with map, Price JD and Gilbert MC. 1996. Geologic descriptive text, summary tables, and Map of the Mount Scott Area, Eastern photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Figure Location of Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma

Carter, et al. 48 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 APPENDIX

GREEN ALGAE Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schlecht.

Characeae Araceae Chara vulgaris L. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Commelinaceae Commelina erecta L. Isoetaceae Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth Isoetes melanopoda Gay & Dur. Tradescantia ohiensis Raf.

Equisetaceae Cyperaceae Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun Bulboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke Aspleneaceae Carex amphibola Steud. Asplenium trichomanes L. Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. Carex austrina Mack. Dryopteridaceae Carex blanda Dewey Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray Carex emoryi Dewey Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Carex festucacea Schkuhr. ex Willd. Carex frankii Kunth. Marsileaceae Carex gravida Bailey Pilularia americana A. Braun Carex grisea Wahl. Marsilea vestita Hood. and Grev. Carex microrhyncha Mack. Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. Pteridaceae Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Cheilanthes eatoni Baker Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex Torr. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eaton Cyperus echinatus (L.) Wood Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Cyperus esculentus L. Pellaea wrightiana Hook. Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks. Cyperus odoratus L. GYMNOSPERMS Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Cupressaceae Cyperus setigerus Torr. & Hook Juniperus virginiana L. Cyperus squarrosus L. Cyperus strigosus L. Pinaceae Eleocharis acutisquamata Buckley Pinus elliottii Englm. Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. Eleocharis engelmanni Steud. ANGIOSPERMS Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. MONOCOTS Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & J.A. Schutles) Agavaceae Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schaeur Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose Eleocharis quadrangulata Fern. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Alismataceae Eleocharis wolfii (A.Gray) A.Gray ex Britton Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Fimbristylis vahlii (Lam.) Link.

Carter, et al. 49 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Fuirena simplex Vahl. Bothriochloa laguroides (D.C.) Herter. Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Tucker Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx) Torr. Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl ex Bigelow) A. Bouteloua gracilis (Willd ex Kunth) Lag. ex Love & D. Love Griffiths Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl.) Palla Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Bouteloua rigidiseta (Steud.) Hitchc. Palla Bromus arvensis L. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Bromus catharticus Vahl Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Bromus commutatus Schrad. Scirpus pendulus Muhl. Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. Hydrocharitaceae Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Cenchrus spinifiex Cav. Chasmanthium latifolium (Mickx.) H.O. Yates Iridaceae Chloris verticillata Nutt. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Chloris virgata Sw. Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx.) Nash Juncaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Dactylis glomerata L. Juncus dudleyi Wiegand. Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Juncus interior Wieg. Clark Juncus marginatus Rostk. Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould Juncus tenuis Woot. & Standl. Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) Juncus torreyi Coville Gould Dichanthelium malacophyllum (Nash) Gould Lemnaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Lemna minor L. Gould Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henr. Liliaceae Digitaria cognata (Schultes) Pilger Allium canadense L. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Allium drummondii Regel. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Allium stellatum Ker. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) Greene Elymus canadensis L. Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory Elymus virginicus L. Cooperia drummondii Herbert Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees Erythronium americanum Ker. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignalo ex Janch Nothoscordum bivalve Greene ex Rydb. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Orchidaceae Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak. Eragrostis pectinacea (Mickx.) Nees ex Steud. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Poaceae Eragrostis reptans (Michx.) Nees Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) B.S.P. Eragrostis secundiflora J. Presl. Agrostis elliottiana Schult. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh.) Steud. Andropogon gerardii Vitman. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) A.W. Wood Aristida dichotoma Michx Eriochloa contracta Hitchc. Aristida longespica Poir. Eriochloa sericea (Scheele) Munro ex Vasey Aristida oligantha Michx. Erioneuron pilosum (Buckley) Nash Aristida purpurea Nutt. Festuca versuta Beal Bothriochloa barbinodes (Lag.) Herter. Hordeum pusillum Nutt.

Carter, et al. 50 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Potamogeton nodosus Poir Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray Potamogeton pusillus L. Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) L.H. Dewey Lolium pratense (Huds.) S.J.Darbyshire Smilacaceae Melica nitens (Scribn) Nutt. ex Piper Smilax bona-nox L. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Smilax pseudochina L. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Smilax rotundifolia L. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx) B.S.P. Smilax tamnoides L. Panicum anceps Michx. Panicum capillare L. Typhaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Typha domengensis L. Panicum obtusum Kunth. Typha latifolia L. Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. Panicum virgatum L. EUDICOTS Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Acanthaceae Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. Justicia americana (L.) Vahl Paspalum setaceum Michx. Ruellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmel) Steud. Phalaris caroliniana Walter Ruellia humilis Nutt. Poa annua L. Poa arachnifera Torr. Amaranthaceae Poa compressa L. Alternanthera caracasana Kunth Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Amaranthus albus L. Setaria parviflora (Poir) Kerguélen Amaranthus hybridus L. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash Amaranthus rudis Sauer Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. Spartina pectinata Link Gossypianthus lanuginosus (Poir.) Moq Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx) Scribn. Guilleminea densa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sporobolus airoides Torr. Moq. Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. Anacardiaceae Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr) A. Gray Rhus glabra L. Sporobolus neglectus Nash Rhus trilobata Nutt. Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr ex A. Gray) A.W. Wood Apiaceae Tridens albescens (Vasey) Wooton & Standl. Ammoselinum popei Torr. & Gray Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. Tridens muticus (Torr) Nash Cicuta maculata L. Tridens strictus (Nutt) Nash Daucus pusillus Michx. Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & Gray Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Pontederiaceae Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britt. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd Sanicula canadensis L. Spermolepis divaricata (Walt.) Raf. ex Ser. Potamogetonaceae Spermolepis echinata (Nutt. ex DC.) Heller Potamogeton ampifolius Tuckerm. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.

Carter, et al. 51 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Apocynaceae Gaillardia aestivalis (Walt.) H. Rock Apocynum cannabinum L. Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Amsonia ciliata Walt. Gaillardia suavis (Gray & Engelm.) Britt. & Rusby Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera Asclepiadaceae Grindelia papposa McKelvey Asclepias asperula (Dcne.) Woods. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Asclepias latifolia Engelm. & Gray Gutierrezia dracunculoides (DC.) S.F. Blake Asclepias pumila (Gray) Vail Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock Asclepias stenophylla Gray Helenium microcephalum D.C. Asclepias tuberosa L. Helianthus annuus L. Asclepias verticillata L. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Asclepias viridis Walt. Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. Asteraceae Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Achillea millefolium L. Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Shinners Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Heterotheca stenophylla (Gray) Shinners Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Hieracium longipilum Small Ambrosia trifida L. Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Hér. Antennaria parlinii Fern. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh Aphanostephus pilosus Buckl. Iva annua L. Aphanostephus ramosissimus DC. Krigia caespitosa (Raf.) K.L. Chambers Aphanostephus skirrhobasis (DC.) Trel. Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt. Artemisia dracunculus L. Lactuca canadensis L. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Lactuca serriola L. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Liatris aspera Michx. Aster ericoides L. Liatris punctata Hook. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. Aster patens Ait. Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) Shinners Aster subulatus Michx. Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene Baccharis salicina Torr. & Gray Packera plattensis (Nutt) W.A. Weber & A. Love Bidens cernua L. Palafoxia sphacelata (Nutt. ex Torr.) Cory Bidens frondosa L. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners Polanisia dodecandra (L.) D.C. Centaurea americana Nutt. Pseudognaphalium canescens DC. Chaetopappa asteroides Nutt. ex DC. Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) W.A. Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Weber Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. Conyza ramosissima Cronq. Rudbeckia hirta L. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet Silphium asteriscus L. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Silphium laciniatum L. Dysodiopsis tagetoides (Torr. & Gray) Rydb. Silphium radula Nutt. Echinacea angustifolia DC. Solidago arguta Ait. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Solidago gigantea Ait. Engelmannia peristenia (Raf.) Goodman & C.A. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Watson Solidago petiolaris Ait. Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hook.) Greene Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) Gray Evax prolifera Nutt. ex DC. Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Potter Evax verna Raf. Vernonia baldwinii Torr.

Carter, et al. 52 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Xanthium strumarium L. Ceratophyllace Xanthisma texanum DC. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Chenopodiaceae Boraginaceae Chenopodium album L Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. Mysotis verna Nutt. Chenopodium standleyanum Aell. Salsola tragus L Brassicaceae Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray Cistaceae Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. Erysimum capitatum (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene Clusiaceae Lepidium oblongum Small Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook) Torr. & Lepidium virginicum L. A. Gray Lesquerella auriculata (Engelm & A. Gray) S. Hypericum mutilum L. Watson Lesquerella engelmannii (A.Gray) S. Watson Convolvulaceae Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Watson Convolvulus arvensis L. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. ex Britt. Evolvulus nuttallianus Schult. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. Cornaceae Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey Sibara virginica (L.) Rollins Cuscutaceae Callitrichaceae Cuscuta gronovii Willd. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Cuscuta coryli Engelm.

Campanulaceae Crassulaceae Lobelia appendiculata A. DC. Sedum nuttallianum Raf. Lobelia cardinalis L. Triodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. Cucurbitaceae Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Cyclanthera dissecta (Torr. & Gray) Arn. Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth Capparaceae Ibervillea lindheimeri (Gray) Greene Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Melothria pendula L.

Caprifoliaceae Ebenaceae Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Diospyros virginiana L. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Euphorbiaceae Caryophyllaceae Acalypha gracilens A. Gray Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex Gray) B.L. Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell Robins. Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm) Small Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl.) Farw. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small Minuartia patula (Michx.) Mattf. Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Paronychia virginica Spreng. Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torr & A. Gray Croton capitatus Michx. Silene antirrhina L. Croton glandulosus L.

Carter, et al. 53 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Croton lindheimerianus Scheele. Pediomelum linearifolium (Torr. & A. Gray) J.W. Croton monanthogynus Michx. Grimes Croton texensis (Klotzch.) Muell. Arg. Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh.) Rydb. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Senna marilandica (L.) Link. Euphorbia corollata L. Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliott Euphorbia dentata Michx. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & A.Gray) Piper Euphorbia spathulata Lam. Strophostyles umbellatum (Muhl ex Willd.) Britt. Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt. Stylosanthes biflora (L.) Britton, Sterns. & Pogg. Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt. ex Spreng. Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L. Tragia ramosa Torr. Fagaceae Quercus buckleyi Nixon & Dorr. Fabaceae Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze Quercus marilandica Muench. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. Amorpha fruticosa L. Quercus shumardii Buckl. Apios americana Medik. Quercus stellata Wang. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. Quercus velutina Lam. Astragalus plattensis Nutt. Quercus virginiana Mill. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliot Fumariaceae Baptisia sphaerocarpa Nutt. Corydalis aurea Willd. Cercis canadensis L. Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene Gentianaceae Clitoria mariana L. Sabatia campestris Nutt. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh. Geraniaceae Dalea candida Willd. Geranium carolinianum L. Dalea enneandra Nutt. Dalea multiflora (Nutt.) Shinners Grossulariaceae Dalea purpurea Vent. Ribes aureum Pursh Dalea tenuis (J.M. Coult) Shinners Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM Haloragaceae Desmanthus leptolobus Torr & A. Gray Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walter) Britton, Stens & Desmodium ciliare DC. Poggenb. Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & A.Gray Hydrophyllaceae Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. Nama hispidum A. Gray Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) Koch. Juglandaceae Hoffmanseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch Indigofera miniata Ortega Juglans major (Torr.) Heller Lespedeza capitata Michx. Juglans microcarpa Berland Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Juglans nigra L. Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. Krameriaceae Melilotus albus Medik. Krameria lanceolata Torr. Neptunia lutea (Leavenw.) Benth. Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh.) Rydb.

Carter, et al. 54 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Lamiaceae Nyctaginaceae Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Mirabilis linearis (Gray) Greene Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. Mirabilis glabra (S. Wats.) Standl. Monarda clinopodioides A. Gray Mirabilis hirsuta A. Nels. Monarda fistulosa L. Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl. Oleaceae Monarda pectinata Nutt. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Nepeta cataria L. Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. Onagraceae Salvia reflexa Hornem. Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. Raven Scutellaria drummondii Benth. Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh. Scutellaria wrightii A. Gray Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm. Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Gaura sinuate Nutt. Teucrium canadense L. Gaura suffulta Engelm. ex A. Gray Teucrium laciniatum Torr. Gaura triangulata Buckley Trichostema brachiatum L. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Ludwigia decurrens (Walt.) DC. Lentibulariaceae Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven Utricularia gibba L. Ludwigia repens J.R. Forst Oenothera biennis L. Linaceae Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray Linum berlandieri Hook. Oenothera grandis (Britton) Smith Linum hudsonioides Planch. Oenothera jamesii A. Gray Linum imbricatum (Raf.) Shinners Oenothera laciniata Hill Linum rigidum Pursh Oenothera linifolia Nutt. Linum sulcatum Riddell Oenothera macrocarpa (A. Gray) W.L. Wagner Oenothera triloba Nutt. Loasaceae Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt. ex E. James) Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Heynh. Mentzelia nuda (Pursh.) Torr & A. Gray Oxalidaceae Lythraceae Oxalis violacea Rydb. Ammannia auriculata Willd. Oxalis stricta L. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Papaveraceae Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey

Malvaceae Pedaliaceae Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. Sphaeralcea coccinea Nutt. Phytolaccaceae Menispermaceae Phytolacca americana L. Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. Plantaginaceae Molluginaceae Plantago aristata Michx. Mollugo verticillata L. Plantago elongata Pursh. Plantago patagonica Jacq. Moraceae Plantago virginica L. Morus rubra L. Plantago wrightiana Dcne.

Carter, et al. 55 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Polemoniaceae Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Ipomopsis rubra Fern. Prunus gracilis Engelm. & A. Gray Prunus mexicana S. Watson Polygalaceae Prunus virginiana L. Polygala alba Nutt. Rubus aboriginum Rydb.

Polygala verticillata L. Rubus occidentalis L.

Polygonaceae Rubiaceae Eriogonum annum Nutt. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. Diodia teres Walt. Polygonum amphibium L. Galium aparine L. Polygonum convolvulus L. Galium pilosum Aiton Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Galium texense A. Gray Polygonum lapathifolium L. Galium virgatum Nutt. Polygonum pensylvanicum L. Hedyotis nigricans (Lam.) Fosberg Polygonum punctatum Ell. Houstonia caerulea L. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Houstonia pusilla Schoepf Polygonum scandens L. Polygonum tenue Michx. Rutaceae Rumex altissimus Wood Ptelea trifoliata L. Rumex crispus L Salicaceae Portulacaceae Populus alba L. Claytonia virginica L. Populus deltoides Marsh Portulaca pilosa L. Salix caroliniana Michx. Portulaca umbraticola Kunth. Salix nigra Marsh. Portulaca oleracea L. Talinum calycinum Engelm. Santalacaceae Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.

Primulaceae Sapindaceae Adrosace occidentalis L. Aesculus glabra Willd. Dodecatheon meadia L. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Samolus valerandi L. Acer saccharinum L. Acer saccharum Marsh. Ranunculaceae Sapindus saponaria L. Anemone berlandieri Pritz . Delphinium carolinianum Walt. Sapotaceae Myosurus minimus L. Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx.

Rhamnaceae Scrophulariaceae Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. Agalinis fasciculata Pennell Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Rosaceae Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don. Agrimonia parviflora Aiton Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh. Crataegus reverchonii Sarg. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Crataegus viridis L. Gratiola virginiana L. Geum aleppicum Jacq. Leucospora multifida (Michx) Nutt. Geum canadense Jacq. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Potentilla arguta Pursh Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell

Carter, et al. 56 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Penstemon cobaea Nutt Verbenaceae Penstemon oklahomensis Pennell Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. Glandularia pumila (Rydb.) Umber Veronica arvensis L. Lippia cuneifolia (Torr.) Steud Veronica peregrine L. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Simaroubaceae Verbena stricta Vent. Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle Verbena urticifolia L.

Solanaceae Violaceae Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) Hitchc. Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill Physalis longifolia Nutt. Viola bicolor Pursh Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Viola missouriensis Greene Solanum dimidiatum Raf. Viola sororia Willd. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Vitaceae Solanum rostratum Dunal Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Cissus incisa Des Moul. Ulmaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Buckley) Britton ex Celtis laevigata Willd. Small Ulmus americana L. Vitis cinerea (Englm.) Millardet. Ulmus rubra Muhl Vitis riparia Michx. Vitis rupestris Scheele Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Zygophyllaceae Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Kallstroemia californica (S. Wats.) Vail Tribulus terrestris L. Valerianaceae Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr.

Carter, et al. 57 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Common Spring Mushrooms of Oklahoma

Clark L. Ovrebo Nancy S. Weber Department of Biology Department of Forest Ecosystems University of Central Oklahoma and Society Edmond, OK 73034 Oregon State University E-mail: [email protected] Corvallis, Oregon 97331

INTRODUCTION mushroom field guides. Common names, where known, are given in parentheses. Springtime brings a resurgence of We are hesitant to provide information greenery and wildflowers to the landscape. on edibility. Great care must be taken to be For those interested in fungi it is time to look absolutely sure of a mushroom’s identity. for mushrooms as well. In Oklahoma spring Only after becoming proficient at identifying mushrooms appear for approximately two to mushrooms, and only then, can one three-weeks from late March to mid-April. determine edibility. The exact time depends on temperature, Vouchers for specimens described here moisture, and in which corner of the state you are housed in the mycological collection of hunt mushrooms. the University of Central Oklahoma’s Collectors might encounter a few of the herbarium (CSU). “gilled mushrooms”, Basidiomycota, during the spring, but it is the members of the Order Pezizales phylum Ascomycota, often referred to as Morchella esculenta (common, yellow or tan “Ascomycetes”, that are the most prominent morel) and popular of the spring fungi. Here, we This is by far the most popular spring present a selection of common ascomycetes in mushroom collected for consumption. It is the order Pezizales, the morels and related recognized by its pitted cap with light tan or cup-fungi that you may encounter in the gray pits separated by creamy-white ribs when spring woods. young. The ribs do not blacken at maturity. The Ascomycota includes a diverse group The entire length of the cap is attached to the of fungi ranging from yeasts to devastating stalk and both the cap and stalk are hollow. plant pathogens, to edible wild mushrooms. Two slightly different forms of this species Members of this phylum bear their spores in are illustrated. One has a more rounded cap microscopic sac-like structures called asci. (Fig. 1) and the other is more tapered (Fig. 2). Some ascomycetes form fruiting bodies called The morphological variation within this ascocarps or ascomata. In the order Pezizales, species needs further investigation, so we the basic form of the ascocarp is called an cannot be certain whether these variations apothecium. Apothecia resemble a cup or represent distinct species. Websites such as saucer with the asci lining the cup or covering www.mushroomexpert.com/morchella_yello the upper surface of the saucer; these fungi w.html can offer more information. The are often referred to as “cup-fungi.” In some common morel is usually found in wooded species the apothecium has a stalk or stem. In areas. River bottom forests seem to be good others the apothecium may be recurved or places in Oklahoma for finding morels. We contorted into any of a number of shapes have frequently found morels near eastern red including thimbles and pitted or wrinkled cedar trees as well. Don’t count out caps. metropolitan areas. The first author has found Below we provide photographs and brief them in his own yard and on the University of descriptions of the more commonly Central Oklahoma campus. encountered spring-fruiting members of the Pezizales. More details can be found in most

Ovrebo & Weber https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100062 58 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Figure 1 Morchlla esculenta with rounded Figure 3 Morchella semilibera cap. Gyromitra caroliniana Gyromitra c. is by far the largest spring mushroom found in Oklahoma (Fig. 4). The cap is brownish red and convoluted or brain- like. The stalk is robust with the exterior formed into irregular, rounded ridges separated by irregular grooves. The inside tissue of the cap and stalk appears to be stuffed with folded or convoluted tissue (Fig. 5).

Figure 2 Morchella esculenta with tapered cap.

Figure 4 Gyromitra caroliniana external view Morchella semilibera (half-free morel) It fruits at about the same time as the common morel and differs from the common morel by the way that the cap is attached to the stalk (Fig. 3). The lower half of the cap is free from the stalk and resembles a skirt. The ribs of the cap turn dark brown to black with age and the caps are often darker and smaller than those of the common morel.

Figure 5 Gyromitra caroliniana showing internal structure

Ovrebo, C.L. 59 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Verpa conica (bell morel) Helvella stevensii It is recognized by the brown, This is a relatively small fungus. The smooth to slightly wavy, bell-shaped spore-bearing surface of its apothecium is apothecium that is attached only at the stalk ivory to pale tan at maturity. In some views apex (Fig. 6), resembling a thimble sitting on a mature apothecia often resemble pies with a finger. For that reason it is also called the missing wedge (Fig. 8) or have three lobes, thimble morel. but in young apothecia the margins are rolled over the spore-bearing surface. The undersurface of the apothecium is covered with short hairs that can be seen with a hand lens. The stalk is round in outline or slightly flattened.

Figure 6 Verpa conica

Figure 8 Helvella stevensii Helvella acetabulum This differs in outward appearance Urnula craterium (devil’s urn) from the previous because the apothecium is The apothecium of this fungus is cup-shaped (Fig. 7). The inside of the shaped more like a water or wine goblet than apothecium is brown to grayish brown. A very a drinking cup because of its long stalk (Fig. short stalk may be present or absent. Its 9). Apothecia are dark brownish black overall surface has sharp-edged ribs that extend onto and typically arise in clusters from, or adjacent the lower surface of the apothecium, to, downed logs. Urnula craterium is generally sometimes nearly to the margin of the cup. the first fungus to appear in the spring, often well in advance of the morels.

Figure 7 Helvella acetabulum Figure 9 Urnula craterium

Ovrebo & Weber 60 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Sarcoscypha occidentalis (stalked scarlet cup) This cup fungus makes its first appearance in late spring and fruits throughout the summer and into the early fall. It is a small fungus with the apothecium seldom being larger than one cm across (Fig. 10). The apothecium is bright red and the stipe is white. This fungus appears to fruit on the soil but is actually attached to buried wood.

Figure 10 Sarcoscypha occidentalis

Ovrebo, C.L. 61 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Fern Habitats and Rare Ferns in Oklahoma Dr. Bruce A. Smith McLoud High School McLoud, Oklahoma E-mail: [email protected] This paper features some of the more common fern habitats in Oklahoma and provides information on four rare Oklahoma ferns from two fern families: Aspleniaceae and Pteridaceae. Surprisingly, ferns can be found in a variety of habitats across Oklahoma.

INTRODUCTION FERN HABITATS With over 2500 species of vascular plants One of the best places to look for ferns is (Taylor and Taylor 1991), Oklahoma is rich in on rock outcrops with mosses. Rocks are great both plant and habitat diversity. The vast places to find ferns, no matter what part of the majority of Oklahoma’s vascular plants are state you are in. Ferns can even be found flowering plants. Less than 100 species are ferns embedded in mosses on trees. If you can’t find and fern allies. Needless to say, ferns and fern them on rocks and trees, look for them in allies do not get the same attention as do marshes, bogs, mudflats, woodland forests, flowering plants. One obvious reason is that areas with rocky soils, near waterfalls, and even they are not as showy and do not catch our eye floating on the water surface. The places you as wildflowers do. Secondly, we tend to visit will likely not find them are in lawns or prairies. wildflower habitats more often than fern Often, when someone has brought or described habitats. Ferns live in some of the most to me the leaf of a “fern” they found in such a interesting places, however. If you are in the habitat, it has been Achillea millefolium L., the Quartz Mountains you may be staring at a common yarrow. Common yarrow is a western diamondback snake and a star cloak- flowering plant in the composite family fern on the same rock. If you are hunting the Asteraceae. netted chain fern in southeastern Oklahoma you Do not let the rocky outcrop habitats in may be up to your ankles in mud. One of the Quartz Mountain Resort, or other islands of the objectives of this article will be to introduce you Wichita Mountains (Fig. 1), discourage you from to some of the typical habitats and places that looking for ferns. Southwestern Oklahoma is a you can find ferns. You will also be introduced great place to see several families of ferns to some of the rare ferns of Oklahoma. including the Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Habitat information for some of the species and especially the maidenhair family, is from The Flora of North America (1993). Pteridaceae. Rare species are those listed in the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2005). Collection dates and distribution information are from the Oklahoma Biological Survey Database and from personal encounters with the species. Authority and common names are from Taylor and Taylor (1991) and The Flora of North America (1993). Technical descriptions of each species can also be obtained from The Flora of North America. To distinguish between the different taxa I would encourage readers to use field guides and a good dichotomous key such as Keys and Descriptions for the Vascular Plants of Oklahoma (Tyrl et al. 2007) or the Illustrated Figure 1 Rock outcrop, Quartz Mountain Flora of North Central Texas (Diggs et al. 1999). Resort.

Smith, B.A. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100063 62 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 The overhang of the cave at Robbers Cave State Park and Lodge supports a healthy population of Asplenium bradleyi D.C. Eaton, Bradley’s spleenwort, one of Oklahoma’s rarer ferns (Fig. 2). I have visited this same population many times over the years. The population appears to have grown and is healthier than ever.

Figure 4 Cheilanthes lanosa with spike moss.

Cheilanthes lanosa also grows on other rock types such as the limestone at Beavers Bend Resort Park and Robbers Cave State Park and Figure 2 Rock outcrop overhang of Robbers Lodge. This fern is one of the few in Oklahoma Cave. that has the ability to take over large patches of hillsides in open areas (Fig. 5). Limestone crevices can hold lichens as well as Argyrochosma dealbata (Pursh) Windham, the powdery cloak-fern (Fig. 3). The Arbuckle Mountains are great places to see several species of ferns, especially the maidenhair ferns.

Figure 5 Cheilanthes lanosa in an open area, Beavers Bend Resort Park.

Figure 3 Argyrochosma dealbata in limestone crevice with lichens, Turner Falls I do not know of any Oklahoma epiphytic in the Arbuckle Mountains. ferns other than Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham (figs. 6 & 7), the Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eaton, the resurrection fern. It is common in eastern hairy lipfern, grows on rocky soil with a spike forests on both mossy covered rocks and mossy moss on Elk Mountain in the Wichita covered trees. It occurs as far west as Johnston Mountains (Fig. 4). Other granitic rocks on County. which to find this fern are in the Great Plains State Park and Quartz Mountain Resort.

Smith, B.A. 63 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008

Figure 8 Cinnamon fern in Choctaw County Figure 6 Pleopeltis polypodiodes , the resurrection fern, in Idabel City Park. Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore (Fig. 9) grows in wet forest soils in Choctaw County, but they can also be found in seeps and acidic bogs. Look carefully at the erect fertile frond in the foreground. The elongated sori of each leaflet fit end to end forming a chain, thus the common name, netted chain fern. Growing laterally in the background you can see the sterile fronds that do not produce sori. Both fronds are part of the same rhizome. This is an interesting species to see, especially when both types of fronds are present. It is a southeastern Oklahoma species that can be seen in at least five counties.

Figure 7 P. polypodioides growing as an epiphyte.

Osmunda cinnamomea L., cinnamon fern, grows under the canopy of a mesic forest in Choctaw County (Fig. 8). Cinnamon ferns can live in acidic soils, vernal seeps, and moist areas. Cinnamon ferns can be seen on public land at Ferndale Bog in McGee Creek State Park. The best time to visit them is in May when you can see their cinnamon colored fertile fronds.

Figure 9 Woodwardia areolata with fertile frond in foreground.

Onoclea sensibilis L. (Fig. 10) grows in marshy soils on McCurtain County roadsides. Sensitive ferns can be found in open swamps, thickets,

Smith, B.A. 64 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 marshes, or lowland woods. Like Woodwardia find it. Falls Creek is a wonderful place to find areolata, the sensitive fern has separate fertile several species of the Pteridaceae: Adiantum (brown) fronds and sterile (green) fronds. This capillus-veneris, Argyochosma dealbata, Astrolepis species has a much wider distribution than the integerrima (Hook.) Benham & Windham, netted chain fern. The sensitive fern is seen as Cheilanthes tomentosa L., and Pellaea atropurpurea far west as Creek County. (L.) Link.

Figure 12 Price Falls at Falls Creek Baptist Figure 10 Onoclea sensibilis with fertile Assembly. brown fronds. RARE FERNS Mudflats like the one at the University of I do not remember when I first became a Oklahoma Biological Station in Marshall County “Pteridomaniac”. The spore must have begun are not the greatest habitat to look for ferns developing in 1977 after enrolling in my first (Fig. 11). However, Marsilea vestita Hook. and field botany course, Plant Taxonomy, under Dr. Grev., water clover, was collected there in 2006. Doyle McCoy. Since 1977 I have taken my share of botany field trips all over the state. In fact, I consider every day a botany field trip, always looking for that fern or other plant that I have never seen as well as those “old friends”, as Dr Tyrl would call them, like Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Fig. 13) and Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. (Fig. 14), two ferns that are as common as dandilions.

Figure 11 Mudflat habitat at OU Biological Station.

On the falls and rocks in the creek area at Price Falls in Falls Creek Baptist Assembly (Fig. 12) you can see Adiantum capillus-veneris L., the southern maidenhair fern. The tissue thin fronds require moist cool air to survive. Climb Figure 13 Asplenium platyneuron, ebony fifteen feet above the waterfall on the rock and spleenwort, a very common fern. away from the creek and you will not

Smith, B.A. 65 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (Fig. 16) Common name: lobed spleenwort Distribution: Latimer County. Note: this species has only been reported at Robbers Cave State Park and Lodge, but there are several populations throughout the park, including Robbers Cave.

Figure 14 Woodsia obtusa, blunt-lobed cliff fern, another common fern

The following species are relatively rare in Oklahoma and are listed as “species of concern” by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2008). The first three are in Aspleniaceae family and the last is in Pteridaceae. I have had the good fortune to see each of them more than once, some in multiple locations, others in only Figure 16 Asplenium pinnatifidum, one location. Robbers Cave State Park and Lodge.

Asplenium bradleyi D.C. Eaton (Fig. 15) Common name: Bradley’s spleenwort Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. (Fig. 17) Distribution: Latimer County, also seen in Common name: forked spleenwort Atoka County. Distribution: Cimarron County. Note: This is a difficult species to describe, but Note: This fern does not have the typical fern it can easily be identified using a field guide or appearance. The novice might even mistake it dichotomous key. for a grass. The fronds have a grass-like appearance with narrow linear blades. The blade apex can be forked, thus its common name.

Figure 15 Asplenium bradleyi growing on sandstone rock, Robbers Cave State Park and Lodge. Figure 17 Asplenium septentrionale, north of Black Mesa State Park and Nature Preserve.

Smith, B.A. 66 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Cheilanthes wootonii Maxon (Fig. 18) so many great botanical opportunities; Richard Common name: beaded lipfern Butler, Catherine Eimen, Bruce Hoagland, and Distribution: Cimarron, Greer, and Kiowa Sheila Strawn, for helping to edit portions of counties, but also seen in Canadian County. this article; and to my wife, Sharon, for helping Note: Cheilanthes species are difficult to identify. to edit the article and for allowing me to pursue C. wootonii Hook. can easily be mistaken for C. my passion. eatonii Baker, C. tomentosa Link, or even C. I also give my thanks for access to these lindheimeri. You’ ll need a good dichotomous key properties: Hoby family property; University of such as Keys and Descriptions for the Vascular Plants Oklahoma Biological Station; Falls Creek of Oklahoma (Tyrl et al. 2007) to identify Baptist Assembly; Methodist Canyon Camp; members of this genus. Southwest Baptist Assembly; Turner Falls; Idabel City Park; and the following state facilities: Beavers Bend Resort Park, Black Mesa State Park and Nature Preserve, Great Plains State Park, McGee Creek State Park, Quartz Mountain Resort, Red Rock Canyon State Park, and Robbers Cave State Park and Lodge.

LITERATURE CITED

Diggs GM Jr., Lipscomb BL, and O’Kennon R. 1999. Shinner’s & Mahler’s illustrated flora of North Central Texas. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Sida, Botanical Figure 18 Cheilanthes wootonii, Methodist Miscellany No. 6. Canyon Camp. Flora of North America, Editorial Committee. Flora of North America. 1993. Vol 2. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, New CONCLUSION York, Oxford University Press. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. 2008. I hope you will visit a fern habitat on a Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory future field trip. You do not need to wait until working list of rare Oklahoma Plants. spring to see ferns because there are several Oklahoma Biological Survey. species in our state that are evergreens. You will find ferns to be both fascinating and beautiful. accessed December 2008. If you are fortunate enough to come across one Taylor RJ and Taylor CES . 1991. An annotated of these rare ferns, please practice good list of the ferns, fern allies, Gymnosperms conservation by not collecting it and by and flowering plants of Oklahoma. protecting its habitat. Biological Department Herbarium, Durant, Southeastern Oklahoma State University. Tyrl RJ, Barber SC, Buck P, Elisens WJ, Folley ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PA, Magrath LK, Murray CL, Smith BA, My thanks to the following individuals: Taylor CES, and Thompson RA . 2007. Richard Butler for accompanying me on many Keys and descriptions for the vascular field trips the last five years and helping to edit plants of Oklahoma. Noble, Flora of portions of the article: Mickey Cooper for giving Oklahoma, Inc. me my start in Botany; Doyle McCoy for giving me my start in Oklahoma native plants; Ron Tyrl for training me as a botanist and providing

Smith, B.A. 67 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 Tribute to Paul Buck Paul Buck passed away on January 16, the Harriet G. Barclay Herbarium there and 2008. Respected and admired by his to teach and guide students. colleagues and friends, he left a legacy of In the mid-1980s Paul was a founding lifelong commitment to ecology and botany. member of the Flora of Oklahoma Paul was a founding member of the Committee, a group of Oklahoma botanists Board of Directors of the Oklahoma Native dedicated to writing the Flora of Oklahoma. Plant Society in 1987, and, after serving on This has been and continues to be a its board for several subsequent terms, he monumental work to write and update keys was the second recipient of the ONPS and descriptions of all the vascular plant Service Award. species in Oklahoma, replacing the keys of In the early days of ONPS he was an U.T. Waterfall. Paul actively participated in active leader and participant in Society field the Flora of Oklahoma Board of Directors excursions throughout the state. Paul was at until retiring in the spring of 2006 as its the organizing core of the ONPS Color Treasurer. Oklahoma Committee, serving on its first Paul was elected President of the board from 2003 through 2006. Oklahoma Academy of Science in 1971 and For more than ten years he wrote a served as Executive Secretary-Treasurer in column entitled “Botany Bay” for the the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was ONPS quarterly newsletter, Gaillardia. In recognized by OAS for his meritorious each issue he presented a puzzling or service to Oklahoma scientists with the intriguing botanical problem and then Tenure Service Award in 1991, the decoded it in colorful terms, accessible to Education Service Award in 1994, and the both amateur and professional botanists. OAS Lifetime Achievement Award Most knew Paul as Professor of Botany presented at a botanical symposium in his at the University of Tulsa. He was there honor in 2006. OAS continues to publish from 1964 to 1987, teaching and inspiring Paul’s Distribution and Identification of Woody students, majors and non-majors alike. For Plants of Oklahoma in the Winter Condition decades he transported students all over the (1983). state to Oklahoma Academy of Science Paul was founder of the Mary Kay (OAS) Field Meetings and Technical Oxley Nature Center, a natural area along Meetings, to Southwest Association of Bird Creek at the edge of Mohawk Park in Naturalists meetings, and on spring break Tulsa. Along with Harriet Barclay, he was excursions to Mexico and New Mexico He instrumental in encouraging The Nature encouraged students to attend the Conservancy to purchase both Red Bud University of Oklahoma Biological Station, Valley Nature Preserve in 1970 and the Tall which he had attended as a student, and Grass Prairie Preserve in 1989. He served Rocky Mountain Biological Station, at on the boards of all three of these which he taught during the summer. organizations for many years until they were Paul was the faculty advisor of the TU well established. He also served on the student chapter of Zero Population board of The Oklahoma Nature Growth. With his colleague, Estelle Conservancy. Levetin, he established the longest pollen Many are surprised to learn that Paul record in the U.S., also one of the longest in Buck was not a native Oklahoman. He was the world. After Paul retired from the born in Lansing, Michigan, September 9, University of Tulsa he continued to curate 1927. At 17 he joined the US Navy and was stationed in Norman, Oklahoma. On leave

Murray, C.S. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100064 68 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008 in Tulsa, he met Lou Ann Clark, whom he kindness and good humor. Nor can it later married. In Tulsa he served on the convey the remarkable grace with which he Tulsa Police Force as a “beat cop” in accepted the unfairness and disability of Oakhurst in west Tulsa. Working the night Parkinson’s disease as it limited his field shift enabled him to attend classes at the experiences in his own later years. University of Tulsa during the day. There he Paul was remembered in a memorial was inspired by Harriet Barclay and Ralph service May 3, 2008 at the Harriet G. Kelting to pursue a career in botany. After Barclay Nature Center at Red Bud Valley. It his BS and MS at UT, he attended the was a glorious spring afternoon, sun University of Oklahoma where he worked shining, gentle breeze – Oklahoma at its with Elroy Rice. His dissertation, best. Family and friends, colleagues and Relationships of Woody Vegetation of the Wichita former students, neighbors and community Mountains Wildlife Refuge to Geological activists were all in attendance, Formations and Soil Types, was among the first remembering the life of the man who had ecological studies of the Wichita Refuge. In formed, shared, or changed their lives and 2002 Oklahoma Native Plant Record published left this world a better place for his having “Vascular Plants of the Wichita Mountains”, been here. from an informational pamphlet previously Paul is survived by Lou Ann Clark used by Refuge biologists, which was based Buck, his wife of more than fifty years, and on that work. by his children, Paul Buck III of Gunnison, Paul’s commitment to botany, ecology, Colorado and Dana Buck of Atlanta, and environmental conservation extended Georgia. Intellectually and inspirationally, he beyond formal and academic venues. He is survived by us all. Paul’s knowledge of the involved neighborhood children in natural world and his tireless pursuit of its observing the natural world. Paul was active further understanding inspired students, in community and student efforts to start future scientists, and laymen for more than recycling programs. He led Boy Scout trips five decades. His gentle manner, his to Philmont in New Mexico and spoke to patience, his persistence, and his kindness, citizen groups at the Tulsa Library. He rode even in the face of personal, professional, his bicycle to campus for years, attired in a political, and environmental adversity, make tuxedo. Paul even rode his bicycle to his him a model for each of us as we continue daughter’s wedding. He lived his his commitment to the botany and ecology commitment to conservation and never lost of Oklahoma. his joy and wonder at the beauty and complexity of the natural world. Constance Murray, 1 June 2008 Nothing in this formal description can convey the serene and honorable way in which Paul conducted his life. As he mentored and encouraged students, he persisted in his community activism and cared for his mentor and colleague, Harriet Barclay in her later years. He did so with ONPS

Murray, C.S.

Editorial Policies and Practices

Oklahoma Native Plant Record is published annually by Oklahoma Native Plant Society. Submission for publication in the journal is open to all. Manuscripts will be accepted on topics related to Oklahoma's regional botany, including historical research reports, current research articles, site record species lists, and descriptions of new or important species sightings in Oklahoma. Oklahoma's environmental gradients of human impact, climate, and elevation make us a prime target for research on habitat edges, species ranges, and edge species, therefore, articles of other themes may be included as well. Research overlooked by journals of broader geographic regions will be considered for publication in the Record.

Papers must not have been published previously or accepted for submission elsewhere and should represent research conducted in accordance with accepted procedures and scientific ethics. All authors retain copyright of their articles. Submission of the article implies the granting to Oklahoma Native Plant Society of permission to publish it. We ask only for the right to publish articles. We do not seek to own them. In return, we require our authors to allow that work to be used freely for non-commercial purposes, allowing each individual to make, gratis, a single copy of the published manuscript whether from its print or its Internet version; instructors to make gratis, multiple copies available for non-commercial teaching purposes; and libraries to make copies available, gratis, for interlibrary loan. Authors are responsible for supplying reprints upon request.

Manuscripts will be reviewed for content and appropriateness by at least two reviewers. The title page should state the affiliation and complete addresses of all authors and telephone numbers for the corresponding author. Research and technical papers should include a one-paragraph abstract of not more than 250 words. It should concisely state the goals, principal results, and major conclusions of the paper. All references, figures, and tables should be cited in the text. Site descriptions should include latitude, longitude, total area and elevation. Common names should be referenced to a scientific name. Abbreviations of authorities for scientific names should follow Authors of Plant Names (Brummitt and Powell 1992). Titles of periodicals should be abbreviated following Botanico-Peridoicum-Huntianum and its supplement except in historic publications when original format will be used.

Authors with access to PC-compatible microcomputers are encouraged to send a copy of the manuscript on CD or diskette in rtf (rich text format). If the manuscript is typed, manuscripts should be double-spaced on 8 1/2 X 11 inch paper with minimum one-inch margins and should be submitted in duplicate. Use no headers, footers, nor auto page numbering. Proof-read and verify taxa numbers before submission. Color photos may be submitted on CD or diskette. CDs, diskettes, or hardcopy manuscripts should be sent to the managing editor at the address below by July 1.

Managing Editor, Oklahoma Native Plant Record Oklahoma Native Plant Society c/o Tulsa Garden Center 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114

Five Year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 3 4 Black Mesa Flora Study, James K. McPherson 19 Black Mesa State Park Flora Update, Patricia A. Folley 23 Vascular Flora of the Keystone Wildlife Management Area, Bruce Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod. 38 Floristic Survey of The Nature Conservancy’s Preserve, Johnston County, OK, Kimberly A. Shannon. 51 Historical Accounts of the Transformation of a Prairie Town, Todd D. Fagin and Melissa S. Brown. 68 Triphora trianthophora and Tipularia discolor in Oklahoma, Lawrence K. Magrath 73 Take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers, Gloria M. Caddell Volume 4 4 Ecological Factors Affecting the Distribution of Woody Vegetation Near the Arkansas River, Tulsa County, Anne Wanamaker Long 24 Cotinus obovatus Raf. (Smoke-tree) in Oklahoma, Bruce Hoagland. 26 Giant Cane and Southeastern Indian Baskets, Julia A. Jordan. 30 Vascular Flora of the Chouteau Wildlife Management Area, Wagoner County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Forrest L. Johnson. 40 Status and Habitat Characteristics of Chyprepedium kentuckiense (Kentucky lady’s slipper) in Southeastern Oklahoma, Bruce Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod. 48 Common Lawn and Garden Mushrooms of Central Oklahoma, Clark L. Ovrebo 56 Why Do Species Names Change? Patricia A. Folley Volume 5 4 Relationship of Forest Vegetation to Soils on Geological Formations of the Oklahoma Gulf Coastal Plain, R. John Taylor 39 A Vegetation Analysis of a Pimpled Prairie in Northeastern Oklahoma, Constance L. Murray 61 Vascular Flora of a Site Along the Arkansas River, Pawnee County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod 73 Additions to the Flora of Garvin County, Oklahoma, Phillip T. Crawford and Priscilla H.C. Crawford 98 Tribute to John Taylor, ONPS members Volume 6 4 The Lichens of North Central Oklahoma, Darvin W. Keck 51 Annotated Nomenclatural Update to Keck (1961), Douglas M. Ladd 53 Vascular Flora of a Red Sandstone Hills Site, Canadian County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod 69 Vascular Flora of a Riparian Site on the Canadian River, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, Lacy Burgess and Bruce W. Hoagland. 80 Cedar-apple Rust, Clark L. Ovrebo Volume 7 4 Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks, Charles S. Wallis 21 Updated Oklahoma Ozark Flora, Bruce W. Hoagland 54 The Vascular Flora of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden Site Osage County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Amy Buthod 67 Vascular Plant Checklists from Oklahoma, Michael W. Palmer 78 The Need for Savanna Restoration in the Cross Timbers, Caleb Stotts, Michael W. Palmer, and Kelly Kindscher 91 Botanizing with Larry Magrath, Patricia A. Folley

Oklahoma Native Plant Society c/o Tulsa Garden Center 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114

______

In this issue of Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 8, Number 1, December 2008: ______

4 A Floristic Study of the Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma, 1975 M.S. Thesis Susan C. Barber

37 Updated List of Taxa for Vascular Plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains Area of Southwestern Oklahoma Susan C. Barber

45 Updated Flora of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Keith A. Carter, Pablo Rodriguez, and Michael T. Dunn

57 Common Spring Mushrooms of Oklahoma Clark L. Ovrebo and Nancy S. Weber

61 Fern Habitats and Rare Ferns in Oklahoma Bruce A. Smith

67 Tribute to Paul Buck Constance Murray

Five Year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record inside back cover