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Illustrated Flora of East Texas Illustrated Flora of East Texas ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS IS PUBLISHED WITH THE SUPPORT OF: MAJOR BENEFACTORS: DAVID GIBSON AND WILL CRENSHAW DISCOVERY FUND U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, USDA FOREST SERVICE) TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT SCOTT AND STUART GENTLING BENEFACTORS: NEW DOROTHEA L. LEONHARDT FOUNDATION (ANDREA C. HARKINS) TEMPLE-INLAND FOUNDATION SUMMERLEE FOUNDATION AMON G. CARTER FOUNDATION ROBERT J. O’KENNON PEG & BEN KEITH DORA & GORDON SYLVESTER DAVID & SUE NIVENS NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF TEXAS DAVID & MARGARET BAMBERGER GORDON MAY & KAREN WILLIAMSON JACOB & TERESE HERSHEY FOUNDATION INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: AUSTIN COLLEGE BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS SID RICHARDSON CAREER DEVELOPMENT FUND OF AUSTIN COLLEGE II OTHER CONTRIBUTORS: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK HOLLEMAN, W.B. PETRUS, ELAINE J. BATTERBAE, SUSAN ROBERTS HOLT, JEAN & DUNCAN PRITCHETT, MARY H. BECK, NELL HUBER, MARY MAUD PRICE, DIANE BECKELMAN, SARA HUDSON, JIM & YONIE PRUESS, WARREN W. BENDER, LYNNE HULTMARK, GORDON & SARAH ROACH, ELIZABETH M. & ALLEN BIBB, NATHAN & BETTIE HUSTON, MELIA ROEBUCK, RICK & VICKI BOSWORTH, TONY JACOBS, BONNIE & LOUIS ROGNLIE, GLORIA & ERIC BOTTONE, LAURA BURKS JAMES, ROI & DEANNA ROUSH, LUCY BROWN, LARRY E. JEFFORDS, RUSSELL M. ROWE, BRIAN BRUSER, III, MR. & MRS. HENRY JOHN, SUE & PHIL ROZELL, JIMMY BURT, HELEN W. JONES, MARY LOU SANDLIN, MIKE CAMPBELL, KATHERINE & CHARLES KAHLE, GAIL SANDLIN, MR. & MRS. WILLIAM CARR, WILLIAM R. KARGES, JOANN SATTERWHITE, BEN CLARY, KAREN KEITH, ELIZABETH & ERIC SCHOENFELD, CARL COCHRAN, JOYCE LANEY, ELEANOR W. SCHULTZE, BETTY DAHLBERG, WALTER G. LAUGHLIN, DR. JAMES E. SCHULZE, PETER & HELEN DALLAS CHAPTER-NPSOT LECHE, BEVERLY SENNHAUSER, KELLY S. DAMEWOOD, LOGAN & ELEANOR LEWIS, PATRICIA SERLING, STEVEN DAMUTH, STEVEN LIGGIO, JOE SHANNON, LEILA HOUSEMAN DAVIS, ELLEN D. LILES, DR. BEN SHARP, SYDNEY DENNARD, PAULA R. LINDEMANN, BILL SHELBURNE, JESSIE C. DESIGNER & DIGGERS GARDEN CLUB LIPSCOMB, BARNEY SHUTT, MRS. GEORGE DIGGS, GEORGE M. LOOS, PETER & CASSANDRA SHUTTEE, KAREN M. EDWARDS, DR. & MRS. WILLIAM LOPER, RUTH & RON SIMPSON, BERYL ELSIK, SANDRA LUSK, SHIRLEY SKELTON, DORIS FANNON, CAROLYN MACROBERTS, MICHAEL & BARBARA SLOAN, MRS. CHARLES M. FAULKNER, LINDA MAHLER, WILLIAM F. & L ORENE SMITH, BETSY & STEVE FOLEY, KAREN MAILANDT, SANDRA SMITHKLINE BEECHAM FINLAY, CHARLOTTE MARTIN, MR. & MRS. JOHN A. SOSA, SONIA FOUNDERS GARDEN CLUB OF DALLAS MAY, RUTH ANDERSSON SPANGLER, LISA & JASON GAYLORD, HEINZ & JULIE MCCLELLAND, BRAMLETTE SPENCER, JO GEISTER, JIM MCDANIEL, SIDNEY STEITZ, D. QUENTIN GEORGE, JANE JARVIS MCDONALD, GARRY STEER, DEE GEORGE, ROBERT & FRANCES MCINNIS, ANN & MILES STEWART, WALDO E. GIBSON, LORINE MCKINNEY, JULIE STILES, MRS. GEORGE (BEA) GILBERT, KAY HARRINGTON MERRILL, MR. & MRS. JOHN SWAIN, JR., MRS. JACK R. GILLILAND, CINDE MILES, MARY A. & MICHAEL TAYLOR, DAVID C. GOODSON, MOLLY B. MOBLEY, LANEY TAYLOR, JOHN GOOLSBEE, ROBERT & BETTY MONNING, ANNE M. TEMPLE, ELLEN GRANT, VERNE E. MONTGOMERY, DAVID TENNISON, J.C. GRIFFITH, CONVERSE MOORE, KATHLEEN TEXOMA CHAPTER-NPSOT HAMMACK, ELISA S. MOORE, SARA TILLER, ANITA HAMRICK, JOE NARE, CHRIS & AMY TRINITY FORKS CHAPTER-NPSOT HARAKAL, JANE NEIMAN, MR. & MRS. WILLIAM TWIN CITY GARDEN CLUB HARRISON, PAT & TOM NELSON, JIM VANGUARD CHARITABLE ENDOWMENT IN HONOR OF KATHRYN DRAPER NEMEC, KATHY (SARA MANN MOORE FUND) HATCHER, PRESLEY NEW COVENANT FOUNDATION, THE WAGNON, DAVID HAWKINS, ANN M. (GEORGE & NANCY SEAY) WESBY, VERNON HEAGY, LINNY NEWTON, ANNE WHITE, MARGARET J. HESSON, MR. & MRS. WALTER OLSEN, H. GLENN WHITE, BRUCE E. HICKS, B.F. PARDOE, MR. & MRS. WILLIAM H. WILLIAMS, FRANCES HIDELL, LYNN PEACEABLE KINGDOM WILSEY, BRIAN HILL, MR. & MRS. ROBERT PECK, JIM WOODRUFF, CHARLES (CHOCK) WE ARE EXTREMELY GRATEFUL FOR THE SUPPORT OF ALL OUR BENEFACTORS AND CONTRIBUTORS. IF ANYONE HAS BEEN INADVERTENTLY OMITTED, WE EXTEND OUR SINCERE APOLOGIES. III SPECIAL RECOGNITION FOR LORINE GIBSON WHO SHARED OUR PASSION FOR THE PLANTS OF EAST TEXAS PHOTO COURTESY OF DAVID H. GIBSON “I shall know life is simply lots of beginnings and endings with love that glues it together.” —Lorine Dieu Crenshaw Gibson, February 25, 1990 Lorine Dieu Crenshaw Gibson was a conservationist at heart and was devoted to and compassionate about plants, whether in the wild in East Texas or in her beautiful garden at home in Dallas. She was one of the early supporters of the Flora of East Texas Project and we are appreciative of her support and encouragement. Upon her untimely death, her family requested that memorials be given to help underwrite the flora that Lorine had been so excited about. Subsequently, her family has gen- erously supported the flora and made a critical major gift that completed the funding necessary for publication. B IV We would like to recognize and express our appreciation to the following individuals who contributed in Lorine’s memory. Their support has resulted in a scholarly publication that will be a lasting legacy for Lorine and her fellow Texans. AUDILET TRACTOR SALES, INC. ELISA HAMMACK ELLEN WALKER RIENSTRA MRS. EDWARD BEARDEN MR. & MRS. JOHN A. HARRIS RICK & VICKI ROEBUCK DONNA MARIE & W. ROBERT BEAVERS ANNE HENDERSON REGINA J. ROGERS ALEENE BLOCK & DINAH TANNER GERALD D. HINES (GEORGE JOHN B. ROHRBACH & TAMSIN & BRUCE C. BOARDMAN LANCASTER) JOAN H. MASSEY MR. & MRS. DUNCAN E. BOECKMAN MARSHA & LEWIS HOFFER EVELYN P. & E DWARD W. R OSE, III THELL BOWLIN JANE MCKEAN & MICHAEL HOLAHAN ADRIENNE T. & DIANA S. BRINER DEBORA HUNTER & DAN SHIPLEY DR. ROGER N. ROSENBERG CAROLYN & RODGER E. BURSON HELEN JOHNSON JEANNE & DR. JOHN RUMLEY ALEX M. BURTON JOE B. KINSEL, JR. ROBIN SACHS MS. MYRA H. BUTLER SHANNON ANDREA KOMODORE JANE & BILL SANDLIN ROBERT BUTLER & L.E. BURT, JR. JANET & JONATHAN KUTNER JANICE D. SCHOELLKOPF MR. & MRS. BEN H. CARPENTER SANDRA & HAROLD LIPE NANCY & JIM SHELTON MARGARET (PEGGY) A. CARR LIVE OAK STATE BANK DORIS M. SKELTON MARJORIE R. CARROLL ROBERT E. MANGUM, JR. MARGARET D. SLOMAN AMON CARTER MUSEUM STAFF MARY JEAN MANNING JANE G. SLOVER JEAN & GEORGE COLEMAN SHARON & LUIS MARTIN LINDA K. SMATHERS & DELIA S. CROSSLEY RUTH A. MAY SAMUEL SPECIALE CONCISE MARKETING SOLUTIONS EFFIE G. MCCULLOUGH MR. & MRS. GLENN A. SMITH (SCOTT DINSMORE/STAFF) D’ANNE & PAT MCGOWN BILLIE L. & WILLIAM P. S PARKS MR. & MRS. EDWIN J. DUCAYET NORMA & DAVID MCMANAWAY MR. & MRS. BILL TEMPLE SPENCER ELIZABETH S. DUDLEY MRS. LUCY MCRAE MARILYN S. SPENCER MR. & MRS. LOUIS M. DUNKLIN MRS. MARY L. MENTZEL MARJORIE & PAUL A. SRERE JEANNE & FRANK EASTMAN JANICE L. & THOMAS M. MERCER MRS. BLANCHE M. STANLEY LINDA C. ELISSALDE BARBARA & ROBERT MUNFORD MIRIAM M. & BARBARA & JOSEPH FARNELL NANCY & LAWRENCE NEWMAN HAROLD S. STERNBERG FUND ROBYN B. FLATT RANDOLPH J. NEY MR. WALDO E. STEWART FERN FLEMING (THE NEY FOUNDATION) MRS. MERLE BLOCK THORNTON MR. & MRS. CHARLES R. FLETCHER OLMSTED-KIRK PAPER COMPANY JUDITH & PAUL TOBOLOWSKY EMMA SUE B. FRANK JEAN & OZ OSBORNE MR. & MRS. JOE V. T ORTORICE, JR. BEVERLY & DON FREEMAN SHERRY OWENS TYLER MUSEUM OF ART MR. JOHN GARRISON SANDRA PAGE CLAUDINE UNDERWOOD & MR. & MRS. CECILE GEASLIN ELIZABETH C. & MICHAEL A. PETIT FAMILY MEMBERS JOHN R. GERRITS GEORGE L. PETTIT BETSY & CARL URBAN MARGARET B. & DR. CHARLES A. JOANNA PORTER MR. & MRS. JOE E. VAUGHN GOOLSBEE RHONDA & AMANDA POSEY NANCY & LEONARD VOLK BETTY H. & ROBERT L. GOOLSBEE JOANNE H. & JAMES REECE PRATT MR. & MRS. MARK WALKER LAURA GREEN PRESTIGE WINE CELLARS, INC. KIMBALL S. WATSON KING, GRIFFIN, & ADAMSON PC LINDA RAYES (KENYEON DEGODT) V SIDA,BOTANICAL MISCELLANY 26 BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS GEORGE M. DIGGS, JR. / BARNEY L. LIPSCOMB MONIQUE D. REED / ROBERT J. O’KENNON PROJECT COORDINATOR ROBERT GEORGE VOLUME ONE: INTRODUCTION,PTERIDOPHYTES,GYMNOSPERMS, AND MONOCOTYLEDONS CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY,AUSTIN COLLEGE SHERMAN,TEXAS BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS (BRIT) FORT WORTH,TEXAS 2006 ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X SIDA, BOTANICAL MISCELLANY, NO. 26 FOUNDED BY WM. F. MAHLER AND BARNEY L. LIPSCOMB, 1987 EDITOR: BARNEY L. LIPSCOMB BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS 509 PECAN STREET FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102-4060 USA DUST JACKET ILLUSTRATION: STUART AND SCOTT GENTLING BOOK DESIGN: LINNY HEAGY PRODUCTION ART: BECKY HORN DATABASE MANAGEMENT AND ILLUSTRATIONS COORDINATION: ROBERT GEORGE DISTRIBUTION OF COPIES BY: BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS 509 PECAN STREET, FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102-4060 USA TELEPHONE (817) 332-4441 FAX: (817) 332-4112 E-MAIL: [email protected] BRIT SIDA,BOTANICAL MISCELLANY, NO. 26 © COPYRIGHT 2006 BY BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS & AUSTIN COLLEGE PREPRESS PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PRINTED IN KOREA ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS IS THE SECOND PUBLICATION OF THE ILLUSTRATED TEXAS FLORAS PROJECT A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT OF THE AUSTIN COLLEGE CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND THE BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS TO PRODUCE ILLUSTRATED FLORISTIC TREATMENTS DESIGNED TO BE USEFUL TO BOTH BOTANICAL SPECIALISTS ANDAMORE GENERAL AUDIENCE. “DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET LAND. ANCIENT TREES, WINDING ROADS, MOSS AND VINES OFFER A SENSE OF TIME- LESSNESS. C A MYSTERIOUS AND ALMOST MYSTICAL BEAUTY PREVAILS….OVER AND OVER I SENSE THIS…LAND IS ABOUT TREES.…I FELT THE POWER OF TALL PINES AND SAW C THE EXOTIC SCULPTURES OF CYPRESS TREES DRAPED IN SPANISH MOSS. SOMEHOW...[THE] TREES [FELT] IMBUED WITH A SPECIAL MAGIC.” A DAVID H. GIBSON, 1993 To Elray S. Nixon for his contributions to East Texas botany Elray S. Nixon lray Nixon was born in Escalante, Utah, on February 5, 1931. He and his E wife, Tillie, married in 1957, and they had three daughters and one son. Dr. Nixon received his B.S. degree from Brigham Young University in 1957, his M.S., also from Brigham Young, in 1961, and his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1963. After a brief stint as Professor of Biology at Chadron State College in northwest Nebraska (1963–65), he took up residence in the Biology Department at Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU) in Nacogdoches, Texas, in 1965. He remained there for nearly thirty years until his retirement in 1993.
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