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Consumer Plannlng Section Comprehensive Plannlng Branch, Parks Division Parks and Wildlife Department Austin, Texas Texans Outdoors: An Analysis of 1985 Participation in Outdoor Recreation Activities

By

Kathryn N. Nichols and Andrew P. Goldbloom

Under the Direction of James A. Deloney

November, 1989

Comprehensive Planning Branch, Parks Division Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas 78744 (512) 389-4900 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Conducting a mail survey requires accuracy and timeliness in every single task. Each individualized survey had to be accounted for, both going out and coming back. Each mailing had to meet a strict deadline. The authors are indebted to all the people who worked on this project.

The staff of the Comprehensive Planning Branch, Parks Division, deserve special thanks. This dedicated crew signed letters, mailed, remailed, coded, and entered the data of a twenty-page questionnaire that was sent to over twenty-five thousand Texans with over twelve thousand returned completed. Many other Parks Division staff outside the branch volunteered to assist with stuffing and labeling thousands of envelopes as deadlines drew near.

We thank the staff of the Information Services Section for their cooperation in providing individualized letters and labels for survey mailings. We also appreciate the dedication of the staff in the mailroom for processing up­ wards of seventy-five thousand pieces of mail. Lastly, we thank the staff in the print shop for their courteous assistance in reproducing the various documents.

Although the above are gratefully acknowledged, they are absolved from any responsibility for any errors or omissions that may have occurred.

ii TEXANS OUTDOORS: AN ANALYSIS OF 1985 PARTICIPATION IN OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTIVITIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... Motives and Limitations to Recreation ...... 3 Popular Activities...... 4 Analysis of Activities...... 5 Walking for Pleasure...... 7 Bicycling ...... 9 Jogging ...... 11

Pool Swimming ...... 13 Playground Use ...... 15 Softball ...... 17 Baseball ...... 19 Football ...... 21 Soccer ...... 23 Basketball ...... 25 Tennis ...... 27 Golf ...... 29 Horseback Riding ...... 31 Off-road Vehicle Riding ...... 33 Open Space Activities ...... 35 Camping ...... 37 Picnicking ...... 47 Hiking ...... 57 Nature Viewing ...... 67 Freshwater Swimming ...... 77 Freshwater Fishing ...... 87

Freshwater Boating ...... 97 Saltwater Swimming ...... 107 Saltwater Fishing ...... 117

Saltwater Boating ...... 127 Hunting ...... 137

Appendix A: Methodology ...... 147 Appendix B: Resource Sites Merged for Analysis of Destination Participation ...... 153 Appendix C: Demographics of Sample Pool, Survey Respondents, and 1985 Population of State Planning Regions ...... 159

Appendix D: 1986 Origin-Destination Participation Survey Instrument ...... 167 Appendix E: Activity Analysis Survey Instrument (Examples) ...... 177

iii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page 1 Reasons Why People Enjoy Outdoor Recreation...... 3

2 Reasons Why People Do Not Recreate More Often...... 3

3 Projected Outdoor Recreation Participation by Texas Residents in Texas by Activity in Annual User Occasions, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 ...... 4

4 Percentage of Texans Participating in Outdoor Recreation Activities...... 5

5 Outdoor Recreation Participation by Texas Residents in Texas by Activity in Annual User Occasions Per Participant, 1985...... 5

A-1 Walking for Pleasure: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 8

B-1 Bicycling: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 10

C-1 Jogging: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 12

D-1 Pool Swimming: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 14

E-1 Playground Use: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 16

F-1 Softball: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 18

G-1 Baseball: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 20

H-1 Football: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 22

1-1 Soccer: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 24

J-1 Basketball: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 26

K-1 Tennis: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 28

L-1 Golf: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 30

M-1 Horseback Riding: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 32

iv Table Page

N-1 Off-road Vehicle Riding: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 34

0-1 Open Space Activities: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 36

P-1 Camping: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 38

P-2 Primary Camping Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 39

P-3 Destinations of Camping Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 42

P-4 Camping Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 43

P-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Camping Destinations, 1985 ...... 44

P-6 Origins of Camping Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 46

Q-1 Picnicking: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 48

Q-2 Primary Picnicking Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 49

Q-3 Destinations of Picnicking Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 52

Q-4 Picnicking Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 53

Q-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Picnicking Destinations, 1985 ...... 54

Q-6 Origins of Picnicking Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 56

R-1 Hiking: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 58

R-2 Primary Hiking Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 59

R-3 Destinations of Hiking Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 62

R-4 Hiking Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 63

R-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Hiking Destinations, 1985 ...... 64

R-6 Origins of Hiking Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985...... 66

S-1 Nature Viewing: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 68

v Table Page

S-2 Primary Nature Viewing Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 .... 69

S-3 Destinations of Nature Viewing Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 72

S-4 Nature Viewing Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 73

S-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Nature Viewing Destinations, 1985 ...... 74

S-6 Origins of Nature Viewing Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 76

T-1 Freshwater Swimming: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 78

T-2 Primary Freshwater Swimming Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 79

T-3 Destinations of Freshwater Swimming Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 82

T-4 Freshwater Swimming Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 83

T-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Freshwater Swimming Destinations, 1985 ...... 84

T-6 Origins of Freshwater Swimming Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 86

U-1 Freshwater Fishing: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 88

U-2 Primary Freshwater Fishing Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 89

U-3 Destinations of Freshwater Fishing Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 92

U-4 Freshwater Fishing Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 93

U-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Freshwater Fishing Destinations, 1985 ...... 94

U-6 Origins of Freshwater Fishing Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 96

V-1 Freshwater Boating: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 98

V-2 Primary Freshwater Boating Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 99

V-3 Destinations of Freshwater Boating Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 102

vi Table Page

V-4 Freshwater Boating Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 103

V-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Freshwater Boating Destinations, 1985 ...... 104

V-6 Origins of Freshwater Boating Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 106

W-1 Saltwater Swimming: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 108

W-2 Primary Saltwater Swimming Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 109

W-3 Destinations of Saltwater Swimming Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 112

W-4 Saltwater Swimming Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 113

W-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Saltwater Swimming Destinations, 1985 ...... 114

W-6 Origins of Saltwater Swimming Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 116

X-1 Saltwater Fishing: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 118

X-2 Primary Saltwater Fishing Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 119

X-3 Destinations of Saltwater Fishing Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 122

X-4 Saltwater Fishing Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 123

X-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Saltwater Fishing Destinations, 1985 ...... 124

X-6 Origins of Saltwater Fishing Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 126

Y-1 Saltwater Boating: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 128

Y-2 Primary Saltwater Boating Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 129

Y-3 Destinations of Saltwater Boating Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 132

Y-4 Saltwater Boating Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 133

Y-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Saltwater Boating Destinations, 1985 ...... 134

Vii Table Page

Y-6 Origins of Saltwater Boating Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 136

Z-1 Hunting: Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985 ...... 138

Z-2 Primary Hunting Destinations Visited by Residents of Origin Planning Regions, 1985 ...... 139

Z-3 Destinations of Hunting Participation Generated by Planning Region Residents, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 142

Z-4 Hunting Participation at Destination Regions, 1985 ...... 143

Z-5 Origins of Texans Visiting Top Statewide Hunting Destinations, 1985 ...... 144

Z-6 Origins of Hunting Participation Occurring in Planning Regions, in Percentages of Annual User Occasions, 1985 ...... 146

6 Decision-making Factors for Optimizing Sample Size Among State Planning Regions ...... 148

7 Return Rates for Regional and Statewide Samples ...... 149

8 Percentage of Adult Respondents Whose Destinations Were Captured by Collecting Up to Three Texas Sites ...... 149

9 Number of Participants in the Sample, By Activity ...... 150

viii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Map of State Planning Regions ...... 2

A-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Walking for Pleasure by Texans, by Month ...... 7

A-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Walking for Pleasure in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, income, Ethnicity...... 7

B-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Bicycling by Texans, by Month ...... 9

B-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Bicycling in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 9

C-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Jogging by Texans, by Month...... 11

C-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Jogging in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, income, Ethnicity ...... 11

D-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Pool Swimming by Texans, by Month...... 13

D-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Pool Swimming in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 13

E-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Playground Use by Texans, by Month...... 15

E-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Playground Use in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 15

F-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Softball by Texans, by Month ...... 17

F-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Softball in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 17

G-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Baseball by Texans, by Month ...... 19

G-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Baseball in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 19

H-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Football by Texans, by Month...... 21

H-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Football in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 21

1-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Soccer by Texans, by Month ...... 23

1-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Soccer in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 23

J-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Basketball by Texans, by Month...... 25

J-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Basketball in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 25

ix Figure Page

K-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Tennis by Texans, by Month...... 27

K-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Tennis in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 27

L-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Golf by Texans, by Month...... 29

L-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Golf in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 29

M-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Horseback Riding by Texans, by Month...... 31

M-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Horseback Riding in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 31

N-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Off-road Vehicle Riding by Texans, by Month...... 33

N-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Off-road Vehicle Riding in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 33

0-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Open Space Activities by Texans, by Month...... 35

0-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Open Space Activities in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 35

P-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Camping by Texans, by Month...... 37

P-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Camping in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 37

Q-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Picnicking by Texans, by Month ...... 47

Q-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Picnicking in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 47

R-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Hiking by Texans, by Month...... 57

R-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Hiking in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 57

S-1 Percent of Annuai Participation in Nature Viewing by Texans, by Month...... 67

S-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Nature Viewing in Percent of Cohorts Participatino, Sex, income, Ethnicity...... 67

T-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Freshwater Swimming by Texans, by Month...... 77

T-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Freshwater Swimming in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... , 77

U·1 Percent of Annual Participation In Freshwater Fishing by Texans, by Month""""""""""'"""'" 87

x Figure Page

U-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Freshwater Fishing in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 87

V-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Freshwater Boating by Texans, by Month...... 97

V-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Freshwater Boating in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity...... 97

W-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Saltwater Swimming by Texans, by Month ...... 107

W-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate In Saltwater Swimming in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 107

X-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Saltwater Fishing by Texans, by Month ...... 117

X-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Saltwater Fishing in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 117

Y-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Saltwater Boating by Texans, by Month ...... 127

Y-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Saltwater Boating in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 127

Z-1 Percent of Annual Participation in Hunting by Texans, by Month ...... 137

Z-2 Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Hunting in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity ...... 137

2 Regional Participation Projection Formula ...... 151

3 Travel Regions...... 152

xi xii INTRODUCTION

Objectives

The 1986 Origin-Destination Participation Study had two objectives:

1) To determine to what extent Texans participate in twenty-six outdoor recreation activities by estimating: -the percentage of the population that participates in each given activity, - the number of participants, - the annual participation rates (in occasions per participant), and - the number of participant occasions in a year by activity.

2) To determine the in-state travel patterns of recrealionists participating in eleven outdoor recreation activities and to allocate participation to the twenty-four planning regions where it occurred, and when possible, to the specific parks or resources.

Background activities for travel data analysis are discussed in "Appendix A: Methodology." Knowing the amount of outdoor recreation participa­ tion occurring or expected to occur in a given year Because the survey instrument used in the 1986 allows planners and decision-makers to base recom­ Origin-Destination Participation Study was lengthy, mendations and decisions on quantitative informa­ some questions were formatted in a separate follow­ tion. Estimates of participation (expressed demand) up questionnaire sent to a subset of the respondents and supply have been the basis for determining in the original sample. The primary objective of the facility and resource needs in the Texas Outdoor follow-up study, titled the 1986 Activity Analysis Study, Recreation Plan (TORP). Participation data col­ was to determine peak participation times, by time of lected in this study will be used to develop estimates day, day of week, and month of year. Respondents of future outdoor recreation participation and facility were also asked about their use of facilities. needs for the 1990 TORP. Prior to this study, partici­ pation data to meet the first objective above had The sample data was expanded (and for future years, been collected in 1980, but data on the destinations projected) to estimate the recreation patterns of all of recreationists had not been gathered by the Texas Texans. The method of expansion is based on the Parks and Wildlife Department since 1968-69. Data 1985 participation rates and percentages plus several in this report should also prove useful to recreation demographic factors assumed to influence participa­ and tourism professionals in both the public and tion (age, sex, and region of residence). private sector. Data is analyzed and presented in three ways. Origin Overview of the Study data shows how residents of the various regions participate in the twenty-six activities. Destination Data in this report reflects the results of a self­ data presents participation estimates after they have administered questionnaire mailed to a random been allocated or distributed to the region (or the sample of Texas residents. Twenty-four separate resource) where the participation occurred. Estimates random samples, specific to each planning region, of statewide participation are based on weighted were drawn from Texas Department of Public Safety aggregations of the regional data. For an expanded driver's license and identification card data. Figure 1 explanation of data collection and analysis methods, shows the locations of the planning regions. see "Appendix A: Methodology".

The survey asked respondents to report the number Organization of the Report of days they participated in twenty-six different outdoor recreation activities for the preceding calen­ The first section discusses the motives and limitations dar year, 1985. See the survey instrument in Ap­ to participation in outdoor recreation activities as pendix D for definitions of the activities. For eleven reported by survey respondents. "Popular Activities" resource-based activities, respondents were also compares participation in the twenty-six activities on a asked to report the destinations where they engaged statewide basis. in the activity. Reasons for selecting the eleven

1 The section titled "Analysis of Activities" discusses eleven resource-based activities. the activity-specific tables and figures which make up the bulk of this report. Comparisons of regional Several appendixes conclude the report. The first origin participation and participation by various details the methodology. Appendix B shows the demographic cohort groups are presented in table destinations aggregated for analysis. Appendix C and figure formats for each activity. Travel patterns, compares demographic results. The two survey regional destination participation, and analysis of instruments are found in the last two appendixes. primary resource destinations are included for the

Figure 1 State Planning Regions

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2 MOTIVES AND LIMITATIONS TO RECREATION

The first two questions on the 1986 Origin-Destina­ percent of the respondents. Reasons 6 through 11 tion Participation Study questionnaire asked respon­ were each cited by fewer than ten percent of all dents to report their motives and limitations to respondents. Of the top five, the first and fourth most outdoor recreation participation. Respondents were reported reasons, lack of time and money, relate to allowed to check all answers that applied, so per­ the individual's perception of his or her own lifestyle centages exceed 100 percent when summed. Table or priorities. The other three top reasons are 1 shows the reasons people recreate. The greatest problems that recreation managers can affect. number of people, over seventy-one percent indi­ Providing additional quality recreation opportunities cated that enjoying nature and the outdoors is an closer to population areas may help to ease crowd­ important motivating factor for recreating. Needs for ing at existing sites and reduce the travel time to social interaction and relaxation appear to predomi­ pursue activities, making them more accessible. nate over the more active desires for exercise, Over one in four respondents indicated that there challenge, or adventure. was "inadequate information on places to go" for recreation. Informing the public about existing Table 2 reports reasons why people do not take part recreation opportunities is another method that in outdoor recreation as often as they would like. recreation providers can initiate to help increase Over forty-seven percent of the respondents cited outdoor recreation participation. Future planning "don't have enough time" as a reason why they do efforts could be more beneficial if more attention was not recreate as often as they would like. The top five focussed on non-participation and the perceived reasons were each cited by at least twenty-five limitations to recreation.

Table 2:

Reasons Why People Do Not Recreate More Olten

Percent Table 1: of Respondents

Reasons Why People Enjoy 1. Don't have enough time 47.4 Outdoor Recreation 2. Outdoor recreation areas are too crowded 33.4 3. Desirable recreation areas are too far away 31.1 Percent 4. Don't have enough money 28.6 of Respondents 5. Inadequate information on places to go 25.8 6. Outdoor recreation areas are not safe 9.4 1. To enjoy nature and the outdoors 71.1 7. Don't have people to do activities with 9.2 2. To be with family or friends 52.9 8. Personal health reasons 8.2 3. It's quiet and peaceful where I go 51.8 9. Don't have transportation 3.4 4. To get away from everyday responsibilities 46.6 1o. Don't enjoy outdoor recreation 2.6 5. To get exercise or keep in shape 22.8 11. Outdoor recreation areas do not provide the 2.2 6. To have a sense of adventure or challenge 17.8 experiences I want

3 POPULAR ACTIVITIES

This section presents data on the participation of participate the most times. The five activities which Texans in various activities. While the data was rank highest in total occasions tend to occur near collected by sampling each of the state planning where people live, allowing frequent participation. regions, these findings have been weighted by regional populations to more accurately reflect Projections in table 3 were developed by applying statewide behavior. the survey respondents' rates of participation specific to age/sex cohorts to the population of Table 3 ranks the twenty-six outdoor recreation cohorts in later years. Thus, the increases from year activities by total annual user occasions. This to year are driven primarily by population growth. analysis indicates the activities in which Texans will Some activities are expected to shift slightly over time in percentages of total annual user occasions. As the population bulges in the older cohorts, youth­ oriented activities tend to lose in their share of participation. Life-time activities, such as walking for Table3: pleasure and nature study, will make slight gains as they attract participants from all ages. Projected Outdoor Recreation Participation by Texas Residents In Texas by Activity In Annual Ranking the twenty-six activities by the percentage User Occasions, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 of the population that participated at least once in Annual User Occasions 1985 (table 4) shows which activities are popular (la Thr;nJliHlDd~l with the greatest number of people. Analyzed this ~Qti~itl ~ Jfillll Wli. 2QQQ way, some of the resource-based activities rise in Walking for Pleasure 242,014 259,351 281,912 304,515 rank compared to analyses based on measures of Bicycling 179,202 189,637 203,312 217,011 frequency. Walking for pleasure still surpasses all Pool Swimming 107,301 114,081 121,797 129,526 other activities. Playground Use 93,711 100,132 106,206 112,291 Jogging 90,921 97,052 102,932 108,823 Table 5 shows the twenty-six activities ranked by the Open Space Activities 53,539 57, 168 60,567 63,970 number of annual user occasions per participant for Freshwater Fishing 39,626 42,548 45,699 48,857 1985. A user occasion is each time someone Basketball 39,572 41,300 44, 184 47,073 Freshwater Swimming 34,990 37,281 39,346 41,415 participates at a site regardless of the length of Picnicking 31, 116 33,434 35,571 37,712 participation. The per participant figure is the aver­ age number of times a participant engaged in the Soltball 30,807 32,626 34,452 36,281 activity in a year. Activities which rank high in Camping 28,376 30,397 32,584 34,775 Freshwater Boating 26,010 27,915 29,735 31,559 occasions per participant tend to be typically urban Baseball 25,768 27, 143 29, 147 31, 155 sports and exercise activities in which individuals Tennis 24,500 26,067 27,869 29,674 who participate do so rather frequently. The three top activities (bicycling, jogging, and walking for Off-road Vehicle Riding 22,938 24,241 25,789 27,341 Hunting 21,887 23,573 25, 184 26,800 pleasure) are trail-related, although all participation Golf 21,386 23, 107 25, 177 27,250 does not occur on trails. Football 21, 177 21,995 23,640 25,287 Saltwater Swimming 19,494 20,931 22,338 23,747 Activities with fewer annual occasions per participant Soccer 19,618 20,895 22,279 23,665 may be just as or more important to the participant Nature Viewing 14,284 15,360 16,719 18,081 than those with high frequencies of participation. Saltwater Fishing 12,070 13,025 14,072 15, 120 Activities which rank low in occasions per participant Horseback Riding 12,364 13, 170 14,038 14,908 tend to occur at resource attractions that often Hiking 6,292 6,734 7,235 7,736 Saltwater Boating 5,136 5,584 6,014 6,445 require people to make out-of-town trips. Time spent in a single resource-based occasion is State Totals 1,224,100 1,304,746 1,397,800 1,491,019 generally longer than that spent in a sports or exercise occasion.

4 Table4: Table5:

Percentage of Texans Participating In Outdoor Recreation Participation by Texas Outdoor Recreation Activities, 1965 Residents In Texas by Activity In Annual User Occasions Per Participant, 1965 ~ ~ Annual Walking for Pleasure 58.8 User Occasions Pool Swimming 45.9 per Partjcjpant Picnicking 42.7 Playground Use 40.9 Bicycling 32.6 Open Space Activities 34.5 Jogging 27.3 Walking for Pleasure 25.0 Bicycling 33.4 Baseball 16.6 Freshwater Swimming 32.2 Basketball 16.4 Freshwater Fishing 31.4 Saltwater Swimming 28.1 Soccer 16.2 Camping 26.7 Pool Swimming 14.2 Playground Use 13.9 Freshwater Boating 26.1 Football 13.4 Jogging 20.2 Golf 12.0 Hunting 16.7 Softball 16.6 Softball 11.3 Basketball 14.7 Tennis 10.7 Off-road Vehicle Riding 10.7 Tennis 13.9 Open Space Activities 9.4 Nature Viewing 13.8 Hunting 8.0 Saltwater Fishing 13.7 Off-road Vehicle Riding 13.1 Freshwater Fishing 7.7 Horseback Riding 11.4 Freshwater Swimming 6.6 Horseback Riding 6.6 Golf 10.9 Camping 6.5 Hiking 10.5 Nature Viewing 6.3 Football 9.6 Baseball 9.5 Freshwater Boating 6.1 Soccer 7.4 Saltwater Fishing 5.4 Saltwater Boating 6.8 Saltwater Boating 4.6 Picnicking 4.4 Saltwater Swimming 4.2 Hiking 3.7

ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES

The analysis of outdoor recreation participation is Origin Participation organized by activity. The fifteen close-to-home activities are presented first, followed by the eleven Tables A-1 to Z-1 of each activity analysis present resource-based activities which contain both origin origin participation data for the residents of the and destination analyses. The first page on each twenty-four planning regions. The estimated per­ activity presents an analysis of statewide participa­ centage of each region's population that engaged in tion. This includes a short description of the activity, the activity at least once the previous year is shown the annual activity occasions for 1985 and 1995 (the for each region as well as the mean number of selected projection year), and the typical duration of annual occasions per participant and the estimated an occasion of that activity. Figures A-1 through Z-1 total annual occasions generated by region resi­ show the percent of annual occasions that occur in dents. Tables P-1 through Z-1 show how participa­ each month of the year. The percentages of cohort tion is affected by the availability of opportunities for groups that annually participate in each activity the resource-based activities. For example, partici­ (figures A-2 through Z-2) were also developed on a pation in saltwater activities increases as distance to statewide basis aggregating all respondents into the Gulf Coast decreases. Likewise, participation in their respective age, sex, income, and ethnic co­ freshwater activities is higher in the central and horts. eastern portions of the state where reservoirs are

5 abundant and much lower in where analysis reports for each activity the percentage of freshwater resources are few. total activity occasions generated by region residents both within the region of origin and in each Origin-Destination Patterns of the other twenty-three planning regions.

Respondents to the survey were asked to report Destination Participation their destinations for participation in eleven resource-based activities (camping, picnicking, For the last three tables in the activity analyses of hiking, nature study; freshwater swimming, fishing, the eleven resource-based activities, participation and boating; saltwater swimming, fishing, and generated by residents of each planning region was boating; and hunting). These activities often require distributed to the regions where the activity actually travel away from home to resources that have the took place. Tables P-4 to Z-4 of each activity's characteristics and quality to stimulate participation. destination analysis contain the distributed annual Since the survey also asked respondents to report destination occasions for each region. their home county, an analysis of travel patterns from home origins to destinations was done. The top recreation destinations for each activity, as reported by respondents in 1985, are analyzed in The seven highest ranked destination sites of tables P-5 through Z-5 to show where the visitation residents of each origin planning region are reported originated (by planning region origin). The twenty for each activity in Tables P-2 to Z-2. Participation at highest reported destination sites statewide (in the remaining destinations is merged into two projected number of occasions) are presented with categories: other sites in the planning region, and up to five planning region origins that contributed other destinations in Texas outside the planning participation at those sites. region. Recreation destinations outside of Texas were not included in this study. The last table reverses the region to region analysis of tables P-3 to Z-3. Tables P-6 to Z-6 show where By aggregating the destination sites by planning participation occurring in each region is coming from, region, regional origin-destination patterns can be in percentages of total occasions distributed to the reviewed. Tables P-3 to Z-3 show where origin destination region. region residents are participating in the activity. This

6 WALKING FOR PLEASURE

More Texans (58.8 percent) participate in walk­ Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: ing tor pleasure than any other of tl1e twenty­ Estimated for 1985 = 242,013,874 six outdoor recreation activities analyzed in the Projected for 1995 = 281,912, 124 1986 Origin/Destination Participation Survey. Typical Occasion Duration = 1.3 hrs. Much of the participation in this activity occurs along streets and roads; research by the Figure A-1: Percent of Annual Participation in TPWD indicates that only 18.7 percent occurs Walking for Pleasure by Texans, by Month on trails. As shown below, every cohort group participates heavily in this activity. Elderly Texans continue to participate in walking for pleasure, unlike most other activities where participation usually declines with age. The lack of urban walk/bike/jog trails in Texas appears to be a limiting participation factor. '

Q --· -·-··-·L--~---!-... _.J ____.,J - .... --l _ __,_ ___ L._.. ____ J_.-----.L ~' ~ ~ ~ "~ ~ J•I ~ - ~I ~ ~

Figure A-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Walking for Pleasure in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

70 ·--~-- ···------··"------... ·-~·---- 63.2 61.7

10-19 30'44 >44 MALE FEMALE

By Income Level By Ethnicity

70 70

7 Table A-1: Walking for Pleasure

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 55.4 24.8 5,554,354 2 57.7 24. 7 5,597,920 3 53.8 25.3 3,273,840 4 59.2 24.4 53,760,228 5 55.9 24.9 3,662,616 6 52.7 25.1 9,106,781 7 54.2 25.0 4,805,288 8 62.0 24.1 8,715,701 9 50.4 24.9 5,302,015 10 54.4 24.7 2,068,128 11 55.7 24.8 4,088,501 12 63.9 24.5 12,625,764 13 60.6 24.9 3,487,597 14 51.5 25.5 4,227,639 15 61. 7 24.8 6,309,141 16 60. 7 24. 7 57,951,297 17 54.8 25.2 2,481,181 18 60.8 24.4 21,130,678 19 56.8 23.8 2,424,659 20 58.6 24.6 7,839,044 21 58.3 23.8 8,965,790 22 53. 9 25.3 2,115,792 23 59.1 25.8 4,335,015 24 60. 7 24 .3 2,184,905

8 BICYCLING

Statewide, about 33 percent of all Texans ride Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: a bicycle at least once annually. The total Estimated for 1985 = 179,202,266 number of participation occasions statewide is Projected for 1995 = 203,312,324 the second highest of all outdoor recreation Typical Occasion Duration = 1.8 hrs. activities with only walking for pleasure higher. A good deal of these occasions occur on Figure B-1: Percent of Annual Participation in public roadways in Texas as research indi­ Bicycling by Texans, by Month cates that only 6. 1 percent of bike riding is on bike trails. Those under the age of twenty ride Perceri! a bicycle at more than twice the rate of those 14- over that age. Participation in this activity 12 IO, appears to be positively correlated with 10 income level. 8 _7_,"

6 ·--4,

0 ~ .. L_____....___ _ _j______l______l_ _ ___,______~!-·-· ····- l------L...... - ~. ~ ~' - - Joo M ~ ~ ~I ~ ~

Figure B-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Bicycling in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Ago By Sex

40 35.9

30

20

10

MALE FEMALE

By Income Level By Ethnicity

50 ~------·------··-·-·---·

WHITE HISPANIC BLACK ASIAN OTHER

9 Table B-1: Bicycling

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions 1 31.6 27 .o 4,192,334 2 31.0 27.3 3,936,135 3 31.6 26.3 2,448,038 4 32.9 26.0 39,370,562 5 24.4 26.3 2,245,102 6 22.8 26.5 5,388,386 7 27.0 26.3 3,050,310 8 35.6 28.0 6,924,430 9 28.9 27.5 4,089,444 10 28.8 26.l 1,395,509 11 28.0 25.9 2,584,246 12 33.9 25.9 8,384,532 13 32.0 26.4 2,375,977 14 27.5 26.6 2,932,118 15 38.0 26.4 4,837,569 16 38.4 26.9 46,296,097 17 31. 7 26.9 1,825,957 18 32.0 26.8 14,670,061 19 33.l 28.7 2,005,849 20 38.l 27.5 6,652,931 21 34.6 28.7 7,469,976 22 24.5 26.0 1,268,237 23 30.2 28.5 3,043,428 24 35.9 28.7 1,815,038

10 JOGGING

Participation in jogging increased dramati­ Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: cally during the fitness craze of the late Estimated for 1985 = 90,920,834 1970s and early 1980s. While it appears that Projected for 1995 = 102,932,468 the rate of growth in recent years is leveling Typical Occasion Duration = 1.0 hrs. off, the popularity of this activity remains high. One out of every five Texans indicated Figure C-1: Percent of Annual Participation in Jogging that they jog annually. The existence of qual­ by Tex ans, by Month ity jogging trails off city streets influences par­ ticipation in this activity. Research indicates that 24.6 percent of jogging occurs on a des­ ignated trail. Age has the largest effect on participation with those between ten and ' thirty years of age the most apt to jog.

02l·.··············_·······.····-······--~ - ~ -~ ~--l--..-1 ...... ~.-..l_ Jon Feb Mor Apr·-~~~- l.luy Jun Jul Aug Sup Oct Nuv Dec

Figure C-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Jogging in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

40 ------~·· ·······-·~·· .. -·.. - 36.2 25 ...... ···:fa.if"" 30

20

10 5.5

0 09 10-19 20·29 30-44 '" FEMALE

By lncome Level By Ethnicity

WHITE BLACK ASIAN OTHER

11 Table C-1: Jogging

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 16.4 26.7 1,788,582 2 18.2 26.9 1,883,619 3 18.6 26.7 1,185,931 4 18.l 26.7 17,933,349 5 13.0 26.2 915,976 6 14.2 26.7 2,598,123 7 14.4 26.4 1,363,624 8 26.5 26.6 4,168,559 9 17.5 27.1 1,926,173 10 15.8 26.4 628,864 11 17.6 26.2 1,343,632 12 24.6 27.1 5,335,364 13 21.4 27.0 1,315,672 14 13.0 26.8 1,097,687 15 17.0 26.6 1,862,734 16 21.9 27.7 23,727,075 17 18.2 26.9 880,240 18 23.1 26.4 8,637,954 19 29.2 26.2 1,352,415 20 22.4 26.8 3,226,993 21 27.5 26.1 4,577,083 22 13.5 26.4 551,157 23 19.3 28.6 1,584,718 24 26.9 26.5 1,035,310

12 POOL SWIMMING

More Texans annually participate in pool swim­ Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: ming than any of the other outdoor recreation Estimated for 1985 = 107,301,060 activities analyzed except for pleasure walking. Projected for 1995 = 121,796,863 In 1985, slightly over 45 percent of Texas resi­ Typical Occasion Duration = 2.1 hrs. dents surveyed indicated that they swam in a pool at least once. Locally, the availability of a Figure D-1: Percent of Annual Participation swimming pool and the extent of swimming in Pool Swim ming by Texans by Month programs affect participation. Looking at the statewide analysis of cohort participation, age P8rceri! 25 --··------~------appears to be the biggest factor influencing 22.4 20~--- 21.8 participation. Participation is highest in those 20 , ...... under twenty years of age, and the percent par­ ticipating declines steadily with age. Particpa­ 15 .5 tion in this activity is also positively correlated 11 with income.

. . 4. 5 . .5

0 2 0.3 _!.. 0 .,-.=.c-:::--.1._._...... l_l_,~ ... ~.-·_j_------1._~.l-...... L.._,_ ~. ~b ~ ~ - ~ M - - ~ ~ ~

Figure D-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Pool Swimming in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

50 ...... 46.8'

0-9 10-19 20-29 30.44 ,44 MALE FEMALE

By Income Level By Ethnicity

70 -~-·------··------~------53.7 60 !>"5."5" 55.1

50 "' "'

0 <15K 15·25K 25-35K 35-SOK >SOK WHITE HISPANIC BLACK ASIAN OTHER

13 Table D-1: Pool Swim:ning

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant:_ Occasions

1 41.3 13.1 2,416,686 2 38.3 13.3 2,096,806 3 43.0 12.9 1,440,039 4 45.6 12.9 23,317,306 5 38.2 12.7 1,382,051 6 40.6 12.9 3,881,319 7 42.9 12.8 2,086,173 8 45.0 13.4 3,791,418 9 41.9 13.3 2,442,729 10 41.6 12.8 871,827 11 37.9 12.7 1,523,575 12 53. 5 13.0 5,913,313 13 49.6 13.2 1,619,786 14 33.9 13.0 1,511,806 15 41.8 12.9 2,356,191 16 51.8 13.4 28,524,286 17 41.2 13.l 1,045,185 18 49.4 13.0 9,677,981 19 41.6 13.4 1,061,068 20 41.3 13.3 3,167,881 21 39.1 13.4 3,576,028 22 38.7 12.7 820,726 23 43.4 14.1 1,880,495 24 42.5 13.5 896, 385

14 PLAYGROUND USE

Young Texans under the age of ten participate Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: in playground activities in the highest rates. Estimated for 1985 = 93,710,645 The percent of residents annually participating Projected for 1995 = 106,206,470 in this activity declines steadily with age. Resi­ Typical Occasion Duration = 1.5 hrs. dents in the middle income levels appear more likely to engage in this activity than those with Figure E-1: Percent of Annual Participation in either very low or very high incomes. Play­ Playground Use by Texans, by Month grounds located in conjunction with other family oriented recreation opportunities, such as Parcen1 picnic pavilions or swimming pools are often more heavily utilized than others. It was estimated that 13.7 percent of the statewide participation in this activity occurs on school facilities thus the total occasions occuring on other public playgrounds is 91,656, 183 per year.

21················

0~·--'-··-"-·-···L...... 0 ... -L--~-~~~~---~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~I ~ - ~ ~ ~

Figure E-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Playground Use in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

100

80 ... 74.8

41.6 40. 36.4

20

0 -· .•... 0·9 10-19 I20.29 30-44 >44 MALE FEMALE

By Income Level By Ethnicity

50 , ......

40

30

20

10

0 <15K 15-25K 25-35K 35-SOK >SOK WHITE HISPANIC BLACK ASIAN OTHER

15 Table E-1: Playground Use

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 41.5 11. 7 2,335,713 2 41.6 12.0 2,232,317 3 36.4 11.3 1,195,308 4 42.8 11.5 21,102,670 5 33.6 11.3 1,183,928 6 35.6 11.4 3,229,219 7 40.8 11.3 1,879,730 8 42.2 12.3 3,615,079 9 40.2 12.0 2,310,814 10 32.8 11.3 705,164 11 32.9 11.1 1,269,266 12 40.5 11.6 4,471,274 13 42.6 11. 7 1,353,037 14 28.1 11.4 1,252,360 15 45.4 11.5 2,415,736 16 42.7 12.1 23,283,212 17 34.5 11.6 841,039 18 37.8 11. 7 7,362,250 19 42.7 12.5 1,079,653 20 43.9 12.0 3,333,346 21 42.1 12.5 3,929,907 22 33.8 11.l 682,655 23 42.4 12.7 1,804,056 24 40.l 12.5 842, 910

16 SOFTBALL

Only 16 percent of all Texans indicated that Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: they annually played softball but those who do Estimated for 1985 = 30,807,220 play are often fanatics about the sport. Men, Projected for 1995 = 34,451,917 women, and co-rec organized leagues are Typical Occasion Duration = 1.5 hrs. popular in most Texas cities; thousands of teams exist. A higher percentage of women Figure F-1: Percent of Annual Participation in Sottball play softball than any other organized team by Tex ans, by Month sport. Softball is played year around in the southern half of the state but is most popular Percent during the spring, summer, and fall seasons. 20~------Age of the individual appears to affect softball 16 14.S participation rates. Those between ten and 15 A.5 twenty years of age play softball in the greatest 1 2 2.2 numbers; participation then drops steadily with age. Other cohort analysis shows various .3 groups participating at similar percentage rates. 10 .. ." 5 -1'··-· ------,_,,,' ...... · ..·. .. ······································· .8 2~ __3· 19

o-~-~-~~- Joi-·· Jon Fob Mor Apr !.!uy Jun '"' Sop Ool No• Doo

Figure F-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Softball in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

35-·------·--·----- 25 ------.... ------, 30.7

MALE

By Ethnicity ,, ____ _ By Income Leve!

25.2 20.1

<15K 15·25K 25-35K 35·50K >50K

17 Table F-1: SOftball

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 17 .3 9.9 775,732 2 16.2 10.2 716,860 3 16.5 9.7 444,653 4 15.3 9.9 6,252,992 5 15.8 9.5 450,084 6 14.8 9.7 1, 132, 769 7 15.5 9.7 591,357 8 16.0 10.2 1,089,283 9 13. 7 10.l 647,512 10 15.0 9.7 250,749 11 16.6 9.5 509,601 12 16.4 10.l 1,510,031 13 18.0 10.3 484,902 14 13.9 9.8 498,708 15 16.4 9.8 742,267 16 16.8 10.4 7,218,204 17 16.0 9.9 322,615 18 19.1 9.9 3,038,159 19 24.1 10.2 477,919 20 17.7 10.1 1,057,270 21 19.9 10.1 1,403,802 22 14.6 9.5 246,475 23 16.9 11.l 582,933 24 21. 7 10.2 362,343

18 BASEBALL

Baseball is most often played in organized Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: youth sports leagues. Even though the popu­ Estimated for 1985 = 25, 768, 121 larity of other organized sports such as Projected for 1995 = 29,147,369 soccer and football has increased with youth Typical Occasion Duration = 2.2 hrs. in Texas, participation in baseball has remained fairly constant. April through July is Figure G-1: Percent of Annual Participation in when many of the occasions of this activity Baseball by Texans, by Month are enjoyed. A look at the analysis of partici­ pation by cohort groupings that the typical Percent 20 ------baseball player in Texas would be a Hispanic male under twenty years of age. 16 l 6.7 :: ,r~ ....." ...· ...... , ...... ~,/...... " ··3 1 8

0 - j -··-·-·L.~-~··j""'""' __ ,.J ___ _....1....----...L...__._ _...J_- Jan Feb ~or Apr Moy Jun Jul Aug S11p Ocl Nov Oec

Figure G-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Baseball in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

30 ------20 ---··------26 17.2

MALE FEMALE

By Income Level By Ethnicity

14 ------·~-----~-~ 25 12.3

20 19

.:::15K 15-25K 25-35K 35-50K >50K WHITE HISPANIC BLACK ASIAN OTH£R

19 Table G-1: Baseball

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 6.1 11. 7 432,972 2 10.4 11.9 663,074 3 8.2 11.4 344,855 4 7.3 11.6 4,361,383 5 9.8 11.2 415,773 6 6.6 11.4 778,036 7 10.3 11.3 605,354 8 11.5 12.1 1,092,886 9 9.3 12.0 656,740 10 9.5 11.4 232,069 11 9.5 11.2 483,571 12 8.8 11.8 1, 183, 137 13 13.8 11.9 512,172 14 10.4 11.4 554,179 15 11.8 11.5 763,981 16 10.4 12.1 6,779,055 17 11.9 11.6 343,441 18 7.2 11.6 1,597,885 19 17.8 12.2 469,477 20 14.3 11.9 1,235,340 21 13.0 12.l 1,208,705 22 8.4 11.l 209,303 23 8.7 12.9 458,149 24 16.3 12.1 386,584

20 FOOTBALL

Many forms of football are popular in Texas. Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: Organized youth football leagues are growing Estimated for 1985 = 21, 176,557 in many cities in the state, and Texas is highly Projected in 1995 = 23,639,783 regarded nationally for the quality of its high Typical Occasion Duration = 2.3 hrs. school football programs. Research indicates that 37.4 percent of all football occasions in Figure H-1: Percent of Annual Participation in Football Texas occur on school facilities. Touch and by Tex ans, by Month flag football are easier to play because they do not require as many players and are generally Percent safer to play. Flag football leagues are common in many areas. Most football is played during the fall season. Males ten to twenty years of age are the individuals most likely to play football. Football is extremely popular as a spectator sport in Texas.

Figure H-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Football in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

20 ·--··~-----·-·-·-·----- 18.1 30 ...... 27':s···

25

20 _,,, ..

15 _.....

6.1

...._J 20-29 ----=30-44 ...... ·>44 MALE FEMALE

By Income Leve! By Ethnicity

14---·------· 20---- 12.5 16.S

21 Table H-1: Football

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions 1 9.8 8.8 531,670 2 11.2 8.9 586,071 3 8.6 8.7 267,328 4 8.5 8.7 4,154,238 5 7.7 8.6 289,240 6 7.4 8.7 733,187 7 8.0 8.6 354,627 8 13.5 9.0 972,750 9 9.0 8.9 530,035 10 11.2 8.6 210,054 11 9.5 8.5 402,451 12 11.3 8.8 1,156,761 13 12.2 9.0 393,481 14 8.1 8.7 325,547 15 8.1 8.7 464,109 16 9.0 9.0 4,893,133 17 8.4 8.8 188,602 18 10.4 8.7 1,820,104 19 14.l 9.0 319, 115 20 10.6 8.9 678,085 21 13.4 8.9 1,066,578 22 9.8 8.5 190,425 23 9.7 9.6 408,669 24 11.9 9.0 240,294

22 SOCCER

Currently, only 7 percent of all Texans play Annual Statewide Activjty Occasions: soccer at least once a year but it appears that Estimated for 1985 = 19,617,738 demand for organized soccer leagues has Projected in 1995 = 22,279,067 been increasing in recent years. Soccer is a Typical Occasion Duration= 2.2 hrs. relatively safe sport that takes little equipment to play and promotes fitness. Males are more Figure 1-1: Percent of Annual Participation in Soccer than twice as likely as females to participate by Texans, by Month in this sport. Soccer is most popular with younger Texans under the age of twenty. Due to the summer heat in Texas, spring and fall are the preferred times to play soccer. With the World Cup coming to the in 1994 for the first time in history, this sport should gain much more attention and participation in the near future. '

,~-"----~----'-----"-~--~-~--~-~---•------~ ~· ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~

Figure 1-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Soccer in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

1B --·---·------12~------·------~ 10.4 16 ' .. 14.7

o:s 0-9 10-19 20.29 3044 ------'" MALE FEMALE

By Income Leve! By Ethnicity

14 ------· 12.4 12' ',,,,,,,,.,,,,, 11'.2

10

...... 7.'f"

.. --- _5,,7 ···-·1·····......

0 - --- <15K 15-25K 25-35K 35-50K >SOK

23 Table I-1: Soccer

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 6.9 14.5 460,095 2 6.1 14.4 350,393 3 6.7 14.4 260,948 4 9.3 14.3 5,404,171 5 4.0 14.3 171,353 6 4.1 14. 5 480,367 7 6.0 14.3 347,447 8 11.0 14.4 976,820 9 7.0 14.7 479,166 10 4.1 14.2 94,588 11 4.2 14.1 200,483 12 6.8 14. 3 884,666 13 8.3 14.1 316,678 14 3.7 14. 5 177,756 15 5.3 14.4 331,639 16 6.8 14.8 4,294, 773 17 4.7 14.6 134,920 18 8.8 14.3 1,932,672 19 5.8 14.4 152,762 20 7.5 14.5 680,781 21 7.7 14.5 795,560 22 6.1 14.3 148, 035 23 8.0 15.0 397,502 24 6.0 14.6 144,163

24 BASKETBALL

In many cities in Texas, the neighborhood Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: basketball court can be the most crowded Estimated for 1985 = 39,572,497 and competitive recreation facility around. Projected for 1995 = 44, 184,008 Basketball is most popular with individuals Typical Occasion Duration = 1.2 hrs. between the ages of ten and twenty; partici­ pation rates then drop steadily with age. Figure J-1: Percent of Annual Participation in One out of five males in Texas plays basket­ Basketball by Texans, by Month ball at least once a year, but it is also played

by11 percent of women. Participation in Percen! basketball occurs fairly equally throughout 12 ------~·~-- the year with a slight increase coinciding with professional league play. Blacks play in the highest rates of the major ethnic groups. Research indicates that basketball play on school grounds accounts for 30.5 percent of the total statewide occasions. 4 .

2

0 ____, ___--1.----1 •. _._.L...... _~ _i ___ ~____, ~ ~ ~ -~ ''" ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~

Figure J-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Basketball in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Ag6 By Sex

40 ------······--·------35.9 20.4

20 10 11 11,4 10.4 10. 5 0. -- 09 10·19 20-29 30.-44 '" MALE FEMALE

By Income Leve! By Etllnicity

30

25.3 25

20

15 ... 13.'\

1:···1········ 0 -· --- <15K 15-25K 25-35K 35·50K >50K WHITE HISPANIC BLACK ASIAN OTHER

25 Table J-1: Basketball

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 13.8 12.8 897,729 2 18.2 13.1 1,119,318 3 13.5 12.6 549,782 4 13.6 12.7 7,831,340 5 11.1 12.4 474,422 6 9.9 12.6 1,050, 728 7 13.8 12.6 770,519 8 19.0 13. 3 1,736,201 9 11.4 13.1 836,469 10 16.3 12.5 395,707 11 13.8 12.4 637,348 12 15.5 12.9 1,993,664 13 16.1 13.2 628,834 14 13.3 12.7 680,036 15 15.2 12.7 962,886 16 16.2 13.2 10,793,862 17 14.2 12.8 402,584 18 13.9 12.8 3, 102, 722 19 19.4 13.4 547,898 20 14. 2 13.1 1,232,652 21 16.5 13.3 1,588,214 22 13.4 12.3 322, 213 23 12.4 14.2 664,080 24 14.2 13.4 353,290

26 TENNIS

An increase in interest and participation in Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: tennis occurred in the 1970s and remains Estimated for 1985 = 24,500,071 high in many areas of the state. Annually, Projected for 1995 = 27,869,070 participation reaches a highpoint in June Typical Occasion Duration= 1.4 hrs. before dropping during the heat of summer. Individuals between the ages of ten and Figure K-1: Percent of Annual Participation in Tennis twenty years old play at the highest rates; by Texans, by Month participation then becomes negatively cor­ related with age. The income level of the Perc1ml individual also appears to have a significant positive correlation with participation. 12 Asians appear to participate in tennis at 10 ,...... higher rates than other ethnic groups. Many schools have tennis courts that, at times, are open to the public. Research indicates that 9.3 percent of tennis occa­ " sions statewide occur on school courts.

Figure K-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Tennis in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

14 12.5

By Income Level By Ethnicity

21.4 20 f·················

15

10 >·················

<15K 15-25K 25·35K 3S-50K >50K

27 Table K-1: Tennis

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 13.5 10.4 561,040 2 12.1 10.4 484, 722 3 10.9 10.6 275,019 4 15.2 10.3 5,931,761 5 7.1 10.4 193, 138 6 11.3 10.5 790,385 7 12.5 10.4 450,123 8 12.0 10.2 728, 167 9 10.5 10.5 469,503 10 15.3 10.4 243,343 11 10.1 10.4 314,254 12 15.9 10.5 1,368,466 13 12.5 10.6 311,572 14 7.4 10.6 244,570 15 13.2 10.4 555,471 16 17.3 10.5 7,313,866 17 10.6 10.5 198,654 18 12.5 10.2 1,840,348 19 6.7 10.0 118,831 20 15.3 10.3 851,624 21 9.4 9.9 613,137 22 8.1 10. 5 127,576 23 11.8 11.0 381,585 24 8.5 10.2 132, 917

28 GOLF

Golf can be played year-round in many areas Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: of Texas. On weekends, tee times must be Estimated for 1985 = 21,385, 732 reserved well in advance to get on the more Projected for 1995 = 25, 176,635 popular courses. Income appears to play a Typical Occasion Duration= 4.5 hrs. heavy role in determining whether an individual is likely to participate in this activity; participa· Figure L-1: Percent of Annual Participation in lion rates increase with income. This is not Golf by Texans, by Month surprising given the cost of a set of golf clubs and green fees. Men are more than twice as likely to play golf as women. Likewise, whites play at over twice the rate of other races. Those between the ages of twenty and thirty years old play golf in the greatest numbers; the percent participating then declines steadily with age. 49 4

Q - •••J., ______L __, ..L- ...... 1..--~_J_-·L.__·---.J_____._..-L-_...... !.___t_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ,,, ~ -~ ~ ~

Figure L-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Golf in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

18 14 ··---~----·-·------~---~------~, 12.5 16

14 ", ...... 10 ...... 8.5 8 6

4 2.6 2 ············1········...... 0 10-19 20.29 30-44 ,44 MALE

By Income Level By Ethnicity

17.7

15 .

. 9.4 ..

4.5 4.5

WHITE HISPANIC BLACK ASIAN OTHER

29 Table L-1: Golf

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 13.1 10.7 631,872 2 12.7 10.5 543, 729 3 11.9 11.2 345, 772 4 10.9 10.6 4,860,003 5 6.7 10.9 207,762 6 8.5 11.1 702,181 7 10.5 11.0 425,651 8 7.5 10.0 511,578 9 10.9 10.6 556,427 10 13.4 10. 9 230,340 11 9.2 11.0 334,143 12 11.9 10.6 1,153,093 13 10.8 10.7 285,685 14 6.2 11.3 241,258 15 12.5 10.8 574,838 16 13.0 10.6 5,891,543 17 7.7 11.0 150,492 18 10.7 10.4 1,819,401 19 3.5 9.6 61,141 20 10.8 10.4 705,623 21 7.2 9.7 569,718 22 8.5 11.3 157,320 23 10.3 10.9 339,841 24 5.2 10.0 86' 321

30 HORSEBACK RIDING

Texas and horses seem to go together yet, Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: when Texans were surveyed in 1985, only Estimated for 1985 = 12,364,491 11 percent indicated that they rode a horse Projected in 1995 = 14,038,038 in a place open to the public. Many areas of Typical Occasion Duration = 2.1 hrs. the state lack horse trails in public parks causing riders to use roadway shoulders and Figure M-1: Percent of Annual Participation in utility rights of way. Slightly over twenty per­ Horseback Riding by Texans, by Month cent of the horseback riding occasions took place on designated horse trails and areas. Porcent -----·------··-- ··-·-~·----···-···--·--· Unfortunately, the percentage riding in rinks " 10.3 and rodeos was not analyzed but was rec­ 10 ommended for future studies. Income is positively correlated with participation while ·' age is negatively correlated. The percentage /j 7 of females riding horses is higher than that of males.

Q -·-~1------'------·-L·-·--.-.--1------__L___L_ •..•L----L---l---·-·L--- ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~' M - - ~I • ~

Figure M-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Horseback Riding in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

25 16 ·---·---·-·------~ . ···············-······-·····T.f"·-····· 20.1 ""···························

10

0 10-19 20·29 30-44 >44

By Income Level By Ethnicity

20 -··-----·------··-···------·------20

17.5 16.9

l!'.7

5.7

WHITE HISPANIC ~-IBLACK -•--ASIAN OTHER 31 Table M-1: Horseback Riding

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 16.0 6.9 431,650 2 9.4 6.9 236,683 3 11.9 7.0 189,535 4 12.1 6.9 2,864,289 5 15.6 6.9 281,449 6 9.6 7.0 449,519 7 10.0 7.0 229,228 8 11.6 6.7 425,210 9 14.6 6.9 384,743 10 13.2 6.9 134, 839 11 10.6 6.9 206,644 12 10.4 6.9 558,384 13 14.8 7.0 219,861 14 15.4 7.1 307,483 15 11.2 6.9 300,924 16 10.5 7.0 2,691,046 17 9.5 7.0 117,617 18 11.6 6.8 1,019,953 19 16.6 6.6 179,631 20 11.1 6.9 392,075 21 7.2 6.6 283,844 22 13. 7 7.0 136, 730 23 10.6 7.2 200,280 24 12.9 6.7 122,873

32 OFF-ROAD VEHICLE RIDING

Off-road use of dirt bikes and all-terrain ve­ Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: hicles is a popular activity in many areas of Estimated for 1985 = 22,938, 129 Texas. Because of noise and erosion impacts, Projected for 1995 = 25,788,947 and liability concerns that accompany this ac­ Typical Occasion Duration = 2.3 hrs. tivity, few public parks permit it to take place within their borders. Hence, much of off-road Figure N-1: Percent of Annual Participation in ORV vehicle riding takes place on vacant lands and Riding by Texans, by Month along highway and utility rights of ways.

Research indicates that only 19.6 percent of Perccril off-road riding occurs on designated trails or 12 ------····------~ areas. Participation rates increase with income !0.2 .--.!.00__.:_~_ 9.9 10.t 1: ,,,/ -. .. ~--"············.··,··················· levels; and whites participate in this activity in greater amounts than other races. Males are ·' more active in this sport than females. &yo/ ......

Q _[______,_J_, -·.. --L-.L...._--..L...".--···l-~~-~-~~ Jan fob Mor Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sop Oct Nov Doc

Figure N-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Off-Road Vehicle Riding in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

25 20 ---···--·------·--··- 22.4

20 f ...... "

10

5

0 10-19 30-44 ,44

By Income L0vel By Ethnicity

20~----·---· ---- 18~-- 17.1

<15K 15·25K 25·351< 35-SOK >50K ASIAN

33 Table N-1: Off-road Vehicle Riding

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 16.6 9.8 701,823 2 13.4 10.0 560, 809 3 12.0 9.8 289,654 4 13.1 9.8 5,074,148 5 19.9 9.6 533,385 6 16.0 9.8 1,113,612 7 14.8 9.7 555,894 8 14.4 9.9 883,216 9 15.l 10.0 620,187 10 15.0 9.7 240,305 11 11.4 9.6 343,070 12 13.9 9.9 1, 169, 728 13 14.1 10.l 345,439 14 22.6 9.9 741,339 15 17.3 9.8 709,984 16 11.6 10.1 4,934,855 17 15.4 9.9 288,172 18 10.0 9.7 1,462,105 19 11.0 9.8 208,444 20 8.7 9.9 476,300 21 10.2 9.7 667,268 22 17.6 9.7 282,171 23 16.1 10.7 542,669 24 12.6 9.9 193,555

34 OPEN SPACE ACTIVITIES

Open space activities include a broad range Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: of passive activities that take place at re­ Estimated for 1985 = 53,539,096 sources that have very low development. Projected for 1995 = 60,566,678 Kite flying, frisbee throwing, and sunbathing Typical Occasion Duration= 1 hrs. are examples of open space activities. While picnicking, hiking, and nature viewing can Figure 0-1: Percent of Annual Participation on also take place at open space areas, they Open Spaces by Texans, by Month were analyzed separately and not included here. Open space activities are most popular during the late spring and early summer months. Participation appears to be posi­ tively correlated with income level and those between the ages of twenty and forty-five a -··· years of age participate in the highest rates.

Q --·-.1-_,_J___ _! __i_ ___ ,_J ····-··--1 ..... _.~,,--. ---1...... ,_,.,L•. ~~--l ...... - .. Jon fob Mor Apr ~oy Jun Jul Aug Sap Oct Nov Dec

Figure 0-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Open Space Activities in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

By Income Level By Ethnicity

40

35 Table 0-1: Open Space Activities

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 27.6 9.0 1,037,246 2 30.8 9.2 1, 118, 641 3 26.3 9.0 590,762 4 36.8 9.0 12, 507 I 820 5 24.7 8.8 595,882 6 28.6 9.0 1,801,199 7 32.0 8.9 1,034,434 8 32.3 9.1 1,748,025 9 28.9 9.2 1,114,010 10 31.2 8.9 433,215 11 31.2 8.8 840,319 12 41.4 9.2 3,131,051 13 34.0 9.4 749, 511 14 24.8 9.0 737, 143 15 31.2 9.0 1,164,267 16 38.1 9.4 14,142,232 17 28.9 9.0 482,642 18 35.3 9.0 4,594,954 19 25.9 9.0 417,692 20 33. 2 9.1 1,670,801 21 30.7 8.9 1,793,192 22 30.9 8.8 429,536 23 35.6 10.0 1,024,866 24 28.0 9,1 379,656

36 CAMPING

Camping outings with family or friends are a Annual Statewide Activity Occasions: popular activity in Texas. The vast diversity of Estimated for 1985 = 28,375,553 the state offers various interesting places to Projected for 1995 = 32,583,552 camp. Participation in camping reaches its Typical Occasion Duration= 24.0 hrs. height in June, and during peak summer weekends, competition for campsites near Figure P-1: Percent of Annual Participation in water resources is intense. Campsites in Camping by Texans, by Month many state parks are reserved well in ad­

vance. The graphs below show almost every Percen1 cohort group camps at similar rates. Those in 16 the middle income groups appear to camp in the greatest numbers, and the percentage of blacks that camp is less than half of the percentage of other ethnic groups. .9 " ~'-' 2

Q --l .,. ··-L ···~--.1-...... -,_-1-. ____ J...._ ~-I-.-. Jon FQb Mor Apr Moy Jun Jul Aug Sap Oct Nov Dec

Figure P-2: Texas Residents Who Annually Participate in Camping in Percent of Cohorts Participating, by Age, Sex, Income, Ethnicity

By Age By Sex

40~-- "·-···-·------~ 35.9 30.9

20 20 ···· ··· ·1R·3·· 15

10 "

0 0 09 10-19 20·29 30..\4 I MALE FEMALE '"

By Income Level By Ethnicity

40 ~------·--·-·------···------·--- .'10.6

OTHER

37 Table P-1: camping

Percentage Participating, Annual Participation Occasions Per Participant, and Total Annual Participation Occasions by Planning Region, 1985

Percentage Annual Occasions Total Annual Region Participating Per Participant Occasions

1 30.3 6.6 790,948 2 27.3 6.6 694,039 3 26.0 6.7 396,308 4 26.3 6.5 6,129,485 5 24.7 6.5 425,533 6 25.6 6.7 1,120,942 7 30.1 6.6 680,976 8 17.3 6.4 637, 509 9 32.6 6.6 875,706 10 37.8 6.5 366,244 11 28.2 6.5 530,633 12 26.2 6.6 1,359,422 13 28.9 6.6 423,222 14 31.1 6.7 647, 715 15 32.1 6.6 815,598 16 26.6 6.7 6,644,241 17 31.2 6.7 363,087 18 28.5 6.5 2,556,869 19 16.l 6.3 177,559 20 25.2 6.5 875,532 21 18.4 6.3 717,794 22 26.7 6.6 268,826 23 33.0 6.9 634,101 24 25.8 6.4 243,260

38 Table P-2: Primary eaq>ing Destinations Visital by Nesidents of Origin Plaflrling Regions, 1985

Origin Region 1 Origin Region 5 Destination Regions Percent Occasions -----Destination Regions Percent Occasions Greenbelt Lake 1 27.3 216,004 Wright Patn1an Lake 5 48. 4 205, 796 Lake Mere