Contents
Volume 1 Publisher's Note...... ix American Anti-Slavery Society...... 65 Introduction...... xi American Colonization Society...... 66 Complete List of Contents ...... xiii American Council on Race Relations...... 67 American Indian activism...... 67 Ability testing and bias...... 1 American Indian and Alaska Native Abolition movement...... 3 Heritage Month...... 70 Aboriginal Canadians ...... 5 American Indian civil rights...... 71 Accent discrimination...... 9 American Indian Civil Rights Act...... 74 Accommodationism...... 11 American Indian Defense Association (AIDA). . 75 Acculturation, generational ...... 11 American Indian Movement...... 76 Adarand Constructors v. Peña...... 13 American Indian Policy Review Commission. . . 77 Adolescent ethnic identity...... 14 American Indian Religious Freedom Act. . . . 78 Affirmative action ...... 16 American Indian slavery...... 78 African American Baptist Church...... 20 American Indians: agriculture ...... 80 African American cowboys ...... 22 American Indians: an overview...... 81 African American-American Indian relations. . 22 American Indians: dance and music ...... 84 African Americans: an overview...... 25 American Indians: demographics...... 86 African Americans: cultural impact ...... 27 American Indians: education...... 90 African Americans: education...... 29 American Indians: families and socialization. . . 95 African Americans: employment ...... 32 American Indians: film...... 96 African Americans: families and socialization. . 34 American Indians: in the justice system. . . . . 98 African Americans: film...... 36 American Indians: stereotypes ...... 101 African Americans: in the Civil War...... 38 American Indians: women and social equality. . 103 African Americans: literature...... 40 American Jewish Committee...... 105 African Americans: music...... 42 American Jewish Congress (AJC)...... 105 African Americans: stereotypes...... 46 American Nazi Party (ANP) ...... 105 African Americans: women and social equality. . 47 Amerind...... 107 African Canadians...... 50 Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites...... 108 Afro-Caribbeans...... 52 Amistad slave revolt...... 108 Afrocentrism. . 54 Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH)...... 111 AIDS conspiracy theory...... 55 Anglo-conformity...... 111 Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska Native Claims Anglophone...... 112 Settlement...... 56 Anglo-Protestant stereotypes...... 112 Alcatraz Island occupation ...... 57 Anglo-Protestants...... 113 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education . . . 58 Anglo-Saxon...... 114 Alianza Federal de Mercedes ...... 58 Annihilation or expulsion of peoples. . . . . 114 Alien land laws...... 59 Anti-Catholicism...... 116 Alienation, racial and ethnic...... 60 Anti-Defamation League...... 117 Allotment system...... 61 Anti-Semitism...... 117 AME Church ...... 62 Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807. . . 120 AME Zion Church...... 64 Apache Wars...... 121 Amerasian Homecoming Act ...... 64 Arab Americans: an overview...... 123
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Arab Americans: demographics...... 128 Black Jews...... 202 Arab Americans: stereotypes...... 132 Black LGBTQ community...... 203 Arab Canadians...... 133 Black Lives Matter...... 205 Arizona Senate Bill 1070...... 134 Black middle class/black underclass relations. . 207 Aryan “race”...... 135 Black nationalism...... 209 Aryan nations...... 136 Black Panther Party (BPP) ...... 212 Ashkenazic and German Jews...... 137 Black Power movement...... 214 Asian American gangs...... 138 Blackface...... 215 Asian American Legal Defense Fund Blackness and whiteness (legal definitions). . . 217 (AALDEF)...... 139 Black-on-black violence...... 218 Asian American movement...... 140 Bleeding Kansas...... 219 Asian Americans: an introduction ...... 141 Bloc Québécois ...... 221 Asian Americans: education...... 144 Blue laws...... 222 Asian Americans: employment...... 147 Bolling v. Sharpe...... 223 Asian Americans: families and socialization. . . 149 Border patrols ...... 224 Asian Americans: film...... 151 Bracero program...... 225 Asian Americans: stereotypes ...... 154 Brain drain...... 227 Asian Americans: women...... 155 British as dominant group. . . . . 227 Asian Indians in Canada...... 158 Broadcast media: All in the Family...... 228 Asian Pacific American Labor Brown v. Board of Education ...... 229 Alliance (APALA)...... 160 Buchanan v. Warley...... 231 Assimilation: cultural and structural . . . . . 161 Buddhist holidays and celebrations...... 231 Assimilation: theories...... 164 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)...... 233 Atlanta Compromise...... 166 Burke Act...... 234 Attitude-receptional assimilation ...... 167 Busing and school integration ...... 235 Authoritarian personality theory ...... 168 Cable Act ...... 239 Bakke case...... 171 Cajuns...... 239 Banking practices and racial relations. . . . . 172 Cambodian Americans ...... 241 Baseball and the early impact of Campus ethnoviolence ...... 242 African Americans...... 174 Canadian policy on refugees...... 244 Batson v. Kentucky...... 175 Canarsie riots...... 245 Behavior-receptional assimilation...... 176 Capital punishment and race...... 246 Bigotry ...... 176 Carlisle Indian School...... 247 Bilingual Education Act...... 177 Caste model (American South) ...... 248 Bilingual education and racial relations. 178 Catholic holidays and celebrations...... 249 Bilingualism in Canada...... 181 Caucasian...... 250 Biosocial theories and race relations. . . . . 184 Celtic Irish ...... 251 Biracialism and multiracialism...... 186 Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood. . . . . 251 Black “brute” and “buck” stereotypes. . . . . 189 Charleston church shooting of 2015 . . . . . 252 Black cabinet ...... 190 Charleston race riots (1865)...... 254 Black church ...... 190 Charter of Rights and Freedoms...... 254 Black codes...... 192 Charter of the French Language ...... 256 Black colleges and universities...... 193 Charter Schools and Racial/Ethnic Relations. . 256 Black conservatism. . . . 195 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Black conservatism: Four Key Worcester v. Georgia...... 258 Characteristics of Black Conservatives. . . . 197 Cherokee Tobacco case...... 260 Black flight...... 198 Chicago Conference (1961)...... 260 Black History Month: an overview...... 199 Chicano movement: Chicano...... 261 Black Is Beautiful movement...... 202 Chin murder ...... 261
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Chinatowns...... 262 Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC). . . . 328 Chinese American Citizens Alliance...... 264 Conquest and annexation and race relations . . 329 Chinese Americans ...... 265 Conservatives and racial/ethnic relations. . . 331 Chinese Canadians...... 267 Constitutional racism...... 334 Chinese Exclusion Act...... 270 Contact and adaptation patterns ...... 335 Chinese Six Companies...... 272 Contact hypothesis...... 337 Christian Front...... 274 Coolies ...... 339 Christian Identity movement ...... 275 Cooper v. Aaron...... 339 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah. . . . 276 Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). . 340 Cities and ethnic diversity...... 276 Crack cocaine and race relations...... 341 Citizens Councils...... 278 Creole...... 342 Citizenship Act...... 278 Cress theory...... 343 Civic assimilation...... 280 Crime and race/ethnicity...... 343 Civil Liberties Act of 1988...... 280 Criminal justice system and racial and Civil liberties in the United States ...... 281 ethnic relations...... 346 Civil rights...... 284 Crime trends ...... 350 Civil Rights Act of 1957...... 287 Crips...... 352 Civil Rights Act of 1960...... 288 Critical race theory ...... 353 Civil Rights Act of 1964...... 288 Crown Heights conflicts ...... 354 Civil Rights Act of 1968...... 290 Cuban American National Foundation (CANF). 355 Civil Rights Act of 1991...... 292 Cuban Americans...... 356 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875...... 292 Cuban Revolution ...... 358 Civil Rights cases...... 293 Cuban-African American relations...... 360 Civil rights...... 294 Cultural citizenship...... 362 Civil Rights movement...... 297 Cultural pluralism...... 363 Children in the Civil Rights movement. . . . 301 Cultural relativity v. ethnocentrism...... 363 Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987...... 302 Culture and language ...... 364 Civil War and race relations ...... 304 Culture of poverty...... 366 “Classless” society...... 307 Cultures of resistance. . . 368 Class theories of racial/ethnic relations. . . . 308 Curanderismo ...... 368 Clinton massacre of 1875 ...... 310 DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Code switching...... 310 Arrivals)...... 369 Colegrove v. Green ...... 311 DAPA (Deferred Action for Parents of Colfax massacre (1873)...... 312 Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents).370 College admissions and race relations. . . . . 313 De facto and de jure segregation...... 371 College entrance examinations and race Declaration of First Nations ...... 371 relations...... 314 Deference rituals...... 373 Colliflower v. Garland ...... 316 Delano Grape Strike ...... 373 Colonial model of racism ...... 317 Delgamuukw v. British Columbia ...... 375 Color coding ...... 318 Department of Indian Affairs and Colored Women’s League...... 318 Northern Development ...... 376 Columbus and indigenous peoples ...... 319 Desegregation of the US defense industry. . . 377 Competition theory and human ecology. . . . 321 Desegregation of US public schools...... 379 Compromise of 1850...... 323 Determined Residents United for Mohawk Compromise of 1877...... 324 Sovereignty (DRUMS) ...... 382 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862...... 325 Detroit riot (1967)...... 383 Conformity theories...... 325 Diaspora...... 384 Congress of Racial Equality...... 326 Discrimination: an introduction...... 385 Congressional Black Caucus...... 328 Discrimination: behaviors...... 387
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Discrimination: direct institutionalized. . . . 388 Eastern Orthodox holidays and celebrations Discrimination: direct v. indirect ...... 388 ebonics...... 422 Discrimination: indirect institutionalized . . . 389 Economics and race...... 423 Discrimination: intentional v. unintentional. . 390 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company. . . . . 426 Discrimination: overt/expressed v. covert. . . 390 Education and racial/ethnic relations. . . . . 426 Discrimination: racial and ethnic...... 391 Egalitarian symbiosis...... 430 Discrimination: responses to...... 396 Elk v. Wilkins ...... 430 Discrimination: spatial dimensions...... 397 Employment Division v. Smith...... 430 Discrimination: systemic...... 399 Employment in Canada...... 431 Disease and intergroup contact ...... 399 Enclave economies...... 434 Disfranchisement laws in Mississippi . . . . . 402 English-only and official English movements . . 435 Disidentification...... 404 Entitlement programs...... 438 Disparate impact theory ...... 404 Entrepreneurship in ethnic minority Distinct society concept...... 405 communities ...... 441 Diversity ...... 407 Environmental racism...... 443 Diversity training programs...... 407 Epithet transfer ...... 445 DNA profiling: an overview...... 409 Epithets and pejorative language...... 446 Dominant group ...... 412 Equal educational opportunity...... 447 Dominican Americans...... 413 Equal Employment Opportunity Act. . . . . 450 Draft riots (1863)...... 415 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . 450 Drugs and racial/ethnic relations ...... 417 Equality...... 451 Duro v. Reina ...... 420 Equality of opportunity...... 452 Dyer antilynching bill ...... 420 Ethnic cleansing...... 453 Eastern European Jews ...... 421 Ethnic enclaves...... 453
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