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Context Document for Civil Rights in Ohio

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Context Document for Civil Rights in Ohio NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Twentieth-Century African American Civil Rights Movement in Ohio Ohio Name of Multiple Property Listing State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Create a Table of Contents and list the page numbers for each of these sections in the space below. Provide narrative explanations for each of these sections on continuation sheets. In the header of each section, cite the letter, page number, and name of the multiple property listing. Refer to How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form for additional guidance. Contents Page Numbers Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Historic Overview: African Americans in Ohio............................................................................................... 8 Post-war to the Civil Rights Act, 1945–1964 .................................................................................................... 27 Federal Civil Rights Legislation ........................................................................................................................... 32 Themes ........................................................................................................................................................... 44 Public Accommodations .................................................................................................................................... 44 Public Accommodation – Civil Rights and the Great Depression, 1932–1940 ................................................ 47 Public Accommodation – Civil Rights and World War II, 1940–1945 ............................................................ 48 Public Accommodation – Post-war to the Civil Rights Act, 1945–1964 .......................................................... 50 Public Accommodations – Civil Rights after 1964 ........................................................................................... 56 Education ........................................................................................................................................................... 60 Education – The Great Migration and Civil Rights in Ohio, 1894–1932 .......................................................... 60 Education – Civil Rights and the Great Depression, 1932–1940 ...................................................................... 63 Education – Civil Rights and World War II, 1940–1945 .................................................................................. 65 Education – Post-war to the Civil Rights Act, 1945–1964 ................................................................................ 66 Education – Civil Rights after 1964 .................................................................................................................. 68 Employment ................................................................................................................................................... 74 Employment – The Great Migration and Civil Rights in Ohio, 1894–1932 ..................................................... 74 Employment – Civil Rights and the Great Depression, 1932–1940 .................................................................. 76 Employment – Civil Rights and World War II, 1940–1945 .............................................................................. 78 Employment – Post-war to the Civil Rights Act, 1945–1964 ........................................................................... 79 Employment – Civil Rights after 1964 .............................................................................................................. 81 Housing .......................................................................................................................................................... 82 Housing – The Great Migration and Civil Rights in Ohio, 1884–1932 ............................................................ 82 Housing – Civil Rights and the Great Depression, 1932–1940 ......................................................................... 87 Housing – Civil Rights and World War II, 1940–1945 ..................................................................................... 89 Housing – Post-war to the Civil Rights Act, 1945–1964 .................................................................................. 93 Housing – Civil Rights after 1964 ................................................................................................................... 104 Police relations and Police Brutality ............................................................................................................ 109 Police relations and Police Brutality ............................................................................................................ 109 – The Great Migration and Civil Rights in Ohio, 1894–1932 ......................................................................... 109 Police relations and Police Brutality – Civil Rights and the Great Depression, 1932–1940 ..................................................................................... 111 Police relations and Police Brutality – Civil Rights and World War II, 1940–1945 ................................................................................................. 112 Police relations and Police Brutality 5 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Twentieth-Century African American Civil Rights Movement in Ohio Ohio Name of Multiple Property Listing State – Post-war to the Civil Rights Act, 1945–1964 ............................................................................................... 113 Police relations and Police Brutality – Civil Rights after 1964.................................................................................................................................. 116 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 118 Books and Articles ........................................................................................................................................... 151 Theses and Dissertations.................................................................................................................................. 157 Government Documents, Reports, Pamphlets, and Photographs .................................................................... 157 Maps ................................................................................................................................................................ 158 Newspapers and Magazines ............................................................................................................................. 158 Manuscript Collections .................................................................................................................................... 159 Properties Associated with African American Civil Rights in Ohio ............................................................... 159 6 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Twentieth-Century African American Civil Rights Movement in Ohio Ohio Name of Multiple Property Listing State E. Statement of Historic Contexts (If more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.) The Twentieth Century African American Civil Rights Movement in Ohio historic context consists of a broad overview of the state’s civil rights movement followed by key themes. It is not an exhaustive history of Ohio African American civil rights. Instead, it highlights turning points, interspersed with typical experiences from each period. It covers a broad range of civil rights in Ohio, including actions taken by individuals, civil rights organizations, and various levels of government. Civil rights themes of public accommodation, education, employment, housing, and police relations and police brutality are explored in detail with examples of civil rights transgressions, community responses and tactics, and outcomes. The Multiple Property Document (MPD) also details regional changes in the state and the pace of civil rights changes. Advances in civil rights were not equal in all areas. Metropolitan areas outpaced rural areas even when legislation was in place that guaranteed equal access to public accommodation and education. Introduction This MPD examines African American civil rights in Ohio, ostensibly from 1900– 1970. In reality, it starts in the 1880s with the Ohio public accommodation law and ends in approximately 1978 with two events: President Jimmy Carter's 1978 opening of the Mt. Vernon Shopping Plaza in Columbus and the installation of the Shaker barricades on the Shaker Heights-Cleveland border in 1976. Respectively, these events represent the progression of civil rights and the ongoing limitations of the movement. "Civil rights" are broadly defined in this MPD. The authors subscribe to historian Thomas J. Sugrue’s view that focuses on civil rights as rights—the right to equal access in public accommodation, education, employment, and relations with the police. In this manner, civil rights go beyond the narrower definition of challenges to legal segregation.1 The MPD looks at these civil rights episodes through
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