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African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968

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African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968 African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968 Historical Periods Antebellum (before 1861) Civil War (1861-1865) Reconstruction (1865-1877) Gilded Age (1877-1890) Progressive Era (1890-1914) World War I (1914-1918) Progressive Era cont. (1918-1929) Great Depression (1929-1939) World War II (1939-1945) Cold War (1945-1955) Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) Medico-Historical Events 1846- A “National Medical Association” is proposed at a national meeting on medical education 1847 chaired by Nathan Smith Davis in New York City. The organization, renamed the “American Medical Association,” is officially founded in 1847 at a national convention in Philadelphia, where its constitution, by-laws and code of ethics are approved. 1847 Rush Medical School of Chicago, IL awards an MD to David Jones Peck; first African American to receive a medical degree from a US medical school. 1848 First annual meeting of the American Medical Association. 1849 John Van Surly DeGrasse graduates medical school at Bowdoin College (Maine); first African American medical officer in the US Army during the Civil War. 1850 Daniel Laing, Jr., Martin Delany, Isaac H. Snowden are the first known African Americans admitted to Harvard Medical School. However, prominent American anatomist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. expels this trio in March 1851, bowing to pressure by some of its white students. Two groups of white medical students sign petitions protesting the exclusion; Horatio R. Storer is one of the petitioners. 1854 Massachusetts Medical Society admits John Van Surly DeGrasse as a member on August 24; first African American to be admitted into a US medical society. Freedmen’s Hospital (Washington, DC), one of several federally-funded Freedmen’s Hospitals established by the Freedmen’s Bureau in the South, is erected to provide medical care to slaves, 1862 especially those freed after the Civil War, and displaced whites; it was the only federally- funded health care facility for African Americans in the US. It exists today as Howard University Hospital, one of only 3 remaining historically black hospitals. 1864 Rebecca Lee, the first African American woman to graduate from an America medical school, graduates from the New England Female Medical College in Boston. 1865 Alexander T. Augusta is placed in charge of a Freedmen’s Hospital in Savannah, GA; first African American to direct a US hospital. 1865 John Sweat Rock, a physician, dentist, and lawyer, is the first African American admitted to practice law before the bar of the US Supreme Court; also second black member of the Massachusetts Medical Society (mid-1850s). Howard University Medical School is founded; first medical school open to all races and 1868 genders. 1869- Three black physicians—Alexander Thomas Augusta, Charles Burleigh Purvis, and Alpheus 1870 W. Tucker—are denied admission to the Medical Society of the District of Columbia. 1870 Black and white physicians form the National Medical Society of the District of Columbia. 1869- US Senate finds Medical Society of the District of Columbia guilty of race discrimination. Sen. 1870 Charles Sumner leads failed attempt to abrogate the congressional charter of the MSDC and confer a new charter upon the National Medical Society. 1870 National Medical Society members excluded from the annual AMA meeting. Officially, “the consideration of race and color had nothing whatsoever to do with the decision”; however, observers believed race played a major role. AMA Committee on Ethics finds the charge regarding the Medical Society of the District of Colombia’s granting licenses to irregulars is “not of a nature to require the action of the [AMA],” and recommends inclusion of the MSDC’s all-white delegation. The Committee urges recognition of the all-white MMS delegation, although the charge that they accept irregulars as members is “fully proved” and “plainly in violation of the Code of Ethics.” Horatio R. Storer and a colleague raise the issue of racial exclusion. 1870 Lincoln University Medical Department is established in Oxford, PA. 1872 Henry Fitzbutler is the first African American graduate of the University of Michigan Medical School. 1872 AMA reaffirms refusal to admit Freedmen’s Hospital, Howard University, and National Medical Society members. 1873 Davis proposes that delegations be restricted to state and local medical societies and that state societies, not the national convention, should determine which local societies are officially recognized by the AMA. 1873 Susan Smith McKinney graduates from New York Medical College and Hospital for Women in 1870; first black woman to be certified as a physician. 1873 Straight University Medical Department is established in New Orleans, LA. 1874 Davis’ 1873 proposal is adopted. 1874 Lincoln University Medical Department closes. 1874 Straight University Medical Department closes. 1876 The AMA’s Illinois delegation includes Sarah Hackett Stevenson, the AMA’s first woman member, and the AMA President implies in a speech that no African Americans have yet been accepted as members of the AMA. 1876 Meharry Medical College is founded. 1881 Charles B. Purvis is asked to assist with the care of President James A. Garfield, who had been shot by an assassin earlier. 1881 Charles B. Purvis is appointed surgeon-in-chief of Freedmen’s Hospital; first African American civilian in the US to head a civilian hospital. 1882 Leonard Medical School of Shaw University is established in Raleigh, NC. 1883 The Journal of the American Medical Association publishes its first issue. AMA Past President Nathan Smith Davis is founding editor. 1884 The Medico-Chirurgical Society of the District of Columbia is founded by a biracial group of physicians. 1886 The Lone Star State Medical, Dental, and Pharmaceutical Association of Texas is founded. 1887 The Old North State Medical Society of North Carolina is founded. 1888 All members of AMA constituent state societies are deemed “de facto permanent [AMA] members.” The AMA may have gained its first African American members beginning this year. 1888 Henry Fitzbutler establishes, and is the first dean of, the Louisville National Medical College in Louisville, KY. 1889 Flint Medical College of New Orleans University is established in New Orleans, LA. 1889 Hannibal Medical College is established in Memphis, TN. 1891 Provident Hospital and Training School for Nurses (Chicago, IL) is founded by Daniel Hale Williams. 1892 Miles Vandahurst Lynk, a future NMA founder, publishes the first issue of The Medical and Surgical Observer, the first African American medical journal. 1893 Daniel Hale Williams performs first successful open heart surgery. 1895 The North Jersey National Medical Association of New Jersey is founded. 1895 The National Medical Association is established in Atlanta, GA. 1895 Knoxville College Medical Department in established in Knoxville, TN. 1896 Hannibal Medical College closes. 1896 Austin Maurice Curtis, a protégé of Daniel Hale Williams, is appointed to the surgical staff of Cook County Hospital, the first such appointment to a non-segregated hospital. 1899 Chattanooga National Medical College is established in Chattanooga, TN. 1899 State University Medical Department is established in Louisville, KY. 1900 Second black medical journal, the Hospital Herald, first published in Charleston, SC. 1900 Knoxville Medical College is established in Knoxville, TN. 1900 University of West Tennessee College of Medicine and Surgery is established in Jackson, TN. 1900 Knoxville College Medical Department closes. 1900 Medico-Chirurgical and Theological College of Christ’s Institution is established in Baltimore, MD. 1903 State University Medical Department merges with Louisville National Medical College. 1904 Chattanooga National Medical College closes. 1904- Neurologist and psychiatrist Solomon Carter Fuller helps to characterize Alzheimer’s disease 1905 when he studies at the University of Munich under Alöis Alzheimer. 1906 AMA publishes first volume of the American Medical Directory, which lists all physicians in the US. African American physicians have the abbreviation ‘col.’ after their names to indicate that they are “colored.” 1907 University of West Tennessee College of Medicine and Surgery moves to Memphis, TN. 1908? Medico-Chirurgical and Theological College of Christ’s Institution closes. 1908- AMA asks the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching to sponsor an on-site 1909 assessment of all US and Canadian medical schools. AMA Council on Medical Education secretary Nathan P. Colwell and Abraham Flexner survey US and Canadian medical schools together. 1909 The Journal of the National Medical Association publishes its first issue. NMA Past President Charles V. Roman is the first editor. 1910 Carnegie Foundation publishes Medical Education in the United States and Canada (the “Flexner Report”). 1910 Knoxville Medical College closes. 1911 Flint Medical College of New Orleans University closes. 1912 Louisville National Medical College closes. 1913 Daniel Hale Williams becomes a charter member of the American College of Surgeons; the first African American to do so. 1918 Leonard Medical School of Shaw University closes. 1923 University of West Tennessee College of Medicine and Surgery closes. 1923 Howard University Medical School and Meharry Medical College are the only historically black medical schools in the US. 1923 National Hospital Association is founded to ensure standards in black hospitals. 1928 Scholastic Aptitude Test for Medical Students (later named
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