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Turismo Sexual Masculino En Tijuana: Agentes Y Prácticas Sexuales Espaciotemporales

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Turismo Sexual Masculino En Tijuana: Agentes Y Prácticas Sexuales Espaciotemporales TURISMO SEXUAL MASCULINO EN TIJUANA: AGENTES Y PRÁCTICAS SEXUALES ESPACIOTEMPORALES Tesis presentada por Ruth Gaxiola Aldama para obtener el grado de DOCTORA EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES CON ESPECIALIDAD EN ESTUDIOS REGIONALES Tijuana, B. C., México 2010 CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN Directora de Tesis: Dra. Nora Leticia Bringas Rábago Aprobada por el Jurado Examinador: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DEDICATORIA A mis tres grandes amores: Alan, Zaely y María Fernanda, por formar parte de mi vida y ser mi estímulo y apoyo para seguir adelante. A mis viejos: Don Eliseo (†) y Doña Magali, porque siempre creyeron en mí y estuvieron conmigo en las diferentes etapas de mi vida. Al Tata Vicente (†) y la Nana Toña, gracias por todo su amor y la calidez con la que me acogieron junto con mi hija y nos hicieron sentir en familia. AGRADECIMIENTOS Primero que nada quiero agradecer a Dios por estar siempre conmigo, por darme la fortaleza para seguir adelante y por haber puesto en mi camino a todas las personas que han sido soporte y compañía a lo largo de este proceso. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por el apoyo económico otorgado para realizar mis estudios doctorales en El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (EL COLEF). A esta última institución agradezco su contribución para mi formación académica durante la duración del programa de Doctorado. A mi comité de tesis agradezco las aportaciones, asesorías y comentarios que, sin duda, fueron de gran utilidad para mí, ya que cada uno de ellos vino a reforzar cada una de las múltiples dimensiones que tiene un fenómeno tan complejo como el que decidí estudiar. A la Dra. Nora Bringas, mi directora de tesis, agradezco el apoyo siempre constante en todo este tiempo. En primer lugar quisiera agradecerle el impulsarme y animarme a dar este paso en mi vida, ya que junto con el Dr. Alberto Hernández fueron determinantes en la decisión de estudiar este doctorado. En segundo lugar quisiera agradecerle a Nora por haber puesto los medios académicos y materiales para que pudiera concluir esta tesis doctoral y por la confianza que tuvo en mí para la realización de esta tesis. A la Dra. Silvia López Estrada por ser un apoyo fundamental para mí, quién me acompañó muy de cerca desde los inicios de este trabajo de investigación, asesorándome, guiándome y ofreciéndome su tiempo de manera desinteresa y constante. Gracias por estar ahí siempre que te necesite, en los momentos de duda y angustia, cuando perdía el camino, tus consejos y tus palabras de aliento en los momentos más difíciles me dieron los ánimos y la confianza para seguir adelante. A la Dra. Rosío Córdova Plaza por su invaluable ayuda, sin duda, los comentarios y aportaciones que realizó a esta investigación desde hace año y medio fueron invaluables para mejorar sustancialmente esta tesis. De igual manera quisiera agradecer a mis sinodales, los Doctores Salvador Cruz Sierra y Guillermo Alonso Meneses por sus atinados comentarios y sugerencias, que sin duda vinieron a mejorar este trabajo de investigación. Al Dr. Alberto Hernández Hernández agradezco su ayuda desinteresada y haber tenido la amabilidad de leer está tesis y hacer comentarios que fueron de gran utilidad para mejorar el documento final. A los participantes en el proyecto “Dimensión territorial del turismo sexual en México” y a su coordinador el Dr. Álvaro López López, por el apoyo con bibliografía, así como por compartir sus conocimientos en los dos foros de discusión realizados en la ciudad de México, que sin duda, fueron insumos muy importantes para familiarizarme con el tema y conocer otras experiencias en cuanto a la forma de realizar trabajo de campo en un tema tan sensible como lo es la prostitución. Al “Programa para la Movilidad en Educación Superior en América del Norte (PROMESAN)” de la Secretaría de Educación Pública por el apoyo económico ofrecido a través del proyecto “Derechos Humanos, Ciudadanía e Identidades de Mujeres en un Contexto de América del Norte” para realizar una estancia de investigación en el “Southwest Institute for Research on Women (SIROW)” de la Universidad de Arizona en Tucson de enero a mayo de 2009. Así como a la Dra. Sally Stevens, directora ejecutiva del SIROW, por todas sus atenciones y facilidades para llevar a buen término esta estancia. A la Dra. Rosío Barajas Escamilla porque vino a darle el toque humano a la coordinación del doctorado. Gracias por preocuparse no sólo por lo académico y apoyarnos desinteresadamente en esta etapa final. Agradezco el valiosísimo apoyo que me proporcionó en la emergencia de salud que tuve y siempre recordaré sus atenciones y su cálida presencia en esos difíciles momentos. A mis dos grandes amigas Paty Rivera y Ely Méndez. Nunca terminaré de agradecerles todo lo que han hecho por mí, sus detalles, palabras de ánimo y solidaridad en los momentos más difíciles, así como por las interminables horas que hemos pasamos juntas que si duda fueron de mucha bendición en mi vida. Además quisiera agradecer a las muchachonas de la Dirección General de Docencia: Denisse, Carito, Rosita, Laurita, Irene, Alma y Estela por su ayuda, sus palabras de ánimo y su amistad. A Márgara de León y Ofelia Borja por preocuparse por nosotros y estar siempre prestas para apoyarnos ante cualquier necesidad que surgiera. A Isabel, Víctor, Don Fili y Carlos de Biblioteca muchas gracias por sus atenciones y disponibilidad para ayudar; en especial a Isabel por su paciencia para escucharme en los momentos de desesperación y agobio y tener las palabras precisas para infundirme ánimos, pero sobre por ser mi amiga. Pero un agradecimiento especial va para Saraí Baylón y Vlady Ruelas por su gran ayuda en todo estos años, “me van a extrañar” porque ya no tendrán quién este enfadándolos. Mil gracias por todo su apoyo, sobre todo al Vlady agradezco la ayuda con los mapas y la impresión del documento final. Estoy en deuda con ustedes. A mis compañeros del doctorado, a pesar que no fuimos el mejor grupo, al menos logramos librar estos cuatro años. En especial quiero agradecer a Eduardo y a Rogelio por su amistad y apoyo en los primeros años de estudios y por su valiosa ayuda durante el trabajo de campo, que sin duda fue de mucha utilidad para introducirme en el mundo de la prostitución masculina. A René, Luz Helena, Rossy, Fabiola y Marichuy les agradezco su amistad y los ratos que convivimos, ya sea a la hora de comer, en la sesiones del ciclo de cine o en las fiestas. Para mi familia va un agradecimiento especial, ya que han sido esenciales en esta etapa de mi vida, en la que les ha tocado sufrir mis ausencias, en especial el semestre que estuve fuera en Tucson, pero sin duda ese tiempo sirvió para fortalecernos como familia. Su acompañamiento físico y moral, han sido de gran ayuda para mí: las manitas de Marifer haciéndome masajes en la espalda, siempre tan amorosa y preocupada porque su mamá terminara la tesis, sus miles de abrazos y besos en los momentos de mayor tensión me servían para desconectarme del trabajo, recargar energías y continuar adelante. A Zaely agradezco su invaluable apoyo en todos estos años, sin duda, es mi mano derecha, y vino a convertirse en la mamá sustituta de Marifer (su mamana) en los momentos más difíciles. A Alan, gracias por estar conmigo estos años, por ser mi compañero y como tal, apoyarme y estar siempre al pie de cañón, compartiendo todo con nosotras, tus tres mujeres. Apareciste en mi vida en el preciso momento y llegaste para quedarte por siempre, te amo. Les quedo debiendo todas las horas robadas de su tiempo para invertirlas en este logro personal. Ya habrá tiempo para reponérselas con creces. A mis hermanos Iván, Magaly, Carmen, Samuel y Eliseo agradezco el apoyo que me brindaron en este tiempo. En especial a Iván porque estuvo conmigo en la etapa más crítica, liberándome de toda preocupación para dedicarme al cien por ciento a la preparación del primer borrador de tesis. A Eliseo por la ayuda que me dio en la etapa final de la tesis, en la no tan fácil tarea de edición del texto. Los quiero mucho a todos y no tienen idea de lo importante que todos ustedes son para mí al igual que mis sobrinos(as) y cuñado(as). Muchas gracias. Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la espacialidad del turismo sexual masculino en tres espacios públicos de la ciudad de Tijuana a partir de la identificación de los diferentes agentes que intervienen en esa actividad, así como las prácticas sexuales espaciotemporales que se establecen entre ellos y los lugares donde realizan sus prácticas. Debido a la complejidad del fenómeno a estudiar se tomaron cuatro ejes de análisis: turismo, espacio, género y sexualidad, así como las interrelaciones que se establecen entre ellos. Se revisaron y analizaron los aportes de las principales corrientes teóricas que examinan el vínculo entre estos ejes: la geografía del turismo, la geografía feminista, la geografía de las sexualidades y la perspectiva construccionista de la sexualidad. Se empleó una metodología mixta con un mayor soporte en los métodos cualitativos como la observación no participante y la aplicación de entrevistas en profundidad, además del uso de técnicas espaciales como los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Entre los principales hallazgos encontramos que los espacios de prostitución masculina son usados y apropiados de manera diferenciada por los sexoservidores y sus clientes. Tanto la actividad turística como el control ejercido por la policía juegan un papel relevante en su conformación. Las prácticas sexuales espaciotemporales son el resultado del conflicto que existe entre los imperativos de género y lo que establece la norma en cuanto al comportamiento sexual apropiado; así como por la construcción simbólica que los trabajadores sexuales hacen de su actividad.
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