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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM INGLÊS Márcia Cristine Agustini CRACKIN' the CODE OF

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM INGLÊS Márcia Cristine Agustini CRACKIN' the CODE OF UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM INGLÊS Márcia Cristine Agustini CRACKIN’ THE CODE OF POST-RACE: POST-1980s NOVELS AND POST-RACE DISCOURSES Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Inglês da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Letras. Prof.ª Dra. Eliana de Souza Ávila Florianópolis 2013 Márcia Cristine Agustini CRACKIN’ THE CODE OF RACE: POST-1980s NOVELS AND POST-RACE DISCOURSES Esta Tese foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Título de “Doutora em Letras”, e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/ Inglês e Literatura Correspondente da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, 11 de outubro de 2013. ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Viviane M. Heberle Coordenadora do Curso Banca Examinadora: ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Eliana de Souza Ávila Orientadora Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Susana Bornéo Funck Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Cláudia Junqueira de Lima Costa Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Magali Sperling Beck Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Cláudio Roberto Vieira Braga Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Peônia Viana Guedes Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor, através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. Agustini, Márcia Márcia Cristine Cristine CRACKIN’ THE CODE OF RACE: POST-1980s NOVELS AND POST-RACE DISCOURSES / Márcia Cristine Agustini; orientadora, CRACKING ElianaTHE CODE de Souza OF RACE: Ávila : POST- Florianópolis,-1980s NOVELS SC, AND2013. POSTRACE DISCOURSES / Márcia Cristine Agustini; orientadora, 153 p. Eliana de Souza Ávila - Florianópolis, SC, 2013. 153 p. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Catarina,Correspondente. Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós -Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente. Inclui referências Inclui referências 1. Letras. 2. Post-race discourses. 3. Abstract liberalism. 4. Critical realism. I. Ávila, Eliana de Souza. 1. Letras. II. Universidade2. Post-race discourses. Federal de 3. AbstractSanta Catarina. liberalism. 4. CriticalPrograma realism. de Pós I. -Ávila,Graduação Eliana em de Letras/InglêsSouza. II. Universidade e Literatura Federal deCorrespondente. Santa Catarina. III. Programa Título. de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente. III. Título. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank CNPq for the scholarship. Writing this thesis without this financial support would be impossible. I am also grateful for having a wonderful advisor, Professor Eliana de Souza Ávila. Her deep insights into the matter and her attentive look helped me make an extra effort to produce a better work. I also thank the staff at the PGI office for the kind attention and help. I am also grateful for having so many good professors who helped me through my journey. I thank Anelise R. Corseuil, José Roberto O’Shea, Magali Sperling Beck, and Susana Bornéo Funck for their disciplines and advice that, in one way of another, helped me develop my research. I want to especially thank Magali Sperling Beck’s and Susana Bornéo Funck for their help with my research project. I pay special acknowledgement to all friends I made in this journey. Especially my friends Gabriela Brum and Gislaine Bahls. Finally, I would like to thank my family for being there for me. ABSTRACT The last decades has seen a shift in racial thought in the U.S. The discourses vary from the statement that the U.S. has moved beyond race to the post-racial neoliberalist discourse in which ‘essential’ identities are fragments of the social past and its continuance has the function of renewing race and racism. As these discourses gain ground in the U.S. society, the issue of fighting racism becomes more slippery. The present investigation analyzes the meanings attached to the rebirth of novels that deal with the concept of passing for white in this period and its relation with the fragmentation of the color line. More specifically, the aim of this dissertation is to unveil the forms through which No Telephone to Heaven, Caucasia, and The Girl Who Fell from the Sky respond to the discourses of racial liberalism and Critical Realism. Drawing upon Santiago’s concept of in-betweenness and Butler’s concept of performativity, this dissertation sought to analyze the novels chosen as rich sources of insight about the changing racial thought in the U.S. Keywords: Post-race discourses. Abstract liberalism. Critical realism. RESUMO As últimas décadas registraram uma mudança no pensamento racial nos Estados Unidos. Os discursos variam da afirmação de que os Estados Unidos transcendeu a questão racial ao discurso neoliberalista pós-racial que considera identidades ‘essenciais’ como fragmentos de um passado social e sua continuação apenas renova os conceitos de raça e racismo. A medida que esses discursos se tornam dominantes nos Estados Unidos, a questão do combate ao racismo se torna mais incerta. A presente investigação analisa os significados ligados ao reaparecimento de romances que lidam com o conceito de ‘passar por branco’ neste período e sua relação com a fragmentação da ‘color line’. Mais especificamente, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a forma que No Telephone to Heaven, Caucasia, e The Girl Who Fell from the Sky respondem aos discursos de liberalismo racial e Realismo Crítico. Com base no conceito de ‘entre-lugar’ de Santiago e o conceito de performatividade de Butler, esta tese procurou analisar as novelas escolhidas como fontes ricas de compreensão do pensamento racial nos Estados Unidos. Palavras-chave: Discursos de pós-raça. Liberalismo Abstrato. Realismo Crítico. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CHAPTER ONE: THE HETEROGENEITY OF POST-RACE DISCOURSES …………………………………………..……………01 1.1 THE CONTEXT OF PASSING …………………….…….. 03 1.1.1 Passing as performativity……….……………..………...09 1.1.2 Passing and post-racialist discourses….…………..…….14 1.2 THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT: INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON THREE POST-1980S NOVELS..………...…..18 1.3 CONCEPTUAL PARAMETERS: THE HETEROGENEITY OF POST-RACE DISCOURSES….19 1.3.1. Abstract Liberalism…………………………………….23 1.3.2 Critical Realism………….……………………….…….29 1.4 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ……………….……………..35 1.4.1 Hypotheses……..……………………………………….38 1.4.2 Chapter Outline…………….…………...………………39 2. CHAPTER TWO: CONTEMPLATION AS RESISTANCE.……..41 2.1 NO TELEPHONE TO HEAVEN by Michelle Cliff….…….42 2.1.1 Parents are destiny (?) ………..……………….….……42 2.1.2 London: contemplation ……………………………......48 2.1.3 Clare and Imperial Icons – understanding her ‘role’…..51 2.1.4 Returning to Jamaica ……………………………...…..61 2.1.5 Closure…..……………………………............………..64 2.2 CONCLUSIONS………………………………….…………68 3. CHAPTER THREE: TAKING A STAND…………….……..…….71 3.1 CAUCASIA: A NOVEL by Danzy Senna..……...…….….....71 3.1.1 Birdie’s identification with blackness…….….…...…...72 3.1.2 Passing for Black…………...…………………………76 3.1.3 Passing for White…………………………….……......84 3.1.4 Reencountering blackness – (dis)identification.………90 3.2 PERFORMANCES…………………………..……………..93 3.3 CONCLUSIONS…………………….………..……………..95 4. CHAPTER FOUR: BOUND TO U.S. CITIZENSHIP?.......……...99 4.1 THE GIRL WHO FELL FROM THE SKY by Heidi W. Durrow.....................................................................................99 4.1.1 Learning to be racialized….…….………….……..…100 4.1.2 Rachel’s ‘whiteness’……………….…….………......105 4.1.3 An in-between identity………………..………….….109 4.1.4 Rachel and a changing perception of blackness.…….115 4.2 PASSING AND PERFORMATIVITY, REVISITED…...121 4.3 CONCLUSIONS……………..…………………………….125 5. CHAPTER FIVE: FINAL REMARKS.....……..…………..….…129 5.1 MIXED IDENTITIES OR WHITEWASHING?..............130 5.2 PASSING IN A POST-RACE WORLD………………….135 5.3 BLOOD AND BONES…………………….……..…....…..138 6. REFERENCE LIST……………...………...……………………..141 1 CHAPTER ONE THE HETEREGENEITY OF POST-RACE DISCOURSES Reginald G. Daniel, (a mixed race) Professor of sociology, writes about the ‘discovery’ of his blackness in his book More than Black?: Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order (2002). Confused about his first grade teacher’s insistence in classifying him as black, he asks his mother about it, and she confirms he is black. He insists, “But, Mommy, when you mix brown and white, you don’t get brown or white, you get tan”. He then concludes, “I could not understand how I could have Asian Indian and African and Native American and several European backgrounds and be ‘Negro’” (2002, x). Some elements stand out from this conversation. First, we notice performativity at work (see topic 1.1.1). It is through the act of reiteration of a norm – in this case, the one-drop rule – that Daniel is interpellated into constructing his racial identity against the U.S. discourse of racial binarism. The confirmation of the discourse of the one-drop rule by his mother and his teacher performs the reiteration of the cultural knowledge of the one-drop rule. Finally, Daniel’s reasoning shows his disassociation from this knowledge. The report of Daniel’s ‘doubts’ about his racial status points to a changing perception of race in the U.S. These doubts comply with current narratives of the U.S. as moving ‘beyond
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