Estudio Lingüístico Cultural Del Árabe Palestino Actual

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Estudio Lingüístico Cultural Del Árabe Palestino Actual UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGÜÍSTICA GENERAL Y TEORÍA DE LA LITERATURA ESTUDIO LINGÜÍSTICO CULTURAL DEL ÁRABE PALESTINO ACTUAL. Tesis doctoral Presentado por Moayad Neem Sharab Dirigida por el Dr. Juan de Dios Luque Durán y el Dr. Nader Al Jallad. Editor: Editorial de la Universidad de Granada Autor: Moayad Neem Sharab D.L.: GR 760-2012 ISBN: 978-84-693-4420-0 2 Para mis padres, Para mi esposa Dedico este trabajo 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Definitivamente, Dios, mi Señor, mi Guía, mi Proveedor, mi Fin Último; sabes lo esencial que has sido en mi posición firme de alcanzar esta meta. Gracias Dios por llenar mi vida de dicha y bendiciones. Deseo mostrar mi más sincero agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas sin las cuales, este trabajo no habría visto la luz: Al Dr. Juan de Dios Luque Durán, director de esta tesis, para mi es un honor haber realizado este trabajo bajo su dirección y le estaré siempre muy agradecido porque ha dedicado su valioso tiempo a ello. Por enseñarme que no hay limites, que lo que me proponga lo puedo lograr y que solo depende de mi. Al Dr. Nader Al-Jallad, codirector de este trabajo, por su apoyo, calidez, sugerencias y confianza. Y por el tiempo que ha dedicado supervisando la elaboración de este trabajo de investigación. A los profesores del área de Lingüística General en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Granada: Antonio Pamies Bertrán; Jenaro Ortega Olivares; Alejandro Castañeda Castro, Rosario Alonso Raya y Francisco José Manjón Pozas quienes en mi primer año de estudiante de Tercer Ciclo no escatimaron esfuerzo alguno en proporcionarme de las destrezas y habilidades importantes para desarrollar esta tesis. A mis profesores en la Universidad de Jordania, Hussein Ad-dweiri e Isabel Alijo Jiménez quienes a sus manos aprendí mis primeras palabras de español. Al Dr. Sharif Kannana por animarme a seguir adelante y facilitarme el acceso a algunas de las referencias sobre las cuales se basa una parte importante de esta tesis. A la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional sin cuya beca no habría podido realizar esta tesis en España. A mi familia, especialmente mis queridos padres, por darme la estabilidad emocional, económica y sentimental para poder llegar hasta este logro, que definitivamente no hubiese podido ser realidad sin ustedes. Padre, Madre, sois siempre mi inspiración para alcanzar mis metas, por enseñarme que todo se aprende y que todo esfuerzo es al final recompensa. Vuestro esfuerzo, se convirtió en vuestro triunfo y el mío, os quiero. A mí querida esposa, Mervat Sharab, por el apoyo emocional incondicional que me proporcionó desde Palestina, por ayudarme a conseguir algunas de las colecciones paremiológicas palestinas. Te quiero. A mis queridos amigos Ali Abu Dayeh, Marc Franco Tantiña, Antoni Anaya, Ahmad Al- Batran, Muhammad Rayan, Muhammad Al-Smadi, Marina y Ahmed Fasfous, por apoyarme a lo largo de estos cuatro años. Muchas gracias a todos. 4 INDICE 5 0. INTRODUCCIÓN 9 0.1. Objetivos 11 0.2. Metodología 12 0.3. Sistema de transcripción 13 1. RELACIONES ENTRE LENGUAJE Y CULTURA 15 1.1. Concepto y definiciones del lenguaje 15 1.2. Concepto y definiciones de cultura 16 1.2.1. La cultura popular 22 1.2.2. Culturas de contexto máximo (high context cultures) y culturas de 22 contexto mínimo (low context cultures) 1.3. La relación entre lengua y cultura. Lenguaje y visión del mundo 24 2. LA CULTURA Y LENGUA ÁRABES 31 2.1. Concepto de la cultura árabe 31 2.1.1. Algunos de los valores básicos de los árabes 32 2.1.2. Como ven los árabes a si mismos y a los occidentales 33 2.1.3. Como ven los occidentales a los árabes 37 2.2. El contexto cultural palestino 38 2.2.1. Las fases de la cultura palestina según Pedro Montávez 40 2.3. La lengua árabe 43 2.3.1. El árabe clásico 44 2.3.2. El árabe estándar (el moderno normativo) 46 2.3.3. El árabe coloquial (el dialectal) 47 2.3.3.1. El árabe dialectal palestino 50 3. SOBRE EL CONTINUO LENGUA-CULTURA. PALABRAS 53 ESPECÍFICAS, PALABRAS CULTURALES Y PALABRAS CLAVE. LOS CULTUREMAS 3.1. Las palabras clave 53 3.1.1. Palabras claves de la cultura palestina 59 3.1.1.1. At-tagríbeh (la diáspora palestina) 59 3.1.1.2. La kúfiyya 60 3.1.1.3. La Intifada 61 3.1.2. Los conceptos de hálal y harám 62 3.1.2.1. Fraseologismos palestinos relacionados con el término halál 63 3.1.2.2. Fraseologismos palestinos relacionados con la palabra harám 65 3.1.3. El- šahíd (el mártir) 66 3.1.3.1. La traducción de las palabras culturales. El caso del término árabe 71 istišhádi 3.2. Los culturemas. Definición 79 3.2.1. Los criterios para delimitar la noción culturema 81 3.2.1.1. Vitalidad, figuratividad y motivación 81 3.2.1.2. Productividad fraseológica del culturema 82 5 3.2.1.3. Frecuencia de aparición en alusiones textuales, variaciones, 82 explotaciones, chistes, etc. 3.2.1.4. Complejidad estructural y simbólica 82 3.2.2. Origen y procedencia de los culturemas en la cultura árabo-palestina 82 3.2.2.1. Antigüedad clásica 83 3.2.2.2. Cultura universal 83 3.2.2.3. Islam y Corán 83 3.2.2.4. Personajes históricos árabes 84 3.2.2.5. Personajes artísticos árabes 85 3.2.2.6. Cuentos tradicionales palestinos 86 3.3. Ejemplos de culturemas en árabe 86 3.3.1. Culturemas de origen coránico 86 3.3.2. Culturemas de la cultura árabe 96 3.3.3. Culturemas árabo-palestinas 104 4. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA PAREMIOLOGÍA ÁRABE 111 4.1. La tradición oral 111 4.1.1. La tradición oral árabe 112 4.1.2. La tradición oral palestina 113 4.2. La paremiología árabe 113 4.2.1. Clasificación de los refranes árabes 114 4.3. Las recopilaciones clásicas y las recopilaciones coloquiales 115 4.3.1. Colecciones clásicas 115 4.3.2. Colecciones coloquiales árabes 118 4.3.3. Colecciones palestinas 122 4.4. Las recopilaciones de refranes en las que se basa nuestro corpus 123 4.4.1. La familia en el refranero popular palestino y árabe. 3abdul- Karím al- 123 Haššāš. 4.4.2. Los proverbios populares palestinos. 3áyed Muhammad Abu Fardah. 124 4.4.3. El compendio de los refranes coloquiales palestinos. Ismá3íl Yusuf. 124 4.5. Los refranes como representación social. 124 4.5.1. Características y definición de ‘refrán’. 125 4.5.2. La autoría del refrán. 128 4.5.3. La contradicción paremiológica. 129 4.5.3.1. La contradicción paremiológica en el refranero palestino. 130 4.5.3.1.1. Ejemplos de la contradicción paremiológica de nuestra 131 recopilación: 5. LA FAMILIA EN LA TRADICION PAREMIOLÓGICA 137 PALESTINA. 5.1. Las características de la familia palestina: numerosa, patrilineal, 138 patriarcal, endógama y patrilocal. 5.2. La solidaridad entre parientes y la lealtad a la familia como institución. 140 5.2.1 la "wastah". Una forma de solidaridad en la familia palestina. 142 5.2.1.1. Interrelación entre lenguaje y cultura. La sociedad del "wastah". 143 5.3. El reparto de la autoridad dentro de la familia palestina. 147 5.4. El reflejo de la familia en la fraseología palestina. 153 6 6. ROLES Y ESTEREOTIPOS DE GÉNERO. FEMINIDAD VS. 167 MASCULINIDAD EN EL REFRANERO PALESTINO. 6.1. Estereotipos reales. El reflejo de las mujeres en el refranero palestino. 168 6.1.1. Charlatanas y no saben guardar un secreto. 169 6.1.2. Incoherentes, desordenadas y mal educadoras 172 6.1.3. Mentirosas, lloronas y gritonas. 175 6.1.4. Malvadas, peligrosas, astutas y peores que el demonio. 177 6.1.5. Iguales que los animales 182 6.1.6. Inmorales, y sexualmente incontroladas. 183 6.1.7. Un mal imprescindible. 186 6.2. ¿Cómo deberían ser las mujeres? 188 6.3. ¿Qué es ser hombre? 191 6.3.1. Las pruebas de masculinidad en el refranero palestino. 194 6.3.1.1. El hombre preñador. 195 6.3.1.2. El hombre proveedor de la familia 197 6.3.1.3. El hombre valiente 200 6.3.1.4. El hombre generoso y hospitalario. 201 6.3.1.5. El hombre que evita ser cornudo 209 6.3.1.6. Hombre de palabra 211 6.3.1.7. Alejarse de lo femenino. 212 6.3.1.8. El hombre resistente. 215 6.4. El bigote como símbolo de hombría en la cultura árabo-palestina. Los 219 somatismos basados en las partes del cuerpo. 6.4.1. La conceptualización del bigote en la cultura palestina. 221 6.4.2. Los valores relacionados con el término bigote. 222 6.5. ¿Qué piensan las mujeres de los hombres? 227 7. LA FIGURA DE LOS PADRES EN EL REFRANERO PALESTINO. 229 7.1. La figura de los padres desde la perspectiva del Islam. 229 7.2. Los padres: parientes únicos en la cultura árabo-palestina. 230 7.2.1. Relación padre-hijo 231 7.2.2. Relación madre-hijo 232 7.2.3. Relación padre- hija 233 7.2.4. Relación madre-hija 235 7.2.5. La relación entre los hermanos. 235 7.3. La figura de los padres en la paremiología palestina. 238 7.3.1. La madre: sinónimo de piedad, amor y cariño. 246 7.3.1.1. Las madres de todos los palestinos. 247 7.3.2. La madre en el refranero palestino. 249 7.3.3. La madrastra, su nombre basta.
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