Global invasive in and its status and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

Siriporn Zungsontiporn Weed Science Group, Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, , Thailand 10900 Email: [email protected]

Summary Global invasive plant may invade in some countries, but it is not invasive plant in its native country or in range of distribution. Those plants are utilized in some means, such as vegetable, fruit, ornamental plant or medicinal plant in it native country or even it was invasive plant but people learned how to manage with that plant, they can utilize it. On the contrary way, an invasive plant of any country may not be invasive in any country else. Most of the invasive plants are intentionally introduced to a country for some purpose especially for ornamental plant. Hydrocotyle umbrellata L. was introduced to Thailand as ornamental plant, the plant can grow well and with some habit of invasive plant of this plant, nowadays the plant was found in many natural areas as weed.

Introduction Most of invasive plant in an area is alien plant which was introduced from different habitat within a country or other country across geographic barrier. Well development of transportation stimulates traveling and international trading which cause of increasing introduction of alien species. Some of introduced alien plants can establish and spread out if it can adapt itself to survive in the new habitat well. If the environment of new habitat is suitable for it growth, the plant may express it invasiveness and compete for space and nutrient with native plant which it may complete over native plants due to lack of it natural enemy in new habitat. If the invasive plant invades to new area widely it may become noxious weed in that area. In the past there were many invasive plants become noxious weeds out side it native range such as Water hyacinth, Giant sensitive plant, Pennisetum grasses. They were introduced to many countries intentionally for some purposes such as ornamental plant, erosion control, soil improvement, forage fodder.

5-1 Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status The Global Invasive Species Database which developed by Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union / Species Survival Committee (IUCN/SSC) under the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) had listed 388 species as invasive species. Among these, there are 205 plant species which are 8 algae/seaweed, 33aquatic plants, 1 fern, 26 grass, 35 herb, 2 palm, 1 sedge, 50 shrub, 27 tree, and 22 vine/climber. Among those 205 of global invasive plants 71 are exist in Thailand. They are 15 aquatic plants, 10 grasses, 6 herbs, 2 palms, 23 shrubs/trees, 13 vine/climbers and 2 shrubs/climbers. About 29 species are known as introduced plants, other are uncertain or no information about introduction. Most of the plants are utilized by some mean, ornamental plant, medicinal plant, etc. Only 10 species are weed without any utilization such as , Lygodium microphyllum, reynaudiana, Polygonum perfoliatum. Pennisetum polystachyon, P. clandestinum etc. (Table 1) Since agriculture is one of the main task of Thai population. The plants invaded in agricultural area and becomes troublesome or weed for farmer are shown in Table 2.

Case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L. H. umbellata, common name as dollar weed, a member of Apiaceae, was introduced to Thailand as ornamental plant or aquarium plant more than 10 year ago. The plant is attractive for it shiny green round leaf (Fig. 1). Since the plant can propagate easily with stem. New shoot can grow from maxillary bud and seem to be no natural enemy in Thailand. It might be weed in near future. Experiments to evaluate weed potential on this plant were conduced in 2002. They are growth of Dollar weed and competition of Dollar weed and a native plant, Centella asiaitca. The result shown that Dollar weed can grow well not only in aquatic condition but also in dry condition (Fig.2). The plant can produce new shoot from stem with young leaf if the stem was cut out from the mother plant by the cut part produce root and then can survive in the water and new branch germinate from the bud between stem and petiole (Fig 3). From 1 leaf at beginning of the experiment, the plant can grow up to 174 leaves within 141 day period. (Fig.4). The plant can compete over the native plant, C. asiatica, a member of same family (Fig.5 and Fig.6). These mean the plant has potential of weed.

5-2 Table 1. Global invasive plant in Thailand and its status

Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Ablmoschus moschatus aute toga, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi, aukiki, chamod ton, ? ? ? 25, 12 bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo musqué, gongul, Thian kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, chamot, Fai vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki phi

Acacia confusa - acacia petit feuille, boiffuring, boiffuring, formosa acacia, formosa koa, ianangi,Krathin ? ? ? ? 19 ianángi, mimosa, pilampwoia, shoshigi, shoshigi, small Philippine acacia, Taiwan soschghi, sosigi, sosigi, sosugi, sosugi, yanangi

Acacia farnesiana acacia jaune, aroma, aroma, aromo, aweet acadia, ban baburi, carambuco, Kra thin thet ? ? ? ? ? 25, 11 cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, Ellington curse, espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache dulce, kandaroma, kandaroma, klu, klu, klu bush, kolu, kolu, mimosa, mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo, Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona, Westindische akazie 5 - 3

Adenanthera pavonina bead tree, bois de condori, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, false wili Maklamton, ? ? ? ? 1, 2, 10, 9 wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, Ma klam ta lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock chang, flower-fence, peacock tree, pitipitio, pomea, red sandalwood tree, redbeadtree, Mahua segavé, telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi daeng

Alternanthera philoxeroides alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed, xi han lian zi cao phak ped ? ? ? ? ?

Anredera cordi floia 'uala hupe, anredera, enredadera del mosquito, filikafa, Gulf madeiravine, phak pang ? ? ? 1 heartleaf madeiravine, lamb's tails, Madeira vine, mignonette vine, parra de Madeira, tapau

Antigonon leptopus chain-of -love, confederate vine, coral bells, coral vine, corallita, dilngau, flores Chompu ? ? ? ? ? 21,26 ka'dena, hearts on a chain, kadena de amor, love-vine, Mexican creeper, phuang, mountain rose, queen's jewels, rohsapoak, Sandwich Island creeper phuang chomphu Ardisia elliptica - ati popa'a, shoebutton ardisia Ram yai, ? ? 25, 26 Thulang kasa

Arundo donax arundo grass, bamboo reed, cana, cane, canne de Provence, carrizo grande, O, O luang, G ? 7 cow cane, donax cane, giant cane, giant reed, narkhat, ngasau ni vavalangi, O yai Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spanisches Rohr, Spanish cane, Spanish reed

5-3 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Azolla pinnata ferny azolla, mosquito Fern, water velvet Nae daeng ? ? 17

Buddleja davidii arbre aux papillons, buddleia, butterfly bush, orange eye, summer lilac Racha wadi ? ? ? 26 muang

Cabomba caroliniana cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass, Bua Sarai ? ? A 15 Washington-grass, Washington-plant

Caesalpinia decaptetala bois sappan, cat's claw, kraaldoring, liane croc chien, Mauritius thorn, Krachai, ? ? ? 1 mauritiusdoring, Mysore thorn, puakelekino, shoofly, ubobo-encane, ufenisi, Kamchai, ulozisi, wait-a-bit Nam khong, Nam chai

Canna indica achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Phut ? ? ? ? 25, 26 Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, tharaksa, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, Bua lawong, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, Phutthason

5 oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te - 4 misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Casurina equisetifolia chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding thistle, Son thale ? ? ? ? 25, 2, plumeless thistle

Ceratophyllum demersom common hornwort, coon's tail, coon's-tail, coontail, hornwort, rigid hornwort sarai hang ? ? A 15 ma, sarai khwai, sarai phungchado

Chromolaena odorata agonoi, bitter bush, chromolaena, hagonoy, herbe du Laos, huluhagonoi, jack in Sap suea ? ? ? ? 25, 14 the bush, kesengesil, mahsrihsrihk, masigsig, ngesngesil, otuot, rumput belalang, rumput golkar, rumput putih, Siam weed, Siam-, triffid weed, wisolmatenrehwei

Cinnamomum camphora alcanfor, alcanforero, arvore da camphora, campher, camphor laurel, camphor Karabun, Op ? ? ? ? 25, 10, 14 tree, camphre, camphrier, canfora, Japanese camphor, kampferbaum, kuso-no-choei yuan ki

Coccinia grandis , ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd Phak ? ? ? ? 25, 20, 10, tamlueng 14

5-4 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Colubrina asiatica Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild coffee Khan song ? ? 25, e

Cryptostegia grandiflora India rubber vine, liane de gatope, palay rubbervine, purple allamanda, rubber Dao Pradap, ? ? ? ? 25, 26, 6 vine banburi muang

Dichrostachys cinerea el marabu, Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum Krathin hang ? ? 25, 12 kra rok

Eichhornia crassipes aguapé, bung el ralm, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal Phak tob ? ? ? ? ? ? H 25, 4, 9 kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, mbekambekairanga, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth

Elaeis guineensis African oil palm, apwiraiasi, dendê, nu tamara, palmeira-dendê, palmier à huile Pam ? P ? ? 1, 26 d'Afrique namman

5 Eugenia uniflora Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche, cerese à Mayom ? ? ? ? 26 -

5 côtes, cereza quadrada, cerezo de Cayena, cerise carée, cerise de Cayenne,

cerise de pays, cerises-cotes, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda, kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie, nagapiry, ñanga-piré, pendanga, pitanga, pitanga-da-praia, red Brazil cherry, Surinaamsche kersh, Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche, venevene, zoete kers

Gymnocoronis Senegal teaplant, temple plant Phak bung ? ? ? ? spilanthoides

Hiptage benghalensis adimurtte, adirganti, atimukta, benghalen-Liane, chandravalli, haldavel, hiptage, Nora ? ? ? ? 3, 12, 26 kampti, kamuka, liane de cerf, madhalata, madhavi, Madhavi, Madhavi, madhumalati, madmalati, ragotpiti, vasantduti

Houttuynia cordata ch'I, chameleon-plant, chu ts'ai, doku-dami, dokudami, houttuynia, vap ca, yu Phak khao ? ? ? 10, 6, 22 hsing ts'ao, yu xing cao, zyuyaku thong

Hydrilla verticillata Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed Sarai hang ? ? 15, 27, 17 krarok

Hygrophila polysperma East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed ? ? ? 15

5-5 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Imperata cylindrica alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata Ya kha G ? ? R 10, 27, 17, cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, 7 speargrass

Ipomoea aquatica akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese waterspinach, kang Phak bung ? ? ? ? ? ? 2, 27, 17, 4 kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed, water spinach

Lantana camara ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de Phaka Krong ? ? ? ? ? 25, 1, 26, espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

Leucaena leucocephala acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, Kra thin ? ? ? ? F/S 25, 22, 1,4 faux -acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim,

5 guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, -

6 kanthum thect, koa , koa-haole, lamtoro, lead tree, Leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

Ligustrum sinensis - Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, xiao la Khao tok ? ? ? ? ? 2, 26 phra ruang

Limnocharis flava cebolla de chucho, cu neo, kalmi, kengkong, keo neo, limnocharis, manja payal,talapad ? ? ? ? ? 4, 27, 17 paku rawan, sawah-flower rush, sawah-lettuce, velvetleaf, yellow bur-hea ruesi, Bon chin

Limnophila sessiliflora ambulia, Asian marshweed, limnophila, shi long wei Nang om ?

Lonicera japonica Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanisches Sai na ? ? ? 2, 10, 26 Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva phueng

Lygodium microphyllum Old World climbing fern, small leaf climbing fern, small-leaf climbing fern Li phao yung ? F ?

Melaleuca quinquenervia cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree Samet ? ? ? S 26

5-6 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Melia azedarach ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets, bakain, Lian ? ? ? ? ? ? 6, 26, chinaberry, chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, prais, pride-of -India, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili, tira, umbrella tree, white cedar

Merremia peltata abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue En luen ? ? 2, lautetele, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa

Microstegium vimineum annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass, bamboograss, Chinese packing grass, G flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass, Mary's grass, Nepal grass, Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop, Vietnamese stilt grass

Mikania micrantha American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane ? ? (?) (?) ? 27 americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu,

5 wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele - 7 Mimosa pigra bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, c olumbi-da-lagoa, eomrmidera, Miyarap yak ? ? M 17, 7, 1 espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, malicia-de-boi, mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu, semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh nu nhon, una de gato, xao ho

Neyraudia reynaudiana burma reed, cane grass, false reed, silk reed Phong lao G ? 7, 13

Paederia foetida Chinese fever vine, skunk vine, stinkvine Phang hom ? ? ? 5, 21

Panicum repens canota, couch panicum, creeping panic, kriechende Hirse, millet rampant, panic Ya ? ? 17, 27 rampant, torpedo grass, torpedograss, Victoria grass, wainaku grass channakat

Passiflora foetida bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, loliloli ni Kratokrok ? ? ? 5. 14, 27, kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, 17 passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

Pennisetum clandestinum capim-quicuio, kikuyo, kikuyu grass, kikuyu pul, kikuyu tana, kikuyugras, pasto ? ? 7 africano, West African pennisetum, xi fei lang wei cao

5-7 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Pennisetum polystachion dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata, pwokso, Ya khajonjob ? ? 17, 27 queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetu

Phoenix canariensis Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, dattier des Canaries, phoenix palm Palm khon ? P ? 26 nok

Pistia stratiotes - laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo de agua, chok ? ? ? ? 19, 17, 27 salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce

Polygonum perfoliatum Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa, mile-a-minute-vine, mile-a- Sam khom ? ? 7 minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb khiang

Potamogeton crispus curly pondweed, curly -leaved pondweed Naen Psidium guajava abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, Farang ? ? ? F 10 biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, 5

- guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, 8

jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom Pueraria montana var. abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, (?) ? ? C lobata biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Ceylon hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, feijoa, hill gooseberry,Phruat ? ? hill guava, Isenberg bush, myrte-groseille, rose myrtle Rottboellia cochinchinensis anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora, capim- Ya prong G ? 17. 27 camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian, gaho, girum nagei, khai, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass, herbe queue-de-rat, itch grass, Yakhayong itchgrass, jointed grass, Kelly grass, kokoma grass, konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed, swooate, tsunoaiashi

5-8 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Rubus moluccanus Som kung ? - ? 11

Rubus rosifolius akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Mauritius Kulap chan ? ? - raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry

Sagittaria sagittifolia arrowhead, chieh ku, chien tao ts'ao, espadana, flecha de agua, flèche d'eau, Tao kiat ? ? ? 22, 7 giant arrowhead, arrowhead, old world arrowhead, pai ti li, Pfeilkraut, pijlkruid, saeta de agua, sagitária, shui p'Ing, suokiu, t'zu ku, wapatoo, yen wei ts'ao

Sorghum halepense Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, gumai, Ya phong ? G ? F herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho, sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson

Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du sorcier, Khae saet ? ? 26 fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata

5 ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse, pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo - 9 Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi, tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon

Striga asiatica Asiatic witchweed, buri, common mealie witchweed, isona weed, Matabele Ya maemot ? Ps ? 17, 13 flower, mealie poison, mealie witchweed, red witchweed, scarlet lobelia, striga, witchweed

Syzygium cumini black plum, damson plum, djoowet, doowet, druif, duhat, duhat, faux -pistachier, Waa ? ? ? F/S 26, 14, 8 guayabo pesjua, indian blackberry, jalao, jaman, jambhool, jamblang, jambol, jambolan plum, jambolanier, jambool, jambu, jambul, jambulao, jamelao, jamelon-guier, jamelong, jamelongue, jamélongue, jamelonguier, jammun, jamoen, Java plum, jiwat, Ka'ika, kavika ni India, koeli, koriang, lomboy, lunaboy, ma-ha, Malabar plum, mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak, paramu, pesjua extranjera, pistati, Portuguese plum, pring bai, pring das krebey, purple plum, salam, va, voi rung

Tradescantia spathacea - boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket, oyster wan hoi ? ? ? ? 10, 14, 26 plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki khraeng (Rhoeo discolor Hance)

Trapa natans bull nut, European water chestnut, water chestnut, water nut ma ngaeng, ? ? ? 16 Kra chom

5-9 Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I OT Reference H S T V/C A V M O W OTH H Vallisneria spiralis eel grass, freshwater eelgrass, ribbonweed Santawa bai ? ? ? ? 15 khao

Zizania latifolia coba, jiao-bai, kuw -sun, kwo-bai, makomo, makomo dake, Manchurian water- No mai nam ? ? G ? rice, Manchurian wild rice, Manchurian wildrice, Manchurian zizania, ricegrass, Wasserbambus, water-bamboo, wild rice stem

Ziziphus mauritiana aprin, baer, baher, bahir, bedara, ber, bor, Chinee apple, Chinese apple, Phutsa ? ? ? F/S 1 Chinese date, plum, crabapple, dindoulier, dunk, dunks, dunks, gingeolier, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, jujube, jujubier, liane croc chien, ma-tan, Malay jujube, mangustine, manzana (apple), manzanas, manzanita, manzanita (little apple), perita haitiana, petit pomme, phutsa, pomme malcadi, pomme surette, ponsigne, putrea, tao, tao nhuc, widara, widara, yuyubi, yuyubo Note: I = introduced species Plant habit: 5

- H = herb, S = shrub, T= tree, V/C = vine/ climber, A = aquatic plant 10 Oth: F = fern, G = grass, P = palm, Ps = parasitic plant

Status: V = vegetable, M = medicinal plant, O = ornamental plant, W = weed Oth: A = aquarium plant, C = cover crop, F = fruit, F/S = fruit/shading, H = handy craft, M = mollusicide, R = roofing

5-10 Table 2. Some noxious weeds in Thailand Plant species Family Invaded area Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae upland field Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae upland field Commelina diffusa Commelinaceae upland field Cyanotis axillaries Commelinaceae Paddy field Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Paddy field Drymaria cordata Caryophyllaceae Upland field (highland) Echinocloa colona Paddy field and upland field Echinocloa crus-galli Poaceae Paddy field Eupatorium adenophorum Asteraceae Upland field (highland) Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Upland field Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Paddy field Fimbristylis miliacea Cyperaceae Paddy field Hyptis suaveolens Labiateae Upland field Marselia crenata Marsileaceae Paddy field and upland field Mimosa invisa Fabaceae upland field Monoclhoria vaginalis Pontederiaceae Paddy field Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae upland field Spheanoclea zeylanica Sphenocleaceae Paddy field Typha angustifolia Typhaceae Swamp and wet area Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae upland field

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Fig. 1. Hydrocotyle umbrellata L.

Fig. 2. Growth of Dollar weeds in less moist condition.

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Fig. 3. Part of Dollar weed that can use for propagation.

Fig. 4. Growth of Dollar weeds in water.

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Fig. 5. Growth C. asiatica and H. umbrellata growing in the same pot (70 days).

Fig. 6. Growth of H. umbrellata and C. asiatica growing togetherin the same pot at various ratios.for 98 days.

5-14 Dollar weed can grow well in both high and low moist compete for space and nutrient with other plant very well. In dry condition the plant produce a lot of seeds, but no seedling found in the experimental period. Pakjarurn (2002) reported that substances extracted from this plant can inhibit growth of Mimosa pigra, Echinocloa crus-galli, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Trianthema portulacastrum. This may help plant to compete other plants. To confirm the result of preliminary evaluation weed potential of Dollar weed in various places. The plant was found many swamp, pond and ditch along road side in many provinces. The plant was also found in high moist land shown ability of competition over other indigenous plants. (Fig.7)

Fig. 7. Dollar weed found in ditch along road side.

Reference Bunyaprapat, N. and Chokchaicharoenporn, O.. 1999. Medicinal Plant…Indigenous Plant (2). Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University Vol. 2-5.. (in Thai) Chayamrit. K. 1985. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.4. pp. 290- 515. Chayamrit. K. and Pongpangan, S. 2002. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.7. Deeviset, K. (ed) 1999. Indegenous Vegetable of Central Thailand. Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine. 279p. (in Thai) Deeviset, K. (ed) 1999. Indegenous Vegetable of Southern Thailand. Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine. 279p. (in Thai)

5-15 Deeviset, K., Prodthanasarn, S., Pinyochuto, J., and Noisaeng, C.. 1999. Indegenous Vegetable of Northern Thailand. Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine. 278p. (in Thai) Harada, J., Paisooksantivatana, Y., and Zungsontiporn, S.. 1987. Weeds in the Highlands of Northern Thailand : color illustrated. National Weed Science Research Institute Project, Botany and Weed Science division, Department of Agriculture. Bangkok, Thailand. 126p. Jiramongolkarn., U. 2004. Indigenous Vegetables 1. Amarin Printing and Publishing. 224p. Jiramongolkarn., U. 2004. Indigenous Vegetables 2. Amarin Printing and Publishing. 224p. Mahidol University. 1992. Medicinal Plants in Siri Ruckhachati Garden. Amarin Printing Group. Co., Ltd. 257p. Mahidol University. 1996. Medicinal Plant of Lanna Thai. Faculty of Pharmacology, Mahidol University. Amarin Printing Group. Co., Ltd.. 264p. (in Thai) Mahidol Universtiy. 1995. Siam Phaisatchayaphot : Phum Panya Khong Chati. Mahidol University. 272p. Matchasheep, S. 1993. Weeds in Thailand. Pra Pitaya Printing. Bangkok. 200p (in Thai). Matchasheep, S. 1999. Medicinal Plants. 2nd edition. Rungsilp Karnpimp. Bangkok. 316p (in Thai). Meenkarn, W., and Pongchavee, K.. 2000. Aquarium Plants. Institute of Aquarium Fish, Department of Fishery. Thailand. 123p. (in Thai) Na Nakorn, V., (ed).2002. Aquatic Plant of Bung Boraphet. Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden. O.S. Printing House. Bangkok. 132p. (in Thai) Noda, K., Teerawatsakul, M., Prakongvongs, C. and Chaiwiratnukul, L.. 1994. Major Weeds in Thailand : illustrated by color. Revised, Englarged 3 ed. National Weed Science Research Institute Project, Botany and Weed Science division, Department of Agriculture. Bangkok, Thailand.164p. Pakjarurn, W. 2002. Chemical Constituents from Hydrocotyle umbellate Linn. And Effect on Growth of Mimosa pigra Linn. MS thesis. Faculty of Science, CHulalongkorn University. 128. Phupatpongs, L. 1979. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.2. pp. 91- 184.

5-16 Phupatpongs, L. 1987. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.5. pp. 516-731. Pongpangan, S., and Poobrasert, S. 1991. Edible Plants and Poisonous Plants in Forest of Thailand. O.S. Printing House. 176p. (in Thai) Prachasaisoradej, P. 2005. Indigenous Vegetables. Department of Agriculture. 112p. (in Thai) Sripen,. S. 1999. Aquatic Plant in Thailand. Amarin Printing Group. Co., Ltd… 122p. (in Thai) The Royal Institute. 2004. Plant Kho. Arun Printing. 276p. (in Thai). TiengBuranatham, W.. 1996. Dictionary of Thai Medicinal Plants. Prachumtong Karnpimp. Bangkok. 880p. (in Thai) Veerasommai, U., Janjitilul, T., and Wongpanasin, A.. 1998. Plant Materials in Thailand. H.N. Group Col.Ltd. 631p. (in Thai). Weed Science Society of Thailand. 2002. Common Weeds of Central Thailand. Funny Publishing. Bangkok. 135p. (in Thai) Yongbunkerd, U.. 1975. Some Weeds in Paddy Field. Department of Agriculture. 62p. (in Thai)

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