NEW DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE

The 1974 Directory of American Horticulture - published by the American Horticultural Society now is available. The 119-page DlRECfORY publication is an encyclopedic Of reference work about organized horticulture ' AMERICAN presented by A.H.S. as part of its continuing effort to HORTICULTURE promote coordination and cooperation in this field. As Revised Edition the name implies, the purpose of the Directory is to tell anyone interested in any aspect of horticulture or gardening where to turn for information or assistance. The work lists professional, semi­ professional, trade organizations and plant societies, conservation organizations, garden club associations, special libraries, u.s. Government Programs in agriculture, educational programs-both degree and non-degree granting, programs in horticultural therapy and practical horticultural certification. The publication also includes state and province lists-United States and Canada; gardens, To receive your copy, garde,n centers, National, state clip or copy the order form below and mail it to and regional organizations, The American Horticultural Society, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 and other institutions listed by ...... : States and Provinces. The Please send me copy(ies) of the new 1974 Directory of American Directory lists international Horticulture. I enclose $5 for each copy which includes postage and • registration authorities and handling. useful reference publications for the serious gardener. The Name: ______. Directory of American Address: ______Horticulture not only is a practical aid, but is a must for Ci~:------both amateur and State:______Zip:. ______professional. "OUR HORTICULTURAL HERITAGE" 29th Congress of the American Horticultural Society October 9 through October 12,1974 Washington, D. C.

HIGHLIGHTS OF TENTATIVE PROGRAM

Wed .. Oct. 9 Federal Period Home and Garden tours of Historic Georgetown, Washington, D.C. , and Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia.

Thurs .. Oct. 10 Tour of George Washington's River Farm, now the National Center for Amer­ ican Horticulture. Potomac River boat ride tour and reception at Historic Mount Vernon.

Fri .. Oct. 11

Horticultural tours to Dumbarton Oaks, Hillwood Gardens and the National Cathedral. Day-long Educational Program at the U.S.D.A Research Station, Beltsville, Maryland, and tours at the National Arboretum. Annual AH.S. Film Festival and Awards banquet.

Sat.. Oct. 12

A report of the AH.S. Environmental Horticulture Symposium Hort/ U.S .: Living & Learning. Organizational sessions and educational presentations. Tours to Gunston Hall, Woodlawn Plantation and historic Pohick Church. Rare plant auction and President's banquet. Speaker of international promin­ ence to be announced.

Sun .. Oct. 13 & Mon .. Oct. 14

Post Congress tours to Williamsburg, Richmond, Charlottesville, the scenic James River area and 'colorful Skyline Drive. an editorial . . ..

Growing On

Pl antsmen know that all is well w hen their plants grow on. in thi s issue identified w ith the Hort U.S. symbol. Fin all y, So it is with ga rd en clubs, plant societies, and horti cu ltural read the summary of activities that took place during the organizations. When growth stops th ere is a problem; status Symposium. A ll of this is the groundwork for a continuing quo, horticulturally speaking, usually is sy mptomatic of some program w hi ch is developing; a program that wi ll bring sort of blight. In recent years the America n H orticultural So­ people and plants together in botanic gardens and arboreta , ciety has made phenomenal growth-more than a several­ in public parks and ga rdens, in flower shows and ga rden club fold increase in membership-and expansion continues . activities, and in everybody's house and garden. Other changes accompany this exciting burst of growth. We use our fac ilities to encourage members and fri ends of Early May saw th e ded ication of the new A. H.S. headquar­ A. H .S. to grow new and exciting plants. Who can read an ters at the beautiful River Farm at Mount Vernon, Virginia. article on Japanese maples or on Lithops without developing During those impressive ceremon ies a new term often was a craving for th ese exciting plants? Who doesn't yearn to visit heard; people spoke of the National Center for H orticu lture. flower ri ch South Africa-or at least, to grow many of those Here is a wonderfu l concept; Plant Societies have the oppor­ beautiful species in the home garden? Our planet grows tunity to use the River Farm as their national headquarters, small er daily, and we gardeners have learned how to move taking advantage of secreta ri al pools, public relations and the w hole world into our ga rd ens. A.H.S. , th e Plant Introduc­ information production serv ices and so on. Th e A. H .S. com­ tion Bureau, and simi lar organizations make this possible. puter, w ith its vast load of horticulturally related information, Out of the corn er of our eye we watch our natural areas fade is immed iately ava il ab le. Already several orga ni za ti ons are and die under the invasive onslaug'ht of "civilization." As­ studyi ng the advantages of participating in the National pects of natural history are under the aegis of other orga niza­ Center for Horticulture and so me have moved in. tions, but all horticu lturists,a mateur and professional, main­ Concurrent with the dedication of the River Farm was the tain an ac ute interest in the well-being of surviving natural Environmental Symposi um sponsored by A. H .S. and funded habitats. H ence the arti cles by the Audubon Society's Chari ie by an H . E. W. grant. Here is an importa nt branch on ou r tree. Callison and Oregon's govern or Tom McCall in this issue. Publ ic services have not, to the present, been a strong pro­ Th e Ga rd en Club of America has dedicated mu ch of its 1974 gram in Ameri can horticu lture. But in recent yea rs A.H.S. has activ ity to a study of national conservation and environmenta l been involved in nation-wide studies of urban environment activities; we have borrowed these two fine articles from two tolerant plants, in plants and landscape designs for public of their programs . . buildings, and more. The Environmental Symposium pro­ It is a wonderful thing to watch the membership of our duced a fi ne crop of new ideas to explore, ideas designed to American Horticu ltural Society zoom upwards. It is even bring more people face to face with plants. And, after all , isn't better to watch new, meaningful programs burgeon and that what a National horticultural organ ization is all about? bloom wh il e cheri shed traditional activities are maintained at Isn't it a sort of dating bureau functioning to introduce people a high level. By all means, come to the River Farm, A. H .S. and plants to each other? headquarters, the National Center for Horticu lture, for the Our readers need to review the Summer, 1974 iss ue of Congress in October. You owe yourself a view of the Na­ 2 Amer.ican Horticulturist and then read the two special articles tional Center for Horti cu lture. You are a part of it!- J.P.B. American

HCDrticulturist Volume 53 Number 3 Late Summer 1974

For United Horticulture . .. the parti cul ar JOHN PHILIP BAUMGARDT, Editor o bj ects and bu sin ess of Th e A meri ca n The American Horticultural Society, Publisher Horti cultural Soc iety are to promote and Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 enco urage nati onal interest in sc ientific O. KEI STER EVAN S, Executive Director resea rch and educa tion in horti culture in all of its branches.

AMERICAN H ORTICULTURIST is th e offi­ cial publ ication of Th e American Horti ­ IN THIS ISSUE cultu ra l Soc iety, 793 1 Eas t Bo uleva rd Drive, Alexa ndria, Virg in ia , 22308, and is iss ued in March, Jun e, Se ptember, and Dece mber of each yea r. Membe rship in 2 An Editorial th e Society automati ca lly inc ludes a sub­ 24 Dedicating A Home For Hortic ulture sc ription to American Horticulturis t and $4.00 is des ignated for this publicati on. Membershi p dues start at $15 .00 a yea r.

Refer editori al matters to: John Ph ilip Baumgardt Conservation Ameri ca n Horticu lturist P. O. Box 7163 36 Notes on Land, River, Plant and Wildlife Destruction- Charles H. Callison Kansas City, Missouri 64 11 3 41 Excerpts from an Address by Oregon Governor Tom McCall

Refer advertisin g matters to: Publ isher Services, Inc. 62 1 Duke Street Alexa ndria, Virg inia 223 14 Education Address requests fo r reprints ot art icles to Th e Amer ica n 21 Landscaping a New World-Morgan (Bil/) Evans Hort icultural Society, Mount Ve rn on, Virginia.

AMERI CAN H ORTICULTURIST is de­ voted to th e disse mination of knowledge in th e sc ience and art of growing o rn a­ Gardener's Notebook mental pl ants, fruits, vegetabl es, and re­ 16 Lithops- George Ka lmbacher lated subjects. O ri gin al papers w hich in ­ 26 Maples- J. D. Vertree c rease kn ow ledge of plant materi al s of economic and aestheti c importance are in vited . For m anu sc ript specifica tio ns pl ease add ress th e Exec utive Di rector, Mount Vern on. Virginia 22 121. HORT U.S./Symposium Replacement iss ues of AMERICAN HOR­ 4 Hort U.S.-Living and Learning-Henry M. Cathey TICULT U RIST are ava il able at a cost of 8 Gard ens at the Interface-Fred B. Widmoyer $2.50 per copy, but not beyond twelve 13 Lethal Ye llowing of Coconuts- John Popenoe and Jack B. Fisher months prior to date of current iss ue. 44 Spreading an Appreciation of Horticulture

The opinio ns ex pres sed in the arti c les which appear in AMERICAN HORTIC UL­ TURIST are those of the authors and are not necessaril y those of the Society . Th ey are presented as contributions to contem­ Sub-Tropical Horticulture porary thought. 32 Native Fl owers of South Africa-Elizabeth Sho/tz

Second class postage paid at Al exa ndria, OUR COVER PHOTO- Lithops helmutii by George ' Ka lmbacher, Brooklyn Botanic Virginia and at additional mailing offices. Garden. Mr. Kalmbacher also authored the article Lithops on page sixteen. Copyri ght © 1974 by The American Hor­ ti cultural Society. GRAPHICS : DOROTHY CHAISSON / PRINTING : GREINER-FIFIELD, KANSAS CITY, KANSAS 3 With great showmanship, Dr. Henry M. Cathey opens one of the sessions of the Hort U.S. Symposium in the ballroom of the River Farm. Spurred by Dr. Cathey's enthusiasm, dele­ gates entered into new analyses of the people-plant relationship. HORT U.S./living and learning* The symposium on " how horticul­ working session s, developing concepts ture can enhance environmental edu­ and relationships, evaluating their po­ cation" May 1-4, was sponsored by the tentials, examining work now in prog­ , American Horticultural Society under ress or completed, and packaging these the auspices Of a grant from the u.S. priorities in a written report. The goal of Department of Health, Education, and the symposium was to evaluate the Welfare. The symposium was a major state of environmental education pro­ step in a program designed to bring all grams in horticulture and to pinpoint sectors of horticulture into closer con­ information which is essential to effec­ tact with other disciplines now working tive development and functioning of on people-plant interactions. More quality people-plant programs now and than ninty participants drawn from in the future. many sectors of horticulture were in­ On May 3rd, the participants were volved in the four day session. Activi­ received at Mount Vernon by Mr. Cecil ties centered at the A.H .S. national Wall for a late afternoon tour of the headquarters, the River Farm, which mansion and gardens. The relationship serves as a National Center for Amer­ between Mt. Vernon and the River ican Horticulture. Farm was discussed. After a Colonial The participants worked in two of Dinner, the participants held an open twelve working parties; the format and discussion with Mr. Maurice Sigler direction were established in an Chairman, U.S . Board of Parole, on opening plenary session . Later sessions scarred landscapes and scarred minds. provided for exchange of ideas be­ A result of four days of work was a tween working parties, permitting gathering of creative ideas, new and *A report on th e recent A.H.S. Sym­ comparison of working parties' recom­ reoriented, with specifi c recommenda­ pos ium by Dr. Henry M. Ca th ey, Co­ mendations, and examination of the tions, outlined in succinct statements. chairman of th e Sympos ium and major recommendation of all groups. Th is product wi II be assembled in ap­ 4 A. l-rS. v ice-pres ident. Most of the four days were spent in the propriate form as the symposium re- Delegates from across the country assembled to participate in the Hort U.S. Symposium. Professional horti­ culturists, botanists, university pro­ fessors, amateur gardeners and pro­ fessional plantsmen joined forces to elucidate new ideas.

port. Synthesis of the report into a pu b­ of plant growth and human li ves, the li cation w ill require additional work American Horticultural Soc i ety re­ over several months. so lves immediately to promote revege­ The symposium was a step in a con­ tation of smal l areas made barren by tinuing process and represe nted an man, especia ll y vacant gasoline serv ice opportunity to interact and combine stations, converting them to Youthfu l the many disciplines necessary to un­ Energy Service Stations, Y.E .S.S.!, red e­ derstand and manage people-plant signed and operated by loca l people as programs. neighborhood so urces of plant mate­ Signing the Declaration, Dr. David Th e foll owing resolutions were made rials and inspi ration, a new breath of G. Leach, president of The American on May 4th: li fe. Horticultural Society leads off under the watchful eye of Co-chairman R esolved that: Th e American Horti­ Becau se of rampant technology, Cathey. Each delegate signed, in cultural Society make every effort to commerciali zation, and urbanization turn. both resolve and se rve the changing and the resu ltant artificiality, the Amer­ env ironmental need for horticu lture in ican H orticu ltu ra l Soc iety resolves to the world of today and tomorrow. Fur­ foster naturalistic ga rd en i ng, w herei n ther, that the American H orti cultural we are seeki ng ever greater sens itivity Society expend its energies in enlisting to nature's arra ngements, humble the support of the many and varied about our human concepts of tidiness, sources capable of helping us to pro­ adm iring the unasked-for blessing of vide this serv ice. weeds in a pavement c rack, and -Mrs. Pendleton Miller, peering over the fence into the wild­ Symposium Co-chairman ness of paradise, wond ering, wishing to help humanity recreate on Earth the B ecause of rapid social changes Garden of Ed en. creating p rec ipitou s env iron m enta l -John W. Brainerd, changes adverse ly affecting the quality Carden Centers Croup Leader r 5 A working group assembled in an upper hall way at the River Farm. Miss Joan Faust, garden editor for the New York Times presents a point while Mrs. Lois Paul, Director of Be it reso lved th at a cohes ive horti­ S eek guidance from di stingui shed Education at Longwood Gardens cultura ll y ori ented environmental edu­ sc ience ed ucators to secure th e most keeps a record. cation program, based on th e princi­ effective lea rning processes w hi ch may ples of th is sy mposium be brought to be integrated in th e sc hool curriculums the communities of A meri ca through in communicating th e art and sc ience reg ional represe ntati ves of A .H .S. at of horticulture, not only to children, local symposia to w hi ch leaders of youth, teachers, and administrators of community orga niza ti ons are inv ited to our A meri ca n schools, but also sim ilar pa rtic ipate. opportuni ties made avai lab le for crea­ -James M . M arti n, ti ve express ion to millions in all walks Community O rga nization of life. Group Lea der Protect the countrys ide through a new process of lea rning, w herein the Whereas th e Ameri ca n H orticul­ teacher and lea rn er see k to discover th e tura l Society is emerging as th e Na­ unity of th e myriad of interrelationshi ps t io nal Ce nter fo r H o rti c ultu re, w ith in nature and ga rd ens-through this conseq uent unique potentials and res ­ involvement elevating th e dignity of the ponsi bi I ities, th erefore be it, human sp irit. Reso lved, th at th e Ameri ca n H orti­ - Barba ra Shalu ca h, cultural Soc iety be urged to ass ume Public and Private Sc hools national responsibility for and to devise Group Lea der p ro du ct ive ways to co nt inu e and greatly augment its functi ons as (1) na­ Be it reso lved th at the Nat ional tional repos itory of all manner of horti ­ Center for A mer ica n H orticulture serve cultural informati on, (2) inventoryi ng as a cata lys t in th e establishment of such inform ation from w hatever horti­ horticultural resea rch pri oriti es, in th e cultural o r o th er sources shall be planni ng and articulation of resea rch deemed advisab le, (3) ca talyst for horti­ objecti ves and in the drafting of grant­ Symposium Co-chairman, Mrs. Pen­ dleton Miller from Seattle, Washing­ cultural endeavors requiring its pecu­ in -a id proposals fo r resea rch to meet ton, is one of the first signers of the liar ex perti se, and (4) sy nergist w ith th e edu ca ti onal needs of th e ga rdening Declaration. other o rga ni zati o ns in ho rti c ultural pu bli c. endeavors w hich should utilize th eir -Eli ot C. Roberts, joint resources and efforts toward ex­ Research Facilities Group tend ing indefi nitely the disseminati on Leader and uti I ization of horti cu Iture' s many benefits. A.H.S. shall recognize and ex­ -Barbara H . Emerson, plore the li fe enh ancing and li fe af­ Collector Gardens Group firmi ng qualities inherent in the human Leader, and Plant Societies Co­ response to plants . To thi s end, they 6 leader wi ll initiate and implement throughout One of the skull-rattling sessions, in which delegates to the Symposium divided into small working parties to tackle a particular proposition. Here, Mrs. Barbara Emerson chairs a ses­ sion. the cou ntry programs demonstrati ng achiev in g th e goals of Hort U .S. and to this positive i nfl uence of horticu Iture. develop agend as for such meeti ngs th at A.H.S. shall further pledge itself to con­ will res ult in acti vities bein g developed tinue this effort until all poss ible appli­ th at will achieve th e goa ls of Hort U.S. cations of People-Plant rel ati onships - W ayne H. Sc himpff, are known and utilized. Yo uth and Adult Orga nization -Charles A. Lewis, Group Leader The Disadvantaged Group Leader Declaration: May 4th As a fin al act of th e sy mpos ium, each of Public gardens are to be a commu­ th e parti cipants signed his name to th e nicator of horticulture to the public at fo ll o win g D ecla rati o n: Dr. D av id the public's level. Leach, p res ident, A. H .5. and Mrs. Pen­ Public gardens are to work in th e dleton Miller, Co-chairmen of th e En vi­ field of changing human beh avior pat­ ronm ental Horti culture Co mmittee terns in horticu Itural awaren ess. were th e f irst to sign. Public gardens are to stress involve­ ment education in se tting the stage for HORT U.S./LIVING AND LEARNING self-discovery of horticultural experi­ * ences and to promote spaced repetition AN ENVIRONMENTAL SYMPOSIUM of successively advancing horticultural SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY experiences. through a grant from the Public gardens are to en c ourage DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE plant appreciation in the total environ­ ment as well as in the garden setting. We, the undersigned, gather at the River Farm to pose, debate -Russell J. Seibert, and identify questions of person-plant symbiosis in the belief Public Gardens Group Leader that our environmental quality standards may be raised , our social well-being improved and our educational vitality in­ creased. The A.H.S. should develop the ra­ tional and the selling techniques that We believe the positive influences of horticulture need to be can be used and understood by lay­ identified as a basic factor to insure the physical and psycho­ logical well-being of the American people now in the future. men, skeptics, and the overextended in answering the question of why I or my We propose the creation of practical policies in building hab­ organization should support the imple­ itat and instructional programs to bring horticultural ameni­ mentation of Hort U.S. ties to our educational systems.

National Center for American Horticulture The A.H.S. should schedule peri­ George Washington's River Farm odic meetings at River Farm to which it Mount Vernon, Virginia invites various audiences that have May 4,1974 been identified as key faci I itators in 7 A very limited number of examples are given from the gardens and arboreta supporting the Amer­ ican Association of B otanical GaN/ens and Arboreta. To all the public and private gardens we owe a great deal for their contributions to knowledge, beauty, and an improved environment.

Gardens at the Interface

Fred B. Widmoyer*

Today, the masses are raising their voices to dispute the type of progress that leads to environmental catastrophe. Everywhere we turn, the media is cautioning us that Doomsday cannot be far removed unless we reduce our daily require­ ments. But how many of us are willing to eliminate progress? Our forefathers didn't fish polluted streams or worry about air that wasn't fit to breathe. But neither did they have automobiles, televisions, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, or enough leisure to litter the countryside. With the inevitable move­ ment of time and progress, change has come to our country that, not so very long ago, was untouched, virgin land. Awareness of these environmental changes has been a characteristic of ar­ boreta and botanical gardens throughout their recorded history. The ear ly gar­ den s, planted by the ancient Greeks and Romans, were primarily pharmaceu­ ti ca l in purpose. Later gardens, developed by the nobility and aristocracy, were mainly for display and personal edification. At that time, botanical gardens represe nted plant coll ections from many areas of the world . Only in recent years have so me of these gardens become important contributors to our modern knowledge about plants. Sti ll later gardens were developed at universities for research and educational purposes, primarily for their taxonomic and other botanical uses . From these beginnings, arboreta and botanical gardens have undergone a * Professor and H ead, Department of metamorphosis from traditional, living museums where pl ants are labeled for Horticulture, New Mexico State Uni­ edu cational research activities to gardens with people involvement. versity, Las Cruces, New Mexico 8 In response to these changes, th e America n Association of Botanical Gardens 88003 Botanic Gardens and Arboreta often contain special collections assembled at great cost by dedicated individ­ uals. Shown is a small corner of the great Gotelli Dwarf Conifer Collec­ and Arboreta, in 1940, launched itself as an independent organization repre­ tion featured in the U.S. National senting gardens throughout the Western Hemisphere. The A.A.B.G .A. has served Arboretum in Washington, D.C. as a sounding board for its members whose various programs have led to the support and education of people interested in modern day problems. Garden administrators throughout the world are cognizant of their communities' envi­ ronmental needs. Professional horticulturists have long recognized the contribu­ tions plants make to environmental well being. Within the past few years, the general public has awakened to some of these attributes. Th@ Arnold Arboretum, the oldest consecutively operated arboretum in the United States, has experienced considerable changes in educational activities. Horticulture, which was once about as popular as R.O.T.C , is now in demand. Requests for formal courses have come not only from students but also from staff and townspeople alike. Harvard students organized a " Green Committee" to improve their campus' appearance. One student prepared the first modern map survey of the campus plantings. Popular classes at the various arboreta have had a much heavier enrollment, nationwide, for their environmental, ecology-ori­ ented presentations. Many arboreta, in order to increase understanding of the value of trees, have involved people in th e garden's activities. When citizens understand horticulture and botany, plants and trees, they join in promoting wider use of plaints and trees as urbanization continues to expand at the expense of meadows, wood­ lands, and open spaces. Arboreta and botanical gardens, through their educational endeavors, attempt r 9 to teach the value of plants. Some gardens have offered assistance by training teachers of all levels. Many teachers have also availed themselves of the con­ sultant services offered by arboreta and botanical gardens. Some have enrolled in garden-sponsored, non-credit courses. Cooperation with universities and col­ leges has produced programs at the Morton Arboretum, Norfolk Botanical Gar­ den, Callaway Gardens, Cornell Plantations, Los Angeles Arboretum, and many others which exemplify the close working relationship between people inter­ ested in modern, innovative plant uses. In the past few years, gardens have been continually updating their educa­ tional, public service, horticultural, and research programs to make them of direct benefit to the greatest number of people. The A.A.B.G.A., in 1965, helped lay the foundations for a computerized Plant Record Center. Ten arboreta and botanical gardens financed the preliminary studies. After two years of data collecting and analyses, the program was judged successful and enlargement feasible. At that time Longwood Foundation awarded a multi-million dollar grant to the American Horticultural Society to expand and pursue this study. Today, the major garden records are computerized. This computer bank makes it pos­ sible to learn results of plant trials at these institutions. Not only are successes available, but also information on those plants that met their demise. Much of the early horticultural therapy was begun by members of the A.A.B.G.A. The Menninger Foundation has long been recognized for its contri­ butions in the field of occupational therapy as it relates to horticulture. Confer­ ences along these lines are held on the Michigan State University campus. Today, there is a resurgency of interest in this approach to therapy and Kansas State University has initiated a degree program in horticultural therapy. Recog­ nizing that arboreta and botanical gardens should be available to all, many institutions provide representative gardens for the blind and other handicapped individuals, such as gardens for touch and smell. Most, if not all, arboretum and botanical gardens consider their primary func­ tion to be one of education. Whether it be for youths or adults, this education takes many forms which have evolved from experiences oT the community in which the garden exists. Of late, considerable interest in the use and develop­ ment of American native plants has been in evidence. Through educational endeavors, considerable botanical, horticultural, and even specialized training has been offered under the auspices of botanical gardens and arboreta. It is up to the professionals to persuade the public that arboreta and botanical gardens playa vital role in environmental protection and conservation while serving as sources of specific information. Garden walks, nature trails, indoor and outdoor conferences, and special seminars have been methods of conveying this knowledge. Garden telephones have been even busier than usual with questions from the public. More recently some of the gardens have been producing educational films concerning their gardens and emphasizing aspects of history, information, and " how-to-do-it. " As more people become urban apartment dwellers there is an increasing demand for information on utilization of plants in their particular environment. To meet this need, many gardens have added investigations of slow-growing, dwarf, herbaceous plant materials for urban agriculture to their research efforts. Botanical gardens have also attempted to overcome misleading and near­ fraudulent advertising which takes advantage of novice gardeners. These gardens 10 offer a reliable source of information about hardiness, growth rates and habits of plant materials. This ca n be vitally important to those seek ing to maintain and upgrade their surroundings . Those gardens wh ich currently include natural, ecologica l areas find themselves under pressure from all sides . It is not unthink­ able that these ga rdens may one day have the only undeveloped land in their communities. It takes many years to recreate or redevelop lost areas. En su ing generations may miss the great educational opportunity of open lands and ma­ tu re plants. As gardens grow, perso nnel, operating funds, and land quickly become limiting factors. Th is coul d be compared to the garages of the 1920's and th e 1974 automobil es . Much of the initial eva lu ation of pollution effects on plants was done by arboretums and botani ca l gardens. Stud ies have been made on how plants ca n reduce the effects of air pollutants on humans and how plants ca n reduce the hazards of modern living such as highway safety, erosion, fire control, and the effects of so li d waste utilization for horticultural product purposes. A lthough there is some duplication of effort between gardens, many specialize in plant collections w hich are adapted to their geographic and climatic area . Some gardens, in conjunction with seg ments of state and federal governments, have sponsored explorations to other countries in a search for new plant mate­ ri als that might be adaptable to urban planti ng. Domestic explorations have given us many suitable new plants, especial ly from areas of the Northwest and the Northeast. Outstanding native plant coll ections are maintained by many gardens. In genera l, many of the horti cultural plants of any consequence, either for beauty or for food, have been introd uced to this continent. Plant breeders have used the source of germ plasm provided by these coll ections in improving good varieties w ith insect and disease resistance. Eva luations of disease resis­ tance has been a primary objective for several gardens. These new plant types reduce the necess ity for pesticide use. In so me cases, plants more adapted to the envi ronment have resulted. Some of the newer plant se lections can tolerate ai r pollutants and actually improve the ai r for human beings. The changing orientation and planting programs of botanical gardens and arboreta have been in process much longer than the current environmental crazes. Herbaria have been relegated to those gardens speciali zing in taxonomy and serve as a fountainhead of inform ation to other ga rd ens, wherever they may be. Some arboreta and botanical gardens engage in in-depth research, but the majority serve as cultural institutions representing the art and science of horticul­ ture and gardening. Most of the gardens are developing programs and plantings that can be enjoyed by the visitors with varying backgrounds. Demonstration gardens, workshops, and lectures are nothing new. They have occupied a great deal of staff time and money for a number of years. Although we do not necessarily place an ecology label on the garden's programs, they certainly reflect a marked concern for understanding of the environment. Arboretums and botanical gardens have now expanded th eir services to help solve urban, suburban, and intercity problems. Through education on the proper plant use, man, in a landscaped environment, can enjoy a better phys ical and mental health. People become more knowledgeable about plants and can select those which are more adaPlable to their surroundings. The environment must include more than brick and stone. It must incorporate such important factors as diversity, provision for movement, pleasantness, and relationship with its com­ ponents, including the people themselves. Our gardens playa significant role at the interface where the interests of the biologist, ecologist, conservationist, engi­ neer, and landscape architect come together in land development. ~ 11 Coconut palms with various stages of the lethal yellowing 12 Photos furnished by Authors . disease. Research Conference Report:

Lethal Yellowinq of Coconut~

John Popenoe and Jack B. Fisher*

Back in the year 1955 reports time on Key Largo, 100 mi les from ca me from the so uthernmost city in Key West and in 1971 dying palms Florida, Key West, that coconut were observed in Coral Gables on palms were dying from so me un­ the Florida mainland. Si nce then the known blight. Since the coconut disease has sp read un checked in the was al most the trademark of th is is­ Miami area and more than 15,000 land commun ity, labeling it as a palms on the mainland have died. truly tropica l island, great alarm was In Cora l Gables a further ominous sp read and the State Department of situation ha s occurred. Hundreds of Agricu lture was ca ll ed in to find out pa lms of the species Veitchia merril­ what was happening. Iii, the Christmas palm or Manil a It was decided quickly that the pa lm, have died and many fine Fiji blight killing th e coconut palms was Island fan palms of the genu s Prit­ the same as, or simil ar to, th e ch ardia have also died under cir­ dreadful letha l ye llowing disease of cumstances lending to th e beli ef that coconuts that had been reported they are being killed by the same from Jama ica around 1891 . No cure disease. had been fou nd for the disease and Scientists in other countri es have in spite of attempts to control it so me see n the same type of progression of 15,000 coconut palms were killed in this disease or one very similar to it. Key West during th e succeeding ten Many of the islands of the West In­ years . dies have th e di sease and a disease Fortunately, experience i n Ja­ in Togoland, Ghana, and N igeri a in maica had shown that the Dwarf West Africa appears to be the same Malay va ri eties of coconut were as letha l yell owing. highl y resistant to the disease and consequently thou sa nds of seed nuts Signs of Disease of th e resista nt va ri eties were im­ One of the first'signs that this dis­ ported from Jamaica for replanting ease has infected a coconut palm is in Key West. the premature dropping of you ng Meanwhile the disease seemed to nuts from the pa lm. Most of the have run its course in Key West. fallen nuts wi ll have brown or black Some twenty-five per cent of the areas near th e stem end. original plantings escaped and the A second and very important Dwarf Malay coconuts began symptom is that the next inflores­ growing to replace the lost palms. cence that breaks th rough the spathe In 1969 a new outbreak of the wi ll be blackened at its tip and no *Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, disease occurred in the Keys, this nuts w ill set on this infloresce nce. r Florida 33 756 13 disease occurred to areas w ithout the disease. In 1972, the University of Florida set up a research program at their Agricultural Research Center in Fort Lauderdale to study the disease. Dr. R. E. McCoy, plant pathologist, was named to start a resea rch program. Meanwhile a newcomer to South Fl orida, Mrs. Murray McQuaid, was dismayed to find the coconut palms dying all around her new home in Coral Gables w hich she moved into a little more than a year ago. She ca lled together a group of cititens and formed them into th e Save the Palms Committee. Many of the loca l members of the Palm Society worked with her and she made trips to state, cou nty and city govern­ mental m eetings to educate our elected officials on the subject of Healthy and diseased specimens of the Christmas palm (Veitchia merrillii). lethal ye ll owing, the distress that it was caus ing the taxpayers, and the need to do something about it. Due to the efforts of Mrs. McQuaid and h er com mittee additional funds Further inflorescences, if they ap­ pending on it for food, shelter, and a were appropriated by the State of pear at all , will be all black. li velihood, the continued spread of Fl orida for the University of Fl orid a Th e third major sy mptom is yel­ the disease coul d cause untold Agricu ltural Research Center in Fort lowing of the leaves wh ich usually misery. Lauderdale to expand the research occurs after the darkened inflores­ In Florida th e spread of lethal yel­ program on lethal yellowing. cences appear. The older leaves turn lowing of the coconut has arou sed Mrs. McQuaid ' s activities also yell ow first, followed progressively the public in a way that few other resulted in a research sy mposi um on by the you nger leaves. Leaves that things cou ld . During the first in c i­ letha l yell owing held at the Fairchild die prematurely will cling to th e dence of the disease in Key West Tropica l Garden in September, palm rather th an falloff as normal there was a public outcry for so me­ 1973 . Funds were solicited from the leaves do. Usually the la st leaf to die thing to be done. This resulted in th e Tourist Development Authority of will be the spear leaf in the crown initiation of resea rch by the State Miami Beach w ith the result that it and it will die along with the vegeta­ Department of Agriculture and the was poss ible to bring scientists to­ tive bud at its base. Eventu all y the importation of thousands of resistant gether from many parts of the world top of the palm will fall away seed nuts. w ho were working on this disease. leaving nothing but the trunk which When the disease struck in the Th e li st of participants to the sym­ may resemble a telephone pole. Miami area w here millions of posium was impressive. Dr. L. people cou ld see the devastation Chi arrapa came from the United Significance of Yellowing Disease there was even more concern . Th e Nations Food and Agriculture O r­ Thi s is the story of the disease but State Department of Agriculture and ganization in Rome and reported on no disease is of much importance the University of Fl orida immedi­ the work done on this disease in unless it affects people in some way. ately stepped in to lea rn more about West Africa. Dr. R. F. Whitcomb Th e story of the people affected by the disease and try to find a way to from the U.S. Department of Agri­ lethal ye ll owing is both pathetic and control it or at least stop its sp read. cu lture in Beltsv ille, Maryland, dis­ exciting. This disease has devastated Money was appropri ated by the cussed diseases closely related to millions of coconut palms in areas State, by the County and by th e City leth al yell owing of coconut, w hat is w here they are of major economic of Coral Gables to help in remova l known about them and w hat are the importance. Since the coconut is of dead palms. A quarantine was set agents that sp read these diseases. one of the major crop plants of the up so that no coconu t palms would Dr. M. V. Parthasarathy of Cornell 14 world w ith millions of people de- be moved from the areas where the University showed pictures of the organism that is presumed to cause Stud ies in both Jamai ca and Florida the disease . Th ese pi ctures were show that at least temporary remi s­ taken through an electron mi cro­ sion of th e sy mptoms ca n be ob­ scope at Corn ell and showed a tained by treatment with the anti­ mycoplasma-like organ ism in three biotic, T erram yci n. Although this species of palm, th e coconut, the treatment is expensive and not Christmas palm, and th e Fiji Island rea dily avai lab le at th e present, it is fan palm. A ll of the material had hoped that a newly developed treat­ been collected in Miami from dis­ ment using a pi ll pushed into a hole eased palms. Th e organism was not bored in th e trunk of the pa lm w ill found in healthy palms. be both effective and economica l. Dr. P. B. Tom linso n from Harvard Thi s wou ld make it poss ib le for the University led a disc uss ion on th e homeowner to treat hi s own pa lm s basic structure of palms and Dr. M . at minimal cos t. Treatment must be H. Zimmermann from H arvard and made before many leaves have yel­ Dr. J. A. Mi lburn from the University lowed on the coconut to be effec­ of Glasgow, U.K. discussed translo­ tive. cation in pa lms. Besides th e " Dwarf Malay" va ri e­ From Jamaica interestin g t alks ties mentioned ea rl ier others see m to were given by D . H . Romn ey, have so me res ista nce. Mr. H arri es director of Research for the Coconut reported on tests of many va ri eties in Industry Board, H. C. Harries from Jamaica. In these Jamaica tests sev­ his staff, Dr. Peter Hunt from the eral va rieties such as the " Panama Universi ty of the West Indies, Dr. M. Tall " have been about fifty percent Schuilding from F.A.O. (U nited Na­ resista nt, that is about half the pa lms tions), and Dr. C. G. Johnson and die w hile the others survive. Hope­ Dr. S. Eden-Green from a British fu ll y additiona l res istant va ri eti es government team. w ill also be found in Florida. A group from the University of The most encou ragi ng develop­ Florida including Drs. D. A. Roberts, ment has been the public awareness J. A. Reinert and R. E. McCoy, pre­ of lethal ye ll owing and the wide sented reports of their work and re ce ption or even demand for the George Gwin from the Florida State re sista nt vari eties. More than Department of Agriculture gave a 250,000 res istant seed nuts have talk on the history of lethal ye l­ been brought in from Jamaica. Th ese low ing in Florida. Dr. Jack B. Fi sher are being w idely distributed and of the Fairc hild Tropi ca l Garden planted and this number compares organized the symposium. very favorably w ith the estimated After the sympos ium representa­ total of some 500,000 coconut tives of the news media and inter­ palms in south Florida. With all of ested groups wanted to know imme­ the publicity fo r the coconut and th e diately if the problem was so lved enthu siastic support of the genera l and, if not, how soon cou ld they population, South Fl orida may end expect to have a good control for the up with more coconut palms after disease. Unfortunately the problem the blight has run its course than it is not so eas ily so lved. A major con­ had before! tribution was the establishment of an The extent to which this disease International Council on Lethal Yel­ kills other species of palms will soon lowing which will promote and co­ be put to a thorough test. So far only ordinate collaborative efforts of re­ a few specimens of coconut have searchers in various countries. shown symptoms of the disease at Like our American chestnut blight the Fairchild Tropica l Garden, but in this disease appears to be one that this Garden is the world's largest will run its course through the co­ collection of palms and they un­ conut palms of south Florida. Fortu­ doubtedly will all be exposed to the nately there is more hope for coco­ disease. Time will tell if additional nuts than for the American chestnut. species are susceptible. ~ 15 Lithops karasmontana.

George Ka/mbacher*

For a great many people, ac­ fleshy leaves facing each other, but quaintance with the genus Lithops joined to make one apparent body impels the imagination to high levels with usually a shallow cleft between of wonderment and awe. For some, the two at the top. In nature these the fascination becomes fervent and bodies are buried in the ground with' lasting. Without question these tiny only the ornamented surfaces products of evolution which are showing. In times of increasing found in the great Orange River drought, shrinkage of body volume Basin of South Africa present one of may cause them to be covered with *Brooklyn Botanic Carden, 7000 the most intriguing aspects of plant blown soil. When the rains come Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New life. they wi II fatten, push up and have 16 York 17225 They consist of two small very flowers. The su~faces are in the na- ture of an inch across, and the out­ gasses and moistu re, winds would "ch lorophyll gree ns" the necessary line as viewed from above is more or wisk away the moisture that is in­ chloroplasts contai ning necessa ry less elliptical. volved in the phenomenon ca ll ed chlorophyll are aptly hidden in side Lithops are to be fou nd in a part of transpi ration, and thus ca use dryi ng. the plant body. These cell s are far the world most inhospitable to plant Cells th at contain bundles of mi­ back in the plant at the walls. A few I ife. Strong wi nds, intense heat, low croscopic very long need le- like ob­ species have transparent tops for the humidity and low rainfall are the jects ca lled raphides occur nea r the sun to pass through, but typically the factors that form th e physical envi­ top of the plants. It is likely that they tops are patterned into intri cate ronment of these plants, and it is the ca use the dispersal of light that complexes affording large and small remarkable complex of adaptations strikes them into a so rt of disorgani­ areas for entry of su n li ght into the to this environment that make them sa tion, and thu s greatly red uce the plant. Th ese complex ities of form the unique plants that they are. Be­ incident strength of what li ght and color excite our se nse of design sides, they must possess characteris­ reaches the plant. Th ese crysta ls and become the big interest of those tics that make them safe from animal consist of calcium oxalate. w ho fo llow through with an attach­ appetites. Not only are the Lith ops sub­ ment to this form of strange wonder. In stru c ture they are basically, merged in the ea rth in intimate The flowers which develop when when flourishing, two water-gorged companionsh ip, but also their ap­ the an nu al rains take place look like leaves forming a compact body, pearance so resembles the colora­ tiny daisies, but are single flowers, whose water-storing capac ity ap­ tion of the particular earth materials w hereas in the daisy (Composite) proaches the max imum poss ible in where they grow th at they are ex­ family what looks like a single proportion to a total su rface that tremely difficult to see, very often flower is a very compact cluster of must face the heat of su nand so i I. even when searching for them. The usuall y many flowers, and is called a Another reduction is the telescoping soi ls and rocks, according to loca­ " head." Opening up in the after­ of a stem, making a plant of only tion, may be granite, quartz or lime­ noon, they are generally white or leaves and roots. And when dormant sto ne. The design may involve two yellow, but so metimes orange. Ac­ or inactive, th e roots dry up! or more colors. Lith ops, meaning cording to species they vary in width

L. marmorata. L. lesliei var. venteri. L. vallis-mariae.

Protection from sun is afforded by " like stones" isa handso mely apt from a maximum of one and five an epidermal layer that is thick, appellation. This camouflage pre­ eighth's inches to a minimum (rare) tough and waxy. The top is without serves their continuity on the land­ of one-third inch, but probably most stomata, and the whole surface scape. For animals they can supply are in the neighborhood of one inch. serves to help conserve the water food and water if discovery were Width of petals varies-they are content of the plants. Protection easy, but Lithops are so well fortified parallel sided and range from long from strong wi nds that are a natural with a \\minus" appearance that and slender to somewhat broader. In feature of their environment is af­ outwits the hunting capacity of ani­ the center is a column of numerous forded by the placement of stomata mals, they are safe from such depre­ stamens. In proportion flowers are on the buried walls. Since stomata dation. very large and may cover the single ,.. are the exterior-i nterior passages for Since rocks and earth have no unit from which they arise. ( 17 Th e intri cate dry capsule that in its various habitats. His findings has brought back with him the soil holds the seeds is small, and like the and report were published in due and rock matter in which each of his res t of th e capsules of the family is time. specimens was growing, and has unique in the world of plants. It is The illustration of a longitudinal plants reestablished in trays as he divided into four to seven closed cross-section ·shows the short stem found them. As exactly as he could, compartments, so constructed that uniting the club-shaped leaves of the he has in effect, mounted a living when a raindrop hits a compartment figure. The dark upward lines in the museum of Lithops. I was his guest its hygroscopic nature causes a lid to leaves are part of the vascular in 1967 and it was at that time that I quickly lift up and to one side, and system. Small roundish bodies are took the slides of this article of plants thus expose numerous very tiny large cells of water storage. The not in flower, to record the patterns. seeds. When it dries the lid goes figure of the top of Lithops insularis The vagaries inherent in the genus back into place and preserves the shows many dark spots that were has produced some disagreements seeds still inside until the next rain­ found by Professor Dugdale to be among the authorities over the past fall , which might be a year or more tann i n-beari ng cells (idioblasts). In sevElral decades in matters of tax­ later. discussing th ese cells in a letter, Pro­ onomy and nomenclature. At pres­ The first Lithops to be recorded fessor Dugdale writes " Lithops are ent, Professor Cole has the advan­ was found by Burchell in 1811 and characterized by large cells con­ tage of living in South Africa and is now called Lithops turbiniformis. taining a solution of tannic acid. thus being in the field. His astute Burchell reports: " On picking up During most of the growth cycle this comprehension, culminating in a from the stoney ground what was is a colorless fluid, but with the with­ recent revision of the genus, makes supposed to be a curiously shaped ering of the old leaves, the tannin him the one to be considered the pebble, it proved to be a plant." He solution solidifies into either a solid leader. He has reduced the number drew a sketch from which Haworth or a granu lar mahogany-colored of species to thirty-seven, which rep­ described and named the plant bo­ mass." The function of these cells is resents a defi n ite consol idation and tanically. It was not until 1908 that a still not definitely understood. reduction to synonomy from what

L. gesinae. L. verruculosa. L. bromfieldii var. insularis.

Tannin cells of top of L. bromfieldii var. insularis. Photo by Cheste, Dugdale. second species was found and Foremost among the researchers named. Between 1920 and 1933 in Lithops is Professor Desmond T. ,... 0 -:... _. large numbers of species were dis­ Cole, Professor of Bantu Languages • • 0. I • • .'• 0. ••• covered. at the University of Witwatersrand, ~ .' .... . ,. 0 • .-_ _# - 0 - ...... Little was done in anatomical re­ Johannesburg, South Africa . Pro­ ' .. '.' .• • o .: ':t , • search on Lithops until about 1966, fessor Cole with the able help of his .. .-... -".0....0··· .-. '.'._ · when Professor Chester B. Dugdale, wife, Naureen Cole, has made var­ . . -...... ' : -. .. ' .. professor of Biological Science at ious excursions to study and collect " ...... ' Fairlei gh-Di c kinson University, and has establ ished a " I ithoparium" • ".. '. '., .. '.. .•. .~ Rutherford , New Jers ey, went to at his home for growing and study­ "t• • , • • 18 South Afri ca and studied the genus ing his specimens. He methodically or river sa nd is all that is needed. In Growing Lithops presents usua lly the Brooklyn Botanic Garden we no difficulty. Stop waterin g mature have germi nated them in one part p lants from approxi m ately De­ each of sa nd, peat and so il, and they cember 1 st to April 1 st. This is the ca me along " li ke weeds." The resting period. Sta rt watering every who le mi xture should be put two weeks from about the beginning through a screen w hi ch can be fine of Apri l; grad uall y increase water or rather coarse. appli cations to about once a week, Pots 2% to 21f2 inch or larger ca n continuing from about the Middle of be used. First fill the pot three-quar­ May through September. Then taper ters fu ll of coarse drainage materials, off. If your water supply is hard, see and over thi s put the sc reened that more water ru ns out from the sifting. Seeds are very fine, so they bottom of the pot than is retained, in should rest practica ll y on th e surface. order to leach out the inso luble sa lts. Two m atters are here very In the cu ltivation of Lithops a very important-for about a year seed ­ important necessi ty is ventilation. lings must never become dry, and Set up a small fan to keep the air warmth and sunlight must be pro­ about the p l ants moving. In the v ided to get th em up and on their summertime, when things should be way. A dried-out Lithops seed ling going along smoothly, a period of can not be revived . They need plenty muggy weather may come on or of water. Pots may be placed in pans there may not be any su n for a week Shows water-storing cells; new leaves of water. This eliminates poss ib le or ten days. When this happens hold growing from stem ; vascular bundles. disturbance to germi nating seed lings back on the water. It is at such a time L. helmutii. Photo b y Chester Dugdale. if watered from overhead. when the fan w ill be most va luab le

L. werneri. L. localis. L. pseudotruncatella.

has been thought to consist of more Given enough light and moisture, by modifying the effect of danger­ than twice as many species. seeds will germinate with high per­ ously high humidity. Th e us e of centage any time of year and will do dehumidifiers and air-conditioners Home Culture so very quickly. If the temperature is makes for ideal conditions. Growing Lithops from seed is not arou nd 600 F. and pots are covered The planting mix should be very at all difficultr and since seedlings with glass, seedlings come up in one loose and when dry, flow from the flower in three or four years, so me­ or two days, and under other condi­ hand. When put into a pot with a times in two, growing them from tions will be only a few days in plant or plants water shou Id sta rt to seed can be a most pleasurab le oc­ coming up. Bottom heat should be come out from the bottom in a cupation. One part each of good avoided as this will slow up germi­ second or so . When rolled in the ga rden soi I and clean bu i Iders' sand nation. hand, the feel of it should be gritty. Ari9 L, turbiniformis .. L. hallii. L. lesliei var. mariae.

good mix looks good and feels good. new world of our northern homes logs, so they drain well after heavy A typical mixture is : 3 parts good and greenhouses. They adjust re­ rains. His collection of more than garden topsoil, 2 parts builders' markably and are easily grown, if a thirty species has thrived, sum­ sand, 1 part pea-sized perlite or few fundamental rules are observed. mering outdoors, for more than ten builders' 3fs in. gravel, and a bit of Several years ago, Frank Bowman years. leaf-mould or peat-moss. Bird gravel of our gardening staff was given AI Kuehn of the New Jersey or pea-sized aquarium gravel can be some Lithops without any guide­ Cactus and Succulent Society tells used in place of builder's gravel. lines about their culture. In the be­ me that in the wintertime his plants When mixing dry, the perlite should ginning, had he asked local Lithops indoors have been kept as low as 28 b@ soaked for a little while pre­ growers about the possibility of degrees F. and that that degree of viously. growing them outdoors in summer cold when the plants are perfectly Another way to prepare a mix is to the response would have been dry has done his Lithops no harm. sprinkle with water while adding the " That's not the way to grow In certain areas of Mexico and our various materials. Mix thoroughly Lithops." Today Frank says " I put neighboring Southwest it is possible and water until a batch can be taken my Lithops outdoors in the sun and to grow Lithops outdoors all year. in the hands and pressed into a ball forget about them. Let the sun beat In Sierra Vista, Arizona, near Bis­ that wi II cohere and not fall apart. down, let the rain fall-they firm up, bee, Mr. James Robi n has an outdoor As strange as they are, and their color heightens, and they look garden of Lithops . He started coming into a different environment greaf'That's having a Lithops collec­ growing them there eighteen years not at all like the original habitat, tion with little summer effort. Frank ago and has found that his climate is Lithops surprisingly thrive in their places his pots on top of stumps and ideal for them. ~

L. meyeri. L.fulleri. L. julii. 20 Th e land use debate continues. H ow much virgin or relatively undisturbed land can be sacrificed for development? How much agricultural land can be given up for people to li ve on or to play on? Florida's unique sub-tropical swamps, swamps, forests, and grasslands with th eir highly specialized plant and animals have been especially beset. Natural areas have been converted to agricultural land and then developed for housing and for recreation. There have been major battles over an airport complex, a waterway, and oth er commercial developments. The dollar­ conscious Florida government pushes development with little regard for natural resources. Various Federal agencies, Large, elevated planters throughout Magic Kingdom accomodate flowers and dependent on new projects to mature trees, including Magnolia grandiflora, Prunus caroliniana, Ligustrum ja­ maintain their bureau cratic status, ponicum and others. Planters can accomodate root system of trees as mature as continue to push for further twenty years. An irrigation system is built in and automatically provides water inroads in undevelop ed wilderness for fifteen minutes daily during early morning hours. A vertical drainage system areas of Florida. utilizes a dry well. All such planters are located over compacted earth roughly equivalent to concrete from a drainage standpoint. Landscaping a New World

Morgan (Bill) Evans *

Not all developers are without When an nouncement was made, in 1965, of the conscience when it comes to acquisition of 27,400 acres in central Florida for the developing virgin areas. The creation of Walt Disney World, engineers, advance following story, told by the Walt planners and Disney e.cologists were already involved . Disney World landscape in preliminary su rveys of the property, pertinent to Architect, Mr. Morgan Evans, commercial recreation, vacation camp sites, I iving de­ points up how this great velopments, landscape architecture, experimental horti­ development made special efforts culture, water control, conservation and environmental to minimize its impact on the land protection. it utilized as well as showing a Before his death in 1966, Walt Disney had tutored degree of regard for surrounding his artists and engineers in successive master plans for natural areas. Debates will the entire forty-three square miles. His objective was to continue involving any provide for developing recreational, vacation, enter­ appropriation of natural areas for tainment and associated facilities plus later creation of any sort of development as well as two cities, while attempting to achieve some perma­ the hazards of introducing nent protection for its natural beauty ana wildlife. Ex­ potentially invasive exotic species. isting but intermittent water courses were amended to Horticulturists need to inform provide constant water level and natural waterways themselves of all aspects of this *Landscape Architect were channeled to create interconnected lakes and r, touchy subject of land use. Walt Disney World lagoons of a natural aspect. 21 Under any large scale development on forested land, are four basic conditions. The highest contours may be so me remova l of trees is inevitable. The Disney policy only four or five feet above the ground water table and has been an appraisal of all existing vegetation and the remain dry throughout the year; dropping only slightly, loca ting of construction zones in those areas where the one or two feet, the next elevation may be dry in the least harm to native growth results . The site for the winter but quite wet the other half year; another foot or Magic Kingdom theme park required the removal of two puts the land under water for most of the rainy only a scattering of scrub growth in a 100 acre area. season; and finally there are the cypress sinks which The subsequently larger acreage required for public are never dry. Although there are no infallible rules to parking was fitted between stands of pine, avoiding a limit certain species to specific water tables, plant twenty acre cypress grove, somewhat to the puzzle­ communities are reliable indicCltors of land character. ment of construction men, since it still stands squarely Extreme changes in this character caused by droughts in the middle of the parking lot. Where feasible, trees and floods, can produce tragic results. lying directly in the path of construction were salvaged The Reedy Creek Improvement District, a public au­ by transplanting, so that several thousand trees were thority empowered to carry out water control programs reestablished. Many more thousands of young trees and provide uti I ities and other services for the Disney were grown from seed or cuttings, for the first phase of property, was established by act of the Florida legisla­ the landscaping or set decorating process. Some 10,000 tures and financed by ass essments against the Disney Australian eucalyptuses were planted as ornamentals property. The Improvement District has implemented a and an additional 14,000 were recently set out for re­ cou rt-approved water control system, bu i It arou nd a search purposes . forty-five mile canal system which provided a perma­ Generally, for every tree removed, at least one, or nent means of controlling and maintaining the water more, was planted. Nowhere has this conservation plan table throughout the property, thereby assuring the best been more closely adhered to than in the 600 acre Fort use of the land while at the same time protecting the Wilderness campgrounds. The primary purpose is to cypress heads, pine, flatwood, swamp forest and other give the camper as natural an experience as possible, plant communities from extreme ground water fluctua­ so that when he pulled his vehicle onto his site, he is tions. surrounded on three sides by vegetation. Further, Fort Of the 27,400 acres acquired, 7,500 in the southern­ Wilderness has clean white sand beaches, on a crystal most region have been set aside as a permanent conser­ clear lake bordered by stately pines and cypress. The vation reserve. This section contains an extensive array interior is interlaced with horse trails and winding can­ of flora and fauna providing a unique exhibit of Flori­ als , with grassy slopes that invite canoeing. Vehicular da' s natural plant and animal communities ... At the as well as water routes there avoid the " shortest dis­ present time, the area is not available to the public. tance" premise. They rather wind and curve, contrib­ On a day-to-day level, Disney World established its uti ng to the aesthetic sense of the area. own air and water pollution prevention program under On the northeast corner of Bay Lake, a nature trail the guidance and official approval of the Florida State has been laid out in a swampy area which reflects not Department of Poll ution Control. Under the program, it only historic Florida backwoods, but most of the world, is the responsibility of the control officer and his assis­ in an evolutionary context, as it was a million years tants to monitor and maintain appropriate water quality ago. both at the poi nt of entry to the Disney property and During the first operational stages for Walt Disney departure, some ten miles south. World a twenty-five acre plot was set aside in 1967, for Tertiary treated effluent water at a current rate of an experimental tree farm. Its purpose was to subject a approximately one and one-half million gallons a day broad array of plant materials to the Florida soil and flows from a modern sewage plant and is at a suitable climate to test their potentials. Additionally, a forty acre quality level to be reintroduced to the natural drainage plot was established as a storage unit, to grow and system. Inasmuch as even this relatively clean water cultivate those plants which tested well and had been sti II carries traces of nutrients, however, the company included in landscaping plans. In both areas, the exotic has elected to divert this effluent into a holding reser­ outnumbered the natives. In a short time, the horticul­ voir from where it is boosted by high pressure pumps tural collection maintained in liason with the Depart­ through underground distribution lines to overhead ment of Ornamental Horticulture at the University of spray equipment. Walt Disney World has joined with Florida and several botanic gardens, has gained enough the University of Florida in an experimental water rec­ repute to attract professional groups from around the lamation program, the objective of which is to return to state and nation. the natural storage system, water cleaned of all impuri­ Horticulture potential in Florida depends greatly on ties and suitable for reuse for any purpose. land elevation, and although the elevation in the The process has been to plant more than 100 acres to Disney property varies only slightly even these minor varied forest, pasture and ornamental crops. By passing 22 differentials have great effect on plants and trees. There the waste water through hungry root systems, the re- malnlng phosphates and nitrates are filtered out. The " misplaced res ource" is thu s converted to useful com­ modities in th e form of hay, wood pulp or orn amental trees. Species se lecti on is controll ed to ensure high nu ­ tri ent requirement as well as hi gh water tolerance. Among hardwoods, se lect types of euca Iyptus fi gure prominently with a potential for actu all y growing a wood crop, from seed, within a fi ve yea r span. Thi s will be so ld for use as pulp in high-grade pa per. As in all oth er as pects of th e mas ter pl an, des ign has bee n carefully considered in th e pl otting of th e experi­ mental farm . Tree lots and pasture areas are interl aced in free form rath er th an in grid pattern . Vi stas have been contrived by w hi ch ta ll euca lyptu s trees may pl ay an es thetic as well as a fun cti onal role. W alt Disney W orld w ill continue to grow, adhering to a ca refully considered mas ter plan w hich recognizes that an enlightened con servati on policy is esse nti al to a trul y successful development. A limited number of res i­ dent trees and animals have been displ aced but more th an twenty-five per cent of th e entire site w ill be pre­ served and protected, its ecosys tem undisturbed by man or mac hine, and w here con stru cti on does pro­ ceed, respect for the environment w ill be a guiding princ iple. $

Right above. Large decorative wooden planters are located throughout Magic Kingdom to display many species of shrubs and trees, including this mature cherry-laurel, Prunus caroli­ niana. Containers are fiberglass lined, with natural gravity drainage. Irrigation is by hand.

Right center. The Magic Kingdom's Main Street, U.S.A. is located over basement area, necessitating construction of large planting pots not visible from ground level. Pots of sufficient size to accomodate root growth of oak trees for ten more years were fabricated. Irrigation is natural, augmented manually only when necessary. Drainage is accomplished through plumbing system connected to storm drain. Trees used are se­ lect variety of live oaks, Quercus virginiana, imported from Corpus Christi, Texas. Trees shown are about seven years old. Protective grillwork is grounded for protection from Central Florida's frequent lightning storms.

Right below. A Main Street, U.S.A. planting pot as viewed from the basement workroom. Twelve such planting pots, each holding approximately two cubic yards of soil, are in use along this turn-of-the-century street. Drainage plumbing and the grounding wire connected to a protective street level grill­ work are visible. Pots have slightly tapered sides to facilitate tree replacement when necessary. 23 Dedicating A The River Farm mansion, a portion Mrs. Richard Nixon joined with Mrs. Enid Haupt and other officials of the of which dates to before 1750, now American Horticultural Society to dedicate the first National Center for Horticul­ serves as offices for the American ture at the former Wellington Estate at Mount Vernon on May 1 st. Horticultural Society and other horti­ The estate once belonged to George Washington and was known as his River cultural organizations. Some rooms have been beautifully restored. Farm, the accent of the day, therefore, was colonial. Guests were brought onto the estate grounds by 18th century horse-drawn coaches, and the luncheon, served on the terrace, included Williamsburg specialities and a special spring desert in flower pots. The 350 guests watched Mrs. Nixon arrive at the River Farm 's Potomac River landing by boat, to be driven to the mansion in a colonial coach preceded by the thirty-nine member Mount Vernon Guard. During the dedication ceremony, the First Lady and Mrs. Haupt planted a flowering dogwood tree which will serve as a lasting reminder of the occasion. A generous grant from Mrs. Enid Haupt, a member of the A.H.S. Board of Directors, allowed the Society to purchase the River Farm property to establish a national center for all scientific, professional and amateur horticultural organiza­ tions who wish to locate there. According to A .H .S. Director O. Keister Evans, the purchase of George Washington's River Farm is particularly significant in

The Mount Vernon Guard is composed of boys aged eight to four­ The Potomac River viewed from the east balcony of the River teen years. Most live in the immediate neighborhood of Mount Farm mansion. The twenty-five acre property abutts the river for Vernon. The Guards' costumes are authentic reproductions and about 1,000 feet. their music is of the Colonial period.

2 4 Mrs. Richard Nixon and Mrs. Enid A. Haupt walk through the home gardens of the River Farm during the dedication ceremonies.

Mrs. Enid A. Haupt, donor of the River Farm, and Dr. David G. Hotne For Horticulture Leach, A.H.S. president, move to the that after almost 200 years, American horticulture finally has a national home, a entry way of the mansion to unveil the center for its important activity. The River Farm is a twenty-five acre property commemorative plaque. located a short distance south of the Nation' s capital, and was one of five farms owned by the first President. Immediately following the dedication ceremonies, the A.H.S. opened a four­ day symposium to study how horticulture can enhance environmental educa­ tion. Partially financed by a grant from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the symposium, HORT U.S '/Living and Learning, featured workshops with emphasis on the expansion of existing ideas of environmental education. According to the Symposium Co-chairman and First Vice-president of A.H.S. , Dr. Henry M. Cathey, We gape at environmental deterioration whenever we venture from our residences. We are embarrassed when our media communi­ cate the mounting levels of pollution. We are disappointed when the rankings or priorities ignore the full potential of what plants and plantings can do for the landscape and our social well being. Over 200 U.S. horticultural educators and leaders of the field were invited to participate in the symposium which Dr. Cathey hoped would initiate major changes in the development of horticulture in this country. $

Mrs. Richard Nixon and escort driving in a period coach from the The First Lady's coach departs from the National Center for Hor­ River Farm landing to the terrace where Mrs. Enid A. Haupt and ticulture as the members of the Marine Band playa musical sa­ A.H.S. President David G. Leach waited to greet her. lute. Photos by Phi l Gera zi.

25 J. D. Vertrees*

The grafting bench provides a thrill as the new leaves of the young grafts begin to develop. The variation of leaf types shows much contrast in this portion of the bed. PhOlOS by Author.

* Mr. J. O. Vertrees has spent most of his life in Or­ trated on new methods of close-up action photos of egon. After receiving his degree from Oregon State in sects. University, he was consulting entomologist in the agri­ For the la st ten years he has collected cultivars of culture chemical industry for several years. He then Acer palmatum and A. japonicum, as well as other rare joined the staff of the Oregon State University Extension Asiatic maples. He is making a study of the problems of Service until retirement. Involved in educational duties, synonyms in the A. palmatum. He uses old literature he dealt with insect, disease, and horticultural prob­ and descriptions, and grows man y clones hoping to lems. clarify misnomers. Besides horticultural hobbies in lil y, rhododendron Retired, Mr. Vertrees has a small private propagating and dwarf conifer collections, he is an avid photogra­ nursery, The Maplewood Nursery, Rt . 2, Box 593, 26 pher of insects. For thirty-five years, he has concen- Roseburg, Oregon 97470. Probab ly there are as many vari ations in th e propaga­ fascinating va riation in th e colors and leaf shapes. tion methods of Jap anese maples as th ere are nurs­ Since A. palmatum has been in cultivation for over erymen working with them. It is a little like a lady three hundred yea rs, the variation potential in the buying a hat-or a man buying a pipe. Each ha s per­ crosses has been multiplied. Unusual leaf types quite sonality variations, but still th e hat or pipe gets pur­ often appear. More than 200 cultivars now exist, chased. Each nurseryman has found through experi­ mainly from Japan, for this rea son. One must keep in ence so me va riation of the basic procedure w hich fits mind th at any named cultivar of this maple was once a his needs, timing, or eq uipment which gives him the seedling so meone se lected (with the exception of a rare best results . I present here, not necessar il y the " best," bud sport). Seedling production by nurserymen and but rather methods carried out by variou s nurserymen amateur growers constantly gives rise to new varieties. in this and other countries. A word of caution is that if one is a " namer," the The mai n methods of increasi ng Acer palma tum, A. market cou Id be flooded with new cultivars that are not japonicum, and their cultivars are with seed lings, graft­ rea ll y outstanding enough to stand up in the trade. In ing, cuttings, and layering. Ea ch of these methods suits th e mea ntime, better-than-average trees are produced a specific purpose. for landscaping. In raising seed lings for understock, a uniform stand Seedlings will produce pencil-size stems for grafting by th e Seedling production is the easiest method of getting a second yea r. Some nurserymen collect from certain lot of trees, but, of course, not of named varieties (c ulti­ seed pl ants which give a uniform color. Green or red vars). One re aso n for raising seedlings is to produce leaf seedlings graft equally well. Of course, many pro­ two-year understock for grafting. A second rea so n is a ducers buy seed from American or overseas sources. good select strain of seedlings to grow on for sa le pur­ Seeds collected from cultivars usually do not pro­ poses. Seedlings usually are separated into the green­ duce seedlings resembling the parent but largely revert leaf and red-leaf types of A. palmatum. These make back to the normal palmatum-type leaf. For instance, A. excellent garden and landscaping trees and are usually ' Dissectum' cultivars usually produce normal seedlings. less expensive than the grafted varieties. Red leaf or variegated leaf trees wi II perhaps produce By collecting seed from given clones, and also by normal green seedlings. There are, of course, excep- ".... doing some hybridizing, horticulturists have found a tions and some trees do produce a percentage of seed-( .

27 lings similar to the parent. I have selfed (self-pollinated) derstock. Some propagators bed grow seedlings the some blossoms and produced seedlings apparently second year, potting up in the fall and grafting the next identical to some named clones. I also know of a red A. spring. 'Dissectum' that throws almost all red dissected-leaf seedlings. Grafts One cause of failure in seedling production is that Grafting is the main method of increasing cultivars. seed has dried out too much before planting. Seed from Several techniques are used. There are more variations Europe and Japan almost always is dry. I usually soak in grafting techniques than any other method of propa­ this seed prior to stratifying. Even so, sometimes the gation. The basic method, however, is the side graft. second or third year has passed before germination is The understock usually is brought out of dormancy complete. I have had ·seed come up in the seed flat during January, in the greenhouse. When new growth each of the three years after planting. Locally collected starts to appear in February, the cultivar scion is in­ seed may be planted in prepared beds immediately serted by side graft, low in the stem. Scions are col­ after collection. Other methods include stratifying seed lected when fully dormant and refrigerated until used . i,n a peat-sand mix, refrigerated, for 120 days, then The graft is wrapped and kept from drying, usually with plant in beds or flats. Some nurserymen de-wing the a coating material. As the scion graft heals and begins seed ; some do not. Seed which has been completely to show growth, the top of the understock is removed, dried seems to respond to a warm-water soak for forty­ leaving the new variety to continue strong growth. eight hours prior to stratification. Variations of this method include grafting in March, In my area, the soil ranges from pH 5.5 to 7.0 and April, July, August, November and DeC(~ mber. This en­ the seedlings respond to a little dolomite lime in the tails handling understock differently and preventing the beds. After germination, ample nitrogen feedings, low drying of the graft. Some nurserymen dip scion and level, repeated frequently, produce strong seedlings. understock both in wax. Some do not wax at all, but The beds are supplied with phosphate and potassium bury potted, newly grafted plants above the graft point prior to planting. in deep, moist peat. Mists systems also are used by Some seedlings are large enough to pot up and graft some. Another method includes grafting when both as one-year olds. Most nurserymen pot up one-year scion and understock are dormant; the entire plant then plants and grow them in pots the second year for un- is layered in a cool house until growth starts .

28 The very beautiful leaf marking of Acer paimatum The cascading beauty of the deep cut leaves of 'Sagara-nishiki' makes it a popular choice. Acer paimatum 'Omurayama.'

Seedling to be tagged and selected from the Acer palmatum 'Woka momiji' variegated. seedbed, for its speckled leaf character. Budding Budding with a normal T-bud and with a bud-stick Either a double glass case, a plastic case, or a mist are two commonly used methods. As mentioned, each system is employed to prevent any drying during propagator has worked out a favorite procedure. In any rooting. As roots appear mist gradually is reduced to method, complete success is rare, although experi­ prevent root rot. Often, a late season growth is pro­ enced propagators approach a 100 per cent take in duced on well-rooted cuttings. some years. Working with scions that sometimes are no Most propagators agree that rooting cuttings is not larger than wooden matches, a good alignment of the too difficu It, but breaki ng dormancy is very difficu It. cambium layer is quite difficult and exacting. Consequently, many do not let the plants go dormant As spring advances, the tops of understock are cut but keep them in leaf the first winter, in heated houses, off, the grafting rubber or string is cut or removed, and and plant them out in the spring for growing on. Long­ then the plants are potted up in larger containers or are day light is maintained during the winter with min­ planted out in field rows for growing on. The entire imum heat of 50° to 55 ° F. budding procedure is not an easy or low cost proceSS . layering Cuttings Air layering and ground layering are both methods Cuttings of Japanese maples are in the more-difficult­ for producing a limited number of a desired cultivar. to-root category. With modern methods, plastic cases, Air layering is successful in the Pacific Northwest when mist systems, hormone dips, bottom heat, and other completed during May, with the rooted plant removed modern aids, cuttings are more easily produced than the following spring. Normal methods of layering de­ they were years ago. Some commercially-grown scribed in most books work well. Layering of two, cutting-produced trees have been on the market for three, four-year, and older wood has proved successful. years. Also, some propagators produce understock by rooting cuttings and then grafting to the desired cul­ Growing Conditions tivar. Current season growth is collected as it begins to It would seem impossible for me to define the best harden in June or July. All precautions possible are conditions for growing maples, considering all the vari­ taken to prevent wilting between collecting and placing ations of growing conditions in this country. Probably in the rooting frames. Usually a fairly strong hormone the ideal soil is a friable loam with good drainage and dip is used and bottom heat of 7r to 75° F. is supplied. fairly high organic content. Partial shade is ideal, espe-

30 ciall y when supplying protection from hot afternoon larvae wil l so metimes appea r, but are not serious, un­ su n. Wind . protection, a neutral pH, ample water less trees are attacked by one of th e epidemic spec ies without waterl ogged so il from poor drainage, all are occuring in so me parts of the country. Usuall y few desirab le. in secti cides are necessa ry. Few of us ca n have perfect conditions. I have see n Th e greatest threat perhaps is vertic illium wilt wh ich fine maples growing under such adverse conditions that attacks all maples . Pl ants kept in vigorous growing con­ I believe almost anyone ca n enjoy th ese fine plants by dition seem to be able to tolerate or overcome the taking a little extra trouble. Extreme ac id or alkaline effects of this disease, although it so metimes results in soi ls ca n be overcome for a specimen plant. Heavy twig die-back. A serious wi lt attack on a weak tree wi ll clay so il s wou ld suggest th e maple be planted on a resu lt in dead limbs, or so metimes the loss of the entire mou nd, as would a very boggy situation, the roots wi ll tree. Locall y in America there may be other disease find their own drainage level. In general, maples wi ll problem s, but usuall y Japanese maples are not grouped not tolerate wet feet but w ill tolerate fairly dry condi­ with the weaker types of plants. tions, alth ough wi ll not grow as vigorously. While most cultivars are hardy to well below zero, so me protection Unusual Uses from strong freez ing w inds is des irab le. Sim il ar protec­ A. Palmatum and A. japonicum cu ltivars make excel­ tion from hot drying wi nds in the so uthwest summers is lent container plants for patios and other special places. suggested. They are, of course, favorites for bonsai cu lture. Clones Sometimes overh ead sprinkling during the hot pe­ which are more dwarf, or have brightly colored sp ring riods of the day wi ll result in leaf burn. Su nburn and tip fo li age, or that color well in the fa ll, all give an extra burning often occur more frequently in the red leafed bonus to the bonsai fa ncier. and dissected leaf vari eties of A. pa/m atum. Delicate Th e more I observe cultiva rs of A. pa/matum and A. tones and cut-leaf va ri eties grow best in shade. japonicum growing under widely differing conditions, the more I am conv inced that almost anyone can find a Problems location that will enable him to grow so me cultivar of Insect and disease problems are few compared to these fine maples. Th ey are among the most varied and so me other gard en plants. Occasionall y aph ids wil l at­ fasc inat ing small ornamental trees we have. Try some, tack the new sp ring growth. Various lepidopterous you' ll li ke them. ~ ATI FLO E OF OUTH CA

Elizabeth Scholtz *

In preparing a pictorial melange of South Africa' s remarkable flora, it has been barely possible to scratch the surface. There are 18,000 species of plants in the country, and 2,600 of these are concentrated in an area known as the Cape Peninsula-an area of 182 square miles. Many of the flowers shown here are found in the South Western Cape Prov­ ince which has been termed South Africa' s Floral Kingdom. Seeing this area for the first time prompted William Burchell to say in 1811 , " At every step I recog­ nized some well-known flower which I had seen nursed with great care in the greenhouses of England . . . in one mile I collected 105 species even at this unfavourable season". Others, and most particularly the succulents, are found in the drier inland areas, where summer rainfall, if any, prevails. The winter rains of the South Western Cape produce the floral splendor of August, September, and October; but there is always some wild flower in bloom in the Floral Kingdom. The Proteas are probably the most spectacular of South Africa's indigenous flora, and one of them, Protea repens, is the national flower. There are some *Director, Brooklyn Botanic Carden, who contend that Aloe should have pride of place-they are almost as varied as 7000 Wa shington Avenue, Brooklyn, the protean Protea! 32 New York 11 22 5. Let us hope I have done justice to one of the richest floras of the world. Moraea villosa, the peacock flower, a mauve iris with an iridescent green "eye," flowers in spring in the Tulbagh area. Leucospermum nutans, pin cushion protea, is a floriferous shrub which flowers from late winter until early summer and lasts well as a cut flower. It is consequently a favorite with both gardeners and florists. Castle Rock, part of Table Mountain, is seen in the background. Picture taken in Kirstenbosch.

Protea cynaroides, the king protea, has flowers up to twelve inches across. It was named so by Linnaeus, who, when he was sent a specimen, thought it was a giant arti­ choke (Cynara is the botanical name for artichoke). The flowers grow on a dwarf shrub.

Protea compacta, the Bot River protea, flowers throughout the winter and spring. Protea, named for Proteus, the sea-god who could assume many forms.

Eucomis zambeziaca, the pineapple­ lily, is a popular house plant in America. It grows wild in many parts of South Africa and flowers in summer. Haemanthus katherinae, torch-lily or blood-lily, has Gloriosa superba, the flame-lily, flower heads up to six inches in diameter in is a vine with flowers that occur summer. on the branch tips in summer.

Aloe ferox, one of the handsom­ est species of a large genus, has flower heads over a foot long.

Sparaxis tricolor, the velvet or harlequin flower, has become a popular subject in gardens all over the world.

Frithia pulchra, one of the many strange " windowed" plants which Dimorphotheca pluvialis and Gazania are known as "mesembryan­ pin nata growing in the veld. them urns. " The stubby, cylindri­ Dimorphotheca pluvialis, the White cal, fleshy leaves are topped by Rain Daisy, is seen in such profusion lens-like structures which concen­ in late winter that it is often taken for trate the sun's rays for purposes snow. Gazania has become a popular 3 4 of more efficient photosynthesis. annual in American gardens. Disa unijlora, red disa or pride of table mountain, is the best known and most attractive of South Afri­ ca's ground orchids. It is the floral symbol of the Mountain Club of South Africa and occurs near water on rock ledges. For many years it defied cul­ tivation; but some of its secrets have been discov­ ered, and several people have been successful in their attempts at growing this unusual plant.

Herschelia charpenteriana, old man with pipe in his mouth, a rare summer-flowering ground orchid. Ixia viridijlora, the green wand flower, has a true green flower. Much cultivated in Europe, Aus­ tralia, and New Zealand, it is still rare in South Africa. (The white, yellow, and purple ixias are much more common.)

Aloe marlothii, one of the most widely dis­ tributed aloes, blooms in winter on rocky hillsides in many parts of the interior of South Africa. Babiana villosa, the red babiana, grows in the Tulbagh area. Other babianas are cream, blue, and purple. They are so named because early settlers noticed ba­ boons digging up the bulbs for food.

Geissorhiza rochensis, wine cups, grows in marshy areas and flowers in early spring.

Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, nama­ qualand daisy, covers miles of veld in Namaqualand and blooms in late winter. ~

35 Wild ducks and geese in uncounted millions once darkened the skies, in­ spired the Indian to poetry, and awed Notes the pioneer in Audubon's day. To the dismay of not only duck hunters and natural ists, but of all Americans who feel unease at the steady erosion of the on Land, natural environment, they no longer darken the skies. In too much of the United States it takes a real search to even find a duck. Biologists have esti­ River, mated the total population of wild ducks has been declining at the rate of from ten to fifteen per cent per decade for the past forty years. What has Plant and caused the long and drastic decline? The ducks are down because the marshes where they breed have been Wildlife drained, because streams and their flood-plain wetlands have been turned into ditches and res@rvoirs, and be­ cause swamps have become cornfields Destruction* and soybean plantations. Some of the destruction and decline was inevitable, of course, if America was to grow to more than 200 million people and feed them . But a great deal Charles H . Callison** of it has been unnecessary and uneco­ nomic and . counter-productive-the result of a disease in our body politic known to political scientists by an in­ elegant term. They call it the " pork barreL" While drainage ditches and channelized streams are pox on the face of America, the syndrome has deeper causes . Part of the cause is the local Chamber of Commerce which, while resolutely deploring government ex­ travagance everywhere else, sends del­ egations to Washington to lobby for an Army Engineer project or a Bureau of Reclamation scheme in their own back yard. Part of the problem is the combined lobbying power of the contractors who build such projects allover the country, and of the makers and users of bu 11- dozers and draglines and concrete *From a talk given at a Garden Club mi xers who fatten on the federal of America Conservation Sympo­ money. sium, March 4, 1974, in Kansas City, And at the heart of the disease is a Miss ouri time-honored custom within the clubby atmosphere of the Congress of **Executive Vice-president, National the United States. Long ago it was Audubon Society, 950 Third A venu e, named " log-roll i ng" after the practice 36 New York, N.Y. 10022. of the pioneers who helped each other - - --c- l The Cache River Basin of Arkansas. The 1 CACHE < plan is to deepen and straighten meandered rivers, turning them into super-drainage RIVER f PRO.JECT I ditches-shown on the map by the red lines. This is channelizing. It drops the water ta­ l ble, permitting the clearing of forests and their conversion to cropland . • ,JONES_ORO

(

The Cache River Basin. An aerial view shows the extensive hardwoods-most valuable of forests for wildlife because of the heavy annual crop of acorns and other tree seeds and fruit collectively called "mast." Photo by Ron Klataske.

And this is the desecrated lower Cache-where some six miles were channe­ lized in the beginning of the $72 million project. put up their log houses. The senator from one state sa ys to the senator from another, " I will vote for your REl ciama­ tion project if you wi II vote for my Army Engineer project." And the sena­ tors who rank in the Appropriations Committee say to all the other senators: " You ' d better vote for our projects or you ' ll never get any money for your projects." In most cases the words probably are never spoken. They don't have to be. The system is too well understood. The magic world of the Bayou DeView where the draglines have not yet in­ vaded. Photo courtesy Arkansas Came and Fish Commission. There is a cure. It has worked at times. It is for the citizens of every state to say to their SElnators and Representa­ tives : " As taxpayers we demand repre­ sentation . We want you to vote against every boondoggle that destroys more wealth than it creates. We want you and the rest of government to quit II/K) - STATE faking those cost-benefit ratios." Let me illustrate the problem with three examples-three da%ic products of the pork-barrel system that long has brought discredit to the Congress of the United States. They are three non-sens­ ical, engineering schemes that will take enormous bites out of the remaining wetlands that produce and sustain our waterfowl. They do worse than that. They will destroy farmlands and forests and scenic beauty and other irreplace­ The Nebraska Mid-State Project (Platte River). Mid-State would be built by able environmental values. Each would the Bureau of Reclamation, a big-spending, engineering agency in the U.S. waste your money, because not one Department of the Interior which, ironically, is also supposed to protect wild­ wou Id show a favorable cost-benefit life and wilderness. The project design is to divert the flow of the river from ratio if the true value of the resources to the broad, shallow and braided channel into reservoirs to the North. It would be destroyed were countEld in the costs take most of the water out of the Platte most of the time and in drought cycles, -and if a realistic interest rate, say the river would be completely dry the year around. seven or eight per cent, were charged for the money the taxpayers have to advance for the project. Upwards of 200,000 sandhill cranes gather on the Big Bend of the Platte, ar­ One is the Cach El River Project, a riving from wintering areas in the Southwest and Mexico. They feed in the wet massive channelization program al­ meadows and farm fields-and roost nightly standing in shallow water on the broad sandbars in the channel. This is the great spring staging ground of the ready started by the Corps of Army En­ species. They sleep safely in the river, and disperse to the fields each day, per­ gineers in eastern Arkansas. Started forming courtship rituals, pairing otT, feeding, gathering strength and gener­ until a court order last spring stopped ating hormones for the nesting season in the far north. Photo by Ron Klata ske. the draglines pending a satisfactory Environmental Impact Statement. At an estimated cost of $72 million, this proj­ ect would convert 231 milEls of the Cache and its tributary Bayou De View into massive drainage ditches. In the process it would destroy the best win­ tering area for maHard dl:J(~ks left in the Mississippi Flyway-an area where the 38 wintering flocks number upwards of a Aerial view of the river showing how the cranes use the sandbars for sleeping. Pholos b)' Ron Klalaske.

half million birds. Som e 100,000 acres of swamp hardwoods would be w iped out. \\ Mitigation" has bee n offered in the acquisiti o n of 30,000 acres of The Platte Ri ver. It is a river course sw amp wood lands. This isn' t rea l miti­ providing diverse habitat rich in gation at all. Those 30,000 acres are many kinds of wildlife. already there. No new swamp will be created to take the place of th e sw amp to be drained and destroyed . Furth ermore, the project th rea tens severe damage to the White Ri ver Na­ tional Wi Idl ife Refu ge dow nstrea m ------... - -~~ --.- --- .-. ------through flooding and siltation . Ch an­ \, nelization never rea lly controls fl oods. It only makes the floods worse and moves them downstream . My second horrible example is the ". Nebra ska Mid-State Project of the Bu ­ , reau of Reclamation. This is a scheme GARRISON DAM to divert most of the water out of the Big Bend of the Platte River for the al­ GARRISON JAMESTOWN. ~ FARGO • "taMAAK 1 leged purpose of supplying irrigation DIVERSION . water to an area that already su pports a UNIT .~. prosperous agriculture, and where the INITIAL STAGE farmers already use economical pump "~ ____.. ______._ .. _ .. _ __¥ k .. - --- -.·------<. irrigation. It is supposed to recharge an aquifer that is already recharged natu­ rally from the flow of the Platte and its The Garrison Diversion project would take water from the reservoir created tributaries. This is all silly enough, but by the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River and transport it through hundreds what makes Mid-State an abomination of miles of canals and channelized streams to irrigated areas (shown here in yellow) in northern, eastern and southern parts of North Dakota. The main is that it would dry up and destroy canals and only some of the laterals are shown in red on this simplified map . some sixty to eighty mile~ of river­ This is only the "Initial Stage" nf the project as conceived by the Reclamation bottom habitat that is essential- engineers -and all the statistics I will quote are for the initial stage only - a • to three-fourths of the sandhill cranes $433 million undertaking. The ultimate plan is even more fantastic, uneco­ in North America, nomic, and destructive . • to the remaining band of whooping cranes, 39 • and to hundreds of thousands of wild ducks and geese. Construction of the Nebraska Mid­ State Project has not yet started, al ­ though since 1967 the B..weau of Recla­ mation has kept a staff at Grand Island sp€nding from $500,000 to $800,000 annually to plan and promote it. Thirdly, consider the madness of Garrison Diversion. Like Nebraska Mid-State, Garrison Diversion is the kind of project that gives the Bureau of Reclamation a bad name. This Bureau built some decent irrigation projects in the past. But having run out of good sites it is now scrambling on the mar­ gins trying to hang on to its jobs and its The main canal, the McCluskey, now partially completed, actually cuts share of th€ pork. through a continental divide, a divide separating the Missouri-Mississippi Garrison Diversion would defac€ Basin from drainage to the North. The men at the bottom give you an idea of North Dakota. What would it do, at an the dimensions ofthis great ditch. (The picture taken last December.) estimated cost of $443 million? Photo by Author. It will destroy or severely damage seven major National Wildlife Refuges through flooding or by pollution with agricultural chemicals and salin€ water run-off. They are the Audubon, Arrow­ wood, Sand Lake, J. Clark Salyer, Te­ waukon, Dakota Lake, and Shey€nn€ Lake refuges, It will wipe out other thousands of acres of prairie marshes including some of the finest remaining nesting grounds of the endangered canvasback duck. It will pollute two rivers flowing into Canada, the Souris and the Red, in vio­ lation of the Boundary Waters Treaty of One farmer bought a great billboard to register his protest. 1909. The Canadian government has

Photos by Rich Madson. fi led a formal protest. ------~---- It will require an estimated 500 megawatts of scarce energy annually to power the pumping stations. Five hundred megawatts is enough elec­ tricity to supply a modern city of 250,000 people. It will take some 70,000 acres of farm land out of production for con­ struction of the canals, ditches, and reservoirs, chopping up thousands of family farms and making hundreds of them inoperative. For all project pur­ poses it will require the taking of 218,500 acres. All for the purpose of putting irriga­ tion water on 250,000 acres that al­ ready support a prosperous agriculture. One of the scores of natural prairie marshes to be destroyed. This is some of This is not " making a desert bloom." 40 the best duck nesting habitat in North America. North Dakota is no desert. ~ Excerptsfrom an Address by Oregon Governor Tom McCall*

I wou ld trade compliments, high office, occult groomed front yards. That's one of the things some of powers and anything else I have for a promise by you may do, but I find you in many arenas as you take Americans that they' ll stop muddying up their waters aim on junkya rds and billboards, join the struggle for and ruining their land. M illions of America ns already land use planning, and plump for extension of Ore­ have taken the pledge, though, and they expect nothing gon's bottle bil l to your own states. more from it personally than the peace and beauty their An odd thing about our [Oregon] bottle bill : Its op­ efforts are bri ngi ng. ponents keep on saying it's not the answer, that it won't I can't say exactly how many millions are disquieted work, but it keeps on working. Roadside litter from by the indign ities we've heaped on our natural world in bottles and cans has' been reduced ni nety per cent, and the last few decades, but I know that they' re spread al l visitors continue to marvel at our cleanliness. over the cou ntry. In recent weeks I've been from British There's no question in anybody's mind why Ore­ Columbia to Boston to Santa Barbara to Philadelphia to gon's bottle bill has been so successfu ll y resisted by all Montgomery to Boise to San Francisco and now to other states except one. It has been shot at by big beer Atlanta, talking to people-real people, concerned and big money-industrialists who take the pocketbook about America. position that they're not to b lame, and that people like I suppose quite a few Americans sti ll think of gard en to be able to throwaway beer cans and bottles. I' ll clubbers as people tending posies in immaculately- gra nt that one-way bottles and cans are a great dea l more conven ient for bottlers, distributors, retailers and 'Garden Club of America, Atlanta, Georgia, Tuesday, consumers. But one-way containers, inherently waste- ~ April 23, 1974 ful, also make a lot more money for can and bottle (

~ ______41 _____ manufacturers, and that's their issue. They tell us that to deliver us [Oregon] more gasoline sa id they didn't education wi ll convince people not to litter, but we've have it and couldn' t do it, and they didn't. And late last tried that for years, everywhere in the country, and it week the giant Exxon Company advised Oregon that it doesn't work. What does work is putting a price on the cou ldn't comply with a simi lar order. So maybe there head of beer and soft drink containers to encourage w ill be enough gasoline this summer, and maybe there consu mers to take them back to the store for re-use. won't. But there wi II never be enough if we don't ease Elimination of litter along our roads, and on our our demands on the supply of all forms of energy. beaches and in our waterway is not all, though, that We're told that a bottle bill isn't the answer-and of Oregon's bottle bill accompli shes. What happens to all course it isn't. But it's the key domino; having it in the non-returnable cans and bottles? Most of them go practice proves that we can have beautification, we can into sanitary landfills for burial, millions of cubic feet of reduce solid waste, and we can save energy by simple unnecessary waste taking up space that's becoming and practical measures. The bottle bill is not the sole more scarce all the time. Somebody better start figuring answer, but it is a pivotal antidote for the national out what's to become of all the nonreturnable con­ disease of over-consumption. The Senate Commerce tainers. In 1972, the country had to dispose of fifty-four Committee has schedu led hearings May 6th and 7th on billion nonreturnable beer and soft drink cans and bot­ a proposal for a national container law. I hope that tles. By 1980-according to the Midwest Research everyone of you , and everyone of your organizations Institute-we'll have almost eighty billion throwaway wi II make clear to you r senators and representatives containers on our hands in a single year. your support of the Act. Lobbyists for the status quo wi ll Perhaps a far worse indictment of the throwaway be no shrinking violets in this battle, so don't be society is that by all owing nonreturnables to stay in the bashful. A national bottle bill makes sense; it' s a fight market we're literally throwing away energy. It takes you can't lose. So why aren 't you winning? Maybe four times as much energy to deliver beer or soft drinks you ' re not w inning because the politicians don't ful ly in an aluminum can as in a refillable glass bottle. If we comprehend what people can do to them. I think that had a national bottle bi ll similar to Oregon's, the sav­ people have got to say very plainly to foot-dragging ings would equa l two-thirds of the energy conserved by pol itical leaders what the voters can do to them, and a national speed limit of sixty miles per hour. If we wi ll do to them if they continu e to ignore the common want to have enough energy to fuel our economy, we good. ought to be thinking first about conservation, elimi­ An even more bitter campaign is being fought over nating wastefu l practices li ke the one so arch ly de­ the issue of land use planning. A National Land Use fended by the can and bottle industry. Planning Act has passed the Senate, and seemed Let's not delude ourselves that the end of the Arab oi l headed for approval in the House. Now, all of a sud­ embargo signaled the end of gaso line shortages. The den, the measure is living by a thread. It isn 't a liberal Federal Energy Office says we can have enough gaso­ position to be in favor of land use planning. Land use line this summer for business and tourism-but in the planning isn't to keep people from doing things; it's a same breath says that this w ill be true only if motorists process of letting people decide what the best uses of continue conservation efforts. Th e situation may be this finite resource ought to be. It isn't a question of even worse than it's being portrayed by the Administra­ how not to use the land, but how to use it. And those tion. In each of the last two months [March, April] it decisions have to be made. We can't keep on using the has directed the oil companies to increase al locations land for any old purpose that comes to mind. It has to most of the states. Well , the spirit may be wil ling, but fina ll y dawned on us that al l the land we're ever goin g the flesh is weak. In February, three oi l companies told to have lies before us. There is no more at the super-

____42 ______~ ______~ market. People's lives will be affected by land use plan­ them to oppose Senator jackson's land use bill. The ning. But they're being affected already by the deci­ se nder sa id : " We beli eve field hea rings are esse ntial to sions of others, and in the absence of public provide input from areas such as Oregon where ou r participation in those decisions. If a sc hool board de­ successes and problems ca n be presented and eva lu ­ cides to build a new sc hool in the boondocks, it surely ated to help shape a se nsible Federal program." will attract residential development, and then commer­ What all that means is: Let's have more delay, let's cial development. It will requ ire new streets, sewers, not do anything now, let's not upse t the status quo, let's water lines, telephone service, gas servi ce, and not mess around w ith ou r company's opportunity to electricity-all the things a community deems esse nti al max imize alrea dy record profits. Senator jackson's bill to its ex istence and comfort. M aybe th e pl ace se lected has been grinding through Congress for three years. It's was right for a sc hool, but was it also right for residen­ been almost hea rd to death. But the House Interior and tial and commercial developments ? Who studied th at Insular Affairs Committee plans another hea ring, today question? Who decided? In the Willamette Va ll ey of and Thursday, and so th e Governor of Oregon w ill be Oregon development comes so rapidly th at we have there this very afternoon " to help shape a sensible Fed­ built supermarkets on top of gravel beds-thereby cov­ eral program ." Except that I' ll ask that it be shaped ering up the gravel we need to build the supermarkets. now, not later. We've adopted a statewide land use planning la w, With this and all th e other crises th at America man­ and we' re stopping to think about the questions. We' re ages to generate these days, it was inevitable that the determined to have answers to th at most persiste nt of growth addicts would start wagging their fingers at the questions: What's the best use of the land? M y State­ environmentali sts . But it wasn 't the environmentali sts like yours, I suspect-is dependent upon pa ssage of who embargoed oi l, and it wasn't us who impounded Sentator jackson's National Land Use Policy Act for the funds approved by Congress for hydroelectric projects. money we need to do a decent job of land u se plan­ Yet the fingers wag, and it may be the environment­ ning. Th e State itse lf is not broke, but we don' t have th e not the environmentali sts-that pays the price. The kind of money that local governments need to do this Pr es ident has as ked for weakening of the 1970 Clean job. The Federal legis lation wou ld provide it. But nei­ Air Act, and in doing so falls prey to polluting industries ther the Federal nor the state government is going to that never have and never intend ed to clean up. They shove anythi ng down the throats of Oregonians. We' ll were fighting th e act before there was an energy crisis, set guidelines, but the pl anning wi ll be done by the and they' ll be fighting after it's over. Th ey simply don't people who have the best knowledge of local condi­ want to spend th e money to allow the world to recover tions and aspirations. Even local governments-local from their sin s of em iss ion. They' ll have to. The air and politicians-don't have th e fina l say . Our land use the water belong to us all; they are not the private planning law requires public participation, and our dumping ground of anyone, not industry's ac ids and Land Conservation and Development Commission is not householders' raw sewage. carrying out the directive with abandon. Interestingly­ The environment simply mu st not be laid waste be­ and some of you wi ll find this hard to believe-the cause of man 's bad planning. No matter what crisis farmers helped spearhead Oregon's land use leg isla­ prese nts itself, our concern for the environment must tion. Many of our rural people want the land to farm­ remain strong ... for, if we ki ll the world, we'll kill not to be piecemealed and cemented over by devel­ ourselves. opers. In this they are more en li ghtened than officials of There are no barriers to resolving our problems while a mammoth Oregon-based corporation which in maintaining a quality environment. But it does require March, sent a telegram to all the Governors asking thinking about the problems in new ways. $ 43 ** SPREADING AN APPRECIATION OF HORTICULTURE exploring horticultural information sources

Your membership in the American Horticultural So­ A good starting point for an over-a ll v iew of what to do, how ciety means that you have acknowledged to yourse lf, to do it, w hat you ca n do to make your town a better pl ace to and you represent to your friends, neighbors, and asso­ live in.' Recommended reading to inform yourse lf on how to ciates, your dedication to enhancing the aspects of life judge w hat should and ca n be done, w hom to go to for tou ched by things horticultural; to preserving and support, how to organize ·com mittees, how to work w ith va r­ ious agencies, and specific projects to consider. adding to the beauties of nature, to increasing your own knowledge and spreading an appreciation and 2. Yea rbooks for Consumers: understanding of the values added . .. . Consumers A ll, 1965, $2.75. Through your membership in organizations in addi­ Outdoors USA, 1967, $2.75. tion to A.H.S., for insta nce, Federated Garden Clubs, Landscape for Li v ing, 1972, $3.50. State Horticultural Society, teachers ' groups, profes­ A popular handbook for everyon e interes ted in improving the sional soc ieties, you may have access to a variety of quality of life in urban and suburban America; shows how to improve our environment with plants; gives home ga rd eners resources usable in your personal drive to en liven horti­ background information and how-to-do-it adv ice. cu ltural interest in the contacts you make routinely. Make use of the programs and fa cilities of institutions Han dbook for th e Home, 1973, $5.70. such as university arboreta, botanic gardens, garden Th e Yearbook of Agricu lture, Superintendent of Documents, centers, and large public gardens. Find out and sp read U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. the word about learning opportunities in your commu­ 3. Nature's Guide to Successfu l Gardening and Landscaping, nity. Some of these are: by Wi lliam Fl emer III , Thomas Y. Crowel l Co., 1972, • spec ial public school programs offering horticul­ $8.95. tural training A professional nurse ryman shows how to fo ll ow nature's • extension programs-county agent programs, 4-H blu epri nt for putting th e ri ght plant in th e ri ght spot in several and youth programs, radio and television specials w idely different environments. • gard en center classes 4. Air Pollution and How It Affects Plants-report of work­ • arboretum and botanic ga rden educational pro­ shop for county extension agents and others w ho work at grams the community level, designed to provide inform ation on • Audubon study programs the problems of ai r polluti on and damage to vegetation. Through your volunteer or leisure-time activities, Continuing Education Publications, Oregon State Univer­ become active in assisting with programs such as th ese. sity, Corvallis, OR 97331, 1973. Investigate th e possibilities in your community for intro­ 5. Environment-a challenge to modern society, by Lynton ducing horticulture as a therapeutic aid in correction of Ke ith Ca ldwell, Anchor Books, paperback, 1971, $1. 95. certain types of disability and as an aspect of career 6. Trees for a More Livable Environment, Ortho-Chevron training for the handicapped. Chem ica l Co., San Fr ancisco, CA 9 1420, 197 1. We have assembled and are reproducing here li sts of Li sts of trees by size, hardi ness zones, rate of growth, and sources of guidance in a broad spectrum. We hope th at trees for special conditions. these lists wi ll stimulate not only your interest but your 7. Transit Planting-a manual-prepared by the America n action-to promote pursuit of horti cultural careers, in­ Horti cultural Society for the Urban Mass Transportation troduction of horticulture as part of your commun ity's Administratio n, U .S. Dept. of Transportati on, 1973, improvement projects, and opening a new field of $3.50. bea uty and wonder to those who, for whatever rea so n, A manu al for the horti cultural development of public trans­ have lost contact with the natural world. Be evangel­ portation env ironments. ica l! 8. Plants, people and environmental quality, G. O. Robi- Se lection of material listed does not necessa rily con­ nette, U .S. Dept. of the Interior, 1972, $4.00. stitute endorsement by the American Horticultural So­ Joi nt publi cation of American Society of Landscape Architects ciety to the exclusion of other materi al which may be and National Park Service. Plants to improve environ ment ava il able. through many functions. BOOKS 9. Man's Impact on Environment, Th omas R. Detwyler, 1. It's Your Community-A Guide to Civic Development and McGraw-Hil i Book, Co., paperback, $5.95. Beautification, by Henry R. Raymore and H. Stuart Ort- Teaching gu ide, notes and references for information pol lu­ 44 loff, M. Barrows & Co., 1965, $3.95. ters or conse rvationists. TEACHI NG AIDS 10. Responses of plants to environmental stre es, J. Lev itt, 1. How to institute a children's home ga rden project in your Ph ys iological Ecology Service, 1972. sc hool or system. four-page mimeo. fr ee from Ameri can Comprehens ive sy nthes is of the injuries produced in plants by H orticultural Society, Mt. Vernon, VA 22 121. a variety of physico-chemica l stresses . 2. Teaching O rga nic Gardening: How to plan, start, and maintain an organic ga rd en in your school. 11. Since Silent Spring, Frank Graham, Houghton M ifflin Co., 1970, $6.95. O rga nic ga rd ening fi lms; purchase or rental. Struggles si nce th e 1962 c lass ic of Rachel Ca rso n are Insec ts to help you and the envi ronment; fi lmstrip with cas­ reviewed-without much progress. sette sound track and teacher's guide. Above from Roda le Pr ess, Emm aus, PA 18049. 12. Bioethics-Bridge to the Future, Van Rensse lea r Potter, Pr entice-Hall, Inc. , 1971, $5.95. 3. Exp loring the World of Plants and Soils Necessi ty of mankind to develop an ethic with rega rd to the Educational materi al prepared for 4-H use by Cooperative landscape. Extension Service, 4-H Serv ice Committee and AMchem Products, Inc. M ember's man uals and teacher's guides. 13. Th e Wild Gardener in th e Wild Landscape: Th e Art of Naturalistic Landscaping, Warren G. Kenfield, Hafner 4 . M cDonald's Ecology Action Pack Press, 1972, $7.50. For school grades 4 to 6, a kit designed to develop environ­ Every home owner w ith a tract of wi ld underdeveloped land mental awareness. Obtainable from local M cDonald's or ca n use thi s book as a guide to enh anci ng the naturali stic from M c Donald's Ecology Acti on Pack, Box 2344, Kettering, landscape. O hio 45429. 14. Science In A Vacant Lot, Seymour Simon, The Viking 5. Tea chers Curriculum Guide to Conservation Education: Pres s, 1970, $3.50. Grades 1-1 2-0utdoor Lab; Grades 7 -9-Sc ience; Things to see and do during th e different seasons in a vacant Grades 4-6-General. city lot. Availab le from J. G. Ferguson Publishing Co., 6 North M ich­ iga n Ave., Chicago 60602, attention Editor, Conserva tion Se­ 15 . A Modern H erbal, M. Grieve, Hafner Pr ess reprint of ries. 193 1 volume, 1973, $13.95 . An unabridged, one-volume edition of a class ic book on 6. A Child's Carden-A guide for Parents and Teachers, herb s. Chevron Chemica l Co. , Ortho Division, San Francisco, 9 14 20, 1972. 16. Plant Disease H andbook, Cynthia Westcott, Doubleday & A guide to teachers in the use of the film " Growing . . Grow­ Co., 1971, $19.95. ing". Designed for teachers and students lea rn ing togeth er. Diagnosis and control of 2100 plant diseases affecting trees, " The Children' s Adventure Garden" from which this book grasses, shrubs, flowers, and vegetables. derives, is the subject of an arti cle, " M ary, Mary, Qu ite Con­ 17. The Gardener's Bug Book, Cynthia W es tcott, Doubleday trary, Where Does Your Garden Grow?", by Ri chard A . & Co. , 1973, $12 .95. Bea tty, AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, vol. 52, no. 4, Winter Manual for handy reference to fight the pesty trespassers. 1973 . 18. Greenhouse Management for Flower and Plant Produc­ tion, Ke nnard S. Nelson, Interstate Printers & Publishers, FILMS/SLIDES Inc., 1973, $9.65. Th e Effects of Air Pollution on Plant Life. Realistic, practical and up-to-date guide for the greenhouse Slide set A-58, with narrati ve guide. July 1972. manager. Extension Service; U .S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washing­ 19 . Garden Terms Simplified, A. J. Huxley, Wi nchester Press, ton, D.C. 20250. 1971, $3.95. Audubon slides, 35 mm. 2X2 color, with informative text. Clari fies horticultu ral or techn ica l terms in layman's lan­ For purchase or rental. guage. Cata log on request to Photo Fi lm Dept., National Au­ 20. Kids Gardening-A first indoor gardening book for chil­ dubon Society, 950 Third Ave., New York 10022. dren, A ileen Pau l, Doubleday & Co., 1972, $4.50. Subjects include flowers, trees, ecology. 21. Gardening-A New World For Children, by Sa ll y W ri ght, Massachu setts Audubon Society slides, for sa le or rent. Macmill an Co., 1957. List available, coveri ng plants, air pollutio n, city parks and planning, gardening, flower growing. 22. Plants We Live On, Carroll Lane Fenton and Herminie B. Kitchen, The John Day Co., 197 1, $4 .29. Kingwood Ce nter Film and Sl ide Programs Gardening subjects. Story of grains and vegetables for you ng readers. For sa le or rent to garden clu bs, churches, and other 23 . Understanding Ecology, Elizabeth T. Bi ll ington, Frederick organizations. Schedu ling by reservation. Warne and Co., Inc. , 1971 , $3.95. For information address Ki ngwood Center, Box 1186, r+ For the young reader. M ansfield, O H 44903 . ( 45 Perennial Edu cation, Inc. ENDLESS SUMMER. Garden method se ries, for sa le or rent, su ited for high school, college horticulture department, extension se r­ vice, ga rden clubs, libraries, ga rden centers. For descriptive brochure address Perennial Education, Inc., P.O. Box 236, 1825 Willow Road, Northfield, IL 60093. just A.H.S. Film Festival Entries and Awards, 1964-73 List of films and sponsors from whom purchase or rental S459. terms may be ascertained. Prepared by American Horti­ cultural Society, Mt. Vernon, VA 22121 . Memmler Educational Color Slides That's w hat you'll enjoy in a spacious 12' For sa le only, high-fidelity color sl ides sets of production, x 12' Gothic Arch Greenhouse. propagation, hybridizing techniques, flower and tree Beautifully designed of California Heart Redwood and translucent fiberglass panels, a families. Also, individual slides of a wide selection of Gothic Arch Greenhouse will stand up to the plant species. severest extremes of wind and weather. For rent, a selection of " how to" slides prepared for Best of all, it's incredibly economical, be­ presentation to groups. Inquiries about this se rvice wel­ cause you buy direct from the manufacturer. And comed. you put it together yourself, following our clear, every-step-of-the-way directions. No fo undation For descriptive li st write Eugene Memmler, 3287 Duns­ is necessary. . mere Rd ., Glendale, CA 91206. Send for our Free Catalogue today. Organic Gardening Films and filmstrips; purchase or rental from Rodale Pres s, Emmaus, PA 18049. Gothic PARTICIPATION PROGRAMS Arch 1. Audubon study programs Programs which emphasize the discovery approach to Cireenhouses DEPT. AH-7 0 PO BOX 15640 MOBILE, ALA. 36601 0 (205) 432-7529 learning and provide an excellent basi s for studies in con­ servation. Five programs planned as units of study to spark the natural curiosity of young people. Write to Educational Services, National Audubon Society, Give Your 950 Third Avenue, New York 10022. 2. Mission '76 Program of Keep America Beautiful and the Plants the Miracle General Federation of Women's Clubs Many groups can use and benefit from the materials pre­ of Life . . . Fleco Indoor pared in connection with this program. Among the items available is a guide to using Your Community as an Envi­ ronmental Resource. Write K.A.B. New York Office, 99 Plant Lites with Vita-Lite® Park Avenue, New York 10016. Available at all leading Lawn & Garden Retailers 3. National Junior Horticultural Association or Direct from our Factory Request program outlines from N.J.H.A., Mt. Vernon, VA 22 121. • Maximum Growing Area with minimum floor space 4. 4-H and Youth Development Programs Consult county agricultural agents or write the Cooperative • Three adjustable shelves Extension Service at your State land-grant univers ity. complete with Vita-Lite® lamps BUllETINS, HANDBOOKS, LEAFLETS Bookl ets, handbooks, and leaflets on a limitless variety of • Comes in metal walnut woodgrain, orange or subjects pertinent to horticulture and environmental improve­ yellow colors-lOYz" x ment ca n be obtai ned free or at sl ight cost. Some so urces are: 25" x 5 ft. high u.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. Other models also available. Request a li st of Home and Garden Bulletins. Cooperative Exten sion Service, every state FLECO Industries Refer your questions to your city or county 3347 Halifax St. Dallas, Texas 75247 horticulture/agri culture agent who ca n provide state pub­ Model EPLF 300 46 I ic.at ions free of charge. ~ $120.00 * * *. * Keeping ic Your lawn needs A mer.eQ· * Beautiful: afall feeding.

Fertilizing in the fall thickens up turf and helps it recover from summer damage. It helps turf survive winter weather and green up earlier next spring. Authorities agree that two thirds of the nitrogen should be applied in the fall if your lawn is bluegrass, fescue, or bent. On other grasses, one third of the nitrogen should be fall-applied. Fertilize now with the lawn fertilizer containing blue Nitroform.· It's the concentrated, long-lasting organic nitrogen that feeds grass slowly and evenly all fall. If the bag says Blue Chip or Nitroform, you can be sure it's a Blue Chip'" quality fertilizer using Nitroform. Hercules Incorporated, Turf and Horticultural Products, Wilmington, De laware 19899. The Pioneer Plant Food Good for everything you grow. Roses, trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns, fruits, vegetables. Spark vigorous growth. CJ1te JaWiik§eper Just dissolve in water, then sprinkle or spray. Fast acting, speeds results, no burning. High analysis 23-19-1 7% . The favorite of experts for years! ...sf&- HERCULES diseases of turf-

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FINEST QUALITY ALPINES , Western Wild­ GUARANTEED PLANTS-of all families­ flowers, DWARF: Rhododendrons, Azaleas , exchange privilege if not 100% satisfied-a Conifers, Heather, Ferns. Bonsai , Terrarium new strictly mail order club with limited conti­ subjects. Descriptive Catalog, Cultural Infor­ nental U.S. membership-not sold wholesale mation, 50c. ALPINES WEST, Route 2, Box or in stores-you get the discount prices­ 259, Spokane, Washington, 99207 . join today-remit $1 .00 for 1974 dues and "Glass breaks, but my recei ve low, low prices, literature and mem­ bership card-tell your friends if they like to Books Turner greenhouse has save money GUARANTEED PLANT CLUB, Box 66GA, Robbinsville, N.J. 08691 . stood up to 3-inch limbs:' BOTANICAL & HORTICULTURAL BOOKS, Rare, Out-of-print, New.-Latest Catalog Lt. Col. (Retd.) E. L. Rowell of Vir­ $1.00 S.J. Singer Co. 1133 Broadway, New Miscellaneous ginia Beach, Va., lives in an area with York, NY 10010. high winds ... and falling branches. Hand Coloured Lily Plates 22"x 15" by Lilian " I had a glass greenhouse, but re­ Editor's Note: An error was inadvertently made in this ad in the last issue of American Horticulturist. The address Snelling from Elwes Monograph of the Genus placing panes is a job. I'm delighted was printed 113 Broadway and it should read 1133 with my Turner fiberglass green~ Broadway. Lilium, suitable for framing , $10.00 each house." postpaid, three for $25.00. LOTH LORIEN A Turner greenhouse brings out LIMITED, Wadhurst, Sussex, England. the best in gardeners ... for a small MODERN FRUIT SCIENCE, BEST COM­ investment. Why don't you write for PLETE book on tree and small fruits , 1000 a free catalog right now? pp., 1973 5th ed., Hort. Publ. , Nichol Ave , N. Wildflower Postcards, in exquisite color from Brunswick, N.J. 08903. $16.50 + 43c; For­ the series of books, "Wild Flowers of the TURNER eign, $17.50 + 48c. Request our list of Publ . United States." Each card has a description ~ GREENHOUSES of the flower portrayed, its habitat, its season. Books Wanted Price $3.00 per set of 32 cards. THE NEW ~ u.s. 13 South, Goldsboro N. C. 27530 YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN , Dept. AH , Bronx, New York 10458. Collectors items wanted: Books, Catalogs or other publications of Peter Henderson Seed LOWEST COST DOME Co. Write R.V . Bray, Box 4205 Charlotte, N.C. Primroses GREENHOUSES 28204 Hardy Barnhaven Si Iver Dollar Primroses Carnivorous (Insect Eating) Plants bring enchantment to shadier gardens. Plants and seed of this famous strain, plus 50 kinds & supplies. New book, The World of rare Primula Species seed. Descriptive Cata­ Carnivorous Plants. Illustrated catalog 25c. log, 25c. FAR NORTH GARDENS, 15621 Peter Pauls Nurseries, Robin Rd ., Canan­ Auburndale Way, Livonia, Michigan 48154. daigua, NY 14424. Publications Daffodil Bulbs WAKE UP YOUR GARDENING. Gardening is COMPLETE UNITS FROM $98.50 100 Daffodil bulbs: Unusual Mixture $10, going places-are you with it! THE AVANT GARDENER brings you all the "firsts"-new This handsome geodesic design greenhouse can Yellow Trumpets-King Alfred $9, First $8. now be yours at our new low prices. A beautiful, Bushels (350-400 bulbs) Mi xture $30, King plants, products, techniques, with sources­ full size greenhouse that assembles in only hours. Alfred $27, First $24. Postpaid. River's Edge plus full features, special issues. A unique Complete precut Dome Greenhouse Kits contain Farm , Rt. 3, Box 228A, Gloucester, Va . 23061 . horticultural magazine-news service, 24 is­ everything including rust proof hardware. Suo sues a year, over 500 articles. Curious? 3 perior design gives you healthier plants. No sample copies $1 . Serious? $8.50 for a full foundation needed, strongest greenhouse design. Horticulturists year. P.O. Box 489 , New York, NY 10028. Write today for FREE color catalog and prices. Redwood Domes, Div. DH , Aptos, Calif. 95003. Wanted : Full-time horticulturist to maintain Water Lilies. and improve 30-acre city park. Virgin Cy­ ~E LAN DSCAPE CONTRACTOR press in rich flood plain. Natural landscap­ Colored catalog listing hardy and tropical LEARN MODERN LANDSCAPING for exciting hobby ing, mostly native plants. Will have one full­ water lilies-day & night bloomers, misc. o r profit. Thousands of spare or full lime time laborer, plus part-time and volunteer making opportunities . .Start a profitable water plants supplies, pumps, filters, jet­ hus iness - we show you how. Study and help. Must be willing and able to do manual sweeps, fountain heads as well as building earn your certificate at home. labor. Outstanding opportunity for ambitious Write tonay for Free Book. and planting instruction. Van Ness Water LIFETIME CAREER SCHOOLS man/woman. Salary open. Send resume or Gardens, 2460 N. Euclid Ave ., Upland, Calif. Dept. A·717 questions to Ben Williamson, Route 3, Dar­ 2251 Barry Ave. 91786. 10c. Los Angeles. Ca 90064 ~@!~~ lington, S.C. 29532. Wildflowers AMERICA'S FINEST AFRICAN VIOLETS AND GESNERIADS 50% more power. WILDLINGS-Nursery Grown Wildflowers for Write for Color Folder 15¢. made solid brass . Gardeners, Nature Lovers. Catalogue listing leakproof guarantee. Needs Catalogue of Growing no washer. Fits standard wildflowers (Eastern and Western kinds) Supplies 25¢. garden hose . Fingertip con· unusual plants, stories, nature lore, growing trol shutoff. Adjust from solid jet stream to heavy or tips, etc.-All for just $1 .00. Jamieson Valley lschet .. GREENHOUSES pin point spray. For garden, patio, auto, boat and driveway: 48 ! Dept.AH· LINWOOD, N.J. 08221 $2.59 each, $4.99 for two. Add 45¢ ship-hdlg. Mail check to Gardens, Rt . 3-D, Spokane, Wash . 99203. Bob Neumann, 2921 S, laCienega, Culver City, CA 90230. Horticultural mThe . for WAmerlcan your Library! HORTl~ULTURAL MagazIne

THE HANDBOOK OF HOLLIES-everything you always wanted to know about holly and didn't know whom to ask! Published jointly by The Holly Society of America and The American Horticultural Society . 192 pages-165 black and white photographs and drawings. Paperback $5.50,

THE PEONIES-all about the herbaceous Peonies/the tree Peonies. John C. Wister, editor. Published by The American Horticultural Society. 213 pages. Cloth bound45.40, . paperback-$3.90.

DAfFODIL HANDBOOK-as a special issue of The American Horticultural Magazine. George S. L.ee, Jr., editor in cOf.ljunction with the American Daff@dil Society. ·227 pages. 'Cloth bound---$4.90, . paperback--$3.40.

ALL ARE AVAILABLE FROM The American Horticultural Society; Mount Vernon,