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Management of Production Problems in Tropical Fruit Crops 14Th to 23Rd September 2005

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Management of Production Problems in Tropical Fruit Crops 14Th to 23Rd September 2005 1906-2005 ICAR Sponsored Short Course Management of Production Problems in Tropical Fruit Crops 14th to 23rd September 2005 Editors Dr. T.N. Balamohan Dr. R.M. Vijayakumar Dr. K. Soorianathasundaram Dr. K. Poornima Dr. E. Vadivel Department of Fruit Crops Horticultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore - 641003 ICAR Sponsored Short Course Management of Production Problems in Tropical Fruit Crops (14th to 23rd September, 2005) Course Material Edited by Dr. T.N. Balamohan Dr. R.M.Vijayakumar Dr. K. Soorianathasundaram Dr. K. Poornima Dr. E. Vadivel Department of Fruit Crops Horticultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore - 641003 Organised by Department of Fruit Crops 1906-2005 Horticultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore Sponsored by Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi Course Organisation Course Director Dr.T.N.Balamohan Associate Directors 1. Dr.R.M.Vijayakumar 2. Dr.K.Soorianathasundaram 3. Dr.K.Poornima Course Associates 1. Dr.V.Panimalar 2. Dr.P.S.Kavitha 3. Ms.R.Sudha Printed at Sri Sakthi Promotional Litho Process 54, Robertson Road, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore - 641 002 Tel: 0422-2450133 E-mail: [email protected] Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 1906-2005 Dr. E. Vadivel Dr. T.N. Balamohan Dean (Hort) Prof. & Head (Fruits) Preface India is one of the emerging countries having a strong footing in Agriculture, particularly in Horticulture. Though there are plenty of technologies to boost up the production, there are several other areas to be adequately addressed for sustainable production. With this in mind and to sensitize the teachers, researchers and extension workers, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has given approval to conduct a short course on “Management of Production Problems in Tropical Crops” from 14th September to 23rd September, 2005 at the Department of Fruit Crops, HC&RI, TNAU, Coimbatore. We gratefully acknowledge the ICAR for having selected our faculty for this programme and for extending financial support. Our sincere thanks are due to Dr.C. Ramasamy, Vice-chancellor, TNAU, Coimbatore for his encouragement and full support in conducting the short course. The help rendered by the members of the faculty was immense and our thanks are due to them. Words are inadequate to express our gratitude for the sincere service by the members of the Department of Fruit Crops, without whom the training would not have been possible. Thanks are due to the various State Agricultural Universities and ICAR Institutes for having nominated their scientists, extension workers and teachers to attend the short course. We also acknowledge the resource persons who readily agreed to deliver the technical inputs and spent their valuable time with the participants and provided the core input for the training. Course Director and the Editors Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 1906-2005 Coimbatore - 641 003 India Date: 12.09.2005 Dr. C. Ramasamy Vice Chancellor Foreword India’s diverse agro-climatic regions facilitate production of wide variety of fruits. Even though India leads the world in production of mango, banana, sapota and acid lime, in terms of productivity, it ranks far below than many countries. With trade barriers becoming narrower in the post WTO era, it is of paramount importance that the agricultural and horticultural production are kept at a higher level in a sustainable and competitive manner despite the increasing pressure on land and water. Our present status of export of fresh fruits is insignificantly low despite the climatic advantage we possess. Production problems and challenges faced by the grower need to be addressed constantly and urgently to keep production levels from falling. It is timely that the short course Management of Production Problems in Tropical Fruit Crops’ sponsored by ICAR is organized at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University to provide an update on various production problems of tropical fruit crops like banana, mango, papaya, grapes, sapota, citrus, guava, jack, aonla etc. to the researchers, teachers and extension personnel of horticulture from different parts of India. As I understand, the program covers all relevant aspects like production strategies including biotechnological approaches, micro irrigation and fertigation, pests and disease management, post-harvest handling etc. I congratulate the contributors of the various topics and the editors for bringing out this compendium, which will not only be useful to the participants of the short course but also to the students of horticulture, researchers, teachers of state agricultural universities, extension workers, private establishments, enthusiastic growers with scientific approach and various agencies involved in promoting fruit production. C. Ramasamy Contents S. No. Titles Page No. 1. Good Agricultural Practices and Phytosanitation Standards in Fruit Crops 1 2. An Overview of Production Constraints and Management in Tropical Fruit Crops 9 3. Production Constraints and Management in Mango 15 4. Constraints in Exportable Banana Production: National and International Perspectives 21 5. Production Problems in Grape and their Management 25 6. Management of Production Constraints in Citrus 31 7. Management of Production Constraints in Papaya 38 8. Production Constraints and Management in Sapota and Guava 46 9. Production Constraints Management in Amla 53 10. Production Constraints and Management in Mandarin and Avocado 55 11. Management of Production Constraints in Ber and Pomegranate 62 12. Constraints in Production of Fruit Crops in Arid and Wastelands 70 13. Biotechnological Approaches in Overcoming Production Constraints in Fruit Crops 75 14. Precision Farming in Fruit Crops 81 15. Constraints in Micro-irrigation and Fertigation in Fruit Crops and their Management 86 16. Leaf Nutrient Norms - DRIS Approaches in Fruit Crops 93 17. Managing Production Constraints Using Biofertilizers 106 18. Constraints in Organic Fruit Production and their Management 111 19. Approaches to Manage Physiological Problems due to Nutrient Deficiencies in Fruit Crops 118 20. Growth Manipulation in Tropical Fruit Crops to Overcome Physiological Constraints 123 21. Strategies in Weed Management in Fruit Crops 128 22. Integrated Pest Management in Fruit Crops 135 23. Important Diseases of Banana and Papaya and their Management 140 24. Perspectives in Integrated Disease Management of Fruit Crops 145 25. Nematode Management in Banana and Papaya 152 26. Integrated Management of Nematodes in Fruit Production 156 27. Perspectives in Post Harvest Handling of Fruits 161 28. Bioinformatics 166 Good Agricultural Practices and Phytosanitation Standards in Fruit Crops E. Vadivel* and V. Panimalar** *Dean, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore ** Senior Research Fellow, Department of Fruit Crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore The concept of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) sis for other programs of stimulus to quality improve- has evolved in recent years in the context of a rapidly ment, like the Hazards Analysis and Critical Control changing and globalizing food economy and as a result Points (HACCP) or for programs of promotion of agri- of the concerns and commitments of a wide range of cultural certification such as Integrated Fruit Produc- stakeholders about food production and security, food tion and other international protocols for quality certi- safety and quality, and the environmental sustainability fication. of agriculture. These stakeholders include governments, At present, GAP is formally recognized in the in- food processing and retailing industries, farmers, and ternational regulatory framework for reducing risks as- consumers, who seek to meet specific objectives of food sociated with the use of pesticides, taking into account security, food quality, production efficiency, livelihoods public and occupational health, environmental, and and environmental benefits in both medium and long safety considerations. The use of GAP is also being term. GAP offers a means to help reach those objec- promoted increasingly by the private sector through tives. informal codes of practice and indicators developed by Broadly defined, GAP applies available knowledge food processors and retailers in response to emerging to addressing environmental, economic and social consumer demand for sustainably produced and whole- sustainability for on-farm production and post-produc- some food. This trend may create incentives for the tion processes resulting in safe and healthy food and adoption of GAP by farmers by opening new market non-food agricultural products. Many farmers in de- opportunities, provided they have the capacity to re- veloped and developing countries already apply GAP spond. through sustainable agricultural methods such as inte- grated pest management, integrated nutrient manage- Good Agricultural Practices for Selected ment and conservation agriculture. These methods are Agricultural Components applied in a range of farming systems and scales of production units, including as a contribution to food Soil security, facilitated by supportive government policies 1. The physical and chemical properties and functions, and programmes. organic matter and biological activity of the soil Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) is a set of prin- are fundamental to sustaining agricultural produc- ciples to make agriculture less dependent on chemi- tion and determine, in their complexity, soil fertil-
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