Program Schedule SUNDAY/MONDAY

105th Annual International Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science Rosen Plaza Hotel, Orlando, Florida

8:00–9:00 am Salon 9 Sunday, 20 July Moderators Training Session This session will detail the processes associated with moderating 7:00–7:30 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby a session during the ASHS conference. You will meet the onsite Audio Visual staff and go over the procedures requested to fulfill Tropical Horticulture Tour the moderator duties Travel to Miami for the day and visit the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden and a Tropical Nursery. The Fairchild Tropical Botanic 8:00–10:00 am Salon 12 Garden is a recipient of the ASHS HortLandmark award. The Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Meeting Fairchild is about “Exploring, Explaining and Conserving the World of Tropical Plants.” A box lunch will be served there and you will 8:00–10:00 am Salon 8 have time to explore the grounds. Then you will board the bus and make a stop at a Galloway Farms Nursery before heading back to Prunus CGC Meeting the Rosen Plaza Hotel. Pre-registration required $95.00. 8:00–10:00 am Salon 2 9:00–5:00 pm Salon 14 Tropical Fruit and Nut CGC Meeting ASHS Board of Directors Meeting 9:00–10:00 am Salon 1 Presiding: William R. Woodson Graduate Students Activities Committee Meeting 9:00–5:00 pm Salon 15 Chair: Mark Ritenour WERA-58 (Western Extension and Activity Group #58) 9:00–10:00 am Salon 11 Presiding: Stan Hokanson Working Group Chairs/Chairs-Elect Meeting 2:00–5:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Presiding: Mary Peet Exhibitor Set-up All Working Group Chairs/Chairs-Elect are asked to join ASHS leadership at this session to discuss the responsibilities and require- 2:00–5:00 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby ments for each Working Group. We will detail processes, procedures Preconference Student Tour to Leu Gardens and deadlines for required Working Group reports. Students, this is the perfect opportunity for you to observe the native 9:00–10:00 am Salon 7 plant materials before the commodity judging contest. The Harry P. Leu Gardens has nearly 50 acres of peaceful grounds that allow Crop Physiology (CRPP) Working Group Business you to come enjoy “Old Florida” during a 1½-hour guided tour Meeting of the gardens. Stroll along meandering paths shaded by ancient Chair: Thomas Björkman oaks, forests of camellias, and giant camphor trees. Leu Gardens features America’s largest camellia collection outside California 9:00–10:00 am Salon 18 and the largest formal rose garden in Florida. Other features include Floriculture (FLOR) Working Group Business Meeting palm and bamboo gardens, tropical stream and butterfly gardens, and the new kitchen garden with herbs and vegetables. This tour Chair: Jeff Kuehny is strictly for undergraduate students. 9:00–10:00 am Salon 17 3:00–8:00 pm Salon 5 & 6 Postharvest (PH) Working Group Business Meeting Commodity Judging Contest Set-Up Chair: Greg McCollum

9:00–10:00 am Salon 10 International Topics of Concern to Horticulturists Monday, 21 July (ITCH) Working Group Business Meeting Chair: Harish Ratnayaka 7:00–12:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Exhibitor Set-up/Dismantle Hours 9:00–12:00 pm Salon 5 & 6 Poster Set-up Time for Presenters Commodity Judging Contest The Horticultural Commodity Judging Contest and Plant Identifi- 7:30–6:00 pm Registration Desk A/B cation Contest are held at each ASHS Annual Conference. Under- Registration Open graduate students from ACB member clubs compete by rating the

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1003 quality of horticultural commodities, identifying a large number of (401) Learner-centered Approaches for Master Gardener Program plants, many from out of their region, and by taking general exam Development of horticultural knowledge. *Brian Oleksak (402) University Trial Garden: Open House Evaluation by Industry 10:00 am–12:00 pm Grand Ballroom D and Local Community Opening Plenary Session, and *Brett Smith,*Corrie Cotton, Fawzy Hashem, Instar Eljak William A. “Tex” Frazier Lecture (403) University Trial Garden: Research, Education, and 21st William A. “Tex” Frazier Lecture Outreach Speaker: Philip E. Nelson *Corrie Cotton, Rachel Andrews, Brett Smith, Nathan Collier, Scholle Chair Professor, 2007 World Food Prize Laureate, Fawzy Hashem Department of Food Science, Purdue University (404) Rutgers NJAES Snyder Research and Extension Farm (see description on page 1005) *Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr., Nicholas Polanin, Peter Nitzsche, *Rebecca Magron, Gyurian Joseph, Edwin Dager ASHS 2008 Awards Ceremony (405) Rutgers NJAES Master Gardeners in Somerset and Hunt- Presiding: Mary Peet, ASHS President erdon Counties, NJ: Impacting Lives and the Environment Presentation of the following ASHS Awards for 2008: since 1992 Hall of Fame Inductee; Class of Fellows; Outstanding *Rebecca Magron, Joseph Gyurian, Nicholas Polanin, Extension Educator; Outstanding Graduate Educator; Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr. Outstanding Undergraduate Educator; Outstanding Industry Scientist; Outstanding International Horticulturist 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Award; Outstanding Researcher Award; Cross-Commodity Poster Session: Floriculture 1 Publication; Extension Publication; Education Publication; (207) Calcined Clays and Diatomaceous Earth Used as Components Fruit Publication; Ornamental Publication; and Vegetable of Soilless Root Media Influence Water Retention, Availability, Publication; Industry Division Travel Grant and Water Use Efficiency during Production and Post-produc- tion of Impatiens walleriana 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Rose A. Ogutu, Kimberly A. Williams, Mary Beth Kirkham Poster Session: Consumer Horticulture (208) Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) Plants Grown in Municipal Note: For all Poster Sessions, the numbers in parentheses indicate Solid Waste Compost the poster board location within Grand Ballroom A/B/C. *Lilliam Cardona, Maria Del Carmen Libran, Lizzette González, Lydia Rivera Asterisks indicate presenting authors. Complete abstracts and author info begin on p. ______. (209) Effects of Alternative Potting Media and Fertilizer Level on Potted Impatiens *Kent D. Kobayashi, John L Griffis, Jr., Andrew F. Kawabata, (393) Observing Gardening Posture and Motion of Older Gardeners Joanne S. Lichty for Health Benefits and Risks (210) Evaluation of Growth of Chrysanthemum Ramat. and Cuphea *Sin-Ae Park, Candice Shoemaker, Mark Haub Kunth in Vermicompost-based Substrate (394) Promoting and Enhancing Visitor Experiences at the Fairmount *Mengmeng Gu, Brian Trader,*Shen Ma Park Horticulture Center and Centennial Arboretum (211) Cyclanilide Stimulates Lateral Branch Development in Poinsettia *Terry Boudreau, Matthew Quirey, Jacqueline Bergquist, Dan *Richard J. McAvoy, Aizhen Li Burcham, Grace Chapman, James Gagliardi, Amy Hoffmann, Keri Leymaster, Barnabas Seyler, Robert Lyons (212) Plant Growth Regulator and Fertilizer Effects on Growth and Flowering of Re-blooming Iris (395) Advancement of the Center for Public Horticulture at the *Neal Hanley,*Richard L. Harkess, Mengmeng Gu University of Delaware *Edward Moydell, Robert Lyons (213) An Evaluation of the Chelating Agent EDDS for Marigold Production (396) Landscape Design with the Desert in Mind *Joseph Albano *Robert Morris, Dale Devitt, Mel Hengen (397) An Examination of National Plant Selection/Introduction 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Programs Poster Session: Nursery and Ornamental Crops 1 *Emily Harris, Carolyn W. Robinson, Jeff L. Sibley, Donald J. Eakes (339) Root and Shoot Growth Patterns of Copperleaf under Different Irrigation Treatments (398) Performance of Rose Cultivars at Mississippi State University *Luci Fisher, Kimberly Moore Veterans Memorial Rose Garden *Pamela Collins, Ekaterina Jeliazkova, Dennis Rowe (340) Natural Regeneration of Rhododendron decorum Franch. *Xuejuan Chen, Qixiang Zhang, Weijie Li, Xun Chen, Donglin (399) A History of the Clemson Extension Home & Garden Infor- Zhang mation Center *James Blake (341) Effect of Nitrogen and Irradiance on Photosythesis and Sto- matal Conductance of Two Native Florida Shrubs (400) The Linear Garden: A Unique, Inexpensive, and Effective *Edward Fletcher, Jyotsna Sharma, Mack Thetford Way to Facilitate Plant Identification and Roadside Beau- tification (342) Studies of Use of New Canna indica Cultivars for Improved *Keona L. Muller, Judith A. Gersony, Patricia A. Frey, Student Floral Collection Sandra B. Wilson, Brian T. Scully *Maria Cantor, Rodica Pop, Erszebet Buta

1004 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 21st William A. “Tex” Frazier Lecture

Sponsored by Seminis Vegetable Seeds MONDAY

Monday, July 21, 2008 10:00 am–12:00 pm

Philip E. Nelson, Scholle Chair Professor at Purdue University, has a broad experience in the field of food pro- cessing. He served as plant manager of a tomato process- ing plant from 1956–60. In 1961, he joined the Horticul- ture staff at Purdue University as an instructor and in 1967 earned a PhD in Horticulture Food Science. In 1975, he was appointed Director of the Food Sciences Institute and became Head of the newly formed Food Science Depart- ment in 1983 and remained Head until 2003 (20 years). In Philip E. Nelson 2004, the Board of Trustees appointed him to the Scholle Purdue University Endowed Chair in Food Processing. Besides administra- 2007 World Food Laureate tion, his duties have included teaching food preservation and product development courses and assisting food pro- cessors throughout the United States and several foreign contributions in developing an eight-million gallon ship countries. that carries aseptic orange juice around the globe. His involvement in the bag-in-box development has impacted Dr. Nelson has carried out an active research program the distribution of fruit and vegetable concentrates in over with emphasis on aseptic processing. His aseptic bulk stor- 135 countries. age process received the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)’ Industrial Achievement Award in 1976 (the first time Dr. Nelson served as President of IFT (22,000 member- this award was given to a university), and in 1995 he was ship) 2001–02. awarded the Nicholas Appert Award, IFT’s top honor. In In 2004, Dr. Nelson spent 3 months in New Zealand 1997 he was honored by the Secretary of Agriculture with learning about their food industries’ biosecurity efforts. In the USDA Personal Achievement Award and in 2002 was 2007, he was named the World Food Prize Laureate, the appointed to the USDA National Agricultural Research, “Nobel” of Food and Agriculture. Extension, Education and Economic Advisory Board. In 2003, he was elected Fellow, International Academy of About the Tex Frazier Lecture Series Food Science and Technology. In 2005, Dr. Nelson was selected by USDA to serve on an eight-member Specialty The Tex Frazier Lecture Series was named in honor of Crops Committee and was selected to receive IFT’s Carl William A. “Tex” Frazier, an eminent member of the facul- Fellers Award for bringing recognition to the profession of ty at Oregon State University. The intent of the lecture se- Food Science. The interest in his current research program ries is: “to foster and promote reciprocal liaisons between can be attested by his being invited to lecture at numerous ASHS and other professional groups; to recognize distin- national and international meetings and his annual interna- guished scholars and to bring their point of view to ASHS tional aseptic workshop celebrated 25 years in 2008. members; and to encourage the development of a holistic philosophy within the horticultural science profession so He has authored or co-authored over 65 papers in the that ASHS members and students can enjoy the benefits field of food science and technology and holds thirteen U.S. of a broader perspective provided by an understanding of process patents. His aseptic bulk storage has revolutionized the interrelationship of seemingly diverse disciplines.” the not-from-concentrate orange juice industry with over Past William A. “Tex” Frazier lecturers include Bruce A. 600 million gallons of juice being stored. This technology Kimball, Soil Scientist, Arid-Land Agricultural Research is now being used in all the major citrus production areas Center, Maricopa, AZ, (2007) and Paul Soniat, Director, of the world. In 2004, he was honored with a replica of New Orleans Botanic Garden (2006). a ship from a Norwegian and Brazilian company for his

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1005 (343) An Efficient Embryo Rescue Medium for Triploid Daylily (159) Nutrient Leaching from Bedding Plant Production (Hemerocallis) Using Composted Cow Manure as a Potting Media *Zhiwu Li, Pinkham Linda, Faith Campbell, Rumen Conev Substitute for Peat (344) Variations in Nutraceutical Compound Contents in Seeds of *Amy Shober, Craig Stanley, Brent Harbaugh, Geoffrey Denny Korean and Japanese Beefsteak Plant (Perilla frutescens var. (160) Growing Conventional and Organic Tomatoes with crispa) Varieties Black Plastic or Straw Mulch and Transitional Tomatoes *Hey-Young Jung, Hyoung-Gyun Ahn, Min-Kyoung Kim, Ju- with Living Mulch Kyong Lee *Elizabeth Maynard (345) Landscape Performance of American Beautyberry from (161) Optimal Planting Period for Buckwheat Cover Crop for Weed Northern and Southern Provenances Suppression in Florida *William Graves, Bruce Quint *Pei-wen Huang, Carlene Chase, Bielinski Santos, Xin Zhao (162) Effect of Different Groundcover Management in Fraser fir 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Plantation on Soil pH, Moisture and Microbial Biomass C Poster Session: Propagation/Asexual Propagation 1 and N (324) Propagation of Nyssa aquatica and Nyssa ogeche from Stem *Pascal Nzokou, Paligwende Nikiema, David Rothstein, Bert Cregg Cuttings (163) Hybrid Mulch System: Effects on Crop Production and *Nickolee Boyer, William Graves Economics (325) Japanese Barberry and Hybrid Cultivars Showed Various *Heather Bryant, Mark Hutton, David Handley, Eric Gallandt Rooting Ability from Stem Cuttings (164) Vermicompost and Glomus intraradices and Their Effect on Fang Geng,*Donglin Zhang, Mark Brand, Youping Sun, Zhihui Li Cucumber Plants under Greenouhse Conditions (326) Jack Fruit Propagation Testing Four Graft Types *Marcelino Bazán-Tene, Javier Farias-Larios, J. Gerardo López- Aguirre, Salvador Guzman-Gonzalez, Jorge Federico Pineda-García Juan-Manuel González-González*Salvador Guzman-Gonzalez, Jose-Roberto Contreras-Aguilar (165) Planting Durum Using Minimum Tillage on Lettuce Beds (327) Grafting Trials on Eugenia uniflora L. *Kurt Nolte, Michael J. Ottman, Marco Tellez Malcolm M. Manners,*John L Griffis, Jr., Ty G. McDonald, (166) Allelopathy to Verticillium Wilt and Identification of Allelo- Virginia Easton Smith chemicals in Root Exudates of Grafted Eggplants (328) Nursery Rooting and Growth of Norway Spruce Cuttings Na Liu, Baoli Zhou, Yixiu Li, Jing Hao, Bo Lu,*Xin Zhao *Laura M.R. Rinaldi, Paolo Pestelli (167) Organic and Plastic Mulches for Suppression of Purple Nut- (329) Effects of Increased Auxin Concentrations on Hardwood sedge in Watermelon Rooting of the Cynthiana/Norton Native Grape Cultivar *J. Pablo Morales-Payan, Pedro E. Marquez-Mendez, *Benjamin Kelly,*Nathan Phillips, Tony Johnston Raghavan Charudattan, Erin Rosskopf, Yasser Shabanna, Waldemar Klassen (330) Summer Stem Cutting Propagation of Thirteen Alaska Native (168) Effect of Cropping System Complexity on Plant-parasitic Woody Plants Nematodes Associated with Organically-grown Vegetables *Patricia S. Holloway, Mia R. Peterbur in Florida 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Manish Bhan, Carlene Chase, Robert McSorley Poster Session: Sustainable Production 1 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (153) Cereal Cover Crop vs. Synthetic Nitrogen Effect on Water Use Poster Session: Viticulture and Small Fruits/Genetics/ and Yield Response of Southern Pea and Common Dry Bean Germplasm/Plant Breeding *Wayne Whitehead, Bharat Singh (061) ‘Majesty’: A New, Large Fruited Muscadine Grape (154) Comparison of Cover Crops and Inorganic Nitrogen Effect Variety on Leaf Area Index and Above Ground Biomass Yields of *Jiang Lu, Zhong-bo Ren, Xia Xu Southern Pea and Common Dry Bean *Wayne Whitehead, Bharat Singh (062) ‘Red Globe’ for Table Grape: Productivity and Fruit Quality on Three Rootstocks (155) Application and Evaluation of a Rapid Nitrate-N test for *Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz, Fabián Robles-Contreras, Soil Solution Under Perennial Peanut (Arachis pintoi) Liv- Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras, Rubén Macias-Duarte, ing Mulch *Fidel Nuñez-Ramirez *Rebecca Mitschele,*Theodore Radovich, Ali Fares, Michael Robotham (063) Optimizing Somatic Embryogenesis in Muscadine Grapes *Xia Xu, Danae Dalling,*Jiang Lu (156) Evaluating Fibrous Polyethylene Terephthalate and Cellulose as Components for Soilless Substrates (064) Northeastern Strawberry Cultivars: 100 Years of Breeding Claudio Pasian,*Jonathan Frantz *Rebecca Harbut, Marvin Pritts, Lailiang Cheng (157) Soil Microbial Communities and Activities Under Differ- (065) Unexpected Polyploidy in Wild Asian Strawberries ent Orchard Floor Management Systems in Oregon Sweet *Kim Hummer, Nahla Bassil Cherry Orchards (066) Self-fertility Evaluations of Northern-adapted Rabbiteye *Jennifer Moore-Kucera, Veronica Acosta-Martinez,*Anita Aza- Blueberry Hybrids renko *Mark Ehlenfeldt, Robert Martin, Jr. (158) Long-Term Effects of Polypropylene Groundcover on Soil (067) Flowering and Yield Characteristics of Primocane Fruiting Biology and Cash Costs and Returns Blackberries from the University of Arkansas Breeding Pro- *Xinhua Yin, Clark Seavert

1006 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 gram Grown in Kentucky 12:45–1:15 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Kirk Pomper, Jeremiah Lowe, Sheri Crabtree, John R. Clark, All Delegate Luncheon John Strang Lunch will be available for all attendees. This is a grab and go 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C networking focused event. MONDAY Graduate Student Poster Competition (Session 1) 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Rebecca Harbut Poster Session: Computer Applications (064) Northeastern Strawberry Cultivars: 100 Years of Breeding Emily Harris (416) Using GPS and Digital Imagery to Catalog Ornamental Plants on UMES Campus (397) An Examination of National Plant Selection/Introduction Programs *Nathan Collier, *Lurline Marsh, Tracie Earl, Virginia Rosenkranz Pei-wen Huang (417) High Dynamic Range Imaging for Plant and Landscape (161) Optimal Planting Period for Buckwheat Cover Crop for Weed Photography Suppression in Florida *James McConnell Heather Bryant 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (163) Hybrid Mulch System: Effects on Crop Production and Econom- ics Poster Session: Fruit Crops 1—Culture and Management Manish Bhan (085) Fruiting Characteristics of Pawpaw Cultivars and Selections (168) Effect of Cropping System Complexity On Plant-parasitic Nema- in Western South Carolina todes Associated With Organically Grown Vegetables in Florida *Gregory Reighard, David Ouellette, Kathy Brock Rose A. Ogutu (086) The Impact of Wax Application on Gloss Development on (207) Calcined Clays and Diatomaceous Earth Used as Components of Michigan ‘Red Delicious’ Apples Soilless Root Media Influence Water Retention, Availability, and Water *Ekuwa Quist, *Maria Rubino, Benjamin Bailey, Lu Renfu, Daniel Impatiens Use Efficiency during Production and Post-production of Guyer, Rafael Auras, Diwan Ariana wallerana Saioa Legarrea (087) Fruitlet Growth as a Predictor of ‘Red Sensation’ Pear Ab- scission (181) Effect of UV-absorbing Nets in the Spread and Population Growth of the Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euporbiae Thomas *Patricia Garriz, Graciela Colavita, Hugo Alvarez Francesco Di Gioia (088) The Timing and Severity of Thinning to Avoid Biennial-bear- (118) Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications on Growth, ing Cropping Habit of ‘Vista Bella’ Apple Yield and Quality of Two Types of Lettuce Diane Doud Miller, *Jozsef Racsko Shen Ma (089) Effect of Various Pollinizers on Seed Set and Fruit Drop of (240) Effect of Folia Application of Mg and Fe on Improving Hg Phy- ‘Summerred’ Apple toremediation capability of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. ‘Florida Diane Doud Miller Broadleaf’) (090) Five-year Performance of Three Dwarf Apple Rootstocks Allison Stewart with CameoTM Apple (120) Isoflavone Concentration and Pod Removal Force Vary with Pod *Jon Clements, Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr., Wesley R. Autio, *Daniel Maturity in Four Soybean Lines Ward Vanessa Gordon (091) The Peach: Botany, Production, and Uses (056) Maternal Effects Supersede Nuclear Effects Conditioning Chilling *Desmond R. Layne, Daniele Bassi Response in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (092) Effect of Extenday on Fruit Characteristics and Light Level Kyle Daniel and Quality of ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples (191) Effect of Herbicides and Grass/Groundcover on Cold Hardiness *R Crassweller, D. Decoteau, D Smith, L. Ball, B. Isenberg of Field Grown Nursery Stock Upender Somireddy (093) The Effects of Plant Growth Regulator Spray Regimes and (192) Field Evaluation of Herbicide and Mulch Combinations for Weed Girdling on Fruit Retention of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Control Efficacy Lour.) Trees *Leila Graves, *Lauren Garner, Ben Faber, Mark Gaskell Elizabeth J. Thomas (182) Eretmocerus mundus for Control of Bemisia tabaci on Green- (094) Performance of Air-induction Nozzles in Medium-density house-grown Squash Apple Orchards *Steven McArtney, J.D. Obermiller 12:00–1:00 pm Salon 3 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Award Recipient Reception (invitation only) Poster Session: Horticultural Crops Management 12:00–5:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (134) Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Walnut (Juglans Exhibit Hall Open regia) Grafted on ‘Northern California Black’ (Juglans hindsii) or ‘Paradox’ Rootstocks 12:00–6:00 pm Salon 4 *Richard Buchner, Allan Fulton, Cyndi Gilles, Bruce Lampinen, Ken Shackel, Sam Metcalf, Cayle Little, Terry Prichard, Larry Employment/Internship Services (Placement) Schwankl (135) Using ECH2O Probes to Maintain Differential Substrate Moisture Levels Did Not Produce Differential Plant Growth

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1007 in Large Soil Volumes (225) Does Nitrogen Application Alter Ecophysiology, Yield, and *Dilma Silva, Richard Beeson, Fabieli Irizarry Recovery of Processing Carrots? *Rajasekaran R. Lada, Azure D. Adams, Arumugam Thiagarajan (136) Response of Six Gaillardia Species to Irrigation Regimens *Genhua Niu, Denise S. Rodriguez (226) Tomato Yield and Tissue Nutrient Status as Affected by Con- trolled Release Fertilizer or Fertigation in High Tunnels (137) Water Conservation and Growth of Container-grown Woody *Shengrui Yao, Carl Rosen Ornamentals When Irrigated Based on Daily Water Use *Aaron Warsaw, *R. Thomas Fernandez, Bert Cregg, Jeffrey (227) Net Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance and Yield of Andresen Hydroponically-Grown Sweetpotato Subjected to Prolonged Darkness (138) Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations in Container Nursery Runoff from Four Overhead Irrigation Regimes *Desmond Mortley, Douglas Hileman, Lashelle McCoy, Conrad Bonsi, Walter Hill, Carlton Morris *Aaron Warsaw, *R. Thomas Fernandez, Bert Cregg, Jeffrey Andresen (228) Preconditioning of Seeds Cloves at Low Temperatures Increase the Production Quality of ‘Coreano’ Garlic Bulbs (139) The Relationship between Photosynthetic Activity, Container Moisture and Growth in Hibiscus *Edmundo Mercado-Silva, Estefany Galaz-Pérez, *Marycarmen Utrilla-Vazquez, Martin Diaz-Hernández *Amy Fulcher, Robert Geneve, Jack Buxton, Richard S. Gates (229) Enhancement of ‘Red Norland’ Periderm Color (140) Soil Respiration under Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) Carl Rosen, Jeffrey Roessler, Shannon Engelman, Peter D. Pe- Trees as Affected by Pavement Types tracek, *Cindy Tong Bhavana Viswanathan, *Astrid Volder, Todd Watson (230) Cucurbitacin Content in Oriental Melon (Cucumis melo var. (141) Crop Coefficient Comparison for Seepage- and Drip-irrigated makuwa Makino) As Affected by Fruit Development and Peppers in Southwest Florida Fruit Part *Brain Asmad, Sanjay Shukla, James Knowles *Gee Young Lee, Young Hee Han, Ho Seob Soh, Jung Myung Lee, Jong Moon Ahn, Jae Wook Lim, Kyeong Yeol Park, Yun Chan Huh, 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Young Ho Kim Poster Session: Ornamental Plant Breeding 1 (231) Rootstock of Interspecific Squash Hybrids (Cucurbita (001) Inheritance of Leaf Blotches, an Important Trait for Determin- maxima × Cucurbita moschata) Increases Lycopene Content ing the Ornamental Value of Caladium of Watermelon *Zhanao Deng, Brent Harbaugh *Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Richard Hassell, Jonathan Schultheis, Gilbert Miller, Stephen Olson, William T Kelley (002) AFLP, Flow Cytometry, and Leaf Anatomical Analysis of Cultivated Fittonia (232) Comparison of Sample Preparation for Flavonoid Analysis Min Deng, *Jianjun Chen, Richard Henny, Jinggui Fang, C. in Pepper Thomas Chao *Haejin Bae, G.K. Jayaprakasha, John Jifon, Bhimu Patil (003) Assessing Pollen-mediated Gene Flow from Coreopsis 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C tinctoria to Coreopsis leavenworthii Using Morphological Markers Poster Session: Produce Quality and Safety *Sarah Smith, Zhanao Deng, David G. Clark, Jeffrey G. Norcini (279) Evolution of Aroma Volatiles in Coated Strawberries Under (004) Assessment of Ploidy Levels, Pollen Viability, and Seed Pro- Refrigerated Storage duction of Lantana camara Cultivars and Breeding Lines *Eva Almenar, Pilar Hernández-Muñoz, Rafael Gavara *David Czarnecki II, Zhanao Deng, David Clark (280) Characterization of Nutritionally Important Carotenoids in (005) AFLP and Parentage Analysis of a Feral Barberry (Berberis Scallion Onion thunbergii D.C.) Population to Determine the Contribution *Kristin Abney, *Dean Kopsell, Carl Sams, Larry Robertson of an Ornamental Landscape Genotype (281) Prediction of Quality Changes of Garland Chrysanthemum Jessica Lubell, *Mark Brand, Jonathan Lehrer during Simulated Distribution (006) Characterization of the Senescence-specific Cysteine Protease *Eriko Yasunaga, Toma Hirakawa, Satoshi Yoshida, Jiro Chikushi, PhCP10 in Petunia × hybrida Toshitaka Uchino *Nicole Waterland, John Finer, Michelle Jones (282) Effect of Variable Rates of Spent Mushroom Substrate on (007) Characterization and Functional Analysis of Type I and Type Tomato Yield and Fruit Quality II Metacaspases during Petunia Petal Senescence *Thomas Bottoms, Garrett Bishop, *Jeffrey Wong *Youyoun Moon, Laura Chapin, Tea Meulia, Michelle Jones (283) Selenization of Basil and Cilantro through Foliar Applica- (008) New Romanian Gerbera Cultivars tions of Selenate-Se and Selenite-Se *Maria Cantor, Lenuta Chis, Eugenia Harsan *Dean Kopsell, Carl Sams (284) Reducing Decay and Enhancing Free Radical Scavenging 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Capacity in Blueberries by Eugenol, Thymol, and Menthol Poster Session: Physiology of Vegetable Crops *Chien Wang, Junjie Yin (223) Night Temperature and Source/sink Ratio Affect Ovary Size (285) Microbial Infection of Highbush Blueberry at Different at Anthesis in Bell Pepper Developmental Stages *Nicacio Cruz-Huerta, Rebecca L. Darnell, Jeffrey G. Williamson *Lihua Fan, Jun Song, Paul Hildebrand, Craig Doucette, Leslie Campbell-Palmer (224) Effect of Plant Size on Diurnal Variation of Nitrate and Sugars in Lettuce 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Martin Gent Graduate Student Poster Competition (Session 2)

1008 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Ekuwa Quist 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 17 (086)˜The Impact Of Wax Application on Gloss Development on Michi- Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants (HSMP) Working gan Red Delicious Apples Group Business Meeting Aaron Warsaw MONDAY (138)˜Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations in Container Nursery Run- Chair: Pablo Morales-Payan off from Four Overhead Irrigation Regimes 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 2 Sarah Smith (003) Assessing Pollen-mediated Gene Flow from Coreopsis tinctoria Marketing and Economics (MKEC) Working Group to Coreopsis leavenworthii Using Morphological Markers Business Meeting Nicole Waterland Chair: Jennifer Dennis (006) Characterization of the Senescence-specific Cysteine Protease, PhCP10, in Petunia × hybrida 2:00–3:30 pm Salon 8 David Czarnecki II Oral Session 1: Produce Quality and Health Properties (004) Assessment of Ploidy Levels, Pollen Viability, and Seed Produc- Moderator: Bhimuanagouda Patil, [email protected] tion of Lantana camara Cultivars and Breeding Lines Youyoun Moon 2:00–2:15 pm Lime Juice—A Potential Source for Pancreatic (007) Characterization and Functional Analysis of Type I and Type II Cancer Prevention Metacaspases During Petunia Petal Senescence *Jaiprakash R. Patil, ChidambaraMurthy Kotamballi N, Guddada- Kristin Abney rangavvanahalli K. Jayaprakasha, Mahadev B. Chetti, *Bhimana- gouda S. Patl (280) Characterization of Nutritionally Important Carotenoids in Scal- lion Onion 2:15–2:30 pm Ginsenosides Content in Different Leila Graves Morphological Phenotypes of American Ginseng Roots (093) The Effects of Plant Growth Regulator Spray Regimes and Gir- *Samuel Obae, *Todd West dling on Fruit Retention of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Trees 2:30–2:45 pm A Fast and Uniform Absorbency Reading Time Haejin Bae is Essential in Accurate Measurement of Pyruvic Acid When (232) Comparison of Sample Preparation for Flavonoid Analysis in DNPH is Reacted to Undiluted Onion Juice Pepper *Kil Sun Yoo, Eun Jin Lee, Bhimanagouda S Patil Hyun-Sug Choi 2:45–3:00 pm Citrus Limonoids and Turmeric Curcuminoids (146) Effect of Different Ground Cover Management Production Sys- Synergistically Inhibit Proliferation of Colon Cancer Cells tems on Nutrient Status in an Organic Apple Orchard *ChidambaraMurthy Kotamballi N, Guddadarangavvanahalli K., Suzanne O’Connell Jayaprakasha, Bhimanagouda S. Patil (151) The Performance of Grafted Heirloom Tomatoes in Organic 3:00–3:15 pm Enhancement of Bioavailability of Flavonoids Production Systems: High-tunnels and the Open Field and Limonoids from ‘Rio Red’ Grapefruit Juice by Piperin— Kathryn Fontenot Evidence from In Vitro Studies (314) Determining Effects of Contaminated Water on Germination and *Guddadarangavvanahalli K. Jayaprakasha, ChidambaraMurthy Radical Length of Three Species Kotamballi N, Bhimanagouda S. Patil Dexter Fontenot 3:15–3:30 pm Changes in Pungency and Flavor Precursor (313) Evaluating Seashore Paspalum’s Potential Use As a Vegetative Compounds in Four Onion Cultivars by Applying Extra Sulfur Landfarm Cap Nutrition *Eun Jin Lee, Kil Sun Yoo, John Jifon, Bhimanagouda S Patil 1:15–2:00 pm Salon 11 2:00–3:45 pm Salon 7 Undergraduate Student Oral Competition Oral Session 2: Biotechnology 1 1:15–1:30 pm In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of ‘Dog Ridge’ Grapevine *Kah-Yat Isaac Wong; R. Daniel Lineberger Moderator: Carole Bassett, [email protected] 1:30–1:45 pm Undergraduate International Opportunities: 2:00–2:15 pm Apple Root Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) Two Approaches Responding to Water Deficit *Laureanne Bond; Carolyn W. Robinson; Amy N. Wright; Jeff L. Sibley; *Carole Bassett, Michael Wisniewski, Angela Baldo, Schuyler Donald J. Eakes Korban, Ksenija Gasic, Robert Farrell, Jr. 1:45–2:00 pm Control of Microbial Growth and Browning on 2:15–2:30 pm Differential Expression of Transcription Factors Pre-cut Apples Associated With Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Capsicum *Thomas Bottoms; *J. Wyatt Brown *Gordon Lightbourn, Brenda Winkel, Robert Griesbach, *John Stommel 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 1 2:30–2:45 pm Proteomic Analysis of Flower Senescence Tex Frazier Lecturer Selection Committee Meeting *Michelle Jones, Shuangyi Bai, Laura Chapin Chair: Matt Jenks 2:45–3:00 pm Glutaredoxin-mediated Oxidative Stress Protection to Improve Stress Tolerance in Vegetable Crops 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 18 *Bala Rathinasabapathi, Sabarinath Sundaram, Shan Wu, Piyasa Ghosh Emeritus (EMER) Working Group Business Meeting 3:00–3:15 pm Clone S-RNase cDNAs and Establish CSP-PCR- Chair: Arlie Powell RFLP System for Cultivars S-genotyping in Chinese Sand Pear [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak.] *Lin Zhang, *Xiaofeng Tan, *Donglin Zhang, Jiao Hu, Deyi Yuan,

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1009 *Feng Zou basic information on what opportunities are available and how they 3:15–3:30 pm Probing the Vitis Genome—Opportunities and can reap the most benefits from attending the ASHS conference. Pitfalls *Zhijian Li, Sadanand Dhekney, Dennis Gray 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 9 3:30–3:45 pm Deep Sequencing of Fragaria—Transcriptome Workshop 4: Silicon, Aluminum, Nickel, and Iron: New Content and Interspecific Comparisons Insights into Their Benefits to Plants and Management Maureen Clancy, Mishra Viplav, Thomas Davis, *Kevin Folta Strategies to Maximize Their Benefits Sponsor: Plant Nutrient Management (PNM) Working Group 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Chair: Zhongchun Jiang, State University of New York Workshop 1: The Nuts and Bolts of High Tunnel Production and Manipulation for Specialized Objectives: Applications 1) To provide new information about silicon, aluminum, and nickel in soils and plants, as well as new insights into their effects on plant Sponsor: Viticulture and Small Fruits (VSF) Working Group health including plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Chair: Penelope Perkins-Veazie, USDA-ARS-SCARL 2) To discuss chlorosis paradox involving Fe deficiency, new Moderator: Fumiomi Takeda, Research Horticulturist, USDA-ARS diagnostic methods, and holistic approach to combating Fe de- Objectives: Provide the latest information on high tunnels, specifi- ficiency. cally why they work for crops, and mechanisms involved. Silicon in the Life, Performance and Health of Plants LED Lamps for Manipulating the Phytochrome Apparatus *Lawrence E. Datnoff, Department of Plant Pathology, University *Gary Stutte of Florida, Gainesville, FL Improvement in Product Quality (Increased Firmness and Size, Aluminum and Plant Disease: Suppressing Pathogen Activity and Reducing Fungal Without Affecting Plant Growth *Patricia Millner *H. David Shew Microenvironment Variations Within the Tunnel and Their Effect Nickel and Plant Disease on Growth and Development *Bruce W. Wood, USDA-ARS, SEFTNRL, Byron, GA *Chris Wien Diagnosing Iron Deficiency Light Manipulation With Colored Shade Netting Over Plants Brandon R. Smith, Lailiang Cheng *Robert Stamps Strategies to Combat Iron and Micronutrient Problems in Alkaline Soil and Water 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 12 *David Wm. Reed Workshop 2: The Roots of Physiological Heterogeneity in Root Systems 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 10 Sponsor: Root and Rhizosphere Dyanamics (RHIZ) Working Workshop 5: Status and Outlook of Commerical Group Horticulture in Florida Moderator: Kevin Kosola, University of Wisconsin, Madison Sponsor: Commercial Horticulture (CHEX) Working Group Objectives: Roots have evolved to explore a spatially and temporally Moderator: Albert Sutherland, Oklahoma State University variable soil environment. In this workshop, we will explore the Objectives: To provide an overview of the current state and ex- nature of physiological heterogeneity within seemingly homog- plore future challenges and opportunities for Florida’s commercial enous root systems. horticulture industry. Defining Roots: An Orderly Process Linking Root Structure to the Flow of Carbon and Nutrients Belowground 2:00–6:00 pm Grand Ballroom D *Robert Mitchell, Dali Guo, Joseph J. Hendricks Colloquium 1: Barriers to Increased Horticultural Trade & Nitrate Uptake Rate Declines Rapidly as Fine Roots Age: Evidence Market Integration Across Functional Types and Growth Conditions Sponsor: Marketing and Economics (MKEC) Working Group *Astrid Volder, David M. Eissenstat Moderator: Jennifer Dennis, Purdue University Respiratory Response of Roots to Heterogeneous Soil Condi- tions Objectives: Provide information on the economic benefits of free *David R. Bryla trade agreements in the Western Hemisphere for fruit, vegetable, flower and nursery producers, as well as consumers who have a much On the Advantages and Costs of Fine Root Proliferation in Response broader range of horticultural products from which to choose. And, to Soil Heterogeneity to address specific regulatory barriers in international horticultural *Robert Jones production and marketing. 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 11 Equity Issues of U.S. Fresh Produce Trade Agreements Workshop 3: ASHS Primer: Attending a Professional *Marco Palma Conference International Competition within the Nursery/Floral Sector *Charlie Hall Sponsor: Collegiate Activities Committee (CAC) European Demand for Imported Cut Flowers: The Importance of Moderator: Richard L. Harkess, Mississippi State University Objectives: To provide students attending the ASHS Conference

1010 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Preferential Access for Developing Countries *Andre Piccolomini, Stan Kubow, *Danielle Donnelly, Arunacha- Andrew Muhammad, *Jennifer Dennis lam Annamalai, Priscila Riciardi, Atef Nassar, Kebba Sabally Australian Technical Barriers to Trade on New Zealand Apples 4:30–4:45 pm A Greenhouse Study of Grafting Vigor in Tomato *Chengyan Yue (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) *Xin Zhao, Eric Simonne, Jeremy Edwards, John Scott MONDAY 3:00–4:00 pm Salon 1 4:45–5:00 pm Agroclimatology-based, Cultivar-specific Horticultural Landmarks Committee Meeting Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting Diced Carrot Yields Chair: Doug Needham *Arumugam Thiagarajan, Rajasekaran R. Lada, Azure D. Adams 3:00–4:00 pm Salon 18 5:00–5:15 pm Evaluating Dry Bean Varieties for Fresh Shell Bean Production Fruit Breeding (FRBR) Working Group Business *Carol Miles Meeting 5:15–5:30 pm Optimum Plot Size and Number of Replications Chair: Patrick Conner for Watermelon Yield Trials *George Boyhan, Randy Hill, Denny Thigpen 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 1 5:30–5:45 pm Impact of 1-MCP on Fruit Set and Yield of Fellows Screening Committee Meeting Seedless Watermelon Chair: Donald Maynard *Shinsuke Agehara, *Daniel Leskovar 5:45–6:00 pm Yield Response to Planting Density Varies 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 2 among Mini Watermelon Cultivars Plant Nutrient Management (PNM) Working Group *Jonathan Schultheis, Brad Thompson Business Meeting 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 7 Chair: Zhongchun Jiang Oral Session 5: Controlled Environment 1 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 18 Moderator: Cary Mitchell, [email protected] Propagation (PROP) Working Group Business Meeting 4:00–4:15 pm Caribbean Pepper Production under Protecting Chair: Patricia Holloway Structures in the U.S. Virgin Islands *Ramon Arancibia, *Thomas Zimmerman 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 17 4:15–4:30 pm Horticultural and Postharvest Potential of Working Group of Asian Horticulture (WGAH) Business Producing Florida Strawberry Cultivars under High Tunnels Meeting *Teresa Salame, *Bielinski Santos, Craig Chandler, Steven Sargent 4:30–4:45 pm Evaporative Cooling—Water Use for Chair: Zhanao Deng Greenhouse Environmental Control 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 8 *Gene Giacomelli, Nadia Sabeh, Chieri Kubota 4:45–5:00 pm Leveraging Waste Sites for Year-Round, Oral Session 3: Consumer Horticulture/Master Affordable Specialty-Crop Production in Temperate Climates Gardeners *Cary Mitchell, Gioia Massa Moderator: Lucy Bradley, [email protected] 5:00–5:15 pm Biogas Slurry Dilution: Good Nutrient 4:00–4:15 pm Community Gardening: Integrated Extension Solution in Decreasing Nitrate Concentrations of Lettuce in Programming at Its Best Hydroponics *Lucy Bradley, Koralalage Sunil Upali Jayaratne, Keith Baldwin, *Wenke Liu, *Lianfeng Du, *Qichang Yang Susan Jakes, Michelle Ely, Karen Neill, Liz Driscoll, Stephanie 5:15–5:30 pm Vegetable Production in Nutrient Film Technique Tatum, Travella Free System Affected by the Treatment of Water with Natural 4:15–4:30 pm Louisiana Yards and Neighborhoods Minerals Bobby Fletcher, *Allen Owings *Md. Abul Kalam Azad, Noriko Takeda, Katsumi Ishikawa, Sheheli 4:30–4:45 pm Statewide Master Gardener Intranet Islam *Lucy Bradley 5:30–5:45 pm Sustainability of Recirculating Aquaponic 4:45–5:00 pm Estimating U.S. Consumers’ Choice of Floral Systems Is Influenced by System Water pH Retail Outlets *Richard Tyson, Eric Simonne, James White, Danielle Treadwell, *Chengyan Yue, Bridget Behe Amarat Simonne, Elizabeth Lamb 5:45–6:00 pm Benefits of High Tunnels for Southern Highbush 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 11 Blueberry Production Include Frost Protection and Early, Oral Session 4: Culture & Management: Large Yields Vegetable Crops 1 *Andrew Ogden, Gerard Krewer, Elvin Andrews, Marc van Iersel Moderator: Carol Miles, [email protected] 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 4:00–4:15 pm What did the Emperor Tiberius Grow in His Workshop 6: Emerging Technologies for Biotechnology Greenhouse? and Crop Improvement *Jules Janick Sponsor: Biotechnology (BTCH) Working Group 4:15–4:30 pm Differential Antioxidant Capacity Among Twelve Potato Cultivars Moderator: Alan Smith, University of Minnesota

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1011 Objectives: 1) to introduce researchers to emerging technologies; *Oren Warren, Steven Sargent, Donald Huber, Jeffrey K. Brecht, 2) review application of these technologies to basic and applied Adrian Berry research questions; and 3) discuss challenges to adopting new 4:30–4:45 pm Effects of Delayed Controlled Atmosphere methods for improving horticultural crops. Storage of Apples After Rapid 1-MCP Treatment Applications of Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing *Christopher B. Watkins, Jacqueline F. Nock *Alan Smith, Changbin Chen, Ernest F. Retzel, James J. Huntley 4:45–5:00 pm Differential Sorption of 1-MCP to Fruit Tissues, Structural Polysaccharides, and Lignin The Newly Developed “Gene-deletor” Technology and Its Potential Sun Tay Choi, *Donald Huber Applications in Transgenic Agriculture *Yi Li 5:00–5:15 pm Postharvest Applications of Aqueous and Gaseous 1-Methylcyclopropene Delay Ripening in ‘Monroe’ Intragenic Options for Specialty Crop Improvement: High Health Avocado and Quality Without Foreign DNA *Marcio Pereira, *Steven Sargent, Jonathan Crane, Donald Huber *Kathy Swords, Jingsong Ye, Craig Richael, Hua Yan, Caius Rommens 5:15–5:30 pm Preharvest Use of 1-MCP (Harvista™ Technology) in Orchards: Effect on Storage Quality of Metabolomics Methodology for Crop Improvement Packham’s Triumph Pears *Adrian Hegeman *Claudia Moggia, Marcia Pereira, Jose Antonio Yuri, Daniel Manriquez 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 12 5:30–5:45 pm Preharvest Application Timing of Sprayable 1- Workshop 7: Transplant Technology: Trends and Methylcyclopropene Influences Postharvest Behavior of Pears Challenges and Apples Sponsor: Seed and Stand establishment (SSET)Working Group *Jennifer DeEll, Behrouz Ehsani-Moghaddam, Todd Edging- Moderator: Dharmalingam Pitchay, Consultant, Global Green ton 5:45–6:00 pm Effects of 1-MCP Sachets on Postharvest Quality Objectives: To address the trends and practical challenges and of Lantana and Euphorbia Cuttings and Liners issues in producing transplants as well as the future direction of *Ana Maria Borda, Paul R. Fisher, Haley K. Parks, Terril Nell research and development for sustainable transplant production technology. 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 1 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 9 Horticultural Hall of Fame Selection Workshop 8: Increasing the Flowering of Bearing Apple Committee Meeting Trees with PGRs Chair: Paul Smeal

Sponsor: Growth Regulators in Fruit and Nut Production (PGR) 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 17 Working Group Ornamental/Landscape and Turf (O/LT) Moderator: Duane Greene, University of Massachusetts Working Group Business Meeting Speakers: Chair: Rolston St. Hilaire Renae Moran, University of Maine Steven McArtney, North Carolina State University 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 2 Daniel Ward, Rutgers University Plant Biotechnology (BTCH) Winfred Cowgill, Rutgers University Working Group Business Meeting Thomas Gianfagna, Rutgers University Terence Robinson, NYSAES, Cornell University 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 18 James R. McFerson, Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Vegetable Breeding (VGBR) Tory Schmidt, Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Working Group Business Meeting Duane Greene, University of Massachusetts Chair: Angela Davis Topics: NAA, Ethephon and Gibberellins for Control of Flowering in 5:00–6:00 pm Poolside Apple Student Reception Strategies for Evaluating PGR Flowering Manipulation to Reduce A poolside gathering with light snacks and refreshments. This will Bienniality of Apples also be another opportunity to network or talk one-on-one with the Effect of NAA and Ethrel on Return Bloom of ‘Fuji’ speakers from the Student Workshop and possibly about your future plans with regard to career and post-graduate options . . . or you can just have fun in the pool! Pre-registration required $15. 4:15–6:00 pm Salon 10 7:00–8:30 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Oral Session 6: Postharvest Physiology: Welcome Reception & ASHS Endowment Fund Raffle 1-MCP and Ethylene Come celebrate our 105th birthday at the opening reception for the Moderator: Jennifer DeEll, [email protected] ASHS-2008 Annual Conference. Meet and greet your colleagues 4:15–4:30 pm Application of Aqueous 1-Methylcyclopropene and friends while enjoying some light snacks. In addition, the to ‘Arkin’ Carambola Maintains Fruit Firmness ASHS Endowment Fund will again be sponsoring a raffle with many fabulous prizes.

1012 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Design and Irrigation Tuesday, 22 July *Kendra D. Busse, Chris A. Martin 9:00–9:15 am Summertime Diurnal Gas Exchange Patterns of Arizona Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Herbs in Response to 7:30 am–5:00 pm Registration Desk A/B Landscape Design and Irrigation Registration Open *Kendra D. Busse 9:15–9:30 am Historic and Horticulturally Significant Trees of 8:00–9:00 am Salon 6 Georgia International/Global Peers Networking Breakfast Sarah Swanner, *Timothy Smalley, David Berle 9:30–9:45 am Supraoptimal Mean Diurnal Temperature Delays This breakfast is in recognition of ASHS’s diverse international membership from over 100 countries. Pre-registration required. Floral Initiation in Poinsettia $25.00. *Rebecca Schnelle, James Barrett

8:00–9:00 am Salon 1 8:00–9:45 am Salon 11 Collegiate Activities Committee (CAC) Meeting Oral Session 9: Ornamental Plant Breeding 1 Moderator: Cynthia McKenney, [email protected] Chair: Richard Harkess TUESDAY 8:00–8:15 am Increased Seed Set and Inheritance of Seed 8:00–9:00 am Salon 17 Wings in Interspecific Crosses between Coreopsis tinctoria Commercial Horticulture (CHEX) Working Group and Coreopsis leavenworthii Business Meeting *Sarah Smith, Zhanao Deng Chair: Albert Sutherland 8:15–8:30 am The Effects of Cultivar, Ploidy Level, Direction of Pollination, and Temperature on Seed Set and Production of 8:00–9:30 am Salon 10 Triploids in Lantana camara *David Czarnecki II, Zhanao Deng Oral Session 7: Propagation/Asexual Propagation 8:30–8:45 am Studies on Sexual Compatibility Between Eight Moderator: Kim Bowman, [email protected] Nolana (Solanaceae) Species 8:00–8:15 am Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral during *Rosanna Freyre, Amy C. Douglas Propagation Influences Rooting and Growth of Cuttings and 8:45–9:00 am Applications of Microsatellites in Two Big Subsequent Development of New Guinea Impatiens and Bracted Dogwood Species, Flowering and Kousa Dogwood Petunia *Xinwang Wang *Roberto Lopez, Erik Runkle Phillip Wadl, Brian Scheffler, Timothy Rinehart, Ashley Gann, 8:15–8:30 am Carbon Dioxide Fertilization of Ex-vitro Sandra Reed, Mark Windham, *Robert Trigiano Anthurium andraeanum Plantlets 9:00–9:15 am Inter-simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) *Richard A. Criley, Joanne S. Lichty, Teresita Amore, Machiko Distinguish Genetic Differences in Lilium Species and L. Kashiwagi longiflorum ‘Nellie White’ Clones 8:30–8:45 am Reduced Plant Density and Vine Tipping Increase *Ye Sun, *Neil Anderson, Adnan Younis Propagation Rate of Sweetpotato Slips in the Greenhouse 9:15–9:30 am Novel Impatiens Phenotypes with Market *Ramon Arancibia, Scott Brown, Jeff Main, Mark Shankle Potential 8:45–9:00 am Nutrient Supply during Cutting Propagation *Daniel F. Warnock, Katie Yu *Kathryn Santos, Paul Fisher, William Argo 9:30–9:45 am ‘Raider Gold’ Plains Zinnia, a New Perennial for 9:00–9:15 am Citrus Greening Disease in Seedlings from Semiarid Landscapes Positive Trees *Cynthia McKenney, Rosemary Thomas, Doug Rohde *Kim Bowman, Ute Albrecht 9:15–9:30 am Effect of Auxins and TDZ on In Vitro 8:00–10:00 am Salon 2 Regeneration of Pear cv. Nashpati Leafy Vegetable Crop Germplasm Committee Meeting *Khalid M. Ahmad, Aamir Nawaz, Naveed Murtaza 8:00–10:00 am Salon 8 8:00–9:45 am Salon 12 Oral Session 10: Floriculture 1 Oral Session 8: Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf Moderator: Christine Yen, [email protected] Moderator: Rebecca Schnelle, rsflwr1@ufl.edu 8:00–8:15 am Timing of Nutrient Termination and 8:00–8:15 am Ecological Restoration and Change in Reapplication Affects Growth, Flower Differentiation, and Biodiversity With and Without Horticultural Intervention Flowering of a Hybrid Nobile Dendrobium *Margaret Norton *Christine Yung-Ting Yen, Terri W. Starman, *Yin-Tung Wang 8:15–8:30 am Effect of Organic Mulches on Soil Properties, 8:15–8:30 am Nutrient Leaching from Propagation Media and Physiology, and Growth of Landscape Shrubs Fertilizer Formulations *Bert Cregg, Robert Schutzki *Angelica Cretu, *Paul Fisher 8:30–8:45 am Floral Induction of Two Woodland Sedges 8:30–8:45 am Phosphate Budgets for Impatiens Grown *Esther McGinnis, Mary Meyer in Soilless Media Amended with Calcined Clays and 8:45–9:00 am Under Canopy Layer Temperature Profiles in an Diatomaceous Earth Arizona Residential Neighborhood in Response to Landscape *Rose A. Ogutu, Kimberly A. Williams

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1013 8:45–9:00 am Degradation and Nitrogen Release of Zein-based Fruits And Vegetables Bioplastic Pots *Ian Puddephat *Matthew Helgeson, William Graves, David Grewell, Srinivasan The Chemical Composition of Tomato Flavor Gowrishankar *Harry J Klee, Denise Tieman, Mark G. Taylor 9:00–9:15 am Comparison of Total Chlorophyll Content with Functional Analysis of Genes Regulating Fruit Quality Chlorophyll Meter Readings in Oxalis regnellii *Abhaya M. Dandekar *Chad Miller, Jed Sparks 9:15–9:30 am Calibration of Capacitance Sensors to Precisely Holistic Approaches to Understanding Fruit Metabolism using Measure Plant-Available Water in Soilless Substrates Metabolomics *Felix R. Arguedas, John D. Lea-Cox, Andrew G. Ristvey, David *David Rudell S. Ross 8:00 am–6:00 pm Salon 4 9:30–9:45 am Improving the Postharvest Life of Woody Cut Stems Employment/Internship Services (Placement) Lane Greer, *John Dole 9:00–10:00 am Salon 1 9:45–10:00 am Response of Four Rose Rootstocks to Chloride Versus Sulfate Salinity Industry Division Advisory Council Meeting *Genhua Niu, Denise S. Rodriguez Chair: Craig A. Campbell

8:00–10:00 am Salon 9 9:00–10:00 am Salon 17 Workshop 9: Current Innovative Computer Applications Viticulture and Small Fruit (VSF) Working Group in Horticulture Business Meeting Sponsor: Computer Applications in Horticulture (COMP) Work- Chair: Penelope Perkins-Veazie ing Group 9:00–12:00 pm Salon 7 Chair: Kent D. Kobayashi, University of Hawaii at Manoa The objective of this workshop is to familiarize the audience with Workshop 10: Emerging International Horticulture several of the latest innovative computer applications in horticulture Program Opportunities for research, extension, and instruction. Sponsor: International Division, International Horticultural Speakers: Consultants (ICON) Working Group Kent D. Kobayashi, University of Hawaii at Manoa Moderator: John L. Griffis Jr., Asst. Specialist, University of W. Timothy Rhodus, The Ohio State University Hawaii at Manoa Arthur Q. Villordon, LSU AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station Horticulture is now widely acknowledged as a realistic potential engine of the economies of developing countries worldwide. The Guangyao Wang, University of Arizona 2005 USAID-funded Global Horticultural Assessment essentially Milton E. McGiffen, Jr., University of California, Riverside served as a call to action by public and private sector partnerships Topics: to address such issues as knowledge generation, human capacity building, and value chain improvement in the horticultural sec Using INTERCOM Simulation Model to Compare Competitive - Ability of Cowpea tors of developing countries. The USAID Horticulture CRSP and the CGIAR High Value Crops Challenge Program are examples ASHS.org Combines Open Source Apps to Serve Members of responses to this and other calls to action, which are investing Beyond the Numbers: Practical Considerations in Installing in horticultural crops research and development. These global and Managing Moodle, An Open Source Learning Management horticultural programs, which are currently under development, System for Learning Communities will be discussed. The Alliance of CGIAR Centers (Consultative Group on Interna- 8:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 tional Agricultural Research) Challenge Program on High Value Colloquium 2: Enhancing Quality of Fresh Fruits and Crops Vegetables—Key to Consumer Demand Moderator: Harish Ratnayaka, Xavier University, Chair of the Sponsor: Postharvest (PH) Working Group ASHS International Topics of Concern to Horticulturists Working Group Moderator: Greg McCollum, Plant Physiologist, USDA, ARS Presenters: David Sammons, Director of International Agriculture, The objective of this colloquium will be to bring together leaders in Univ. of Florida; Patrick Brown, Professor of Horticultural Science, the fields postharvest physiology, fruit quality, plant breeding, and Univ. of California-Davis molecular genetics to address the need for genetically enhancing The overall goal of the proposed Challenge Program is to improve produce quality, the state of the art in efforts towards that end and the well-being of poor producers and consumers in developing how novel varieties are commercialized. countries through research on high-value fruit and vegetables. There Individual presentations within this workshop: are four specific objectives: 1) improve the productivity and sustain- ability of fruit and vegetable production systems that meet market Using Sensory Evaluation Techniques to Develop Fresh Fruit demand; 2) improve the efficiency and equity of selected fruit and Quality Indexes and Increase Consumer Consumption vegetable market chains through targeted innovations in markets, *Carlos H. Crisosto institutions and policies; 3) improve the quality of fruit and veg- Breeding for Fruit Quality in Apple etables for traders and consumers and to increase the consumption *Cheryl Hampson of fruit and vegetables by the urban and rural poor; and 4) develop Application of Biosciences for the Improvement of Fresh Market new approaches to human capital development that is driven by

1014 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 technology-dependent economic opportunity and entrepreneurship 11:15–11:30 am Development of a Rapid and Effective within the horticultural sector of developing countries. Screening Method for Basal Stress Tolerance of Petunia *Miao Liu, Jeff Kuehny The USAID (United States Agency for International Development) Horticulture Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) 11:30–11:45 am Water-Based Cold Protection of Foliage Plants in Shadehouses Moderator: Jeff Olsen, Oregon State University, Chair of the ASHS International Horticultural Consultants Working Group *Robert Stamps, Lawrence Parsons, Seenivasan Natarajan, Jianjun Chen Presenters: Jeffrey Lee, Agricultural Development Officer, USAID/ Washington 11:45 am–12:00 pm Larry Paulson, Agricultural Development Officer, USAID/Washington Efficacy of Biopesticides on Powdery Mildew of Miniature Roses *Mary Beth Robichaux, Jeff Kuehny The Horticulture CRSP will identify the production, post-harvest, food safety, marketing and enabling environment constraints to 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 12 small and medium-sized enterprise participation in horticulture markets. Under the leadership of U.S. Title XII universities, the Workshop 11: Recent Advances in Ornamental Palm Horticulture CRSP will conduct and apply research findings, Horticulture upgrade and disseminate technical knowledge and appropriate Sponsor: Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf (O/LT) Working technology, and develop policy recommendations to link producers Group to markets. It will provide flexible mechanisms to create partner- TUESDAY ships for building local scientific and technical capacity. It will Moderator: Donald Hodel, University of California, Los Angeles strengthen academic and technical training and apply research Objectives: The objectives of this workshop are to provide an to improve small holder production and competitiveness in high- introduction to palms and their biology and present recent re- valued horticultural products. search-based information about their selection and management in ornamental landscapes. 9:00–5:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Using Palms in the Interiorscape Exhibit Hall Open Henry Donselman 9:45–10:15 am Grand Ballroom A/B/C Palm Nutrition and Fertilization Timothy Broschat Coffee Break Transplanting and Planting Palms 10:00–11:00 am Salon 1 Donald Hodel, James Downer, Dennis Pittenger Finance Committee Meeting Pruning Palms Presiding: Paul L. Smeal James Downer, *Donald Hodel Estimating the Water Needs of Landscape Palms 10:00–11:00 am Salon 17 Dennis Pittenger, James Downer, Donald Hodel History of Horticultural Science (HIST) Palms on the Edge! Design and Maintenance Issues with Palms Working Group Business Meeting in Temperate Landscapes Michael Schnelle, Michael Arnold, Garry McDonald 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 2 Palm Biology and Implications for Management Root and Bulb Vegetable Crop Germplasm Donald Hodel Committee Meeting Promoting Seed Germination in Ornamental Palms Hector Perez, Richard Criley, Carol Baskin 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 8 Oral Session 11: Floriculture 2 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 11 Moderator: Genhua Niu, [email protected] Workshop 12: Student Career Forum: 10:00–10:15 am Relative Drought Tolerance of Four Rose Options, Q&A, . . . Rootstocks Sponsor: Collegiate Activities Committee (CAC) *Genhua Niu, Denise S. Rodriguez Moderator: Richard L. Harkess, Mississippi State University 10:15–10:30 am Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) In Objectives: The objective of this workshop is to expose students to Vitro Proliferation some of the career options in horticulture and provide a forum for *Dinum Perera, Brian Trader, Mengmeng Gu students to ask questions and get answers from a panel of profes- 10:30–10:45 am High Temperature Inhibition of Phalaenopsis sionals in horticulture. Flowering *Linsey Newton, Erik Runkle 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 9 10:45–11:00 am Environmental Influences on Flowering of Workshop 13: Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Angelonia angustifolia Production: Heating and Heating Alternatives *Jennifer Boldt, James Barrett, Rosanna Freyre, James Gibson, Kenneth Quesenberry Sponsor Controlled Environment (CE) Working Group 11:00–11:15 am Efficacy of Acquired Stress Tolerance for Chair: Jonathan Frantz, USDA-ARS, Toledo, OH Improving Landscape Survivability of Petunia Objectives: This workshop will discuss the impact of temperature *Jennifer Mader, Jeff Kuehny control on plant growth, current steps in improving heating efficiency in greenhouses, and future heating technologies.

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1015 Topics: (377) Genetic Transformation of Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production I: Optimization of *Victoria Magnusson, Andrea Swnberg, *Wenhao Dai Temperature and Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral (378) Factors Affecting Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production II: Efficient Heat- Expression of gus Gene in Daylily Somatic Embryogenic ing Tissues Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production III: Alternative Lianghong Chen, *Miriam Jimerson, Xiaoling Ma, Johnny Carter Heating Technologies and Approaches (379) Effect of Media Composition on Efficiency of Speakers: Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Citrus *Vladimir Orbovic, Milica Calovic, Jude Grosser Jonathan Frantz, USDA-ARS (380) Effects of Media Composition and Explant Type on Shoot Erik Runkle, Michigan State University Regeneration of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) Matthew Blanchard, Michigan State University *Yan Ren, Jean Gould Peter Ling, The Ohio State University Bhimanagouda Patil, Haejeen Bang, Kevin Crosby Somik Ghose, Center for Innovative Food Technology (381) Optimizing Strawberry (Fragaria species) Transformation and Regeneration with LED Illumination 10:30–11:45 am Salon 10 Kevin Folta, *Kyle Schmitt Oral Session 12: Ornamental Plant Breeding 2 (382) Biolistic Transformation of an Oriental Lily with f3’5’h Moderator: Tim Rinehart, [email protected] Gene and Expression of Herbicide Tolerance in Bar Gene 10:30–10:45 am Using the “Gene-deletor” Technology and Transgenic Oriental lilies Breeding Techniques to Reduce Invasiveness of Exotic *Byung Joon Ahn, Kyo Won Park, Sun Ki Kim Ornamental Crops (383) Diurnal Fluctuation in Ethylene Biosynthesis and *Yi Li Signaling Genes Affects Fruit and Leaf Abscission in 10:45–11:00 am Improving Caladium, Gerbera, and Lisianthus ‘Valencia’ Orange for Better Disease Resistance and Stress Tolerance *Karthik-Joseph John-Karuppiah, Anish Malladi, *Jacqueline K. Burns *Zhanao Deng, Brent Harbaugh, Natalia Peres 11:00–11:15 am The Inhertiance of Race-specific Black Spot (384) Expansion of the USDA-ARS Germplasm Resources Resistances in Tetraploid Roses Information Network (GRIN) Database to Accommodate Molecular Data *Vance M. Whitaker, *Stan C. Hokanson *Gayle Volk, Christopher Richards, Mark Bohning, Quinn Sinnott 11:15–11:30 am Increasing Phenotypic Diversity in Hydrangea macrophylla Using Targeted and Random Mutation 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Stephen Greer, Jeffrey Adkins, Sandra Reed, Timothy Rinehart Poster Session: Citrus Crops 11:30–11:45 am Genetic Diversity Estimates for Dichroa Species Sandra Reed (421) In Vitro Regeneration of Somatic Symmetric and Asymmetric Hybrid Citrus Plantlets Produced via Protoplast 11:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 1 Fusion *Claudine Bona, Jean Gould, J. Creighton Miller, Jr., David M. Extension Division Advisory Council Meeting Stelly, Eliezer S. Louzada Presiding: Matt Kleinhenz (422) Symmetric and Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization in Citrus spp. for Scion Genetic Diversity Generation 11:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 17 *Claudine M Bona, Jean Gould, J. Creighton Miller, Jr., David M. Temperate Tree Nut Crops (NUTS) Working Group Stelly, Eliezer S. Louzada Business Meeting (423) A Simple Method for Nondestructive Estimation of Chair: Patrick Connor Whole Shoot Leaf Area Timothy Spann, *Richard Heerema 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (424) Simultaneous Determination of Amines and Organic Poster Session: Biotechnology 1 Acids in Citrus using a Rapid HPLC Technique (373) Potato Improvement via Intraclonal Selection *Ram M. Uckoo, G. K. Jayaprakasha, Shad D. Nelson, Bhimana- gouda S Patil *Atef Nassar, Yves Leclerc, Danielle Donnelly (425) Soluble Carbohydrates Changes during Pedicel and Fruit (374) Embryo Rescue as a Tool for Breeding Programs in Growth in Citrus sinensis var. Salustiana Hylocereus spp. (Cactaceae) *Libia Laskowski *Aroldo Cisneros Pena, Noemi Tel-Zur (426) Leaf Ultrastructure of Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus) (375) Evaluation of Preselected Pummelo Parents and Somatic Diann Achor, Edgardo Etxeberria, Kuang-Ren Chung, *L. Gene Hybrid Rootstock Candidates for Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) Albrigo Quick Decline Resistance (427) Assimilation Efficiency of Free and Protein Amino Acids *Azza Mohamed, Ronald Brlansky, Jude Grosser by the Glassy-winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis Prunus domestica (376) High Efficiency Plum ( L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) Feeding on Citrus Transformation: A Functional Genomics Tool for Rosaceae sinensis and Vitis vinifera *Cesar Petri, Kevin Webb, Chris Dardick, Ralph Scorza *Peter Andersen, Brent Brodbeck, Russell Mizell

1016 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 (428) Growth and Abscission of Sweet Orange 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Maria Perez de Camacaro, Aracelis Gimenez Poster Session: Propagation/Asexual Propagation 2 (429) Wintertime Drought Stress Delays ‘Valencia’ Flowering (315) Evaluation of Surface-Disinfestation Treatments and Avoids Young Fruit Loss during Late Season Mechanical and Nutrient Salt Formulations for Micropropagation of Harvesting Bunchberry *Juan Carlos Melgar, Jill Dunlop, James P. Syvertsen *Kyle Palmatory, *Todd West (430) Phenotype of Seedlessness Expression of Mukaku Kishu (316) Micropropagation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Variety Seedless Type in Citrus Maradol through Somatic Embryogenesis Atsu Yamasaki, *Akira Kitajima, Norihiro Ohara, Mitsutoshi *Salvador Guzmán-González, Pedro Valadez-Ramírez, José- Tanaka, Kojiro Hasegaw Luis Andrade-Fernández, Marcelino Bazán-Tene, Juan-Manuel González-González, Javier Farías-Larios, Gerardo López-Aguirre 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (317) Optimizing Hormone Combinations for Chunye Poster Session: Postharvest Physiology 1 Pricklyash Culture Media (296) Aroma Volatile Evaluation of Galia and Antisense ACC- *Lixin He, Gui Li, *Donglin Zhang, Fangping Tang oxidase (CMACO-1) Galia Muskmelons (318) Expediting Production of Alexandrian Laurel through *Jeanmarie Mitchell, Daniel Cantliffe, Harry Klee, Steven Sargent, Micropropagation Peter Stoffella, Denise Tieman *Guochen Yang, Zhongge (Cindy) Lu TUESDAY (297) Total Carotenoids and Capsaicinoids Contents of Datil (319) A Novel Method to Mass-produce Mycorrhizal Hot Pepper as Affected by Harvest Maturity and Storage Transplants In Vitro Temperature Wenke Liu, *Qichang Yang *Elena Lon Kan, Steve Sargent, Dan Cantliffe, Adrian Berry, (320) Is Organic Tissue Culture Possible? Nicole Shaw *Denise Massa, *John Preece (298) Evaluation of Organic Acid Production by High (321) Light Quality Affected In Vitro Regeneration of Hornsey Performance Liquid Chromatography During Malolactic *Lijuan Han, Xin Wang, Xinliang Guo, Minxi Wan Fermentations Initiated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ML01 and Oenoccoccus oeni MCW in Hard Apple Cider at Different (322) Forcing of Stock Plants, Cold Storage and Rooting of Sulfite Levels Offshoots of Early Artichoke *Rachel Reuss, Jayne Stratton, Durward Smith, Paul Read *Francesco Di Gioia, Vito Vincenzo Bianco, Angelo Parente, Pietro Santamaria (299) Physiological and Pathological Evaluations of the Apple Germplasm from Kazakhstan (323) Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration *Robert Saftner, Wojciech Janisiewicz, William Conway of Hedera helix cv. Pittsburgh Juanxu Liu, Min Deng, *Jianjun Chen, Richard Henny (300) Harvest Maturity, Storage Temperature, and Relative Humidity Affect Fruit Quality, Antioxidant Contents and 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Activity, and Inhibition of Cell Proliferation of Strawberry Fruit Poster Session: Teaching Methods *Youngjae Shin, Jung-A Ryu, Rui Hai Liu, Jacqueline Nock, (406) Incorporating Undergraduate Research Experiences with *Christopher Watkins Fruit Antioxidants into a General Chemistry Curriculum (301) Quality of Fresh-cut ‘Kent’ Mango Slices Prepared from *Faith J. Wyzgoski, *Artemio Z. Tulio, Jr., Joseph C. Scheerens Hot-water- or Nonhot-water-treated Fruit (407) Assessment of Laminated Samples as a Tool for Teaching *Sharon Dea, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Maria Cecilia N. Nunes, Elizabeth Plant Identification A. Baldwin *Matthew Helgeson, William Graves (302) Mango Variation in Vitamin C and Beta Carotene with (408) Planning a Student Farm: From the Ground Up Cultivar and Country of Origin *Lani Meyer, Candice Shoemaker, Rhonda Janke *Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Julie Collins, John Manthey (409) A New Interdisciplinary Program in Organic Agriculture: (303) Red and Blue Light Treatments Improve Color Its Second Year and Lycopene Content of Postharvest Ripened *Harrison Hughes, Jessica Davis, Frank Stonaker, Adriane Elliott, Tomato Fruit Jack Fenwick, Dwayne Westfall, Dawn Thilmany *Lorenzo Jarquin-Enriquez, Edmundo Mercado-Silva, Sven Ver- (410) Undergraduate Opportunities in Organic and Sustainable linden Horticultural Research, Education, and Extension (304) Microbiological and Physiological Quality of *Vince Canger, Kellen Goodell, Mariana Riehm, *Xin Zhao, Car- Fresh-Cut Lettuce Treated with Ozonated Water and lene Chase, Lori Snyder

Stored in High CO2 MAP (411) The Horticulture Olypiad: Creating a Structure for Local *Sumithra Wendakoon, Maki Inada, Tomoki Murakami, *Hidemi and National Co-curricular Competitions Izumi *Curt Rom, *Ann Marie VanDerZanden (305) Genotypic Variation and Heat Susceptibility of (412) GroGreen - The Student Organic Farm at the University Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Pawpaw Fruit Pulp of Arkansas: Teaching Hands-on Production and Sustainability *Changzheng Wang, Caodi Fang, Youling Xiong, Kirk Pomper *Curt Rom, Heather Friedrich, Christopher Vincent, Katherine (306) Ascorbic Acid Profiles in ‘Delicious’ and Winsett ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples During On-tree Development (413) Sustainable Agriculture in the “Land of Smiles”: LSU in and Cold Storage Thailand Study Abroad *James Mattheis, *Erin Felicetti, Yanmin Zhu, *James Mattheis *Carl Motsenbocker, Tanu Pinyopummintr

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1017 (414) Studying Abroad - Classes Out of the Classroom 12:00–2:00 pm Salon 5 *Susan Barton, Jules Bruck, Chad Nelson Member/Colleague Luncheon/Session: Topic: “The (415) Teaching-learning Experience Through Co-curricular Future of Horticulture” Activities at Iowa State University ASHS Luncheon Discussion on the Future of Horticulture. *Ann Marie VanDerZanden Pre-registration required. $27.00

12:00–2:00 pm Salon 18 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Graduate Student Poster Competition (Session 3) Pi Alpha Xi Luncheon Wendy Klooster All members of Pi Alpha Xi, the national horticulture honor society, and their guests are invited to this luncheon and business meeting. (347) Fertilizer and Media Effects on Growth and Physiology of Coni- Pre-registration required. $27.00 fers in Pot-in-Pot Production Matthew Helgeson 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (407) Assessment of Laminated Samples as a Tool for Teaching Plant Identification Poster Session: Breeding, Genetics and Germplasm: Vegetable Crops Victoria Magnusson (377) Genetic Transformation of Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) (034) Field Trials of the Tissue Culture Taro in the Northern Mariana Islands Karthik-Joseph John-Karuppiah *Dilip Nandwani (383) Diurnal Fluctuation in Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling Genes Affects Fruit and Leaf Abscission in Valencia Orange (035) ‘ZipperCream-CG’ and ‘WhiteAcre-DG’: Two New Cream-type Southernpea Cultivars with Persistent Green Seed Lani Meyer Phenotypes (408) Planning a Student Farm: From the Ground Up *Richard L. Fery Ram M. Uckoo (036) Stigmasterol Increase during Tomato Fruit Ripening (424) Simultaneous Determination of Amines and Organic Acids in Is Associated with Increased Sterol C-22 Desaturase Citrus using a Rapid HPLC Technique (CYP710A7) Gene Expression Sharon Dea *Bruce Whitaker, Nigel Gapper (301) Quality of Fresh-cut ‘Kent’ Mango Slices Prepared from Hot (037) ‘Ozark’ Collard and ‘F154’ Spinach Water or Non-Hot Water Treated Fruit *T.E. Morelock, J.C. Correll Rachel Reuss (038) New Capsicum Cultivars: ‘Lil’ Pumpkin’, ‘Pepper Jack’, (298) Evaluation of Organic Acid Production by High Performance ‘Midnight Creeper’, and ‘Solar Eclipse’ Liquid Chromatography During Malolactic Fermentations Initiated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ML01 and Oenoccoccus oeni MCW in Hard *John Stommel, Robert Griesbach Apple Cider at Different Sulfite Levels (039) Two New Southernpeas Jeanmarie Mitchell *T.E. Morelock, D.R. Motes (296) Aroma Volatile Evaluation of Galia and Antisense ACC-oxidase (040) Glossy and Nonglossy Near-isogenic Lines of Broccoli (CMACO-1) Galia muskmelons (Cucumis melo L. var. Reticulatus Ser.) Derived from Dihaploids Bruce Dunn *Mark W. Farnham (017) Ploidy Induction Experiments on Nodal Sections of Jatropha (041) Yield and Quality of Eight Bell Pepper Varieties under curcas L. Using Mitotic Inhibitors Field Conditions Olivia M. Lenahan *Rubén Macias-Duarte, *Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras, Fabián Robles-Contreras, Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz, Fidel Nuñez- Cold Hardiness and Deacclimation within Three Populations of Styrax Ramirez (351) americanus (American Snowbell) (042) Productivity and Quality of Seven Cauliflower Varieties Amanda Hershberger in Northeast Sonora, Mexico (013) Environmental Interactions in Selection of Segregating Vitex *Rubén Macias-Duarte, *Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras, Fabián Populations Robles-Contreras, Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz, Fidel Nuñez- Atef Nassar Ramirez (431) Tribute to the Potato (043) Variation in Host-pathogen Interactions of Ralstonia Wambui Njuguna solanacearum Strains at Different Temperatures Linked to their (031) Microsatellite Fingerprinting Set for 80 Strawberry Cultivars Phylogenetic Relationship Kendra Blaker *Ute Achenbach, Arianna Mangravita-Novo, Jeanne Yuen, *David Norman (023) Detection of Seed Dormancy QTLs in ‘Flordaguard’ and ‘Late Arkansas’ (044) Sorrel Germplasm Growth and Production on Calcareous Soils Omar Carrillo-Mendoza *Thomas Zimmerman (021) Development of a Branching Index for Evaluation of Peach Seedlings (045) Implication of Random Geographical Distribution of Fusarium Basal Rot of Onions Lou McKnight *Ashish Saxena, Christopher Cramer (274) Turfgrass and Ornamental Monocot Tolerance to Elevated Ozone Levels (046) Development of a New Potato Cultivar *SungRyong Kim, YulKyun Aha, YeonDong Cho, KiTaek Kim, MoonHwan Ko

1018 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 (047) Response of Sweetpotato to Infection by Causal Agents (262) Response of Ocimum tenuflorum L.f. to Different Levels of Sweetpotato Virus Disease of Nitrogen *Don LaBonte, Douglas Miano, Christopher Clark, Cecilia Mc- *Cedric Sims, Srinivasa Mentreddy Gregor (048) Relative Total Phenolics in Potato (Solanum tuberosom 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C L.) Progeny from 15 Families Poster Session: Sustainable Production 2 *Mohammad Al-Daej, David Holm, Cecil Stushnoff, *Harrison (169) Greenhouse Screening and Field Evaluation for Weed Hughes Tolerance in Brassica oleraceae Genotypes (049) Unravelling the Chlorogenic Acid and Phenolic Content Gabriel Ortega, *Theodore J. K. Radovich, James K. Leary, Kent Among Twelve Potato Cultivars for Improved Human Health Kobayashi and Consumer Acceptance (170) A Fresh-Market Production System for the *Andre Piccolomini, Stan Kubow, Danielle Donnelly, Arunachalam U.S. Southern Plains Using Short- and I Annamalai, Priscila Riciardi, Atef Nassar, Kebba Sabally ntermediate-daylength Onion Cultivars *James Shrefler, Warren Roberts, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Merritt 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Taylor, Charles Webber Poster Session : Crop Physiology (171) Nitrogen Dynamics in a Constructed Wetland (249) Ginsenoside Content in Berry and Root of Three Typical Receiving Plant Nursery Runoff in TUESDAY Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer ) Cultivars Southeastern United States *Hyun Ho Kim, *Sang Un Park, *Bong Jae Sung *Bhuvaneswari Govindarajan, *Jyotsna Sharma (250) Limonoids Implicated Extrinsic Apoptotic Signaling (172) Tomato Fruit Carotenoids are Not Affected by Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells Application of Chemical Soil Fumigants or an Organic *Jinhee Kim, G.K. Jayaprakasha, Chidambara Murthy K.N., Bhi- Biofumigant managouda S. Patil *Susannah Stofer, Dean Kopsell, Doug Sanders, Karpinets Tatiana, (251) Cytotoxicity of Lyophilized Whole Pawpaw Extract and Carl E. Sams Phenolic Rich Fraction (173) Does the Corn/Soybean Farmer Have Time for *Hideka Kobayashi, Changzheng Wang, Kirk Pomper Alternative Crops? Lori A. Hoagland, *Laurie Hodges, Glenn A. Helmers, James R. (252) Physiological Functions of Bitter Melon Varieties Brandle, Charles A. Francis (Momordica charantia L.) in Relation to polyphenolic Contents (174) Early Performance of Organic Managed Floricane and *Shahidul Islam, M. Jalaluddin, N.S Hettiarachchy Primocane Blackberries and Raspberries Grown in High Tunnels for Extended Season Production (253) Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Essential Oil *Curt Rom, Heather Friedrich, Elena Garcia, Jason McAfee, Donn Production in Mentha spicata L. Shoots In Vitro Johnson, Jennie Popp *David Markle (175) Cultivation Advantage for Root Function Divided into (254) Allelopathic Effect of Maca Feeding and Tuberous Roots of Sweet Potato *Youping Sun, Hua Cheng, Longjiang Yu,Donglin Zhang *Ruifeng Cheng, *Qichang Yang, Xiaoyun Wang (255) Effect of Functional Organic Materials and Shading (176) Cutting Back Pecan Top Branches Affects Yield and Structure on Root Yield and Ginsenoside Content in Korean Vivipary Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) *Humberto Nunez-Moreno, Arnulfo Marquez-Cervantes, Gerardo *Chung Yeol Lee, Hyun Ho Kim, Dong Joo Oh, Son Hong Joo, Jun Martinez-Diaz Yeon Won (177) Sweet Sorghum for Ethanol Production in Arizona (256) Human Hair as a Nutrient Source for Horticultural Crops Valerie Teetor, Kelly Young, Elisabeth Wittenberg, Carl Schmalzel, *Valtcho Zheljazkov, Juan Silva, Taejo Kim, Thomas Horgan Claire Heinitz, Myles Lewis, Jennifer Tashner, *Dennis T. Ray (257) Biofumigation with Plant Essential Oils for Bacterial (178) Use of Pulp Mill Ash as a Substrate Component for Wilt Management of Edible Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Greenhouse Production of Marigold and Tomato Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Race 4 *Guihong Bi, William B. Evans, Glenn B. Fain *Mathews L. Paret, Bernard A. Kratky, *Anne M. Alvarez 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (258) Productivity, Essential Oil Content and Composition of Sweet and Holy Basil Grown in Mississippi Poster Session: Viticulture and Small Fruits—Culture/ *Valtcho Zheljazkov, Charles L. Cantrel, William Evans, M. Wayne Management/Physiology Ebelhar, Christine Coker (068) Factors Affecting Resveratrol Content in Strawberries (259) Poultry Compost Mixes to Optimize Ginger (Zingiber *Shiow Wang, Chitsun Chen, Chien Wang, Pei Chen officinale) Growth (069) Evaluation of Cultivars and Plug Establishment for *Intsar Eljak, *Lurline Marsh, Fawzy Hashem, Corrie Cotton Greenhouse Strawberry Production (260) Pattern of Mixed Plants, Geographical Distribution, and *Dennis Deyton, *Carl Sams, John Cummins ,Fumiomi Takeda Environmental Habitat of Boehmeria platanifolia Fr. et Sav. (070) Cold Hardiness of Strawberries after Test Winter of and Boehmeria spicata Thunb. in Korea 2006/07 in Minnesota *Yong Koo Cho, Dong Il Shin, Hong Seon Song, Seong Min Kim *Shengrui Yao, James Luby (261) Ongoing Marketability and Production Study of Basil (071) Overview of Cultural Management Systems for Cultivars for Guam Commercial Blueberries in Central Florida *Janelle Randall, *Mari Marutani *Alicia Whidden

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1019 (072) Effect of Pre- and Post-defoliation on Response of Gabriel Ortega Southern Highbush Blueberry to Dormex (169) Greenhouse Screening and Field Evaluation for Weed Tolerance *Jeffrey G Williamson, E. Paul Miller in Brassica oleraceae Genotypes (073) Southern Ohio Black Raspberry Production Intsar Eljak *Shawn R. Wright, Brad Bergefurd, Maurus Brown (259) Poultry Compost Mixes to Optimize Ginger, Zingiber officinale, (074) Implementation of LED Lighting Modalities to Steer Growth Plant Growth and Development Jinhee Kim *Kayla Childers, *Kevin Folta (250) Limonoids Implicated Extrinsic Apoptotic Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells (075) Effects of Cultivar and Location on Alabama-grown Muscadine Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Content Cedric Sims *Floyd Woods, Elina Coneva, Luke Howard, William Dozier, Jason (262) Response of Ocimum tenuflorum L.f. to Different Levels of Burkett, Mr. Pitts Nitrogen [email protected] (076) Polyphenols in Muscadine Seeds and Skins Mohammad Al-Daej *Nadu K. Damayanthi Ranwala, Sandra Gray, Joseph Gangemy, (048) Relative Total Phenolics in Potato (Solanum tuberosom L.) James W. Rushing Progeny from 15 Families (077) Determination of Budbreak and Frost Injury Risk for Susannah Stofer Winegrapes in Oklahoma (172) Tomato Fruit Carotenoids Are not Affected by Application of *Eric Stafne Chemical Soil Fumigants or an Organic Biofumigant (078) Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Three Andrew Ogden Grape (Vitis spp.) Cultivars Following Pruning of Bearing (095) Predicting Night-time Low Temperatures in Unheated High Tunnels Canes Nathan Wlodarchak, *Mosbah Kushad Yukari Murakami (103) Potential Sources of Microbial Contamination of Japanese (079) Field Temperature and Anthocyanins in Merlot Grape Apricot Fruit during Development and Harvest Berries *Julie Tarara, Jungmin Lee, Sara Spayd, Carolyn Scagel Myung-Min Oh (275) Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidants in Relation to Plant (080) Grapevine Sustainability and Wine Composition Adaptation and Stress Tolerance in Lettuce Ameliorated by Severity of Canopy Management Xiaoyu Liu *Patsy E. Wilson, Douglas Archbold, *S. Kaan Kurtural (022) Mapping the Nuclear Genomic Region Associated With the (081) Harvest Maturity Affected by Temperature in ‘Red Globe’ Peach Tree Short Life Syndrome Using Microsatellite/ssr Markers Table Grape Growing in Two Different Areas of the Limarí Youping Sun Valley in Northern Chile (264) Deacclimation Significantly Reduced Cold Hardiness of Densa *L. Antonio Lizana, Vladimir Rodriguez, Luis Luchsinger, Marcelo and Shamrock Inkberry Orellana Christopher Cerveny (082) Nutrient Contents and Growth of Fruiting ‘Campbell (222) Ranunculus asiaticus Dried Tubers Imbibe Water through a Early’ Grapevine under Waterlogged Condition Physical Process *Seok-Beom Kang, Han-Ik Jang, In-Bog Lee, Jin-Myeon Park, Sang-Ggyu Lee, Doo-Khil Moon Dania Rivera (355) Accelerated tree Whip Production Using Retractable Roof (083) Soil pH Reduction with Sulfur Amendments and a Cover Greenhouses Crop Lingxia Sun *A. James Downer, Ben Faber, Mochizuki Maren, Holstedge Dirk (028) Natural Variation for Fruit Abscission in Apple (Malus) (084) Influence of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Jin Gook Kim Activity of Grape Pomace as Determined by Oxygen Radical (033) Characteristics of Hardy Kiwifruits Native to Japan Absorbance Capacity Assay *Ioannis Oikonomakos, William McGlynn, Christina Mireles DeWitt, Akhila Vasan 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 1 (439) Runner Growth and Yield Response of Day Neutral Strawberries to Pre-Plant Prohexadione-calcium Root Dips Nominations and Elections Committee Meeting *David Handley, Mark Hutton, Renae Moran Presiding: Scott NeSmith

1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Graduate Student Poster Competition: Session 4 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 17 Patsy E. Wilson Computer Applications in Horticulture (COMP) (080) Grapevine Sustainability and Wine Composition Ameliorated by Working Group Business Meeting Severity of Canopy Management Chair: Michele Scheiber Ruifeng Cheng (175) Cultivation Advantage for Root Function Divided into Feeding and Tuberous Roots of Sweet Potato 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 2 Mathews L. Paret Vegetable Crop Management (VCM) Working Group (257) Bio-fumigation with Plant Essential Oils for Bacterial Wilt Management of Edible Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) caused by Business Meeting Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 Chair: Maurice Ogutu

1020 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 2:00–3:30 pm Salon 9 2:30–2:45 pm Integration of Production Technologies for Oral Session 13: Nut Crops/Genetics/Physiology Organic Vegetable Soybean in Taiwan Chin-hua Ma, Peter Juroszek, *Manuel Palada, Ramasamy Sriniva- Moderator: Michele Warmund, [email protected] san, Tien-chen Wang, Ray-yu Yang 2:00–2:15 pm A Sensory Lexicon for Black Walnut (Juglans 2:45–3:00 pm Summer Cover Crop and In-season nigra L.) and Persian Walnut (J. regia L.) Management System Affect Nitrogen Availability *Michele Warmund, Janelle Elmore and Weed Density in Lettuce and Cantaloupe 2:15–2:30 pm The Impacts of Walnut Husk Fly *Guangyao Wang, *Milton McGiffen, Mathieu Ngouajio, Chad (Rhagoletis completa Cresson) Infestation on English Walnut Hutchinson (Juglans regia L.) Quality 3:00–3:15 pm Soil Nitrogen Responses to *William Coates Increasing Crop Diversity and Rotation in 2:30–2:45 pm Effect of ReTain on ‘Serr’ Walnut Yields in Organic Vegetable Production Systems California *Danielle Treadwell, Michael Alligood, Carlene Chase, Manish *Kathy Kelley Anderson, Robert Beede, Joseph Grant, Janine Bhan Hasey 3:15–3:30 pm Potential Components for 2:45–3:00 pm Evaluation of Resistance to Pecan Scab in a Weed Management in Organic Vegetable

Seedling Progeny of Pecan Using Detached Leaflets Production Systems TUESDAY *Patrick Conner *James Shrefler, Charles Webber III, Warren Roberts, Lynn Bran- 3:00–3:15 pm Morphological and Photosynthetic denberger, Merritt Taylor Characteristics of Sun and Shade Pecan Leaves 3:30–3:45 pm Weed Community Changes during *Leonardo Lombardini, Hermann Restrepo Diaz, Astrid Volder Transition to Organic Production 3:15–3:30 pm Variation in Anatomy and Carbon Isotope *John Masiunas, Isabel Rosa Discrimination in Leaves of Pecan Populations 3:45–4:00 pm Managing Canada Thistle in Organic Cropping from Mexico and the United States Systems Using Sudangrass *Madhulika Sagaram, Leonardo Lombardini, L.J. Grauke Abram Bicksler, *John Masiunas

2:00–3:30 pm Salon 10 Oral Session 14: Nursery and Ornamental Crops 1 2:00–3:45 pm Salon 7 Moderator: Richard C. Beeson, Jr., rcbeeson@ufl.edu Oral Session 17: Fruit Crops 1—Culture and Management 2:00–2:15 pm Wireless Sensor Networks for Moderator: Esmaeil “Essie” Fallahi, [email protected] Real-time Management of Irrigation and 2:00–2:15 pm The Relationship Between Fruit Weight Nutrient Applications in the Greenhouse and Crop Load as Influenced by Three Apple Rootstocks and Nursery Industry at Multiple Locations *John D. Lea-Cox, Andrew G. Ristvey, Felix R. Arguedas, David S. Ross, George A. Kantor *Richard Marini 2:15–2:30 pm Evaluation of an ETo-based Operational 2:15–2:30 pm Water Use, Growth, Nutrients, Yield, Irrigation Algorithm Using Two Genera of Container-grown and Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Gala’ Apples Woody Ornamentals *Esmaeil Fallahi, Bahman Shafii *Richard Beeson 2:30–2:45 pm Sunburn on Apples: Fifteen Years 2:30–2:45 pm Plant Stress as Indicator for Irrigation Scheduling of Research in Chile Supports Heat as the in Fraser Fir Production Main Cause of Damage *Pascal Nzokou, Nicholas Gooch, Bert Cregg *Jose A. Yuri, David Michael Glenn, Valeria Lepe, Alvaro Sepulveda, Richard Bastias, Claudia Moggia, Jaime R. Gonzalez, 2:45–3:00 pm Tolerance of Three Flood-tolerant Nyssa Species Gustavo A. Lobos to Water Deficit 2:45–3:00 pm Requirements for Macro-and *Nickolee Boyer, William Graves Micro-nutrients by High Density ‘Gala’ Apple Trees 3:00–3:15 pm Short-term Drought Tolerance of Container- *Lailiang Cheng, Richard Raba grown Ornamental Plants in Response to Abscisic Acid (ABA) 3:00–3:15 pm Effects of Partial Rootzone Drying and *Anthony LeBude, Craig A. Campbell, Joseph Conner Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Seedlings of the Citrus 3:15–3:30 pm Effect of Nutrition on Growth and Rootstock Swingle Citrumelo Physiology of Landscape Shade Trees in *Juan Carlos Melgar, Jill Dunlop, James P. Syvertsen Pot-in-Pot Production 3:15–3:30 pm Organic and Integrated Apple Production *Wendy Klooster, Bert Cregg, R. Tom Fernandez, Pascal Nzokou Systems for the Northeastern U.S.: Four Years of Research from the Ground Up 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 11 *Gregory Peck, Ian Merwin Oral Session 15: Culture & Management: Organic Crops 3:30–3:45 pm Performance and Economics Moderator: Manuel Palada, [email protected] of High Density Apple Planting Systems for 2:00–2:15 pm Organic No-till Tomato Production the Processing Market *Kathleen Delate, Andrea McKern, Robert Burcham *Terence Robinson, Stephen Hoying, Alison DeMarree 2:15–2:30 pm Tomato Growth and Substrate Responses to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Sources *William B. Evans, Guihong Bi

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1021 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 8 Speakers: B.Y. Morrison Lecture Brian Corr, Ball Horticultural Company Ernesto Brovelli, Coca Cola North America Sponsor: USDA–ARS Topic Three: “Toward a More Equitable and Responsible Policy on Intellectual Property as it Relates to Plants” Preparing university horticulture students for science-related careers in the private sector. James R. Ballington Speakers: Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State Univer- Curt Rom, University of Arkansas sity, Raleigh Richard Harkess, Mississippi State University See inset on p. 1023 Topic Four:

2:00–4:00 pm Salon 12 My career story - speakers from private companies in science related jobs describing their career progression over time. How they started Workshop 14: Current Analytical Techniques to Identify and then got to where they now are in the industry. Nutritionally Important Secondary Metabolites in Fruit Speakers: to be announced and Vegetable Crops Sponsor: Produce Quality, Safety, and Health Properties (QUAL) Working Group 3:00–4:00 pm Salon 1 Moderator: Dean Kopsell, The University of Tennessee Continuing Strategic Planning Committee Meeting Objectives: Fruit and vegetable crops contain a large variety of Presiding: Ronald N. Perry secondary metabolites, or phytonutrients, beneficial for human health maintenance and disease prevention. This workshop will discuss current methods to identify phytonutrient concentrations 3:00–4:00 pm Salon 2 in horticultural crops. Genetics and Germplasm (GG) Working Group Business Polyphenols: Extraction and Analytical Techniques Meeting *Dan MacLean Chair: Beiquan Mou Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Carotenoids (Terpenoids) in Fruit and Vegetable Crops *Dean Kopsell 3:00–4:00 pm Salon 17 Metabolic Analysis of Glucosinolates in Brassica Vegetables Utiliz- Tropical Horticulture (TROP) Working Group Business ing GC, HPLC, and Mass Spectroscopy Meeting *T. Casey Barickman, Carl E. Sams Chair: Bhimanagouda Patil Optimizing the ORAC Assay for Determining the Total Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits and Vegetables *Brandon Smith, Gitika Shrivastava 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 1 Technical Program Committee Meeting 2:00–6:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Presiding: Carl Sams and Dennis Ray Hot-Topic Symposium: Careers and Internships in Science and Crop Production with Private Companies in the Horticulture Industry 4:00–5:00 pm Salon 2 Moderator: Craig A. Campbell, Valent BioSciences Corp Association of Horticulturists of Indian Origin (AHIO) Objectives: Our society does an excellent job fostering interaction Working Group Business Meeting between academics in horticulture, but we want to have a greater Chair: Usha Palaniswamy role in matching the needs and interests of scientists and production managers in horticultural companies with the valuable research information that is delivered at our meetings and in our journals, special publications, and videos. This symposium will focus on 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 11 scientific careers in the private industry. Oral Session 18: Viticulture and Small Fruits/Culture Topic One: and Management How do companies find and hire new employees for science related Moderator: John M. Smagula, [email protected] jobs? What kinds of science-related jobs are currently available 4:00–4:15 pm Cold Hardiness of Red Raspberry Cultivars in companies? What type of skills and experience does the ideal Grown in High Tunnels and the Field candidate posses? How do companies locate potential employees, *Michael Vonweihe, *Eric Hanson interview them, and then hire them? 4:15–4:30 pm Effects of Irrigation Method and Level of Water Speakers: Application on Fruit Size and Yield in Red Raspberry during Linn Joanis, Valent U.S.A. Corp, the First Year of Full Production additional speakers to be announced *David R. Bryla, Diane Kaufman, Bernadine C. Strik Topic Two: Outline job duties for a few of the representative positions in a major company. Describe how careers develop and advance over time.

1022 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 2008 B.Y. Morrison Memorial Lecture Tuesday, 22 July 2:00–4:00 pm, Salon 8

Toward a More Equitable and Responsible Policy on Intellectual Property as It Relates to Plants

The Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA’s principal in-house scientific agency, and ASHS are

pleased to announce that James R. Ballington, Pro- TUESDAY fessor, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, has been named the 2008 B.Y. Morrison Memorial Lecturer. Ballington’s topic is “Toward a More Equitable and Responsible Policy on Intellectual Property as It Relates to Plants.” He states, “Intellectual property policies related to plants remain controversial, with regard to appropriateness as well as interpretation of current laws and policies. Ethical as well as legal issues need to be taken into account in arriving at policies that are James R. Ballington realistic and yet more equitable and responsible for Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, both the plant breeding and related communities as North Carolina State University, Raleigh a whole.” Ballington, an ASHS member since 1974, was named a Fellow of the Society in 2002. sciences, and to stress the urgency of preserving and enhancing natural beauty. B.Y. Morrison was the first director of the USDA’s National Arboretum in Wash- About the B.Y. Morrison Lecture: ington, D.C., and a pioneer in ornamental horticulture. The B.Y. Morrison Lecture was established in 1968 A scientist, landscape architect, plant explorer, author, by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. and lecturer, Morrison advanced the science of botany Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), to honor the memory of in the United States. His legacy to the American public Benjamin Y. Morrison (1891–1966) and to recognize includes dozens of new ornamental plants, including scientists who have made outstanding contributions the Glenn Dale azaleas. to ornamental horticulture and other environmental The Morrison Lecture is on a scientific or policy sciences, to encourage the wide application of these topic of the lecturer’s choice.

4:30–4:45 pm Developing Blueberry Plants with 5:15–5:30 pm Fruiting ‘Campbell Early’ Grapevine is More Shock Virus Tolerance for the Pacific Northwest Tolerant to Water Stress than Non-fruiting Grapevine under the *Wei Qiang Yang, Robert Martin, Yongjian Chang Waterlogged Condition 4:45–5:00 pm The Evolution of Ohio Strawberry *Seok-Beom Kang, Han-Ik Jang, In-Bog Lee, Bong-Nam Chung, Plasticulture Production (2001-2007) Doo-Khil Moon *Brad Bergefurd, Shawn Wright, Thomas Harker 5:30–5:45 pm Quantity of Abscisic Acid Applied Affects 5:00–5:15 pm Enhancing Winter Forced Strawberry Harvest Date, But Not Pack-Out of Red Table Grapes Productivity and Fruit Quality Through Light *Matthew Fidelibus, Kimberley Cathline Manipulation in High Tunnels 5:45–6:00 pm Gypsum Enhances Nutrient Uptake of Lowbush *Brian Ward, Robert Dufault Blueberry *John Smagula

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1023 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 10 Making Real Progress using Precise Screening Tools ASHS National Issues Task Force Approaches and *Jiwan Palta, John Bamberg, Sandra Vega Actions 4:30–4:45 pm Estimation of Optimal Sample Size for Detecting Tuber Internal Defects in Potato using a Bootstrap Method Chair/Moderator: Thomas Björkman *Felix Navarro, Jiwan Palta The American Society for Horticultural Sciences As a 4:45–5:00 pm Selection for Resistance to Common Scab in Player in Washington DC Wisconsin Potato Breeding Lines Jonathan Moore, ASHS, Arlington, VA *Felix Navarro, Eugenia Banks, Bryan Bowen, Charlie Higgins, Implementing the Specialty Crops Research Initiative Jiwan Palta 5:00–5:15 pm Inheritance of Resistance and Identification Thomas Bewick, USDA-CSREES, Washington, DC of Molecular Markers Linked to Bacterial Spot Race T4 in Specialty Crops Block Grants. What is Your State’s Plan? Tomato Thomas Björkman, Cornell University, Geneva, NY *Sam Huttton, *John W. Scott 5:15–5:30 pm Evaluation of Oxalate Concentration in the U.S. A Strategic Plan for Federal Investment in Specialty Spinach Germplasm Collection Crops *Beiquan Mou, Sally Schneider, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 5:30–5:45 pm Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Solanum Species Related to Eggplant 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 9 *Yanxin Gao, Richard Robinson, Martha Mutschler Workshop 15: Pomology in the Year 2040 5:45–6:00 pm Regional Specificity of Genetically Diverse Sponsor: Pomology (POM) Working Group Garlic Varieties Chair: Brent Black, Utah State University, *Gayle Volk, Carl Rosen, Deborah Allan, Angela O’Callaghan, John Zandstra, David Stern Objectives: This workshop will present perspectives on potential targets for future pomological research leading to the Year 2040. 4:30–5:00 pm Salon 17 Presentations: Produce Quality, Safety and Health Properties (QUAL) Overview of Workshop: Working Group Business Meeting Academic Research Trends and Small Farm Innovation Chair: Usha Palaniswamy Private Research Trends and Large Scale Innovation 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 1 Biological Innovation Education Division Advisory Council Meeting Speakers: Presiding: Dennis Ray Peter D. Petracek, Valent BioSciences Corporation Brent Black, Utah State University 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 17 Curt Rom, University of Arkansas Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardeners (CHMG) Jim McFerson, Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Working Group Business Meeting Steven VanNocker, Michigan State University Chair: Angela O’Callahan

4:00–6:00 pm Salon 12 5:00–6:00 pm Salon 2 Workshop 16: Integration of Sensory Analysis into Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Working Group Postharvest Research Business Meeting Sponsor: Postharvest (PH) Working Group Chair: Mark W. Farnham Moderator: Greg McCollum, USDA, ARS 6:00–7:00 pm Salon 3 Objectives: The objective of this workshop will be to provide information regarding basic protocols for sensory analysis to Industry Reception those interested in incorporating such studies into postharvest Sponsors: ASHS Industry Division and Valent BioSciences research. Corp. Descriptive Analysis of Horticultural Crops This new function, open to all, brings together members from *Anne Plotto the private industry with the rest of the membership in a casual setting designed to foster conversation. Participants can relax Integration of Sensory Evaluations into Postharvest Research: after a day in the sessions and talk with friends and colleagues. Consumer Acceptability and Preference Testing Pre-registration required. $20.00 *Charles A. Sims 6:00–8:00 pm Salon 1 4:15–6:00 pm Salon 8 American Pomological Society Oral Session 16: Breeding, Genetics and Germplasm: Executive Board Meeting Vegetable Crops 1 Moderator: Jiwan Palta, [email protected] 4:15–4:30 pm Improving Freezing Tolerance of Cultivated Potatoes: Moving Frost Hardy Genes from Wild Potatoes and

1024 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 7:00–9:00 pm Salon 5 8:45–9:00 am Moringa oleifera Lam. (Horseradish Tree) All Division Dinner Growth Performance Under Three Temperature Regimes *Elsa S. du Toit, Quintin Muhl, Petrus Johannes Robbertse Sponsor: ASHS Extension Division: Keynote Speaker: 8:00–9:00 am Salon 7 Ernesto Brovelli, Coca Cola North America Oral Session 20: Computer Applications - Horticulture, Topic: Teaching and Extension Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform (SAIP) Moderator: Lelia Kelly, [email protected] http://www.saiplatform.org 8:00–8:15 am Development, Implementation and Evaluation of The SAIP, formed in Europe and increasingly active in the U.S. a Five-week Interactive Video Short Course on Roses and elsewhere, promotes sustainable agriculture, particularly in *Lelia Kelly the processed food industry. 8:15–8:30 am Illustration and Digital Snapshot Assignments Dr. Brovelli will describe how SAIP and its many partners aim to Enhance Learning from Online Lectures enhance food production. Current SAIP members include McDon- *Thomas Michaels alds, Kraft, Coca Cola, and Sara Lee. Dr. Brovelli’s presentation 8:30–8:45 am Seeds of Science: Growing Tomorrow’s is an excellent opportunity for ASHS members and SAIP to learn Scientists more about their respective capacities and interests. Many ASHS *Norman Lownds members are active in areas related to sustainability and food pro- 8:45–9:00 am Using INTERCOM Simulation Model to cessing. While SAIP focuses on sustainable food production, it may serve as a model for similar groups formed around the production Compare Competitive Ability of Cowpea Genotypes with of other commodities. Pre-registration required. $59.00. Different Growth Habits *Guangyao Wang, *Milton McGiffen

8:00–9:00 am Salon 17 Wednesday, 23 July Growth Chambers and Controlled Environment (CE) Working Group Business Meeting 7:30–1:30 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby Chair: Jonathan Frantz

Commercial Plant Propagation Tour 8:00–9:00 am Salon 18 WEDNESDAY Sponsor: Plant Propagation (PROP) Working Group Root Growth and Rhizosphere Dynamics (RHIZ) Organizer: Patricia Holloway, University of Alaska, Working Group Business Meeting Fairbanks Chair: Kevin Kosola Visit three of Florida’s finest horticulture businesses including Knox Nursery (Winter Garden) specializing in starter plugs for 8:00–10:00 am Salon 2 bedding plant production and Dutch automation systems; Cherry Lake Tree Farm (Groveland) specializing in containerized trees Crucifer Crop CGC Meeting for ornamental landscapes; and Agri-Starts, Inc. (Apopka) specializing in tissue culture liners and innovative research in 8:00–10:00 am Salon 3 micropropagation. Administrators (ADM) Working Group Breakfast Chair: Julia Kornegay 7:30–5:00 pm Registration Desk A/B The Administrators Working Group meeting will be held as a Registration Open breakfast meeting. Pre-registration required. $25.00

8:00–9:00 am Salon 1 8:00–10:00 am Salon 12 HortTechology Editorial Board Meeting Oral Session 21: Biotechnology 2 Chair: Neal E. De Vos Moderator: Chris Dardick, [email protected] 8:00–8:15 am Anther Culture in Selenicereus 8:00–9:00 am Salon 8 and Hylocereus Vine Cacti (Cactaceae): Breeding, Evolution, Oral Session 19: Herbs, Spices, Medicinal Plants & and Genetic Relationships Health Properties *Reinerio Benega Garcia, Noemi Tel-Zur Moderator: Hazel Wetzstein, [email protected] 8:15–8:30 am Association Mapping for Sex and Fruit 8:00–8:15 am Rapid Method to Quantify Flavonoids in Characteristics in Ficus carica Grapefruit Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography *Nedim Mutlu, Hatice Ikten, Osman Gulsen, Hilmi Kocatas, Uygun *Kranthi Chebrolu, G.K. Jayaprakasha, John Jifon, *Bhimanagouda Aksoy Patil 8:30–8:45 am Transfer of Canker Resistance 8:15–8:30 am Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity and from Kumquat to Susceptible Citrus via Antiinflammatory Effects of Some Culinary and Medicinal Herbs Somatic Cybridization *Weiguang Yi, *Hazel Wetzstein *Jude Grosser, Marta Francis, James Graham 8:30–8:45 am Modified Citrus Limonoids: Differential 8:45–9:00 am Maximizing Somatic Embryogenesis and Inhibition of Bacterial Cell-Cell Signaling Regeneration from Immature Papaya Seeds *Amit Vikram, G.K. Jayaprakasha, Palmy R. Jesudhasan, *Trang Le, *Richard Manshardt Suresh D. Pillai, Bhimanagouda S. Patil

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1025 9:00–9:15 am Identification and Development of Single 8:30–8:45 am Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers from Grape EST Flowering of Cosmos sulphureus ‘Cosmic Orange’ and Sequence Verbena ×hybrida ‘Obsession Lilac’ *Jiang Lu, Fitz Bradley, Hong Huang *Matthew Blanchard, Erik Runkle 9:15–9:30 am Intraclonal Selection for Potato 8:45–9:00 am Night Interruption and Cyclic Lighting Promote Improvement Flowering of Long-Day Plants Under Low Temperature *Atef Nassar, Yves Leclerc, Jihad Abdulnour, *Danielle Donnelly Jong Hwa Shin, Kyeong Joo Kang, Wook Oh, *Ki Sun Kim 9:30–9:45 am Stone Fruit Stones: A Model System 9:00–9:15 am Daily Light Integral During the Seedling Stage for Studying Lignin Biosynthesis and Regulation Influences Transplant Quality and Subsequent Performance in *Chris Dardick, Ann Callahan, Remo Chiozzotto, Robert Schaffer, Selected Annual Plants John Ralph, Ralph Scorza *Wook Oh, Erik Runkle, Ryan M. Warner 9:45–10:00 am Guava SSR Analysis: Diversity 9:15–9:30 am Elevated Air Temperatures Cause Whitening of Assessment and Similarity to Accessions Associated Ivy Geraniums with Reducing Citrus Greening in Vietnam *Ritu Dhir, *Richard L. Harkess *Ed Stover, Tim Gottwald, David Hall, Malli Aradhya, Francis Zee, 9:30–9:45 am High Light Suppression of Phosphorus Uptake Jonathan Crane and Consequent Root Substrate Acidification by Geranium *Matthew Taylor, Paul Nelson. Jonathan Frantz 8:00–10:00 am Salon 11 9:45–10:00 am Evaluating Ion and Water Uptake Patterns in Oral Session 22: Crop Physiology—Fruit Crops Greenhouse Roses Exposed to Mild Salinity Stress Moderator: Rongcai Yuan, [email protected] Alma R. Solis-Perez, *Raul I. Cabrera, Victor J. Florez-Roncancio 8:00–8:15 am Effects of NAA and AVG on Young Fruit Abscission and Expression of 8:00–10:00 am Grand Ballroom A/B/C Genes Related to Ethylene Biosynthesis and Cell Wall Undergraduate Poster Competition Degradation in ‘Delicious’ Apples The following posters will be judged in the Undergraduate Poster *Hong Zhu, Eric Beers, *Rongcai Yuan Competition: 8:15–8:30 am Organ Loss and Yield impacts in ‘Valencia’ Cultivation Advantage for Root Function Divided into Feeding Orange Due to Various Abscission Agent Biweekly and Tuberous Roots of Sweet Potato Applications Over a Two-year Cropping Period in Florida Ruifeng Cheng, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Develop- *Jacqueline K. Burns, *Luis Pozo ment in Agriculture 13 8:30–8:45 am Transport and Partitioning of C-photoassimilate Effects of Salt Stress on the Stem and Leaf Tissues in Sweet between Peach Fruiting Shoots Potato [Ipomoea batatus L.]: Comparison between Early and *Riccardo Lo Bianco, Giorgio Volpe, Mark Rieger Late Stages of Stress Exposure 8:45–9:00 am NAA, 1-MCP and AVG Differentially Alter Fruit Deidra Davis, Chicago State University Abscission and Fruit Ripening by Differentially Affecting Physiological, Growth and Leaf Surface Characteristics Toward Expression of Genes Related to Ethylene Biosynthesis, Understanding Drought Tolerance in Big Chili and Jalapeño Perception, and Cell Wall Degradation in ‘Delicious’ Apples Pepper Jianguo Li, *Rongcai Yuan Tommy Do, Xavier University of Louisiana 9:00–9:15 am Safe and Unsafe Applications of Plant Growth Cucumber Seedling Application of Light Emitting Diode in Regulators on Fruit Trees Closed Plant Factory *Abdelfattah Wally Wei Lingling, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 9:15–9:30 am CPPU Delays Thins Fruit and Delays Maturity of University Trial Garden: Open House Evaluation by Industry and ‘Pioneer Mac’ Apples Local Community *Renae Moran Brett Smith, University of Maryland Eastern Shore 9:30–9:45 am The Shaded Peel of Apple Fruit Becomes More Effect of Variable Rates of Spent Mushroom Substrate on Tomato Sensitive to High Light Damage as Fruit Develops Yield and Fruit Quality Pengmin Li, *Lailiang Cheng Thomas Bottoms, California Polytechnic State University 9:45–10:00 am Extrafloral Nectar: Implications for Spray Application and Pesticide Performance Effects of Increased Auxin Concentrations on Hardwood Rooting of the Cynthiana/Norton Native Grape Cultivar *Martin J. Bukovac Benjamin Kelly, Middle Tennessee State University 8:00–10:00 am Salon 10 Evaluation of Four Native Montana Perennials for Rain Garden Suitability Oral Session 23: Floriculture 3 Corri Pfeiffenberger, Montana State University Moderator: Connie Johnson, johnscn@ufl.edu Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Essential Oil Production in 8:00–8:15 am Limestone Particle Size and Residual Lime Mentha spicata L. Shoots In Vitro Concentration Affect pH Buffering in Container Substrates David Markle, University of Wisconsin - River Falls *Jinsheng Huang, *Paul Fisher, William Easton Horner, William Undergraduate Opportunities in Organic and Sustainable Argo Horticultural Research, Education, and Extension 8:15–8:30 am Quantifying Fertilizer Acidity in a Peat-based Vince Canger, University of Florida Substrate The Effects of Bloom Thinning in Winter Greenhouse Tomato *Connie N. Johnson, Paul R. Fisher, Jinsheng Huang, Richard P. Vetanovetz, William R. Argo (Lycopersicon esculentum ‘Better Boy’) Production Joshua Webb, Middle Tennessee State University

1026 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 The Effect of Growth Form on Fruit Yield in Hydroponic Green- 8:00–10:00 am Salon 6 house Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Production Workshop 19: If I Use That on My Crop, Can I Sell It? Justin Stefanski, Middle Tennessee State University An Exploration of Organic Amendments Using GPS and Digital Imagery to Catalog Ornamental Plants on Sponsor: Waste Utilization in Horticulture (WUH) UMES Campus Working Group Nathan Collier, University of Maryland Eastern Shore Moderator: William Evans, Mississippi State University 8:00–10:00 am Salon 13 & 14 Objectives: Present and discuss the influences of various regulations, Workshop 17: Biofumigants and Other Alternatives to stakeholders, and product characteristics on the use and suitability of manures, composts and organic fertilizers in horticulture. Methyl Bromide in Vegetables Sponsor: Vegetable Crops Management (VCM) Working Group 8:00–12:00 pm Grand Ballroom D Chair: Alicia Whidden, University of Florida/Hillsborough County Colloquium 3: Impacts of Invasive Plants on the Extension Horticulture Industry in the Biosecurity Age Objectives: To review alternative biological, cultural and chemi- Sponsors: Ornamental/Landscape & Turf (O/LT) and Nursery Crop cal pest control strategies as replacements for methyl bromide in (NUR) Working Groups vegetable crop production systems. Moderators: Genhua Niu, Assistant Professor, Texas AgriLife Effects of Biofumigants on Pickling Cucumber and Summer Squash Research; Ryan Stewart, University of Illinois Production in a Site Infested With Phytophthora capsici Objectives: This colloquium will cover issues related to the current *Mathieu Ngouajio, Mary K. Hausbeck, James W. Counts, Jr. status of invasive plants in the U.S., which include regulations and Grafting Cucurbits for Soil-borne Disease Tolerance and Added rules governing the importation and introduction of non-native spe- Fruit Quality cies; prediction and risk assessment methods used to determine the *Richard Hassell, Frederic D. Memmott invasiveness of a species; and management practices and technolo- gies used either to eliminate invasive traits or control the spread Solarization From a Grower’s Perspective of an invasive species. Speakers will address these issues and how *Nancy Roe they relate to and affect the horticultural industry. Methyl Bromide Alternative Systems for the Southeastern U.S. Accuracy and Impact of the Australian Weed Risk Assessment *Andrew W. MacRae Modified for the U.S. *Doria R. Gordon, Crysta Gantz, Daphne A. Onderdonk WEDNESDAY 8:00–10:00 am Salon 9 The Revision of Quarantine 37 (Q-37): Addressing the Risks Workshop 18: Horticulture in Asia: Opportunities and Associated with the Importation of Plants for Planting Challenges for Collaborative Research and Education *Christa L. Speekmann, *Anthony L. Koop Sponsor: Working Group of Asian Horticulture (WGAH) Using ‘Gene-deletor’ Technology and Breeding Techniques to Moderator: Zhanao Deng, Faculty, University of Florida Reduce Invasiveness of Exotic Ornamental Crops *Yi Li Objectives: To provide attendees with a timely update on the recent Impacts of Invasive Plants on the Horticulture Industry in a developments in horticulture, horticultural research and education Biosecurity Age in Asia, to provide a forum for sharing knowledge, information, and experience among those who are interested in horticulture in *K. Marc Teffeau Asia or in collaborating with horticulturists in Asia, and to promote collaborations among horticulturists in United States and Asia. 8:00–5:00 pm Salon 4 Employment/Internship Services (Placement) One American Horticulturist’s Asian Citrus Adventures *Frederick G. Gmitter, Jr. 8:30–12:30 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby The Recent Development of Grape and Wine Industry in China: A Airboat & Alligator Experience Booming Industry and Research/Training Opportunities *Jiang Lu, Yali Zhang, Jun Wang, Chang-Qing Duan Journey to the heart of Seminole County on a 30 Minute Airboat Adventure On Lake Jessup. Just 45 minutes from International Drive, Current Tendency of Horticulture in Japan, Especially Focused on Lake Jessup is renowned for the largest population of alligators Intensive Fruit Culture in the U.S.—well over 10,000! Hop onboard this exciting airboat *Keizo Yonemori adventure, where you’ll glide over the water and travel along the The Full Bloom of the China Floriculture Industry coastal marshlands looking for wildlife, including the Bald Eagle *Jianjun Chen, Xuandong Ke at the scenic Bird Island! Pre-registration required. $65.00 Horticultural Plants and Horticulturists of China 9:00–10:00 am Salon 1 *Donglin Zhang Tradition and Trends of Horticultural Research in Korea Publications Committee Meeting *Chiwon W. Lee Chair: Louise Ferguson

An Overview of Horticultural Projects in Asia 9:00–10:00 am Salon 18 *Michael Schnelle Human Issues in Horticulture (HIH) Working Group Vegetable Industry and Research In Asia Business Meeting *JDH Keatinge Chair: Kathryn Orvis

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1027 9:00–10:00 am Salon 17 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Production and Harvest Mechanization (MECH) Workshop 20: Achieving the Promise of Transgenic and Working Group Business Meeting Genomic Horticultural Crops Chair: Jacqueline Burns Sponsor: Crop Physiology (CRPP) Working Group Moderator: Thomas Bjorkman, Cornell University 9:00–12:30 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby Objectives: The goal of this workshop is for physiologists and ge- Leu Gardens Tour nomicists to be able to have a greater likelihood that their transgenic The Harry P. Leu Gardens has nearly 50 acres of peaceful grounds or genomic technology will be adopted in horticulture. that allow you to enjoy “Old Florida” via a 1 1/2 hour guided tour Tomatoes with Greater Solids Yield Through QTL Introgression of the gardens. Pre-registration required. $30.00 *John W. Scott Virus Resistant Transgenic Summer Squash 9:00–5:00 pm *Marc Fuchs Exhibit Hall Open Grand Ballroom A/B/C ‘HoneySweet’ Plum-Pox Resistant Plum *Ralph Scorza 9:15–10:30 am Salon 8 Oral Session 24: Water Utilization 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 9 Moderator: Seenivasan Natarajan, vasan@ufl.edu 9:15–9:30 am Effect of Arsenic Levels in Refill Water and Workshop 21: Developing a Teaching Module on Human Frond Harvest Methods on Arsenic Phytoremediation by Issues in Horticulture Chinese Brake Fern Sponsor: Human Issues in Horticulture HIH *Seenivasan Natarajan, *Robert Stamps, Uttam Saha, Lena Ma, Moderator: Candice Shoemaker , Kansas State University Yong Cai, Edward Zillioux Objectives: The objective of this workshop is to develop a teach 9:30–9:45 am Mixed Surface- to Subsurface-flow - ing module on human issues in horticulture for use in introductory Constructed Wetland Systems Effectively Remediate horticulture classes. A secondary objective is to provide a forum Simulated Nursery Runoff for discussion and an exchange of ideas for faculty that work in *Sarah A. White, Milton Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Ted Whitwell the area of human issues in horticulture, be it in teaching, exten- 9:45–10:00 am Uncertainty of Irrigation Schedules sion, or research. Triggered with Soil Water Sensors in Florida Citrus *Arnold Schumann, Laura Waldo 10:00–10:15 am Chlorination Impacts on 10:15 am–12:00 pm Salon 10 Tomato Transplants in Production with Floatation Irrigation Oral Session 25: Nursery and Ornamental Crops 2 *Shubin Saha, Charles Vavrina, Daniel Cantliffe Moderator: Andrew G. Ristvey, [email protected] 10:15–10:30 am Response of Indonesian 10:15–10:30 am Effects of Fertilizers and Naturally-Occurring Chili Pepper Varieties to Irrigation Methods Mycorrhizae on Sustainable Production of Nursery Crops in Southern Taiwan *Gladis Zinati, John Dighton, Rich Obal, James Johnson, Jerome Rosario Salas, *Manuel Palada, Deng-Lin Wu, Paul Gniffke Frecon, Carl Nordstrom 10:30–10:45 am Survey of Forest Residual Availability for 10:00–11:00 am Salon 1 Nursery Production in the Southeast *Cheryl R. Boyer, Thomas V. Gallagher, Charles H. Gilliam, Glenn Certified Professional Horticulturist Board Meeting B. Fain, H. Allen Torbert, Jeff L. Sibley Chair: Karen Panter 10:45–11:00 am Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Douglas Fir Bark Affected by Peat Moss 10:00–11:00 am Salon 18 and Pumice Waste Utilization in Horticulture (WUH) Working Group *Magdalena Zazirska, James S. Owen, Jr., James E. Altland Business Meeting 11:00–11:15 am Realizing Progressively Unavailable Water Chair: William B. Evans Content in Horticultural Substrates *Andrew Ristvey, Felix R. Arguedas, John D. Lea-Cox 10:00–11:00 am Salon 17 11:15–11:30 am Horticultural Evaluation of the Lesser-known Leatherwoods Weed Control and Pest Management (WCPM) Working *William Graves, *Bryan Peterson, Matthew Helgeson Group Business Meeting 11:30–11:45 am Growth and Physiology of Chair: J. Pablo Morales-Payan Fraser Fir and Colorado Blue Spruce in Response to Mulch 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 2 *Bert Cregg, Pascal Nzokou, Ron Goldy Consulting Editors Meeting 11:45–12:00 pm Application Position of Zeolite Affects Presiding: Ron Robbins and Neal De Vos Nursery Plant Biomass *Gladis Zinati

1028 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 10:15 am–12:00 pm Salon 11 11:45–12:00 pm Scion and Rootstock Effects on ABA-mediated Oral Session 26: Fruit Crops 2—Culture and Plant Growth Regulation and Salt Tolerance of Acclimated and Management Un-acclimated Potato Genotypes *Masoomeh Etehadnia, D.R. Waterer, K.K. Tanino Moderator: Julie Tarara, [email protected] 10:15–10:30 am Modeling the Effects of Processed-kaolin 10:30–12:00 pm Salon 8 Particle Films on Leaf and Whole-plant Physiology of Fruit ACB Annual Business Meeting Trees *Soo-Hyung Kim, David Michael Glenn Presiding: Amanda Krieg, ACB President 10:30–10:45 am Using Rest Breaking Agents and 10:45–11:45 am Salon 7 Dormancy Models to Alter Bloom Timing in ‘French’ Prune: A Progress Report Oral Session 28: Postharvest Physiology/Quality/Disease *Franz Niederholzer, Kitren Glozer Moderator: Jun Song, [email protected] 10:45–11:00 am Development of a Functional Relation 10:45–11:00 am Efficacy of Disinfectants Is Affected Between Nutrients and Yield in Fertilizer Trial in Grape by Endogenous Microbial Population on *Chandrasekhar Putcha, D. Vijaya, Sreenivas Rao, G. Ram Reddy Fresh-cut Vegetables 11:00–11:15 am A Non-destructive Index (IAD) to *Hidemi Izumi, Kaori Sera, Yuji Yamamoto, Sumithra Wendakoon Characterize Ripening Evolution in Fruit 11:00–11:15 am Anthocyanins, Phenolics, Flavonols, and *Guglielmo Costa, Massimo Noferini, Giovanni Fiori, Alice Tadi- Antioxidant Capacity of ‘Honeoye’ and ‘Mira’ Strawberry ello, Livio Trainotti, Giorgio Casadoro, Vanina Ziosi Fruit at Different Harvest Maturities 11:15–11:30 am Trellis Tension Monitor for Continuous *Jun Song, Rong Cao, Rymond Yang, Leslie Campbell-Palmer Growth and Yield Information 11:15–11:30 am Aromatic Profile of ‘Galia’ Muskmelon *Julie Tarara, Paul Blom *Jeanmarie Mitchell, Daniel Cantliffe, Harry Klee, Steven Sargent, 11:30–11:45 am Partial Root Zone Drying With and Without Peter Stoffella, Denise Tieman Salinity Affects Water Use Efficiency of Citrus 11:30–11:45 am Developmental Changes in Free Amino Acid *Ayako Kusakabe, Juan Carlos Melgar, Jill Dunlop, James P. Content in Ripening ‘Jonagold’ Apple Fruit as Related to Syvertsen Branched-chain Ester Production 11:45–12:00 pm The Utility of Chlorophyll Fluorescence *Nobuko Sugimoto, Randy Beaudry

Parameters as Indicator Tools for Citrus Greening WEDNESDAY *Madhulika Sagaram, Jacqueline Burns 10:45 am–12:00 pm Salon 12 Oral Session 29: Controlled Environment 2 10:15–12:00 pm Salon 6 Moderator: Youbin Zheng, [email protected] Oral Session 27: Crop Physiology Vegetable Crops 10:45–11:00 am Nutrient Solution Oxygenation in Soilless Moderator: Cyril Broderick, [email protected] Production 10:15–10:30 am Yield and Phytochemical Responses *Youbin Zheng, Linping Wang, Sally Martinez, Mike Dixon to Deficit Irrigation and Plant Population of Spinach 11:00–11:15 am Effects of Supplemental Light Quality *Daniel Leskovar, Shinsuke Agehara, Giovanni Piccinni, Kil Sun Yoo on Growth and Phytochemicals of Baby Leaf Lettuce Grown under White Light 10:30–10:45 am Growth of Anamolous Placental Tissue *Qian L, *Chieri Kubota in Capsicum chinense (Habanero) Pepper Fruit in Response to High Levels of Sulfur and 11:15–11:30 am Influence of R/B Ratio in LED Light Quality Complete Fertilizer Nutrition on Growth and Development of Lettuce *Cyril Broderick *Wen Jing, *Bao Shunshu 10:45–11:00 am GA-induced Tuberization Signal 11:30–11:45 am Influence of Lighting Intensity Can Be Modulated by Root Zone Calcium: Evidence on Dendrobium officinale In Vitro Under For the Control of Tuber Number by Calcium Closed Plant Factory *Sandra Vega, *Jiwan Palta, John Bamberg *Dongxian He, *Guo Shunxing, *Yang Qichang 11:00–11:15 am Modeling Fruit Growth Dynamics of 11:45 am–12:00 pm Performance of Processed Parboiled Cucumber, Including Proportional and Dominant Fresh-ground Rice Hulls as an Alternative Growth Properties of Individual Fruits within a Soilless Root Substrate Three-dimensional Functional Structural Plant Model *Johann Buck, Michael Evans, Paolo Sambo *Dirk Wiechers, Katrin Kahlen, Goutam Kuwar, Hartmut Stützel 11:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 1 11:15–11:30 am Simulating the Effects of Training Systems, Plant Density and Plant Distribution on Membership Committee Meeting Cucumber Canopy Architecture using a Presiding: Bridget Behe Three-dimensional Functional-Structural Plant Model *Katrin Kahlen, Dirk Wiechers, Hartmut Stützel 11:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 17 11:30–11:45 am Accumulation of Lycopene as an Seed and Stand Establishment (SSEST) Indicator of Maturity in Personal-Size Melons Working Group Business Meeting *Edgar Vinson, Floyd Woods, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Joseph Chair: Dharmalingam Pitchay Kemble, Angela Davis, Wheeler Foshee, Jason Burkett

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1029 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Endocytosis Poster Session: Breeding, Genetics and Germplasm: Diego Pozueta, Pedro Gonzalez, Javier Pozueta, *Ed Etxeberria Cucurbits (238) Identifying the Function of Novel Strawberry Genes Using Transgenic Strawberry and Arabidopsis Systems (050) Initiation of Genomic Analysis of Cucumber (Cucumis *Claudia Bermudez-Lozano, Mithu Chatterjee, Zhang Qian, Lisa sativus L.) Fruit Development and Relationship to Fields, Kayla Childers, Thomas Davis, *Kevin Folta Susceptibility to Infection by Phytophthora capsici *Kaori Ando, *Rebecca Grumet (239) Ethylene Reduces Gas Exchange and Growth of Lettuce Plants under Hypobaric and Normal Atmospheric Conditions (051) Screening of Chilling Tolerance Related Genes in *Fred T. Davies, Chuanjiu He, *Fred T. Davies, Ronald E Lacey Watermelon *Sang Gyu Lee, Ji Hye Moon, Young Jae Jeong, Seung-Yu Kim, (240) Effect of Foliar Application of Mg and Fe on Improving Chiwon Lee Hg Phytoremediation capability of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. ‘Florida Broadleaf’) (052) Inheritance of Resistance to Squash Silverleaf Disorder *Shen Ma, Jian Chen, Mengmeng Gu, Fengxiang Han, Yi Su Caused by the Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) in Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) (241) Effect of Shade on Water and Nutrient Use in Greenhouse *Kristen Young, Heather McAuslane, Susan Webb, *Eileen Ka- Tomato belka *Martin Gent (053) Using Colorimeter L*a*b*Color Space Values as an (242) Reading Tomato Plants: Correlation between Yield and Indicator of Carotenoid Content in Squash (Cucurbita spp.) Growth Parameters *Rachel Itle, *Eileen Kabelka *Fidel Nuñez-Ramirez, Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras, Rubén Macias- Duarte, Fabián Robles-Contreras, Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela- (054) A Genetic Linkage Map Including Loci for Male Sterility, Ruiz, Onesimo Grimaldo-Juarez Sugars, and Ascorbic Acid in Melon *Soon Park, Hye Hwang, Kevin Crosby (243) The Effects of Bloom Thinning in Winter Greenhouse Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ‘Better Boy’) Production (055) Hormone Effects on Cucumber Sex Expression *Joshua Webb, *Nathan Phillips *Jiyoung Oh, Todd Wehner (244) The Effect of Growth Form on Fruit Yield in Hydroponic (056) Maternal Effects Supersede Nuclear Effects Conditioning Greenhouse Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Production Chilling Response in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). *Justin Stefanski, *Nathan Phillips *Vanessa Gordon, Jack Staub (245) Cucumber Seedling Application of Light Emitting Diodes (057) Mapping of QTL Controlling Fruit Flesh and Seed Cavity in a Closed Plant Factory Size Traits in Ananas Melon *Wei Lingling, *Yang Qichang, *Cheng Ruifeng *Soon Park, Hye Hwang, Kevin Crosby (246) Growing Cucurbits at The Land Pavilion in Epcot® (058) Mapping of QTL for Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose Percentages of Total Sugars in Ananas Melon *Yuqing Fan, Ed Bell, Les Frey, Bill Hammer, Laura Kleiss, Michael Simms, Yong Huang, Fred Petitt *Soon Park, Hye Hwang, Kil Yoo, Kevin Crosby (247) Visual Simulation Model of Thermal Environment in a (059) Sampling Requirements for Assessing Melonworm Solar Greenhouse Resistance in Tropical Pumpkin Lili Meng, *Qichang Yang Angela Linares-Ramírez, *Linda Wessel-Beaver, Raúl Macchia- velli, Alejandro Segarra (248) Performance of Ground Source Heat Pump and Floor (060) In Search of Markers Linked to Fusarium Wilt Race 1 Heating System for Venlo Greenhouse Heating in Winter Resistance in Watermelon *Fang Hui, *Yang Qichang *Karen Harris, William Wechter, Brenda Lanini, Elisabetta Vivoda, Amnon Levi 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Poster Session: Culture & Management: 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Vegetable Crops Poster Session: Cross-commodity Physiology (115) Effect of Nutrient Solution on the Growth, Level of (233) The Influence of Achene Anatomy on Dormancy of Chlorophyll, and the Amount of Ascorbic Acid in Chinese Native Coreopsis (Asteraceae) Species Chive and Leaf Garlic *Dzingai Rukuni, Jeffrey G. Norcini, Daniel J. Cantliffe, Bernard *Hua Zi Huang, *Sang Gyu Lee, Cheng Hao Zhang, Ji Weon Lee A. Hauser (116) Effect of Greens and Soil Type, Sulfur Addition, and (234) Growth and Dormancy Induction of Korean Native Lithium Level on Leaf Mineral Constituents Adonis amurensis as Influenced by Daylength, Temperature, *Donald Makus, Larry Zibilske and Photosynthetic Photon Flux (117) Exchangeable Soil Calcium May Not Reliably Predict *Hyun Hwan Jung, *Ki Sun Kim In-season Calcium Requirements for Enhancing Potato Tuber (235) Effects of Transplanting on the Growth and Survival of Calcium Concentration Nursery Stock *Christopher Gunter, Jiwan Palta *Andrew Koeser, J. Ryan Stewart (118) Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications on (236) Characteristics of Sugar Accumulation in Watercore Growth, Yield, and Quality of Two Types of Lettuce Sensitive ‘Hongro’ Apple Fruit (Malus domestica Borkh) *Francesco Di Gioia, Maria Gonnella, Vito Buono, Elia del Carmen *Jeonghak Seo, Juntak Jang, Changhoon Han, Yongsoo Hwang, Guyot, Pietro Santamaria Jongpil Chun (119) 15N-labeled Fertilizer Trials in Sweetpotatoes: (237) The Linear Phase of Sucrose Uptake Concentration Implications for Fertilizer Nitrogen Management Curve in Sink Organs Is Largely Mediated by Fluid Phase *Arthur Villordon, Don LaBonte

1030 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 (120) Isoflavone Concentration and Pod Removal 12:00–12:45 pm Force Vary with Pod Maturity in Four Soybean Lines Poster Session: Pest Management *Allison Stewart, Vince Pantalone, *Carl E Sams (179) Peach Fruit Diseases in Puerto Rico: A 2008 Survey (121) Effect of Inorganic and Organic Fertilization Maria Cristina Padilla Paez, Consuelo Estevez de Jensen, *J. Pablo on the Production and Quality of Tomatillo or Husk Tomato Morales-Payan (Physalis ixocarpa Brott.) under Plastic Mulching (180) Identification and Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies on *Francisco Radillo-Juárez, Javier Farias-Larios, *Jaime Molina- Three Peach Cultivars in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico Ochoa, Marcelino Bazán-Tene, Arnoldo Michel-Rosales, José M. Fuentes-Ramírez *Sara Ramos, Maria Del Carmen Librán, Angel L. González, R.E. Rouse, Phil Stansly, Annette Wszelaki, J. Pablo Morales-Payan, (122) Effect of the Substrate and Container Size Evelio Hernandez on the Growth of Papaya Plants (Carica papaya L.) (181) Effect of UV-absorbing Nets in the Spread and Population *Francisco Radillo-Juárez, Marcelino Bazán-Tene, *Jamie Molina- Growth of the Potato Aphid Ochoa, Michel-Rosales Arnoldo, Héctor Manuel Caraballo-Mer- cado *Saioa Legarrea, Beatriz María Diaz, Ignacio Morales, Elisa Vi- ñuela, Alberto Fereres (123) W1008: Biology and Management of I (182) Eretmocerus mundus For Control of Bemisia tabaci on ris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Thrips in Onions Greenhouse-grown Squash *Christopher Cramer, Howard Schwartz *Elizabeth J. Thomas, Daniel J. Cantliffe, Philip A. Stansly, Peter J. (124) Mineral Nutrient Source and Duration in Stoffella, Heather J. McAuslane NFT Culture: Effect on Yield and Elemental (183) The Gray Bug (Chelinidea spp) as a Potential Insect-Pest Concentration of Radish on Nopal Cacti (Opuntia spp) in Hermosillo Coast, Sonora *Jonathan Egilla, Isabelle Nyirakabibi, Jimmie Garth Mexico (125) Effects of Mineral Nutrition on Carotenoid Content in *Everardo Zamora, *Santiago Ayala, *Jose Juvera, *Cosme Guer- Spinach rero, *Jose A. Avila *Stephen King, Angela Davis, Penelope Perkins, Larry Stein, (184) The Potential of Extensive Green Roofs to Provide Urban Amy Helms Arthropod Habitat (126) Influence of a Biodegradable Nutrient-carried Tammy Winfield, John Lambrinos, Erin Shroll, *David Sandrock Hydrogel on Root Architecture, Production, and (185) Integrating GIS in the Epidemiology and Management of Overall Plant Quality of Basil the Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disease Virus (CYSDV) *Osman Ayala, *Francesco Di Gioia, Francesco Montesano, WEDNESDAY *Kurt Nolte, John Palumbo, Judith Brown, Marco Tellez, Stacey R. Francesco Serio, Pietro Santamaria Bealmear (127) Effects of Irrigation Method on the Growth (186) Common Fungal and Bacterial Diseases on Growing of Lettuce, Chicory, and Endive in Green Roofs Nopal Cactus (Opuntia spp) *YoungYeol Cho, *Yong-Beom Lee *Everardo Zamora, *Cosme Guerrero, *Santiago Ayala, *Jose (128) Optimization of Irrigation Practices in Juvera, *Jose A. Avila Organic and Conventional Vegetables (187) Organic Fertilizers Slow Gloeocercospora sorghi Disease Using Soluble Dye Development on Agrostis canina (Velvet Bentgrass) *Eric Simonne, Robert Hochmuth, David Studstill, Michela *Cynthia Percivalle, Rebecca Brown Farneselli, Aparna Gazula (188) Organic Management of Weeds, Diseases, and Pests in (129) In Vitro Propagation of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Watermelon in Puerto Rico and the Effects of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Plant Mabel Vega Almodovar, *J. Pablo Morales-Payan, Sonia L. Growth and Yield Martinez-Garrastazu, Bryan Brunner *Nurgül Ercan, Meliha Temirkaynak (189) Compost Tea Starting Materials and Brewing Times (130) An Assay of Three Garlic Cultivars Determine Its Effectiveness (Allium sativum L.) in Northern Sonora, Mexico *Angela O’Callaghan, Henry Sun, Heba Ibrahim *Everardo Zamora, *Jose Juvera, *Santiago Ayala, *Cosme Guer- (190) Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Raspberry Nurseries rero, *Jesus Lopez *Thomas Walters, John N Pinkerton, Michael Par (131) Harvesting Time, Field Condition, and (191) Effect of Herbicides and Grass/Groundcover on Cold Statistical Analysis Methods May Affect Food Safety Hardiness of Field Grown Nursery Stock Assessment of Genetically Modified Peppers *Kyle Daniel, Hannah Mathers, Luke Case, Upender Somireddy Sunita Basnet, Min-Seok Sung, Hyoung-Gyun Ahn, Kyu-Hwan Chung, Dong-Wook Cho, Ki-Hyun Ryu, *Young-Sang Lee (192) Field Evaluation of Herbicide and Mulch Combinations (132) The Crop Protection System: An Increasing for Weed Control Efficacy Scale Industry in Sonora, Mexico, for *Hannah Mathers, Luke Case Vegetable Production (193) Allelopathic Effect of Eucalyptus globulus on Cynodon *Everardo Zamora, *Jose Juvera, *Santiago Ayala, *Cosme Guer- dactylon Germination and Growth rero, *Jesus Lopez *Shahin Daneshmandi, Majid Azizi (133) Levels of Chemical Fertilization and Vermicompost (194) Precision Guided Cultivation in Lettuce and Celery of the Sweetpotato (Ipomea batata L.) in *Christina George, John Rachuy, Steven Fennimore Tropical Mexican Fields (195) Evaluation of the Levels of Resistance to the Fungicide *Marcelino Bazán-Tene, José Gerardo López-Aguirre, Javier Iprodione in Isolates of Botritys cinerea in Nectarines Farías-Larios, Salvador Guzmán-González, Arnoldo Michel-Ro- *Luis Mauricio Pinto Toro, *Monica Ozores-Hampton, Blancaluz sales, Francisco Radillo-Juárez Pinilla

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1031 (196) Postemergence Control of Beach Vitex (143) Vermicompost Enhances Growth of Pumpkin, Zucchini, *Ted Whitwell, Jeanne Briggs, Matthew Cousins Cantaloupe, and Cucumber Transplants (197) Crop Safety of Sedge-Controlling Herbicides in (144) Alternative Herbicides for Management of Roadside Ornamentals Vegetation *Brian Trader, Mengmeng Gu, Dinum Perera *Allen V. Barker, Randall G. Prostak (198) Behavior and Nutrient Allocation of the Xylem-fluid (145) Factors Influencing Vermiculture and Vermicomposting feeder Homalodisca vitripennis in Response to Diet and in Hawaii Season Allison B. Render, *Theodore J.K. Radovich *Brent Brodbeck, Peter Andersen, Russell Mizell (146) Effect of Different Ground Cover Management Production Systems on Nutrient Status in an Organic Apple 12:45–1:15 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Orchard All Delegate Luncheon *Hyun-Sug Choi, Curt Rom Lunch will be available for all attendees. This is a grab and go (147) Growing Heirloom and Heirloom-type Tomato Hybrids in networking-focused event. Organic and Conventional Production Systems *Jeanine M Davis, Randolph Gardner 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (148) A 2007 Survey of Ecological Growers in Puerto Rico: Poster Session: Culture & Management: Cucurbit and Situation, Challenges, and Obstacles Solanaceous Crops *J. Pablo Morales-Payan, Morales-Cotto Samuel (105) Logistic Model-predicted Potassium Fertilizer (149) Effects of Organic Nutrient and Soil Management Recommendations Using Mehlich-1 Soil Test Indices for Practices on Yield of Strawberrries in an Annual Production Cucumber System *Carrie Kahr, *George Hochmuth, Peter Stoffella *Keith Baldwin, Charles Raczkowski, Rickie Holness (106) Rediscovering the Jersey Tomato Research, (150) Heat-tolerant Tomato Cultivars for Organic Production Development, and Outreach Program Systems in the Southeast Region Peter Nitzsche, *Michelle Infante-Casella, Wesley Kline, Jack *Keith Baldwin, Charles Raczkowski Rabin, William Tietjen, William Sciarappa, Richard VanVranken, (151) The Performance of Grafted Heirloom Tomatoes Cindy Rovins in Organic Production Systems: High-tunnels and (107) Evaluation of Pumpkin Cultivars for Yield and Powdery the Open Field Mildew Tolerance *Suzanne O’Connell, Mary Peet, Christopher Harlow, Frank *Michelle Infante-Casella, Andy Wyenandt, Nancy Maxwell, Louws, Cary Rivard Raymond Samulis (152) Locally Available Organic Soil Amendment Influences (108) Evaluation of Bell Pepper and Tomato Varieties on Corn Development and Association with Indigenous with and without Shade Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Guam *George Boyhan, Juan Diaz-Perez, Cliff Riner, Randy Hill, Denny *Lauren Gutierrez, Frank Macabenta, Mari Marutani Thigpen (109) Implementation of Drought Stress Effects into a Tomato 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Growth Model Poster Session: Floriculture 2 *Andreas Fricke, Hartmut Stützel (199) Brassica juncea (L.) Flowers Evaluated with Sucrose (110) Muskmelon Varieties and the Effects of PlantShield and Nutrients for the Extension of Vase-life *Mark Hutton, Rebecca Grube Gladycia Muñíz-Colón, *Lizzette González, Maria Del Carmen (111) Effects of Rye Cover Crop and Plastic Mulch Librán on Pumpkin Yield (200) Bulbous Floricultural Industry of Korea *Maurice Ogutu *Dae Hoe Goo (112) Study of Quality and Growth Characteristics (201) Increasing Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Yield of Cut of Tomato Variety Camelia Grafted onto Stems by Seedling Apex Removal Commercial Rootstocks *H. Chris Wien *Michael Bausher (202) Early Day Length Sensitivity in Sunflower (113) Use of a Quadratic Model to Calculate Cardinal *Meriam Karlsson, Jeffrey Werner Temperatures in Pepper (203) Creating Nutrient Deficiencies in Ivy Geranium *YoungYeol Cho, *Sang Gyu Lee, *Yoon Ah Jang, *Yong-Beom *Ritu Dhir, *Richard L. Harkess Lee (204) Photoselective Shadecloths Influence Flowering of (114) An Evaluation of Humate, Fish Hydrolysate, and Dendrobium Orchids Compost Tea on Tomato Seedling Production *Kent D. Kobayashi, Edwin F. Mersino *Barbara Muse (205) Soluble Silicon Supplementation Reduces Powdery Mildew Incidence and Severity on Greenhouse-produced 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Zinnia Poster Session: Culture & Management: Organic Crops *Sophia Kamenidou, Stephen Marek, Todd Cavins (142) Yield of Five Capsicum annuum Pepper (206) Evaluation of Vinca Cultivars as a Groundcover Varieties Using Vermicompost, Compost, and or Potted Plant in Guam Landscapes Inorganic Fertilizer *James McConnell *Gary Bachman

1032 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (018) Inducing Tetraploids in Dieffenbachia X Poster Session: Nursery and Ornamental Crops 2 Jim Holm, *Richard Henny, Jianjun Chen, Michelle Scheiber (346) Production of Native Plants in Potting Media Amended 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C with Aged Cattle Biosolids Mary Ridout, *Robert Tripepi Poster Session: Propagation/Seed Establishment (347) Fertilizer and Media Effects on Growth and Physiology (310) Warm Stratification Enhances Germination of Rosa of Conifers in Pot-in-Pot Production Section Caninae Species *Wendy Klooster, Bert Cregg, R. Tom Fernandez, Pascal Nzokou *David C. Zlesak (348) Effect of Nutrient Levels on Biometric Characters of (311) Propagation of the Florida Native Shrub Psychotria Vallisneria americana Michx. nervosa *Lyn Gettys, William Haller *Geoffrey Denny, Nancy West (349) Response of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum Cultivars (312) Treatments for Breaking Dormancy in Seed of the Native Prone to Little-leaf Disorder to Substrate Applications of Snowberry Shrub Copper *Stephen Love, Thomas Salaiz *John Ruter (313) Evaluating Seashore Paspalum’s Potential use as a (350) Cold Hardiness of Green Ash Nursery Trees Vegetative Landfarm Cap Is Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilizer Type and Rate *Dexter Fontenot, Edward Bush, Jeff Beasley, Charles Johnson *Carolyn Scagel, Richard Regan, Rita Hummel, Guihong Bi (314) Determining the Effects of Contaminated Water on (351) Cold Hardiness and Deacclimation within Three Germination and Radical Length of Three Species Populations of Styrax americanus (American Snowbell) *Kathryn Fontenot, Edward Bush, Ralph Portier, Charles Johnson *Olivia M. Lenahan, William Graves, Rajeev Arora (352) Leachate Micronutrient Concentrations from 2:00–3:30 pm Grand Ballroom D Containerized Waxleaf Privet When Using Four Different ASHS Presidential Address and Annual Business Meeting Types of Controlled-release Fertilizers Presidential Address: *Donald Merhaut Joseph Albano, Eugene Blythe, Julie Newman Mary Peet, ASHS President (353) Leachate Micronutrient Concentrations from See inset on p. 1035 Greenhouse-grown ‘Phoenicia’ Azaleas When Using WEDNESDAY Four Different Types of Controlled-release Fertilizers ASHS Annual Business Meeting *Eugene Blythe, Joseph Albano, *Donald Merhaut, Julie Newman (immediately follows the Presidential Address) Presiding: William R. Woodson, Chair, ASHS Board of Direc- 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C tors (2007–08) Poster Session: Ornamental Plant Breeding 2 Board of Directors Report (009) Selection Environments for Woody Ornamental Observation of a moment of silence for deceased members Breeding Open discussion on matters of importance to Members *David Knauft Association of Collegiate Branches (ACB) report (010) Selection and Promotion of Native and Endemic Presentations in recognition of services to ASHS Plants through Usage in Reforestation and Landscape Projects on Guam Introduction of the 2008–2009 ASHS President and *Lauren Gutierrez, James McConnell Board of Directors (011) Selecting Ornamental Cultivars from Teaoil Camellia 3:30–4:30 pm Salon 1 Breeding *Jiangfan Yu, Donglin Zhang, Yongzhong Chen, Riqing Zhang Continuing Education Committee Meeting (012) Evaluation of Callicarpa spp. for Ornamental Potential Chair: Mary H. Meyer *Ryan Contreras, John Ruter 3:30–4:30 pm Salon 17 (013) Environmental Interactions in Selection of SegregatingVitex Populations Nursery Crops (NUR) Working Group Business Meeting *Amanda Hershberger, David Knauft Chair: Genhua Niu (014) Special-purpose Legume Species Curated at the USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit for Use as 3:30–4:30 pm Salon 18 New Ornamentals and Potentially New Phytopharmaceuticals Plant Dormancy Research (ZZZZ) Working Group *Brad Morris, David Knauft Business Meeting (015) ‘Cloud 99’: A New Heat- and Drought-tolerant Abelia *Carol Robacker, Michele Scheiber 3:30–5:00 pm Salon 10 (016) Colchicine- and Oryzalin-induced Polyploidy in How to Write a Paper for an ASHS Publication Hedychium muluense R.M. Smith Session Leader: Randy Beaudry, *Hamidou F. Sakhanokho, Rowena Y. Kelley MSU Department of Horticulture (017) Ploidy Induction Experiments on Nodal Sections of Dr. Beaudry and his students and postdoctoral researchers have Jatropha curcas L. Using Mitotic Inhibitors published extensively in ASHS journals, and he has taught classes *Bruce Dunn, Marie-Christine Van Labeke, Jon Lindstrom on this specific topic. He will cover all aspects of paper prepara-

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1033 tion and submission, including appropriate statistical analysis and 3:30–5:15 pm Salon 8 dealing with reviews. Oral Session 32: Fruit Crops 3—Culture and Management 3:30–5:00 pm Salon 9 Moderator: Chandra Putcha, [email protected] Workshop 22: Irrigation in a Future of Limited Water 3:30–3:45 pm Morphological and Histological Evaluations of Supplies: Making Every Drop Count Flower Types in Pomegranate Sponsor: Water Utilization and Management (WUM) Working *Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli, Nadav Ravid, *Hazel Wetzstein Group 3:45–4:00 pm Floral Initiation and Development in Moderator: Joseph Albano, USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Pomegranate Research Laboratory Nadav Ravid Objectives: Speakers in this workshop will discuss and demonstrate 4:00–4:15 pm Effect of Foliarly-applied Acids and Ferrous new software and hardware technologies for use in irrigation Sulfate on Leaf Ferrous Iron Content and Leaf Greeness of scheduling to maximize both crop production and water conserva- Avocado Trees tion, and discuss the process for reclaiming and using municipal *Jonathan Crane, Bruce Schaffer, Yuncong Li, Edward Evans, wastewater for horticultural crop production. Wanda Montas, Li Chungfang 4:15–4:30 pm Recovery and Characterization of Peel Oil of Simulation Tool for Estimating Irrigation Requirements in Con- Kinnow Mandarin Grafted on Various Rootstocks tainer Nurseries *Waqar Ahmed, Muhammad Azher Nawaz, Raheel Anwar, Mu- *Jeff Million, Tom Yeager hammad Mumtaz Khan, Muhammad Maqbool Opportunities and Challenges of Using Wireless Sensor Networks 4:30–4:45 pm Fruit Growth of Four Pomegranate Cultivars in Ornamental Production from Northern Oman *John D. Lea-Cox *Rashid Al-Yahyai, Fahad Al-Said, Linus Opara Reclaiming Water for Horticulture: City of Orlando and Orange 4:45–5:00 pm Prediction of Output Parameters Based on County, FL, Conserv II Project Average Pruning Weight in Subtropical Fruits *Robert Cadle *Chandrasekhar Putcha, Sreenivas Rao, G. Ram Reddy, D. Vijaya 5:00–5:15 pm Effect of Fruit Thinning on the 3:30–5:15 pm Salon 7 Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Oral Session 30: Genetics/Germplasm/Plant Breeding— Date Palm cv. Aseel Cross-Commodity *Ghulam Sarwar Markhand, Abdul Razak Mahar, Adel A .Abul-Soad, Naseem Akhtar Moderator: Kim Hummer, [email protected] 3:30–3:45 pm Early Growth, Leaf Yield, Protein Content, and 3:30–5:15 pm Salon 12 Pod Yield of Four Moringa Accessions in Hawaii Oral Session 31: Culture & Management—Vegetable *Theodore J. K. Radovich, Robert E. Paull Crops 2 3:45–4:00 pm Ribes Bloom Phenology in a Diverse Field Moderator: Thomas Bjorkman, [email protected] Genebank *Daniel Dalton, *Kim Hummer 3:30–3:45 pm Changes in Onion (Allium cepa) Yield and Grade 4:00–4:15 pm PlantCollections—A Tool to Access Data Held Distribution in Response to Cover Crop and Plant Population by Botanic Gardens and Arboreta *Mathieu Ngouajio, Darryl D. Warncke, James W. Counts, Jr. *Boyce Tankersley, Min Henderson, David Vieglais, Greg Riccardi, 3:45–4:00 pm Fallowing Systems to Control Purple Nutsedge Christopher Dunn, Pam Allenstein in Florida Vegetable Crops 4:15–4:30 pm Diversity of Wild Malus Germplasm *Theodore McAvoy, William Stall, Bielinski Santos, Gregory Available in the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm MacDonald System 4:00–4:15 pm Biology and Integrated Management of Corn *Gayle Volk, Philip Forsline, Christopher Richards, Chamomile (Anthemis arvensis) in Processing Peas Herb Aldwinckle *Daniel Brainard, Virender Kumar, Robin Bellinder, Christopher 4:30–4:45 pm Domestication and Commercialization of Benedict Taraxacum kok-saghyz, a Potential Domestic Source of 4:15–4:30 pm Buckwheat Cover Crops for Vegetable Rotations Natural Rubber and Inulin: Progress and Outlook to Reduce Weeds and Improve Soil Condition Ann Chanon, Daryl Ehrensing, A. Raymond Miller, John Streeter, *Thomas Bjorkman Stephen C. Myers, Robert Seiple, Fred Michel, *Matthew Klein- 4:30–4:45 pm A Greenhouse Study of Immature Compost henz Effects on Plant and Soil Properties 4:45–5:00 pm Bioinformatic Analysis of Auxin Response *Hwei-Yiing Johnson, Rufus Jones, Yichang Sun Factor (ARF) Genes in Grapevine 4:45–5:00 pm Critical Period of Interference between American *Xia Ye, *(Max) Z.-M. Cheng Black Nightshade and Seedless Watermelon 5:00–5:15 pm Assessment of Genetic Diversity among *Joshua Adkins, William Stall, Bielinski Santos, Stephen Olson, Elderberry (Sambucus sp.) Species, Cultivars, and Wild Jason Ferrell Selections by TRAP Technique 5:00–5:15 pm Improving Tuber Yield of Native Potatoes *Hwei-Yiing Johnson, Andrew Thomas, Patrick Byers, Samson in the Peruvian Highlands by Using Local Affordable Tesfaye, Jinguo Hu Calcium Amendments *Jiwan Palta, Rene Gomez, Alfonso del Rio, William Roca, John Bamberg, Alberto Salas, Merideth Bonierbale

1034 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 ASHS –2008 Annual Business Meeting Presidential Address Wednesday, 23 July 2008

“So That’s Why I Think ASHS Will Still Be Around For Awhile . . .”

Starting in the late 1960s, many Presidential be pleased that now, after only 45 Addresses have focused on challenges to both years, we now have a National Is- ASHS as an institution and to horticulture as sues Task Force and consultant a discipline. These contrast to the heady opti- active on Capital Hill, a highly ef- mism of early Presidents, such as Liberty Hyde fective Press Release program, a Bailey (1904) and Homer Thompson (1925), newly redesigned website includ- who saw unlimited potential for both the practi- ing podcasts and other resources for educators and the gardening cal and scientific aspects of their newly expand- Mary Peet ing fields. ASHS celebrated a centennial in 2003. public, and a new certified horti- ASHS President Will some version of ASHS still be around for a culturalist program reaching out bicentennial? to non-traditionally trained horti- One reason I think so is that because of, or per- cultural practitioners. Although it might be hard to haps in spite of, all the ‘gloom and doom’ prognos- explain podcasts and webpage redesigns to anyone WEDNESDAY tications in Presidential Addresses starting in the in the 1960s! 1960s as well as the lean financial times in more We can all be proud that, despite all the chal- recent memory, ASHS has been remarkably good lenges enumerated in the years since 1968, our jour- at reinventing and remarketing itself. In the 1968 nals are still strong, with submissions at all-time meeting at Davis, California, ASHS President highs and turn-around time for reviews at all-time Neil Stuart challenged members to get involved lows, sometimes only a few days. Membership and in community efforts to preserve farmland for ag- conference attendance are stable, our financial re- riculture, to engage members of the larger com- sources are good, and member enthusiasm, as evi- munity in gardening and other outdoor pursuits denced by working group initiatives and volunteers and to do a better job of recruiting students and for committees, continues at a high level. publicizing the importance of horticulture to the These are some of the reasons I think ASHS will general public. Sound familiar? Dr. Stuart would be around for a while!

3:30–5:30 pm Salon 6 Peter Juroszek, *Manuel Palada, Chin-hua Ma, Hsing-hua Tsai, Deng-lin Wu Oral Session 33: Commercial Horticulture/Industry/ International 4:15–4:30 pm Factors Influencing the Growth of Farmers Markets in Indiana Moderator: Fred T. Davies, [email protected] *Jennifer Dennis, Christa Hofmann, *Jennifer Dennis, Maria 3:30–3:45 pm Opportunities for Industry, the Public, and Marshall the Profession of Horticulture with the ASHS-Certified 4:30–4:45 pm Defining Horticultural Businesses in Wyoming Horticulturist (ASHS-CH) Program *Karen Panter *Fred T. Davies, Mary Lamberts, Terry Ferriss, George Fitzpatrick, 4:45–5:00 pm Communication and Relations between Small Susan Steinberg, Karen Panter, Janet Cole, Mike Neff, Ray Talke Fruit Growers and Research Institutions in New York State 3:45–4:00 pm Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Affordable *Rebecca Harbut, Arthur Wilson, Marvin Pritts Microirrigation Technology for Vegetable Production in 5:00–5:15 pm New York State Greenhouse IPM and Needs Cambodia Assessment Surveys *Manuel Palada, Surya Bhattarai, Michael Roberts *Neil Mattson, Elizabeth Lamb 4:00–4:15 pm Development of an Organic Vegetable Program 5:15–5:30 pm Initiation of the Northern EarthKind™ Rose Trial at AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center *David C. Zlesak, Jason Griffin, Derald Harp, Kathleen Cue, Nick Howell, Tamla Blunt, Randy Nelson, Steven George

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1035 3:30–5:30 pm Salon 11 5:00–5:30 pm Salon 9 Workshop 23: The Out-of-Class Experience: Water Utilization and Management (WUM) Working The Teaching-Learning Experience Through Group Business Meeting Co-curricular Activities. Do They Support Chair: Joseph P. Albano the Mission or Dilute the Focus? Sponsor: The Teaching Methods (TCH) Working Group 5:00–10:00 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby Moderator: Curt Rom, University of Arkansas Dinner in Baldwin Park With a Panelists will present and discuss topics including using teams and Chocolate Party at Farris and Foster’s competitions to supplement classroom learning, studying abroad, After a casual group dinner in Baldwin Park, a local Orlando com- service learning, and providing diverse activities for diverse pur- munity, guests will take the short walk to Farris and Foster’s. Each poses and students. Panelists will present information from their person will design and create their own chocolate delights with a own institutional experience and knowledge base. The discussions choice of over 500 different shaped molds and take home a pound will try to resolve questions of the validity and justification of of treats. Pre-registration required. $70.00 credit and noncredit student activities in the academic environment, especially in times of tightening academic economies. Audience 6:00–8:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 participation and discussion will be encouraged. American Pomological Society Annual Business Meeting 3:30–6:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Workshop 24: Established and Emerging Tropical Fruits: New Cultivars and New Species for the U.S. Consumer Thursday, 24 July Sponsor: American Pomological Society Moderator: Ed Stover, USDA-ARS-USHRL 8:00–9:00 am Salon 1 Objectives: Market interest in tropical fruits continues to grow. Awards Committee Meeting Mangoes have joined bananas, pineapples, and avocados as com- Presiding: Cary A. Mitchell monplace in U.S. diets. New varieties of these standards are on grocery shelves, and unfamiliar species sporadically tempt the 8:00–9:00 am Salon 3 adventurous. This workshop will establish a context for current tropical fruit standards and will explore the new frontier. Citrus Crops (CITR) Working Group Business Meeting Introduction and Overview Chair: Glenn C. Wright *Ed Stover 8:00–9:00 am Salon 10 Assessment of Selected Tropical Fruits from Florida *Jonathan Crane Organic Horticulture (ORGH) Working Group Business The Tropical Fruit and Nut Collections and Research at the Meeting USDA/ARS Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center Chair: Carol Miles Tropical Plant Genetic Resources Management Unit *Francis Zee, Tracie K. Matsumoto Brower 8:00–9:00 am Salon 2 Commercialization of Mangosteen in the United States: Domestic Teaching Methods (TCHG) Working Group Business Cultivation, Imports and Marketing Meeting *David Karp Chair: Curt R. Rom Exploring the Unexplored in the Caribbean: Emerging fruit crops in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti 8:00–10:00 am Salon 8 *J. Pablo Morales-Payan Oral Session 34: Viticulture and Small Fruits/Physiology Collecting Pouterias (Pouteria spp.), Sapodilla (Manilkara Moderator: Kevin Kosola, [email protected] zapota) and Caimito (Chrysophyllum cainito) for the Creation of New Markets 8:00–8:15 am Bud Carbohydrate Status and Fruitfulness *Richard Campbell, Gary Zill, Juan Carlos Herrera of Vitis vinifera L. The National Plant Germplasm System: The Case of the *Luis Sanchez, Nick Dokoozlian Subtropical and Tropical Germplasm Repositories in Miami, 8:15–8:30 am Effect of Training System on Grapevine FL and Mayaguez, PR Vigor, Yield, and Fruit Composition in the *Tomas Ayala-Silva, Raymond Schnell, Alan W. Meerow Lower Midwestern U.S. Redefining an Ancient Crop: The Future of the Mango John Strang, Chris Smigell, *S. Kaan Kurtural *Richard Campbell 8:30–8:45 am Nutrient Response of ‘Pinot Noir’ in a Sand- culture Vineyard 4:30–5:30 pm Salon 1 *R. Paul Schreiner, Jungmin Lee International Division Advisory Council Meeting 8:45–9:00 am Effect of Certain Grape Rootstocks on Harvest Indices in Pinot Noir Grape Clone 2A Presiding: John Griffis *Gary Moulton, Carol Miles 4:30–5:30 pm Salon 17 9:00–9:15 am Light Quality Affects Flowering in Short-day ‘Strawberry Festival’ Strawberry BioEnergy (BioE) Working Group Business Meeting *Fumiomi Takeda, David Michael Glenn, Gary Stutte Chair: Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng

1036 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 9:15–9:30 am Strawberry Light Sensors and Their Integration 8:45–9:00 am Environmental Effects on Nuña Bean Popping into the Photoperiod Pathway *James Nienhuis, Jesse Vorwald *Mithu Chatterjee, Philip Stewart, *Kevin Folta 9:00–9:15 am Low Temperature Tolerance on Pepper 9:30–9:45 am ITS-PCR Characterization of Ericoid (Capsicum annum) Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Cultivated Cranberry *Davut Keles, Saadet Buyukalaca from the Field and in Trap-culture 9:15–9:30 am Characterization of Novel Traits and Cultivar *Kevin Kosola, Karsten Holmquist, Beth Ann Workmaster Development in Habanero-type Peppers (Capsicum chinense 9:45–10:00 am Use of Gibberellic Acid to Inhibit Flower Bud Jacq.). Formation in Newly Established Blueberries *Kevin Crosby, Daniel Leskovar, John Jifon, Kil Sun Yoo *Chrislyn Particka, Brent Black 9:30–9:45 am Modelling the Effects of Drought Stress on Leaf Development in a Brassica oleracea DH-population using n- 8:00–10:00 am Salon 7 phase Linear Functions Oral Session 35: Postharvest Physiology/Disorders/ *Ralf Uptmoor, Mildred Osei-Kwarteng, Hartmut Stützel Handling and Quality 9:45–10:00 am Development of Broccoli Adapted to Summer Moderator: Kevin Folta, kfolta@ufl.edu Conditions in the Southeastern United States *Mark W. Farnham, Thomas Bjorkman 8:00–8:15 am GABA Changes in Tomatoes in Response to Chilling Temperature 8:00–10:00 am Salon 9 *Rujira Deewatthanawong, Chris Watkins Special Session—Challenges in Making Gas Exchange 8:15–8:30 am Incidence of Chilling Injury in Fresh-cut ‘Kent’ Measurements Mangoes *Sharon Dea, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Maria Cecilia N. Nunes, Elizabeth Note: This session is filled, proceed to the Registration Desk A. Baldwin to be placed on a wait list. Pre-registration is required. 8:30–8:45 am Assessment of Storage Life and Ripening Quality Moderator: Michael Mickelbart, Purdue University of Mango Fruit after Pre-storage High-temperature Treatment Making accurate measurements of gas exchange in plants is often *Raheel Anwar, Muhammad Khawar Nadeem, Waqar Ahmed a challenge. There are many special situations that require careful Ishtiaq Ahmad, Muhammad Nafees, Muhammad Aslam Pervez consideration of measurement technique. Specific problems that will 8:45–9:00 am Shelf Life and Quality of “Ready-to-Eat” be discussed include establishing the proper VPD for measurements Edamame and working with small leaves. Participants are encouraged to bring *Douglas Archbold, Xiaodan Zhao, Chlodys Johnstone their specific problems, as well as data, to discuss with Application Scientists from LI-COR and other gas exchange experts. 9:00–9:15 am ‘Camarosa’ Strawberry Postharvest Quality is Affected by Hot Water, Salicylic Acid and Calcium Dipping 8:00–10:00 am Salon 12 *Toktam Sadat Taghavi, Maaedeh Shafiee, Mesbah Babalar, Kevin Folta Workshop 25: It’s a Weedy World . . . 9:15–9:30 am The Influence of Benzyladenine Alone or with And in Horticulture, We Strive to Handle It Gibberellic Acid on Inhibition of Postharvest Leaf Chlorosis of Sponsor: Weed Control and Pest Management (WCPM) Potted Geranium, Miniature Rose, and Gerbera Daisy Working Group *Sonali Padhye, Erik Runkle Moderator: J. Pablo Morales-Payan, University of Puerto Rico- 9:30–9:45 am Effects of Foliar Calcium Application on Peach Mayaguez Fruit Quality and Yield Objectives: To present advances in research and ideas on weed *Kathryn Taylor management in sustainable and organic systems for horticultural 9:45–10:00 am Optimum Harvest Maturity for Extended crops. THURSDAY Postharvest Quality of Melting and Non-melting Flesh Introduction to the Workshop Subtropical Peach Varieties *J. Pablo Morales-Payan *Ming-Wei Kao, Jeffery G. Williamson, Jeffrey K. Brecht Experiences on Organic Vegetable Weed Control in Oklahoma 8:00–10:00 am Salon 6 *James Shrefler Oral Session 36: Breeding, Genetics and Germplasm: Sustainable and Organic Weed Control Programs in Small Fruits Vegetable Crops 2 *Timothy Miller Moderator: Kevin Crosby, [email protected] Organic Amendments for Weed Suppression in Horticultural Crops 8:00–8:15 am Performance of Melon Hybrids Derived From *Milton E. McGiffen, Jr. Parents of Diverse Geographic Origin More Bite to Bark *Feishi Luan, *Yunyan Sheng, *Yuhan Wang, *Jack Staub *Hannah Mathers 8:15–8:30 am Inheritance and interaction of Flesh Color Genes Potential of Alternative Mulches for Weed Suppression Among Canary Yellow, Pale Yellow, and Red Watermelon *Erin Rosskopf *Haejeen Bang, Sunggil Kim, Daniel Leskovar, Stephen King Impact of Cover Crops on Weed Populations in Vegetable Cropping 8:30–8:45 am Combining Rust Resistance and Heat Tolerance Systems and Implications for Crop Management in Snap Beans *Mathieu Ngouajio *Charles Wasonga, *Phillip Griffiths, Marcial Pastor-Corrales, Tim Porch

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1037 Mulches for Organic/Sustainable Watermelon Production 9:00–10:00 am Salon 3 Systems in Tropical Environments Ornamental Plant Breeding (OPB) Working Group *J. Pablo Morales-Payan Business Meeting Chair: Jeffrey Adkins 8:00–10:00 am Salon 11 Workshop 26: The Role for Consumer Horticulture in 9:00–12:00 pm eXtension Workshop 27: International Consulting Opportunities in Sponsor: Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardener (CHMG) Organic Horticulture Working Group Sponsor: Organic Horticulture (ORGH) Working Group Moderator: Richard Durham, University of Kentucky Moderator: William Sciarappa, Rutgers University Objectives: This workshop will provide an update regarding the Objectives: The objective is engage agriculturalists in sharing national eXtension initiative, especially with regard to its consumer experiences and opportunities in organic horticulture and farm- horticulture content. ing throughout the world. Invited speakers will extend knowl- edge of their global programs in organic food, flower, spice or 8:00–11:00 am Depart from the Hotel Lobby herb production. Our working group seeks to concentrate techni- cal knowledge as well as emphasize the cultural savvy needed to Disney’s Walking Nursery Tour successfully navigate foreign adventures. For students—a walking tour of Disney’s greenhouse production areas including topiaries, hanging baskets, and bedding plants. International Organic Consultancies Lead to Mutual Benefits Also, a short video about Disney’s Horticulture will be shown. *Kathleen Delate Pre-registration required. $20. Short and Long-term International Assignments in Organic And Sustainable Horticulture 8:00–12:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 *Carl Motsenbocker Colloquium 4: Systems Biology for Horticultural Sciences Developing a Sustainable Seed System in Malawi and How to Participate *Carol Miles Sponsor: Biotechnology (BTCH) Working Group Exploring, Explaining and Conserving Tropical Plants - a World of Natural Opportunity Objectives: 1) To introduce the concept of Systems Biology, *Richard Campbell, James Shrefler integration of all fields of biological research from genomics, bioin- formations to phenomics, which has been recently adapted in other Organic Opportunities in Conventional Contexts: Experiences with biological research area, to horticultural plant research, and 2) to Tropical Root Crops and Tropical High Tunnels discuss how “conventional” horticultural researchers can participate *Ted Carey in Systems Biology research or integrate genomics and functional Horticultural Opportunities in Southern Africa with ASNAPP genomics research with traditional horticultural research. *William Sciarappa, Jim Simon Speakers: 9:00–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (Max) Zong-Ming Cheng, University of Tennessee Alan Smith, University of Minnesota Exhibit Hall Open Ralph Scorza, AFRS–ARS–USDA 9:45–10:15 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C 8:00–4:00 pm Salon 4 Coffee Break Employment/Internship Services (Placement) 10:00–11:00 am Salon 1 Scholarship Awards Committee Meeting 8:00–4:00 pm Registration Desk A/B Presiding: Holly Scoggins Registration Open 10:00–11:15 am Salon 8 8:00–5:00 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby Oral Session 37: Human Issues/Education and Outreach Kennedy Space Center Tour Moderator: Tina Waliczek, [email protected] This tour takes guests to the Kennedy Space Center and includes 10:00–10:15 am Gardening as a Physical Activity admission to the Bus Tour, Visitor Complex shows & exhibits for Health in Older Adults and all IMAX films. Please Note that NASA reserves the right *Sin-Ae Park, Candice Shoemaker, Mark Haub to cancel or alter tour locations and/or security requirements 10:15–10:30 am Horticultural Responsibility Improves S without notice. eniors’ Sense of Well-being Pre-registration required. $70.00 *Angela O’Callaghan, Claudia Collins 10:30–10:45 am The Effects of Literature in the Garden on 9:00–10:00 am Salon 1 Children’s Life Skills *Ann Fleener, *Carolyn W. Robinson Education Division Discussion Group 10:45–11:00 am The Influence of Gardening on Presiding: Dennis Ray Eating Habits and Nutrition Knowledge *Tina Waliczek, Jayne Zajicek, R. Daniel Lineberger

1038 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 11:00–11:15 am Development of Healthy Snack Alternatives 11:45 am–12:00 pm In Silico Estimations of Height and Using Local Produce Diameters of Daylily Hybrids using Artificial Neural *Sheeka Afaisen, Joanne Schlub, Kristen Cruz, Jian Yang, Mari Networks and Multiple Linear Regression Models Marutani *Ramana Gosukonda, Masoud Naghedolfeizi

10:00–11:15 am Salon 6 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 12 Oral Session 39: Culture & Management: Oral Session 40: Pest Management Vegetable Crops 3 Moderator: Matt Kleinhenz, [email protected] Moderator: William Neily, [email protected] 10:00–10:15 am Efficacy of Organic Seed and Drench 10:00–10:15 am Stimplex® from Ascophyllum nodosum Treatments for Control of Damping-off/Seedling Blight Improves Salinity Tolerance in Tomato Pathogens of Spinach *Will Neily, Laurel Shishkov, Dayna Titus Jaime Cummings, *Lindsey du Toit, *Carol Miles 10:15–10:30 am Influence of Sulfur Fertilization on Tomato 10:15–10:30 am Seed Treatment and Mulch Effects on Growth and Development Seedborne Bacterial Pathogens and Yield of Tomato in *Camille Esmel, *Bielinski Santos, Jack Rechcigl, Eric Simonne, Tanzania Joseph Noling Hosea Mtui, Amon P. Maerere, *Matthew Kleinhenz, Sally A. 10:30–10:45 am Effect of Nitrogen Rates on Yield Miller, J. Mark Erbaugh, Mark Bennett and Quality of Tomato Grown in the Spring with 10:30–10:45 am Plastic Film Mulches Affect Root Zone Sub-surface (Seepage) Irrigation Temperature and the Manifestation of Tomato Spotted Wilt *Monica Ozores-Hampton, Eric Simonne, Phyllis Gilreath, Eugene Symptoms and Yield in Tomato McAvoy, Steven Sargent, Daniel McClure, Thomas Wilkes, Kelly *Juan Diaz-Perez, Ron Gitaitis, Bikash Mandal Morgan 10:45–11:00 am Use of Cultural and Chemical Practices to 10:45–11:00 am Developing an Integrated Crop Reduce Tuber Damage from the Potato Tuberworm in the Management System for Managing Soil-borne Diseases in Columbia Basin Sweet Pepper Production *George Clough, Sandra DeBano, Silvia Rondon, Nicholas David, Deng-lin Wu, *Manuel Palada, Tien-chen Wang Philip Hamm 11:00–11:15 am Bell Pepper Skin Separation (Silvering) 11:00–11:15 am Drip Tape Placement Affects Development of Influenced by Fertilizer Treatments Raspberry Root Rot *Wesley Kline, C. Andrew Wyenandt, Daniel Ward, June Sudal *Thomas Walters, Michael Particka 11:15–11:30 am Influence of Metam Potassium Concentrations 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 7 Nutsedge Control in Mulched Beds Oral Session 38: Biotechnology 3 *Bielinski Santos, James Gilreath Moderator: Dennis J. Gray, djg@ufl.edu 11:30–11:45 am Distribution and Persistence of Imidacloprid 10:00–10:15 am Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of in Ash Trees Following Trunk Injection: Spring Versus Fall Buddleia Species Injections *Wenhao Dai, Yuanjie Su, Hongxia Wang, Cielo Castillo *Sara Tanis, Bert Cregg, David Mota-Sanchez, Deb McCullough, Therese Poland, Robert Hollingworth 10:15–10:30 am Big Vein-resistant Lettuce Carrying Inverted Repeats of the Coat Protein Gene of 11:45–12:00 pm New Strategies for the Chemical Control of Mirafiori Lettuce Virus Fire Blight Disease on Pears *Yoichi Kawazu, Yuji Noguchi *Kubilay K. Bastas

10:30–10:45 am Transformation and Regeneration of THURSDAY 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 3 Transgenic ‘W. Murcott’ (Nadorcott) Mandarin Using a Protoplast-GFP Transformation System Pomology (POM) and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) *Ahmad Omar, Milica Calovic, Hesham El-Shamy, Hyun Joo An, Working Group Business Meeting Jude Grosser PGR Chair: Renee Moran; POM Chair: Brent Black 10:45–11:00 am Evaluation of Strawberry Cystatin Gene Family Members as Sting Nematode Antifeedants 10:00–12:00 pm Salon 11 *Kevin Folta, *Hui Yi Wang, Sasha Ricaurte Workshop 28: Floriculture Going Going “Green” 11:00–11:15 am Transgenic Grapevine Rootstocks for Sponsors: American Floral Endowment (AFE), Ball Horticultural Pierce’s Disease Resistance *Sadanand Dhekney, Zhijian Li, Donald Hopkins, Moderator(s): Jeff Kuehny, Louisiana State University AgCenter; Thomas Zimmerman, *Dennis Gray John Dole, North Carolina State University 11:15–11:30 am Transgenic Apple Lines Carrying Objectives: The purpose of this workshop is to provide a forum Vfa Genes in Tandem for Resistance to Apple Scab for discussing the many issues related to sustainability, how these Ruth Soria-Guerra, Mingliang Xu, *Schuyler Korban relate to floriculture crop production, and how sustainable practices 11:30–11:45 am Tracking Pollen-mediated Gene Flow in might be successfully implemented. Transgenic Grapevine Keynote: *Dennis Gray, Zhijian Li, Sadanand Dhekney, *Will Healy Thomas Zimmerman Understanding the World of Sustainability *Jennifer Dennis, *Roberto Lopez

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1039 10:30–12:00 pm Salon 9 (023) Detection of Seed Dormancy QTLs in ‘Flordaguard’ and Oral Session 41: Cross-commodity Physiology ‘Late Arkansas’ *Kendra Blaker, Jose Chaparro Moderator: W.R. Okie, [email protected] (024) ‘Harovin Sundown’ Pear 10:30–10:45 am Interaction of Chill and Heat in Peach Flower *David Hunter, Frank Kappel, Harvey Quamme, Gordon Bonn, Bud Dormancy Kenneth Slingerland *William Okie, Bryan Blackburn (025) Toward Establishing Universal Fingerprints for Pear 10:45–11:00 am Afterripening in Coreopsis lanceolata L. Seeds Germplasm Collections *Dzingai Rukuni, Jeffrey G. Norcini, Daniel J. Cantliffe *Nahla Bassil, Joseph Postman 11:00–11:15 am Some Factors Affecting Carrot Seed (026) Tolerance of Four Vineland Apple Rootstocks to Germination at High Temperature Phytophthora Inoculation and Flooding Warley Nascimento, Roseane Pereira, Jairo Vieira, *Daniel *Cheryl Hampson, Peter Sholberg Cantliffe (027) Modification of Nursery Tree Architecture by Apple 11:15–11:30 am Determining Uptake of Paclobutrazol and (S)- Rootstocks Abscisic Acid using a Split-root System Model *Gennaro Fazio, Terence Robinson *Jessica Boldt, James Barrett, Paul Fisher, James Gibson, Gregory MacDonald (028) Natural Variation for Fruit Abscission in Apple (Malus) *Lingxia Sun, Philip Forsline, Steve van Nocker 11:30–11:45 am ABA Drenches Can Increase the Shelf Life of Salvia splendens (029) Germination Requirements Vary in Wild Rubus Species *Jongyun Kim, Jong-Goo Kang, Marc van Iersel *Sugae Wada, Barbara Reed 11:45 am–12:00 pm Tolerance of Several Sedum spp. to (030) Productivity, Fruit Quality, and Oil Content of Olive Various Ratios of Crumb Rubber Amendments in Green Roof Varieties in Northwestern Mexico Expanded Shale Substrate *Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras, Rubén Macías-Duarte, Arturo Lopez- *Lorelly Solano, *Andrew Ristvey, Jennifer Himmelstein, Steve Carvajal, Fabián Robles-Contreras, Fidel Núñez-Ramírez, Manuel Cohan, John Lea-Cox de Jesús Valenzuela-Ruiz (031) Microsatellite Fingerprinting Set for 80 Strawberry 11:00–12:00 pm Salon 1 Cultivars Endowment Fund Committee Meeting *Wambui Njuguna, Nahla Bassil (032) Seedling Rootstock Recommendations for Nursery Presiding: Michael Dana Container Production and Improved Field Establishment of 11:15–12:00 pm Salon 8 Pawpaw Cultivars *Sheri Crabtree, Kirk Pomper, Desmond R. Layne Oral Session 42: Teaching Methods—Outside the (033) Characteristics of Hardy Kiwifruits Native to Japan Classroom Learning *Jin Gook Kim, Kenji Beppu, Ikuo Kataoka Moderator: Brian W. Trader, [email protected] 11:15–11:30 am International Case Studies: 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Capacity Building for Undergraduate Education Poster Session: Environmental Stress *Daniel F. Warnock, David Hahn, Roger Natzke (263) Cold Acclimation Can Benefit Only the Clones with Poor 11:30–11:45 am Exchange of Culture: Needle Retention Duration (NAD) in Balsam Fir Thailand Exploration Mason T. MacDonald, *Rajasekaran R. Lada *Brian Trader (264) Deacclimation Significantly Reduced Cold Hardiness of 11:45–12:00 pm One Potential Model for Required ‘Densa’ and ‘Shamrock’ Inkberry Internships Backed by Employer Satisfaction Survey *Youping Sun, Donglin Zhang *Terry Ferriss (265) Response of Two Pecan Cultivars to Spring Freeze Injury 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Lenny Wells Poster Session: Breeding, Genetics and Germplasm— (266) Species Variation in Freeze-induced Leaf Movements Fruit Crops (Thermonasty) and Winter Photoprotection in Rhododendron (019) Detection of Vegetative Bud Dormancy Section Pontica QTL in Peach *Stephen L. Krebs, Xiang Wang, Rajeev Arora *José Chaparro, Thomas Beckman (267) Structural Adaptations in Over-wintering (020) Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) of Three Traits in Leaves of Thermonastic and Non-thermonastic Peach × Almond Hybrids Rhododendron Species *Kendra Blaker, Jose Chaparro Xiang Wang, Harry Horner, *Stephen Krebs, *Rajeev Arora (021) Development of a Branching Index for Evaluation of (268) Enzyme Activities of Chunye Pricklyash under Low Peach Seedlings Temperature and Water Stress *Omar Carrillo-Mendoza, Jose Chaparro *Zhihui Li, Lixin He, *Donglin Zhang, Youjun He, Bin Zhang (022) Mapping the Nuclear Genomic Region Associated with (269) MAESTRA2: A Model for Simulating Spatially Explicit the Peach Tree Short Life Syndrome using Microsatellite/SSR Carbon Dioxide Exchange Rates among Species’ Water Stress Markers Responses *Xiaoyu Liu, *Gregory Reighard, Ginger Swire-Clark, William *Teri Howlett, Robert Reynolds, William Bauerle, Ying Wang, Bridges, Vance Baird *Teri Howlett

1040 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 (270) Physiological, Growth, and Leaf Surface Characteristics (437) Characteristics of Growth and Salting of Chinese toward Understanding Drought Tolerance in Big Chili and Cabbages As Affected by Cultivation and Storage Methods Jalapeño Pepper Jung-Soo Lee, Su Hyung Park, Changhoo Chun, *Sang Gyu Lee *Tommy Do, Tamala Carey, Kanniah Rajasekaran, *Harish Rat- (438) Horticultural Opportunities in Southern Africa with nayaka ASNAPP (271) Predicting the Growth of Deciduous Tree Species in *Jim Simon, E. Jefthas, D. Acquaye, H.R. Rodolfo, R. Govin- Response to Water Stress: FVS-BGC Model Parameterization, dasmy, P. Langenhaven, William Sciarappa Application, and Evaluation *Teri Howlett, Ying Wang, William Bauerle, Robert Reynolds, 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Teri Howlett Poster Session: Nursery and Ornamental Crops 3 (272) Interacting Effects of Waterlogging and Pruning on Leaf (354) Modeling Tool for Evaluating Crop Production Practices Gas Exchange and Biomass of Avocado (Persea americana in Container Nurseries Mill.) Trees in Containers *Jeff Million, Tom Yeager, Joe Ritchie, Claudia Larsen, Joseph Pilar Gil, *Bruce Schaffer, S. Michael Gutierrez, Chunfang Li Albano (273) Effects of Salt Stress on the Stem and Leaf Tissues in (355) Accelerated Tree Whip Production Using Retractable Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.): Comparison between Early Roof Greenhouses and Late Stages of Stress Exposure *Dania Rivera, Hannah Mathers, Luke Case *Deidra Davis, Kellen Marshall, *Devi Prasad Potluri (356) Growing Pinyon Pine and Subalpine Fir Seedlings in (274) Turfgrass and Ornamental Monocot Tolerance to Elevated Fabric and Plastic Containers Ozone Levels *Robert Tripepi, Mary George *Lou McKnight, Edward Bush, Jeff Beasley (357) Preemergence Weed Control in Container-grown (275) Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidants in Relation to Herbaceous Perennials Plant Adaptation and Stress Tolerance in Lettuce *David Staats, James Klett *Myung-Min Oh, Harold Trick, Edward Carey, *Channa Raja- (358) Powdery Mildew Resistance and Summer Foliage Color shekar of Eastern Ninebark [Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.] (276) Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Shoot, Root Growth and Cultivars Antioxidant Activity in Pepper Seedlings *Mark Brand, Jonathan Lehrer, Jessica Lubell, Maria Provencher *Tissa Kannangara, Wayne Lin (359) Epiphytic Microbial Communities on Foliage of (277) Is the Bright Color of Codiaeum variegatum an Adaptive Fungicide-treated and Non-treated Flowering Dogwoods Strategy to High Light Intensity? *Roger Sauve, Margaret Mmbaga Qiansheng Li, *Jianjun Chen, Min Deng, Richard Henny (278) Modest Increases in Growth Light Level Protect 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Photosynthesis and Plant Growth during Boron Stress in Poster Session: Nut Crops Geraniums *Sasmita Mishra, Scott Heckathorn, Jonathan Frantz, Futong Yu, (418) Effect of Planting Time and Seed Treatment on John Gray Germination and Growth of Pecan Seed *Patrick Conner 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (419) Differences in Leaf Boron Concentration among Four Poster Session: International Horticulture Pistachio Genotypes *Craig Kallsen, Dan Parfitt (431) Tribute to the Potato *Atef Nassar , Stan Kubow, Andre Piccolomini, Yves Leclerc, (420) Cell Starch Changes Induce Hardening of Candied Pinon

Danielle Donnelly [Araucaria araucana Mol K. (Koch)] Kernels THURSDAY *L. Antonio Lizana, Ana Maria Estevez, Berta Escobar, Fernando (432) Influence of Vermicompost on Chemical Properties in an Figuerola Acid Soil in Western Mexico Ernesto Arturo Domínguez-Camarena, Javier Farias-Larios, 12:00–12:45 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Arnoldo Michel-Rosales, Marcelino Bazán-Tene, *J. Gerardo López-Aguirre Poster Session: Physiology of Floriculture Crops (433) Growth, Yield, and Nitrate Accumulation of Irrigated (214) Role of Benzoic Acid in Postharvest Longevity of Carrot and Okra in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization Snapdragon Flowers Muhammad Mubashir, Saeed Malik, A. Khan, Tarik Ansari, *Florence Zakharov, Christine Kish, Natalia Dudareva *Shawn R. Wright, Rafiq Islam (215) Retail Display Temperatures Influence Postharvest (434) Potential Bioenergy Feedstocks in Guam Quality of Cut Roses, Gerbera, and Lilies *Sheeka Afaisen, Lauren Gutierrez, *Mari Marutani *Terril Nell, Ria Leonard, Amy Alexander (435) International Agriculture Content from the International (216) Using 1-Methylcyclopropene to Prevent Ethylene- Center for Research in the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Induced Damage on Potted Foliage Plants Introduced in On-line Biology Courses *Ria Leonard, Andrew Macnish, Terril Nell, Amy Alexander *Usha Palaniswamy, Balaji Venkataraman, Gowda Laxmipathi (217) Shoot Elongation and Gibberellin Content in Cyclamen (436) Quality Characteristics of Red and Golden Delicious persicum Is Influenced by Temperature and Light Intensity Apples during Maturation: A Comparison between Mexican *Wook Oh, Yoon Ha Kim, In-Jung Lee, Ki Sun Kim and Pacific Northwest (USA) Apples (218) Changes of Mineral Composition in Phalaenopsis during *G. Isela Olivas, Scott Mattinson, Judith Pérez, Javier Molina, John Reproductive Stages Fellman, James Mattheis Hsin-Yi Lei, Sheng-Bin Ho, *Yao-Chien Alex Chang

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1041 (219) Effects of Sucrose on Growth and Photoautotrophy of 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Cymbidium sinense Rhizomes Cultured in Both Rhizome Poster Session: Commercial Horticulture Propagation and Shoot Differentiation Media (385) What Employers of Latino Workers in the Jhen-Ying Pan, Nean Lee Iowa Horticulture Industry Want from University (220) Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Soluble Sugar Extension Services Content in Leaves of Hydroponically-grown Swedish Ivy at *Emilie Justen, Cynthia Haynes Varying Periods of Nitrogen Deficiency and Subsequent Re- (386) Consumer Preference Survey Results from greening Virginia State University Poinsettia Trials Kevin Korus, M. Elizabeth Conley, *Ellen T. Paparozzi *Christopher Catanzaro (221) Screening Sunflower Cultivars for Reaction to Daylength (387) Consumer Preferences for Native Plants in in Flowering Residential Landscapes and Perceptions for Naturalistic *H. Chris Wien Designs in Urban Settings (222) Ranunculus asiaticus Dried Tubers Imbibe Water *Yousef Zadegan, Bridget Behe, Robert Gough through a Physical Process (388) From a S.W.A.G. to Real Numbers: *Christopher Cerveny, William B. Miller A Case Study in Determining Costs to Control 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C a New Insect *Mary Lamberts, Steven Duncan, Catharine Mannion Poster Session: Biotechnology 2 Charles LaPradd, Henrique Mayer (360) Improvement of Cryopreservation Technique f (389) Amish and Mennonite Vegetable Growers in Missouri: or Long-term Storage of Shoot Tips of Challenges and Needs Ipomoea batatas *Sanjun Gu *Maria M. Jenderek, Dianne Skogerboe, David Ellis (390) The Farm Prosperity Project: An Integrative (361) Genetic Engineering with Antimicrobial Peptides to Project to Improve Farm Profit with Farmland Improve Disease Resistance in Citrus Protection and High Value Crops *Manjul Dutt, Vladmir Orbovic, Gary Barthe, Gemma Pasquali, *Jeanine M Davis Zhijian Li, Dennis Gray, Jude Grosser (391) A Survey of the Green Industry in Utah (362) Identification of Pathogen of Powdery Mildew and *Heidi Kratsch, Ruby Ward, Maggie Shao, Larry Rupp Analyses of Ribosomal DNA-ITS Sequence on Melon *Feishi Luan, *Xuezheng Wang (392) Penn State Organic High Tunnel Program *Elsa Sanchez, William J. Lamont, Jr., Michael D. Orzolek (363) Genetic Diversity of Swida wilsoniana (Wanger.) Sojak Clones using ISSR Markers 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C *Changzhu Li,*Youping Sun, Liangbo Zhang (364) Biosynthesis and Regulation of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids Poster Session: Fruit Crops—Culture and Management in Wild Potato, Solanum chacoense Bitter (095) Predicting Nighttime Low Temperatures *Alice M Mweetwa, Rebecca Poe, James G Tokuhisa in Unheated High Tunnels (365) Marker Discovery in Tomato using Microarray-based *Andrew Ogden, Marc van Iersel Target Capture with Next-generation Sequencing (096) Southern Highbush Establishment Cultural Studies on *Jeremy Edwards Sandy Loam Soils (366) Screening of Arabidopsis Ecotypes for Glucosinolates *Donna Marshall, James M. Spiers Accumulated in Shoots and Seeds (097) Developing an Orchard Soil Health Protocol for *Dilip Panthee, Dean Kopsell, *Carl E. Sams Sustainable Soil Management (367) Cloning and Characterizing Full Length *Michelle Leinfelder, Ian Merwin, Michael Brown cDNA Encoding S-RNase (S39) in Chinese White Pear (098) Influence of Biofertilizer and Sucrose Application *Xiaofeng Tan, Deyi Yuan, *Lin Zhang, Tana Wuyun, Yaling Zeng, on Growth of Papaya Plants (Carica papaya L.) Jiao Hu Established in Saline Soil (368) Asymmetric Hybridization: A Tool to be Ismael Andrade-Fernández, *J. Gerardo López-Aguirre, Used in Citrus Radiation Map Creation Javier Farias-Larios, Sergio Aguilar-Espinosa, Marcelino Flores-Bello, Marcelino Bazán-Tene *Claudine M. Bona, Jean Gould, J. Creighton Miller, Jr., David M. Stelly, Eliezer S. Louzada (099) Growing Degree Day Requirements for (370) Changes in Proteome of Tomato Root under ‘Manzanillo’ Olive in Caborca, Sonora, México Aluminum Stress *Fabián Robles-Contreras, *Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras, Rubén Macias-Duarte, Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz, *Suping Zhou, Theodore Thannhauser Cristobal Navarro-Ainza, Arturo Lopéz-Carvajal, (371) Genotypic Characteristics of Fidel Núñez-Ramírez Four Ornamental Gingers (100) Pineapple Fruit and Propagule Yield as Affected by a *Jennie Powell, *Lurline Marsh, Joseph Pitula, Elizabeth Philip, Seaweed Extract, Kinetin, and Chlorflurenol Zhiliang Chen, Margaret Young *J. Pablo Morales-Payan, Sonia L. Martinez-Garrastazu, P (372) Identification of Differentially Expressed edro E. Marquez-Mendez Genes in Arabidopsis Shoots in Response to Selenium (101) Effect of Cytokinins on Senescence-induced Changes in *Dilip R. Panthee, Craig S. Charron, Dean Kopsell, Joshua Yuan, Lemon Leaf Physiology *Carl E. Sams Yusheng Zheng, Yanwei “Francis” Xin, Shahzad Basra, *Carol Lovatt

1042 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 (102) Increasing Foliar Zn:Ni or Cu:Ni Concentration (291) The Flesh Browning Disorder of ‘Cripps Pink’ Apples— Ratios Increase Severity of Nickel Deficiency Symptoms Results from a Four-year Study *Bruce Wood *Hannah James, Jenny Jobling (103 Potential Sources of Microbial Contamination of (292) The Role of Oxygen in the Development of Japanese Apricot Fruit during Development and Harvest Watersoaking in Cucumber Fruit and Fresh-Cut Slices *Yukari Murakami, Yuki Kurisu, *Hidemi Izumi *Eunkyung Lee, *Donald Huber, Steven Sargent (104) Chemical Fruit Thinning of Asian Pears (293) Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and using Cytokinin Accumulation of ±-tocopherol in Medicago sativa *Daniel Ward, Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr., Neil Vincent, Rebecca Seedlings Subjected to Dark and Chilling Conditions Magron, Tom Gianfagna *Sameera Bafeel, Mohamed Ibrahim (294) Metabolic Profiles of Anjou Pears Stored in 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Low Oxygen Atmospheres Poster Session: Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf *James Mattheis, *David Felicetti, David Rudell, *James Mattheis (331) An Alternative Method for Analyzing Landscape (295) Post-storage ‘Granny Smith’ Metabolome Performance Rating Data and Superficial Scald Severity is Altered by Postharvest *H. Brent Pemberton Ultraviolet/ White Light Irradiation (332) Screening Native and Ornamental Plants for Nutrient *David Rudell, Jim Mattheis Abatement in Urban Landscapes *Yan Chen, Regina Bracy, *Allen Owings 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C (333) Soil Chemical and Leaf Nutrient Responses under Different Orchard Floor Management Systems in Oregon Poster Session: Propagation/Seed Technology Sweet Cherry Orchards (307) Overcoming Seed Dormancy in Glaucium sp. *Jennifer Moore-Kucera, Annie Chozinski, *Anita Azarenko (Papaveraceae) (334) Nitrogen Rate Effects on Landscape Plant Drought Karen Elsner, *Michael McCabe, *Harrison Hughes Tolerance (308) Pregerminative Treatments in Cashew Seeds *Hongyan Sun, *Kelly Kopp, Heidi Kratsch Juan-Manuel González-González, *Salvador Guzman-Gonzalez (335) Rubber Mulch and Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil Omar-Alejandro Rosales-Cervantes *Curtis Swift (309) Pregerminative Treatments in Jack Fruit Seeds (336) Evaluation of Four Native Montana Perennials for Rain Juan-Manuel González-González, *Salvador Guzman-Gonzalez, Garden Suitability Luis-Albero Flores-Salazar *Corri Pfeiffenberger, Tracy Dougher (337) Physiological Characteristics of Mature Sweetgum 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 3 (Liquidambar styraciflua) Trees as Affected by Different Environmental Stress Physiology (STRS) Working Group Pavement Options Business Meeting *Astrid Volder, Todd Watson Chair: Michael Mikelbart (338) Correlation of Native Grass Growth Characteristics and Sod Strength *Tracy Dougher, Lance Stott, Toby Day 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 1 Investment Trustees Committee Meeting 1:15–2:00 pm Grand Ballroom A/B/C Presiding: Bruno Moser THURSDAY Poster Session: Postharvest Physiology 2 (286) A Modified Chemiluminescence Method for Hydrogen 2:00–3:00 pm Salon 2 Peroxide Determination in Fruit Tissues International Horticultural Consultants (ICON) *Jun Song, Shengmin Lu, Leslie Campbell-Palmer Working Group Business Meeting (287) Changes in Flavonoid Gene Expression in Relation to Chair: Jeff Olsen Superficial Scald *Dan MacLean, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Elizabeth Mitcham 2:00–3:30 pm Salon 8 (288) Effect of 1 MCP on the Postharvest Physiological Behavior of Cactus Berries or Garambullo Oral Session 43: Sustainable Production (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) Moderator: Alvaro Valle Valenzuela, chevalle@ufl.edu *Edmundo Mercado-Silva, Carolina Corona-Martinez, Lucia Ramírez-Hernández, Salvador H. Guzmán-Maldonado 2:00–2:15 pm Labor, Soil Quality, and Yield in Ecological and Conventional Small-scale, Tropical (289) Ethylene-Induced Watersoaking in Watermelon Agroecosystems (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. Matsum and Nakai) *Alvaro Valle Valenzuela Fruit is Associated with Hallmarks of Programmed Cell Death 2:15–2:30 pm Evaluation of Brassica Cover Crops as *Brandon Hurr, Donald Huber, C.E. Vallejos Potential Alternative to Methyl Bromide for Eggplant Production (290) Interaction Between Ethylene and 1-Methylcyclopropene *Mathieu Ngouajio, Mary K. Hausbeck, Ronald G. Goldy, in Ripening Tomato Fruit James W. Counts, Jr. *ZhengKe Zhang, Brandon Hurr, *Donald Huber

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1043 2:30–2:45 pm Impacts of Double-line Drip Irrigation 3:15–3:30 pm Effects of Controlled Atmosphere and Straw Mulching on Sweet Cherry Water Use and Storage on Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics Productivity in Three Highbush Blueberry Cultivars *Xinhua Yin. Clark Seavert. Nick Tomasini *Charles F. Forney, Wilhelmina Kalt, Michael A. Jordan, Melinda 2:45–3:00 pm Nodulation of Seaside Alder Topdressed with R. Vinquist-Tymchuk, Sherry A.E. Fillmore Controlled Release Fertilizer *Taun Beddes, Heidi Kratsch 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 3:00–3:15 pm Effect of Drip Irrigation System Operating Pressure on Flow Rate and Uniformity of Workshop 29: A National Initiative in Plant Breeding: Water Application A Critical Role for Horticultural Breeders *Aparna Gazula, Eric Simonne, Robert Hochmuth Sponsor: Ornamental Plant Breeding (OPB) Working Group 3:15–3:30 pm Developing Decision Tools to Assess Moderator: Jeffrey Adkins , Stephen F. Austin State University Water and Nutrient Runoff from Ornamental Operations in Maryland Objectives: This workshop is designed to provide participants with *John Majsztrik, John D. Lea-Cox, Andrew G. Ristvey, David S. information on a national interdisciplinary initiative in plant breed- Ross ing. This initiative is designed to highlight the strategic long-term importance of plant breeding to meet national goals. Specifically, 2:00–3:15 pm Salon 9 this workshop will address the role of horticultural breeders can play in this critical initiative. Oral Session 44: Teaching Methods—Assessment Moderator: Ron Larson, [email protected] 2:00–2:15 pm Is there a Quiet Crisis Developing in Horticulture 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 12 Higher Education? A Role for ASHS Members to Help in Workshop 30: Fast Forward: Developments in the Setting a National Agriculture Higher Education Agenda Production, Marketing, and Utilization of *Curt Rom Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants with 2:15–2:30 pm Skills Needed to Start Horticultural Careers Emphasis on Basil and Umbelliferae *Ron Larson Sponsor: Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants (HSMP) Working 2:30–2:45 pm Use of Rubrics in Horticulture Laboratory Group Courses *Kimberly Moore Moderator: J. Pablo Morales-Payan, University of Puerto Rico- Mayaguez 2:45–3:00 pm Curriculum Evaluation: An Outcomes Assessment of the Department of Horticulture at Objective: To present new research, progress, and trends on produc- Iowa State University tion practices, marketing and use of herbs, spices, and medicinal *Elizabeth Duncan, Ann Marie VanDerZanden, Cynthia Haynes, plants or their derivatives. Levon Esters Introduction to the Workshop. 3:00–3:15 pm Student Learning Assessment: Useful or Odious? *J. Pablo Morales-Payan *Candice Shoemaker, Catherine Lavis Advances in Research on Basil Production in the Southern United States 2:00–3:30 pm Salon 7 *S.R. Mentreddy Oral Session 45: Postharvest Physiology Production, Utilization and Marketing of Coriandrum sativum, Moderator: Thomas L. Davenport, tldav@ufl.edu Eryngium foetidum, and Ocimum basilicum in Open Fields and 2:00–2:15 pm Bio-based Containers and 2E-hexenal: Protected Structures: The Puerto Rico Experience Commercial and Environmental Benefits to *Lyzzette Gonzalez-Gill Prolong Blueberry Shelf Life Small Scale Production, Utilization and Marketing of Basil: The *Eva Almenar, Hayati Samsudin, Rafael Auras, Maria Rubino, North Carolina Experience Bruce Harte *Jeanine M. Davis 2:15–2:30 pm Differential Degreening and Production, Utilization and Marketing of Selected Herbs in Open Expression of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling Fields and Protected Structures: The Florida Experience Genes in Two Citrus Types *Teresa Olczyk *Karthik-Joseph John-Karuppiah, *Jacqueline K. Burns Challenges and Opportunities for Selected Herbs in Organic and 2:30–2:45 pm Involvement of Ethylene in Browning Sustainable Production Systems in Tropical Regions Development of Apple Fruit *J. Pablo Morales-Payan *Seok-Kyu Jung, Chris Watkins 2:45–3:00 pm A Lab Scale Low-pressure Chamber System for Conducting Hypobaric Research *Thomas Davenport, Stanley Burg, Peter Follett 3:00–3:15 pm Evaluation of Respiration Rate of a Tomato Fruit Using Near-infrared Spectrophotometry *Yoshio Makino, Masayuki Ichimura, Yoshinori Kawagoe, Seiichi Oshita

1044 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 11 others. These plants come from Deroose Plants’ own breeding Workshop 31: New Technology for Nursery Crop program or from the best breeders that collaborate with Deroose Plants. Facilities will be toured. Production Agri-Starts, Inc.—a biological technology company founded in Sponsor: Nursery Crops (NUR) Working Group 1984 in Apopka, FL, that produces and sells tissue culture liners Moderator: Genhua Niu, Texas AgriLife Research on a wholesale level. Plants are grown on a gelled nutrient rich Objectives: To discuss how to improve crop performance via medium with growth regulators, in vessels, on shelves, in a sterile moderating extreme environmental conditions in a retractable roof laboratory which is temperature and light controlled. greenhouse and to present and discuss research results and com- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS—Re- mercial application of a new irrigation system for nursery crops. search, Teaching, and Extension programs at MREC center on environmental horticulture, vegetable, and fruit crops in plant development, plant production and plant protection. Greenhouse, shadehouse, landscape ornamentals and grape efforts will be Friday, July 25 showcased. Hermann Engelmann Greenhouses—strategically located in the 8:30–4:40 pm Depart from the Hotel Lobby “Foliage Capital of the World,” Apopka, FL. There are nine different greenhouse locations that harbor a total growing area under glass Foliage Tour of 2.8 million square feet and are home to more than 400 varieties End this year’s conference with a tour of the following places: of unusual tropical foliage for indoor use. Deroose Plants is a well-established name in horticulture. Deroose Advance registrtion required. $45.00 Plants markets bromeliads, nepenthes, and orchids, among many

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Price Postage International

Title Member Nonmember U.S. Can/Mex Surface Airmail Total Muscadine Grapes 54.95 59.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Watermelon: Characteristics, Production and Marketing 50.95 59.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Strawberry Research to 2001 29.95 34.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00

Brooks & Olmo Register of Fruit and Nut Varieties 3RD ED. 39.95 44.95 8.00 12.00 12.00 26.00 Winning the Organics Game 19.95 19.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Weed Management in Horticultural Crops 10.95 14.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Cucurbitacea ‘02 35.95 44.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Proceedings of the Greenhouse Tomato Seminar 6.95 6.95 4.00 7.00 7.00 20.00 Vegetable Production Using Plasticulture 6.95 6.95 4.00 7.00 7.00 20.00 1st Intl. Conference on the Processing Tomato and 1st Intl. Symposium on Tropical Tomato Diseases 9.95 9.95 4.00 7.00 7.00 20.00 Classic Papers in Horticultural Science 24.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Knight’s Horticultural Papers 24.95 33.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Trends in New Crops and New Uses 79.95 89.95 8.00 12.00 12.00 26.00 Progress in New Crops 49.95 54.95 8.00 12.00 12.00 26.00 Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses 69.95 79.95 8.00 12.00 12.00 26.00 New Crops Compendium CD-ROM 69.95 69.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 SET: Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses + New Crops Compendium CD-ROM 89.95 99.95 8.00 12.00 12.00 26.00 SET: Progress in New Crops + Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses + New Crops Compendium CD-ROM 139.95 154.95 16.00 24.00 24.00 35.00 Presidential Addresses 1903–2003 49.95 55.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 ARCHIVES: 1990–93 Journal, HortScience, and HortTechnology 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 1994–96 Journal, HortScience, and HortTechnology 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 1997–98 Journal, HortScience, and HortTechnology 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 1999–2001 Journal, HortScience, and HortTechnology 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2002 Journal, HortScience, and HortTechnology 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2003 Journal 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2003 HortScience 29.95 29.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2003 HortTechnology 19.95 19.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2004 Journal 39.95 39.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2004 HortScience 39.95 39.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 2004 HortTechnology 24.95 24.95 5.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 Anthracnose on Strawberry (CD) 44.95 49.95 2.00 5.00 8.00 10.00 �������������������������������������� Virginia residents add 5% sales tax: ______���������������������������������������������������������� Total cost:

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����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������� 1046 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Hot-Topic Symposium Careers and Internships in Science and Crop Production with Private Companies in the Horticulture Industry

Tuesday, July 22, 2:00–6:00 pm Salon 13 & 14

Moderator: Craig A. Campbell Valent BioSciences Corp, Ocoee, FL; [email protected]

ASHS does an excellent job fostering in- Topic Two: Kinds of Jobs teraction between academics in horticulture, but we Outline job duties for a few of the representative want to have a greater role in matching the needs positions in a major company. Describe how careers and interests of scientists and production managers develop and advance over time. in horticultural companies with the valuable research information that is delivered at our meetings and in Speakers on this this topic are Managers or Direc- our journals, special publications, and videos. tors from R&D, crop production, or crop protection companies speaking about science-related jobs and This symposium will focus on scientific careers include: in the private industry. 1) Brian Corr (Ball Horticultural Company) Speakers will talk about how to find and apply for 2) Ernesto Brovelli (Coca Cola North America) one of these jobs, what they are like, what jobs the companies are currently looking to fill, and what the Topic Three: From the Academic World to Private companies are looking for in the ideal candidate. Industry We will also have speakers from universities talking Preparing university horticulture students for sci- about how students are being prepared for science- ence-related careers in the private sector. related careers in the private sector. Speaking on this topic from a Professor/Faculty The symposium will cover four topics: Advisor perspective are: Topic One: Finding Jobs/Employees 1) Curt Rom (University of Arkansas) How do companies find and hire new employees 2) Richard Harkess (Mississippi State University) for science related jobs? Topic Four: My Career Story What kinds of science-related jobs are currently available in companies? Speakers from private companies in science related jobs describe their career progression over time, how What type of skills and experience does the ideal they started and then got to where they now are in candidate posses? the industry. How do companies locate potential employees, Speakers for this section are seasoned manag- interview them, and then hire them? ers/directors with major companies in horticulture Speakers from human resources departments in (to be announced). private companies include: 1) Linn Joanis (Valent U.S.A Corp.) 2) other speakers to be announced

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1047 Colloquia

105th Annual International Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science Rosen Plaza Hotel, Orlando, Florida

Presenting authors are denoted by an asterisk (*)

Colloquium 1: needed to help horticultural producers comply with cross-border Monday, 21 July 2:00–6:00 pm Salon 1 phytosanitary and pesticide regulations. Case studies will be presented to illustrate how increased funding for collaborative research between several countries and the United States has Barriers to Increased Horticultural led to dramatic increases in horticultural trade, including trade Trade & Market Integration in mangoes. Sponsor: Marketing and Economics (MKEC) Working Group Equity Issues of U.S. Fresh Produce Trade Agreements Moderator: Jennifer Dennis Marco Palma* Texas A&M University Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] Dr. Palma will provide an overview of U.S. Horticultural trade as Objective: Provide information on the economic benefits of well as discuss regional trade agreements such as NAFTA, European free trade agreements in the Western Hemisphere for fruit, Union, Asia, Latin America and CAFTA. Future trade agreements vegetable, flower and nursery producers, as well as consumers in South America will also be discussed. who have a much broader range of horticultural products from International Competition within the Nursery/Floral which to choose. And, to address specific regulatory barriers in Sector international horticultural production and marketing. Charlie Hall* Abstract: Increased trade flows in horticultural products is ben- Texas A& M University eficial to both producers and consumers. The producer benefits Dr. Hall will discuss the economic and societal benefits of free trade from selling products in a much larger market, and the consumer agreements between countries in the Western Hemisphere. Some benefits from having a broader range of product to choose from. barriers to free trade of ornamental crops will also be discussed. Market integration has allowed the U.S. and Canadian producers of greenhouse campari tomatoes, for example, to significantly European Demand for Imported Cut Flowers: The Importance of Preferential Access reduce their resources to market the product. Similarly, potato for Developing Countries farmers of both countries are working together to address the excess potato supply in the North American market to ensure Andrew Muhammad* Mississippi State University, MS that potato growers on both sides of the border obtain a fair price. Increased economic integration between countries in the Jennifer Dennis* Western Hemisphere, such as between the U.S. and Canada, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] has resulted in an enormous expansion in cross border activity Drs. Muhammad and Dennis will discuss non-reciprocal trade and enhanced trading relationships between these countries. agreements between the European Union (EU) and developing Since the introduction of the North American Free Trade Agree- countries and their impact on EU flower imports. African and Latin American countries have tariff free access to the EU which ment (NAFTA), that was implemented in 1994, the growth in has made their flowers relatively more competitive. horticultural trade has been explosive. In 2004, it reached $5.1 billion—the United States exported $2.9 billion in horticul- Australian Technical Barriers to Trade on New tural crops to Canada, while $2.2 billion worth of Canadian Zealand Apples horticultural products were exported to the U.S. market. This Chengyan Yue* colloquium will address the economic and societal benefits of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; [email protected] having free trade agreements between countries in the Western Many countries implement drastic measures to restrict trade in a Hemisphere for fruit, vegetable, flower and nursery producers. product associated with a perceived or actual risk. Dr. Yue will Moreover, the colloquium will address specific barriers that discuss phytosanitary regulations imposed on imports of New work against free trade in horticultural commodities, including Zealand apples based on risk of introducing fire blight to New inadequate funding for research and development work that is Zealand apples.

1048 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Colloquium 2: role of cultivars (genotype) and orchards on these quality attributes. Third, we used a trained panel to select the most important sensory Tuesday, 22 July 8:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 quality attributes in the perception of fruit flavor. At the same time, we segregated cultivars according to our trained panel?s perception COLLOQUIA of the predominant sensory attributes such as sweetness, sourness, Enhancing Quality of Fresh Fruits and and fruit flavor and aroma intensity. After completion of these steps, Vegetables: Key to Consumer Demand we used the above data to design large ?in store? consumer tests within each sensory classification group. After completion of these Sponsor: Postharvest (PH) Working Group steps, the industry would have the solid information that it needed Moderator: Greg McCollum to propose a flavor code classification with quality index standards USDA, ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected] specific for each sensory classification group. Objective: Bring together leaders in the fields postharvest Breeding for Fruit Quality in Apple physiology, fruit quality, plant breeding, and molecular genetics Cheryl Hampson* to address the need for genetically enhancing produce quality, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada; the state of the art in efforts towards that end and how novel [email protected] varieties are commercialized. What is meant by “fruit quality” and how does one go about breeding for it? Is it true that successful extension of shelf life has reduced Abstract: Fresh fruits and vegetables available in the market the sensory quality of produce at the consumer level? These are the place are increasingly perceived as lacking quality characteristics, questions to be considered in this talk. Emphasis is on apple with especially flavor and texture. In addition, consumers are presented some examples drawn from other fruit crops. Traditional (product- with a tremendous array of novel manufactured food products oriented) and consumer-centered definitions of quality pertaining to that compete with fresh produce. Manufactured food products fruits are reviewed. The attributes valued by consumers vary with have the advantage of being able to rapidly change in response the type of fruit and the use to which it will be put, and they may be to consumer demands in contrast with creating new cultivars by in conflict with those attributes desired by shippers. The attributes traditional breeding. To sustain consumer demand and remain desired by consumers may change over time frames considerably competitive it is essential that greater emphasis be placed on shorter than the 20 years most new apple cultivars will require to developing improved varieties of fresh fruits and vegetables that go from original cross to commercial production. Analytical and sensory approaches for measuring diverse aspects of eating quality not only meet, but ideally exceed consumer’s expectations. Plant are explored, along with the many practical complications of select- breeders have long focused on resistance to biotic and abiotic ing for fruit quality in a traditional apple breeding program. Finally, stresses with little emphasis on improving the flavor, texture, I summarize recent discoveries about the genetic basis of certain health benefits or convenience of fresh produce. However, plant apple quality attributes, and discuss how this knowledge might be breeders and molecular geneticists have recently begun to make applied to improve breeding efficiency in the future. quality the focus of their efforts. Coupled with this priority for enhancing quality is an increased awareness of the importance Application of Biosciences for the Improvement of of incorporating sensory analysis for better understanding what Fresh Market Fruits and Vegetables constitutes quality. By understanding consumer expectations, Ian Puddephat* making these factors priorities in plant improvement programs Syngenta Vegetables Seeds, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom and developing new varieties with consumer preferences in Syngenta Vegetable seeds breeds for a number of crop species. Within mind it will be possible to develop fresh fruits and vegetables our product range we have a number of principle vegetable crops in that consumers not only demand, but for which they are willing which consumer traits are significant, these include tomato, pepper, to pay a premium. melon, watermelon, sweet corn, brassica, and salads. Globally the horticultural market faces concurrent challenges of maintaining/in- Using Sensory Evaluation Techniques to Develop creasing productivity as well as delivering products with superior Fresh Fruit Quality Indexes and Increase Consumer nutritional and consumer quality. This overview of commercial ap- Consumption proaches towards improved vegetable varieties seeks to exemplify how product development is combining science and technology to Carlos H. Crisosto* advance germplasm development to deliver new varieties that meet University of California, Parlier, CA these challenges. New vegetable products must deliver to increas- Gayle M. Crisosto ing demands for quality driven by both retailers and consumers. In University of California, Parlier, CA addition varieties must deliver to evolving changes in consumer Postharvest research programs on cherries, figs, kiwifruit, tree fruit preferences and consumption habits. Syngenta Vegetable Seeds (nectarines, peaches, plums), and table grapes have been established has invested extensively in generating information about consumer at the University of California, Kearney Agricultural Center with the preferences in specific markets. This market understanding is being main objectives of understanding orchard factors, genotypes, fruit harnessed to provide direction for emerging technologies that seek quality in relation to consumer acceptance and finally increasing to identify key product characters and link these with molecular fresh fruit consumption. Different sensory evaluation techniques such markers that facilitate the selection and breeding of superior vari- as the use of trained panels or “in store” consumer tests have been eties. Using these tools we are working with partners to establish applied according to the objectives of the specific commodity-situ- new approaches to the improvement of vegetable varieties. The ation. In the case of tree fruit, to develop quality indexes, we have insights and tools created from these approaches are used to assist taken the following steps: First, we conducted fruit quality (SSC, TA, breeders in identifying important germplasm variation and selecting firmness) surveys, which indicated the potential fruit quality range for the quantitative traits that underlie flavor attributes important within the industry reality. Second, we investigated the potential to consumer markets.

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1049 The Chemical Composition of Tomato Flavor 8,976 apple genes we were able to examine the differential gene Harry J. Klee* expression patterns identifying 3204 genes significantly (P < 0.05) University of Florida, Gainesville regulated by ethylene and 141 significantly (P < 0.05) regulated by sorbitol. Of these, 57 were regulated by both ethylene and sorbitol. Denise Tieman To identify genes associated with citrus peel development and with University of Florida, Gainesville; dtieman@ufl.edu manifestation of peel disorders we analyzed flavedo, albedo, and Mark G. Taylor juice sac tissues from lemon, mandarin orange, grapefruit, Valencia University of Florida, Gainesville orange, and Navel orange to compare and contrast differences in gene The flavor of commercially produced tomatoes is the single largest expression and to discover citrus fruit-specific genes. We analyzed source of complaints among consumers of fruits and vegetables expression patterns of 33,879 genes in flavedo, albedo, and juice sac today. While breeders have not set out to develop tomatoes with tissues and classified the differentially expressed genes according poor flavor, this is the inevitable outcome of selection for larger, to tissue-specific pattern in the different fruit species. Flavedo and firmer fruits with extended shelf life. While it is widely recognized albedo tissues displayed the most diversity of expressed genes, 12% that improved flavor is highly desirable, flavor is a complex trait and 6% respectively, while juice sacs displayed only 5%. The high that is an extremely challenging target. Flavor is the consequence physiological activity of the rind tissues was seen in the number of a complex interaction among several sugars, several acids and and diversity of gene expression patterns observed in these tissues, approximately fifteen volatile chemicals. Literally hundreds of compared to juice sacs To better define these genes, we are carrying quantitative trait loci (QTL) impacting tomato flavor have been out a functional categorization based upon MapMan, using Arabi- identified. Our goal has been to systematically dissect tomato flavor dopsis gene annotations to define the genes and pathways involved. in order to ultimately improve it. We have focused our efforts on Defining the pathways and their regulation is the first step as it will the volatile chemicals that are recognized by the olfactory system. provide a unique insight into the processess that regulate traits like These 15 or so chemicals are quite distinct, being derived from external finish, shelf-life and flavor-life. metabolism of carotenoids, fatty acids and amino acids. In many Holistic Approaches to Understanding Fruit cases, the pathways for their synthesis have yet to be defined. Metabolism using Metabolomics We have used a combination of genomics, metabolomics and old David Rudell* fashioned biochemistry to identify key genes encoding biosynthetic USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WA; [email protected] enzymes responsible for volatile synthesis. We have made significant progress on a few of these, most notably the volatiles derived from Interpreting fruit metabolism, particularly tree fruit metabolism, phenylalanine and from carotenoids. We have engineered transgenic presents unique challenges. Long periods from tree establishment to plants that are altered for some of these volatiles and are beginning fruiting render techniques directed towards reducing the complexity to evaluate the effects of these manipulations. Progress on this work of metabolic mechanisms, such as genomic modification, relatively will be described. difficult. Consequently, holistic, integrated genomics-based ap- proaches used to evaluate experimentally-induced perturbations, Functional Analysis of Genes Regulating Fruit Quality development, or breeding accessions have become attractive Abhaya M. Dandekar* alternatives. Given the evident significance of gene-function and University of California, Davis, CA allosteric regulation by metabolites, comprehensive metabolic pro- Functional genomic approaches compliment breeding and genome filing or “metabolomics” is a necessary, integral facet of “omics” sequencing efforts as they focus on the functions of genes through the approaches. With an estimated 15,000 unique metabolites in a single analysis of gene products. What regulates external finish, shelf-life plant species, metabolomics presents unique analytical challenges and flavor life? Optimally if we can understand the patterns of gene resulting from the extensive diversity of metabolite concentra- expression we may be able to identify the genes that regulate these tion, stability, polarity, solubility, and other physical properties. important fruit quality traits. We have investigated this question using Instrument analysis and data extraction and evaluation techniques transgenic apple plants silenced for ethylene or sorbitol biosynthesis are, likewise, demanding. Nonetheless, comprehensive metabolic and have shown that key quality attributes like the synthesis of profiling can be used to reveal metabolic mechanisms, develop volatile esters and fruit softening was dramatically suppressed by diagnostic biomarkers, and select markers to be employed for more ethylene and fruit acidity and sugar composition was altered in informed breeding decisions. sorbitol supressed plants . Using a custom microarrays that contain

1050 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 of non-invaders 73% of the time. Use of a secondary screening

Colloquium 3: tool on species requiring further evaluation reduces the proportion Wednesday, 23 July 8:00 am–12:00 pm in that outcome to 10%. These results are consistent with tests of COLLOQUIA Grand Ballroom D the WRA in several other geographies. However, these results do not indicate the potential impact to importers of new plant species if such a screening system were implemented in the U.S. Results Impacts of Invasive Plants on the from Australia (not using the secondary tool) suggest that over 70% of novel species will be accepted or require further evalua- Horticulture Industry in the tion, with fewer than 30% of the species rejected as having high probability of becoming invasive. We tested the hypothesis that Biosecurity Age similar results would be found for 100 plant species introduced Sponsor: O/LT and Nursery Crops Working Groups to the U.S. since 1995. These species are unlikely to have already expressed any invasive potential. We selected the species with Moderator: Genhua Niu assistance from the horticultural industry, botanic gardens, and Texas AgriLife Research, El Paso, TX; [email protected] other importing entities, purposely varying life form, family, and Chair: Ryan Stewart location of origin. Data used to address the 49 WRA questions were from occurrences outside of the continental United States. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; [email protected] only Results indicate that over 70% of these species would be accepted Objective: To cover issues related to the current status of invasive for import, 20% require further evaluation, and fewer than 10% plants in the U.S. including: regulations and rules governing the would be rejected as likely to become invasive in the U.S. More importation and introduction of non-native species; prediction species than hypothesized would be accepted for import if this and risk assessment methods used to determine the invasive- system were implemented. ness of a species; and management practices and technologies The Revision of Quarantine 37 (Q-37): used either to eliminate invasive traits or control the spread of Addressing the Risks Associated with an invasive species. the Importation of Plants for Planting Abstract: The spread of invasive plants have negatively impacted Christa L.Speekmann* managed landscapes, natural areas, and even our national econ- USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Plant Health Programs, Riverdale, MD omy. There was obviously no intent for ecological or economic Anthony L. Koop* damage, but the traits that make certain species ornamentally APHIS, USDA, Plant Protection and Quar, NC appealing also may enable them to become invasive (e.g., large The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing and attractive flowers; ease of propagation; high fecundity, etc.). a comprehensive review and modernization of the regulations on More than 50% of all invasive plants were introduced originally the importation of plants for planting and propagation as nursery for horticulture or ornamental purposes. Because many non-na- stock. Appropriately mitigating the risks of quarantine pest intro- tive plants are commercially important and widely utilized for duction associated with the importation of plants for planting is various purposes, completely banning their use and prohibiting especially important because quarantine pests, including noxious weeds, introduced via imported plants for planting are more likely their imports are impractical. Therefore, specific regulations to to become established than pests introduced via other imported prevent the introduction of invasive plants and effective methods commodities such as fruits and vegetables. The Animal and Plant and technology to control the spread of these non-native species Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has begun the revision of these are needed. In the past decade, impressive models and systems regulations, familiarly known as quarantine 37 or Q-37, by planning have been developed to screen plants for invasiveness. Both several measures that will reduce risk while minimizing adverse Australia and New Zealand have implemented risk-assessment economic impacts. Implementation will occur incrementally, start- systems that are fairly successful. USDA APHIS is also consid- ing with the creation of a new category of regulated plants, those ering changes to their current system, which is presently based not authorized for importation pending pest risk analysis (NAP- on a prohibited-list approach. Members of ASHS would be well PRA). The NAPPRA category will consist of two components, pest served to be updated on these systems, their current use, and how plants and plant hosts of quarantine pests. The pest plant component they may impact the U.S. horticulture industry. of NAPPRA would dramatically increase the number of plants regulated as potentially invasive species. Other early phases of Accuracy and Impact of the Australian Weed Risk the revision include a structural reorganization and consolidation Assessment Modified for the U.S. of the regulations that affect plants for planting, implementation of a regulatory systems approach protocol to reduce pest risk off- Doria R. Gordon* shore, and a revision of the current Departmental Permit system to The Nature Conservancy, Gainesville, FL reflect current practices and appropriate levels of safeguarding. In Crysta Gantz the United States, the noxious weed regulations are separate from University of Florida, Gainesville, FL the nursery stock regulations. To add a plant to the list of noxious Daphne A. Onderdonk weeds, APHIS completes a comprehensive risk analysis. APHIS University of Florida, Gainesville, FL is participating in the development of North American Plant Pro- tection Organization guidelines for screening imported plants for A retroactive test of the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system invasiveness, which includes a review of screening tools in use (WRA) modified for Florida on 158 non-native plant species showed around the world. Where possible, APHIS will revise weed risk correct rejection of major invaders 92%, and correct acceptance assessment procedures and guidelines to streamline and improve the assessment process.

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1051 Using ‘Gene-deletor’ Technology and Breeding Colloquium 4: Techniques to Reduce Invasiveness of Exotic Ornamental Crops Thursday, 24 July 8:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Yi Li* University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; [email protected] Systems Biology for Horticultural Invasive plants are one of the most devastating ecological problems in the 21st century, causing a $35 billion loss per year to the U.S. Sciences and How to Participate economy. More than 50% of all invasive plant species and 85% of Sponsor: Biotechnology (BTCH) Working Group invasive woody plants were introduced originally for ornamental (Max) Zong-Ming Cheng* and landscape use. Because many invasive ornamental plants are University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; [email protected] commercially important and widely utilized for various purposes, completely banning their use and prohibiting their imports are un- Alan Smith practical. On the other hand, currently used methods to control the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN; [email protected] spread of invasive plants are ineffective, expensive, or environmen- Ralph Scorza tally problematic. Using both traditional (e.g., mutational breeding AFRS–ARS–USDA, Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] techniques) and modern (i.e.., the “gene-deletor” and “super-sterile” technologies) approaches, we are producing non-invasive cultivars Objectives: of economically important but highly invasive ornamental plants. 1) Introduce the concept of Systems Biology, integration of all In this presentation, I will describe the “gene-deletor” and “super- sterile” technologies we have recently developed, discuss their fields of biological research from genomics, bioinformations to applications in addressing invasive problems of ornamental crops, phenomics, which has been recently adapted in other biological and provide a progress report of our work toward production of research area, to horticultural plant research. non-invasive forms of burningbush (Euonymus alata) and Japanese 2) Discuss how “conventional” horticultural researchers can barberry (Berberis thunbergii), two highly invasive but extremely participate in Systems Biology research or integrate genomics popular ornamental crops. and functional genomics research with traditional horticultural Impacts of Invasive Plants on the Horticulture research. Industry in a Biosecurity Age Abstract: Since the Arabidopsis genome was sequenced in the late K. Marc Teffeau* 1990s, two additional plants (rice and poplar tree) have now been American Nursery and Landscape Association/Horticultural Research completely sequenced, and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Joint Institute, Washington, DC Genome Institutes are currently undertaking projects to complete The majority of non-native plants that have been introduced into sequences for many other organisms including several plants. In the nursery trade are highly valuable components of gardens, farms, addition, specific sequencing projects are also underway for ESTs orchards, and landscapes. Experience has shown, however, that and gene-rich regions of the genomes of several other taxa. As some non-native plants escape cultivation, spread, persist, exclude genomic data explodes, new research fields are embraced, such other species, and cause other forms of economic and environmental as genomics, bioinformatics, functional genomics, proteomics, harm. Other plants arrive unintentionally as hitchhikers on materi- metabolomics, and phenomics. Scientists now integrate all of als, equipment, and other pathways of introduction. Certain states these into systems biology to elucidate fundamental biological have adopted a regulatory approach, banning the importation and mechanisms. This colloquium will provide an opportunity for all planting of plant species that have been identified as invasive in their ASHS members to better participate in systems biology-based locale. The horticulture and landscaping industry seeks to avoid the research. However, much of the research in systems biology, introduction and spread of invasive plants and protect both natural genomics and bioinformatics in particular, has been focused on areas and cultivated landscapes. As an alternative to regulation, the non-horticultural crops, which leaves many horticulturists hav- nursery industry favors a market driven approach with voluntary reduction of sales of identified invasive plant materials, substitution ing to retool in order to be competitive for funding opportunities. with appropriate alternative species, research on invasiveness and However, this can be daunting when faced with the enormity of sterility and education of the gardening public. In addition, there sequencing or microarray data sets. This colloquium will introduce is a need for science based, risk assessment strategies to determine systems biology, particularly how to vertically integrate genomics possible invasiveness of new, non native plant introductions. and functional genomics with traditional physiology, genetic and field-based research. Horticulturists have much to offer in these new fields, and increasing ASHS member participation in such exciting research will advance horticultural research. Seasoned and fresh horticulturists alike will share their experiences in systems biology-based research. The colloquium will be divided into three sections. The first section will give an overview of current plant genome sequencing projects at the DOE Joint Genome Institute and introduce systems biology. The second section will update the horticultural crops systems biology, one in fruits and another one in vegetable (tomato) or ornamentals (petunia). In the third section speakers will share their experiences how “conventional” horticulturists convert their research focus to, or include/integrate genomics, to systems biology, and what is needed to retool and become competitive in this area

1052 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Workshops 105th Annual International Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science Rosen Plaza Hotel, Orlando, Florida

Workshop 1: Workshop 2: Monday, 21 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Monday, 21 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 12

The Roots of Physiological Heterogeneity The Nuts and Bolts of WORKSHOPS High Tunnel Production and in Root Systems Manipulation for Specialized Applications Sponsor: Root and Rhizosphere Dyanamics (RHIZ) Working Group Sponsor: Viticulture and Small Fruits (VSF) Working Group Moderator: Kevin Kosola Moderator: Fumiomi Takeda Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Chesterfield, MO; [email protected] USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] Objective: Roots have evolved to explore a spatially and temporally variable soil environment. In this workshop, we will explore the Chair: Penelope Perkins-Veazie nature of physiological heterogeneity within seemingly homogenous USDA–ARS–SCARL; [email protected] root systems. Objective: Provide the latest information on high tunnels, specifically Abstract: Roots have evolved to explore a spatially and temporally why they work for crops, and mechanisms involved. variable soil environment. In this workshop, we will explore the nature Abstract: Growers and researchers are using high tunnels and other of physiological heterogeneity within seemingly homogenous root sys- protected environment systems to shelter plants from adverse weather tems. Speakers will discuss recent developments in the characterization conditions and for extending the harvest season. In some locations, of developmental changes in root metabolism and function, as well as however, cropping a particular crop under protected environment may the response of roots to heterogeneity within the soil environment. not be economically feasible because of the high cost (>$40,000/acre) for high tunnels and other structures. In this workshop, four speak- Defining Roots: An Orderly Process Linking Root ers will address what additional benefits that could be derived from Structure to the Flow of Carbon and Nutrients high tunnel cropping systems and new production technologies for Belowground environmental manipulation to improve food safety, fruit quality, and plant productivity. The workshop should foster discussions between Robert Mitchell* crop production specialists and plant physiologists for ways to improve Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichauway, Newton, GA cropping efficiency. Dali Guo Peking University, Beijing China LED Lamps for Manipulating the Phytochrome Joseph J. Hendricks Apparatus University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA Gary Stutte* Fine roots, the dynamic portion of root systems, have been histori- Dynamac Corp., Kennedy Space Center, FL; [email protected] cally classified using arbitrary diameter classes (e.g., all roots ≤ 2 mm in diameter). Recently, questions of how root structure might be Improvement in Product Quality better linked to key root functions have been explored by classifying Patricia Millner* roots in a network on a branch-order basis. This work has shown USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; [email protected] that variation in the chemical composition of roots can be largely accounted for by their order in the branching structure. When the Microenvironment Variations Within the Tunnel and root chemical composition and turnover rates are combined, the Their Effect on Growth and Development most distal, lower order roots may disproportionately contribute carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to the soil system (up to 66% and 75%, Chris Wien* respectively). Higher N concentrations in these lower order roots Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] also likely increase their relative contribution to root respiration rates and their decomposition rates. In addition, the distal root tips Light Manipulation With Colored Shade Netting disproportionately support mycorrhizal fungi, further increasing Over Plants their importance to C and N fluxes. We present a simple model that Robert Stamps* simulates fine root dynamics as a function of their branch order. Based on these simulations, we show that common approaches to University of Florida, Apopka, FL; [email protected]fl.edu measure root longevity (e.g., isotope and minirhizotron techniques) may differ by a factor of 5 due to disproportionate sampling of root orders by each approach, and we show how accounting for root branching order may help in resolving discrepancies in the literature and scaling root processes to ecosystem-level fluxes.

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1053 Nitrate Uptake Rate Declines Rapidly as Fine Roots On the Advantages and Costs of Fine Root Age: Evidence Across Functional Types and Growth Proliferation in Response to Soil Heterogeneity Conditions Robert Jones* Astrid Volder* Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; [email protected] [email protected] David M. Eissenstat Fine roots sometimes proliferate within nutrient rich soil patches. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Although this theoretically leads to enhanced nutrient uptake per unit of carbon invested in roots, nutrient gains may be negated Root tips are a very diverse population, with notable size (diameter) by increased inter-root competition for soil nutrients. So why do and age differences. In addition, some fine root tips are destined to roots proliferate in nutrient rich patches? To address this question, become part of the larger root framework (pioneer roots) and thus we have examined proliferation and total plant growth responses have a physiologically very different destiny than other first-order to heterogeneity of several different soil resources, using green- laterals. This diversity suggests that we should not assume that root house and field experiments and a variety of plant species native tips are always equally physiologically active. It has been reported to southeastern U.S.. We found that in addition to nutrient previously that root respiration declines with increasing fine root patchiness, water and oxygen patchiness can stimulate root pro- diameter and that nitrate and respiration uptake rates decline rap- liferation. Responses to water heterogeneity were highly species- idly with fine root tip age. The last study used greenhouse grown specific and not correlated with responses to nutrient patchiness. grape seedlings (Vitis rupestris × V. riparia cv. 3309 C), a woody For isolated plants, proliferation was sometimes correlated with plant species. A similar relationship between nitrate uptake rate enhanced growth, but in mixed-species settings, we have rarely and fine root age was found for a herbaceous plant (Lycopersicon seen relationships between proliferation responses and growth or esculentum L. Mill. cv. 174). Most studies that have examined fine competitive advantages. In one species, we found that root pro- root physiology have used either solution- or pot-grown plants—far liferation in response to nutrient heterogeneity increased wilting fewer have examined physiology of roots in field-grown plants. It rate during a drought, but this response was mitigated by rapid is unclear how principles derived from studies of root physiology root system response to vertical soil water distribution. In natural in seedling plants under controlled conditions reflect root physiol- ecosystems, beetle larvae may consume more fine roots than ogy of mature plants in the field. Therefore, we examined fine root previously thought (25% or more of annual production), and root physiology on 25-year-old mature grapevines (Vitis labruscana proliferation in nutrient rich patches can enhance localized con- Bailey cv. Concord) in the field and on seedlings of the same sumption by herbivores. However, herbivory rates are sometimes species grown in the greenhouse. The data showed that both field quite low, possibly because some roots are low in nutrition or well and greenhouse grown plants showed a rapid decline in nitrate defended by secondary metabolites. Combined, our studies suggest uptake capacity as fine roots age, suggesting that this pattern of that benefits of root proliferation may be small relative to potential rapid physiological decline may be common in both woody and costs; however, there remains a large frontier in examining other herbaceous plants, under field and greenhouse conditions. This potential benefits and costs of root proliferation, particularly those rapid decline in nitrate uptake capacity as roots age has widespread related to responses of symbiotic microbial communities and the implications, ranging from field management practices such as the predators of root herbivores. timing of fertilizer applications to modeling the role of fine roots in ecosystem nutrient cycling models.

Respiratory Response of Roots to Heterogeneous Soil Conditions Workshop 3: David R. Bryla* Monday, 21 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 11 USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR; [email protected] Individual plant roots are frequently exposed to wide ranges of soil ASHS Primer: Attending a Professional Conference conditions. For example, in summer, soil temperatures near the Sponsor: Collegiate Activities Committee (CAC) soil surface may vary from 10–20 °C at night to over 40 °C during the day, while soil moisture may vary from saturation following a Moderator: Richard L. Harkess heavy rain to almost completely dry in a few days without rain or Mississippi State University; [email protected] irrigation. Conditions also vary throughout the soil profile where fluctuation in soil temperature generally declines with depth and soil Objective: To provide students attending the ASHS Conference basic water availability increases with depth. Soil moisture also increases information on what opportunities are available and how they can reap with distance from the plant. These differences and changes in soil the most benefits from attending the ASHS conference. conditions heavily influence the physiology and function of the Abstract: Attending an ASHS professional conference as an under- roots, thereby affecting plant growth and production. Should soil graduate student or a graduate student attending for the first time can conditions remain unfavorable for water or nutrient uptake (e.g., be an overwhelming experience. To help sort out the mystery of where drought or cold temperatures), roots may be shed, or otherwise they to go, what to do, how to find where the talks are, what can I attend, must be maintained at a cost to the plant. In this session we will or even what is ASHS, this workshop is designed to provide basic examine the effects of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in soil water information on what opportunities are available to students attending and temperature on root respiration. Specifically, we will explore the a national conference. This workshop will answer student questions response of individual roots to both short- and long-term changes about the conference and help guide students to gain the most from in temperature and soil moisture and will identify strategies used their conference experience. by plants to maximize root efficiency under unfavorable soil condi- tions. Such information is important to plant growth modeling and predicting global climate change effects.

1054 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 integrated approach to manage root diseases and soilborne patho- Workshop 4: gens. Recent studies also indicate that Al can be toxic to soilborne Monday, 21 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 9 plant pathogens in the organic potting media used in horticultural production systems, but interestingly, the mechanisms of pathogen inhibition may be different from those present in mineral soils. Silicon, Aluminum, Nickel, and Iron: Use of Al as a soil amendment has remained very limited because New Insights into Their Benefits to errors in application rates can lead to significant phytotoxicity Plants and Management Strategies and loss of yield or quality, and insufficient levels give little or no suppression. As more host-pathogen systems are studied and the to Maximize Their Benefits differential toxicity of plants and microorganisms to Al is more Sponsor: Plant Nutrient Management (PNM) Working Group thoroughly understood, the use of Al-containing amendments may become more important in disease management, especially where Chair: Zhongchun Jiang other controls are not highly effective. State University of New York, Cobleskill, NY; [email protected] Diagnosing Iron Deficiency Objectives: Brandon R. Smith*

1) To provide new information about silicon, aluminum, and nickel in Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN WORKSHOPS soils and plants, as well as new insights into their effects on plant health including plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Lailiang Cheng Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] 2) To discuss chlorosis paradox involving Fe deficiency, new diagnostic methods, and holistic approach to combating Fe deficiency. Iron deficiency-induced leaf chlorosis is a common problem when plants are grown on wet, calcareous soils. Typical symptoms of Fe Abstract: Information about the concentrations and benefits of silicon deficiency include a stunting of growth and interveinal chlorosis (Si), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in horticultural crops, and manage- on young leaves, and severe deficiency can lead to leaf bleaching ment strategies to maximize their benefits, is scarce due to the fact that and necrosis. Ironically, leaves suffering from Fe-chlorosis can Si and Al are currently not considered essential nutrients and Ni was contain similar or higher levels of total Fe, compared to leaves determined to be essential much later than all other known essential without chlorosis, making diagnosis of the actual Fe status quite mineral nutrients. Although Si is not essential, Si deficiency has been difficult. In cases when this chlorosis paradox occurs, a more ac- recognized as being a limiting factor in plant health and overall plant curate representation of Fe nutritional status can be obtained by development and production when plants are constantly exposed to different stresses and/or soils are low in plant-available Si, such as extracting Fe from leaves with dilute acid or ferrous iron chela- in certain greenhouse or field production. Although high levels of Al tors, or by quantifying the activity of Fe-containing enzymes. In are toxic to plants, Al can also be toxic to soilborne plant pathogens this workshop we will discuss the chlorosis paradox and describe in the organic potting media used in horticultural production systems, methods for diagnosing Fe-deficiency. and soil amendments that acidify soils and thus increase Al activity can be used as part of an integrated approach to managing root dis- Nickel and Plant Disease eases caused by soilborne pathogens. As an essential element, Ni can Bruce W. Wood* prevent physiological diseases, such as certain forms of mouse-ear , USDA-ARS, Byron, GA; [email protected] little-leaf , and orchard replant disease , and increase plant resistance to certain pathogens, but producer attention to Ni management is lacking. Knowledge of the nutritional physiology of nickel (Ni) is rela- Although iron (Fe) management has received considerable attention tively meager. Accumulating evidence indicates that attention to from horticultural researchers and producers, new issues regarding management of Ni nutrition may potentially benefit yield, quality, Fe management have emerged, such as the increased occurrences disease resistance, and disease control of certain crop species, most of alkaline irrigation water-induced Fe deficiency and the chlorosis notably those transporting ureido-nitrogen forms. Nickel deficien- paradox in the diagnosis of Fe deficiency in horticultural crops. In the cies can trigger a) physiological diseases such as certain forms of first part of this workshop, three speakers will share new information “mouse-ear”, “little-leaf”, and “orchard replant disease”, and b) about Si, Al, and Ni in soils and plants, and discuss new insights into susceptibility to pathogens. Certain host-pathogen interactions exist nutrient management strategies for maximum the benefits of Si, Al, and in an approximate equilibrium that slightly shifts to favor one or Ni to horticultural crops. In the second part, two speakers will discuss the other as the timely bioavailability of Ni changes. An example new methods of diagnosing Fe deficiency and integrated strategies for is the interaction between day-lily and rust disease, with resistance combating high pH-induced Fe deficiency. greatly increasing with improved Ni nutrition. Within the context of disease management, disease suppression with Ni is greatest with Aluminum and Plant Disease: Suppressing Pathogen resistant genotypes rather than with highly susceptible genotypes. Activity Without Affecting Plant Growth Certain crops appear to become predisposed to infection due to Ni H. David Shew* deficiency. Once plants are infected, subsequent stress can aggra- NC State University, Raleigh, NC; [email protected] vate the severity of susceptibility by impairing nutrient acquisition and/or utilization and triggering other diseases. There appears to The chemistry of aluminum (Al) in natural soils has been a topic be little or no indirect effect of Ni on disease when endogenous of extensive study due to the phytotoxicity of the metal to plants concentrations are within the sufficiency range, but presence of in agricultural and in forest systems. Aluminum is a very common hidden-hunger-type deficiency potentially influences resistance. A element in soils and often reaches high levels of activity in acid soils. transitory Ni deficiency in crops has the potential to affect disease A growing body of knowledge indicates that the ecology of numer- resistance via primary (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Urea Cycle, and ous soilborne microorganisms, including many plant pathogens, is Ureide catabolic pathway) and secondary metabolism (Malonic acid affected by the moderate to high levels of Al activity present in acid pathway, Mevalonic acid pathway, Methylerythritol phosphate path- mineral soils. Examples of plant pathogens, primarily soilborne way); thus affecting key pathways producing nitrogen-containing organisms, known to be sensitive to Al include representatives secondary products, phenolics and terpenes linked to plant defense. of all the major groups of fungi, members of the Oomycota, and Ni also affects disease via a direct fungicidal effect on certain fungal several actinomycetes. Numerous field studies have demonstrated pathogens (e.g. pecan scab fungus). The manipulation of the Ni that soil amendments that acidify soils can be used as part of an

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1055 component of crop nutrition is potentially an important cultural control facet for plant disease. Accumulating evidence indicates Workshop 5: that Ni nutrient management should be an integral component of Monday, 21 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 10 sustainable horticulture for certain Ni-loving crops.

Silicon in the Life, Performance and Health of Plants Status and Outlook of Lawrence E. Datnoff* Commerical Horticulture in Florida Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Sponsor: Commercial Horticulture (CHEX) Working Group Silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust, is Chair: Albert Sutherland a beneficial element for plant growth and development. Silicon helps plants to overcome various abiotic and biotic stresses. Un- Oklahoma State University, Norman, OK; [email protected] fortunately, the role of silicon in plant growth and development Objective: Provide an overview of the current state and explore future has been overlooked for a long period of time until the beginning challenges and opportunities for Florida’s commercial horticulture of 20th century. Because of the element s abundance in nature and industry. since visible symptoms of either silicon deficiency or toxicity is not apparent; plant physiologists have largely disregarded this ele- Abstract: Florida ranks second in horticulture production value for ment from any meaningful plant experiments. However, in the field U.S. states. The horticulture industry in Florida includes a wide mix and greenhouse where plants are constantly exposed to different of vegetables, tropical fruits, and ornamentals. The industry faces major issues such as: urban encroachment; the need for hand labor; stresses, especially in soils that are deemed to be low or limiting high capitalization costs; competition for water resources; catastrophic in plant available silicon, the awareness of silicon deficiency in weather events; increasing transportation costs; and global competition. soil has become recognized as being a limiting factor in overall These same issues are or will be faced by horticultural producers in plant development and production. Nowadays, silicon still is not other production areas. This workshop will include a mix of industry recognized as an essential element for plant growth, but the benefi- speakers that will provide insight into Florida’s vegetable, tropical cial effects of this element on the growth, development, yield and fruit, greenhouse, and outdoor ornamental production industries. They disease resistance have been observed in a wide variety of plant will provide a status report on the current business climate and future species. Over the past few years there has been a growing interest challenges and opportunities. in the element silicon and its effects on the life, performance and health of plants. Many agricultural researchers and those involved in field and greenhouse production of ornamentals, turf, agronomic and vegetable crops want more information regarding its role in Workshop 6: plant function, performance and health. This presentation will Monday, 21 July 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 address these issues by first presenting general information about silicon in soil, silicon in plants, and silicon effects on abiotic and biotic stresses. Then, the currently-known role of silicon in plants is Emerging Technologies for Biotechnology and Crop explained along with mechanism(s) of silicon-mediated resistance Improvement to plant diseases. Finally, a future outlook will be presented on the potential of silicon for plant performance and health. Sponsor: Biotechnology (BTCH) Working Group Moderator: Alan Smith Strategies to Combat Iron and Micronutrient Problems University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN; [email protected] in Alkaline Soil and Water David Wm. Reed* Objectives: Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; [email protected] 1) to introduce researchers to emerging technologies One of the most common soil and water properties that affect growth 2) review application of these technologies to basic and applied and production of plants is alkalinity induced high pH. Studies have research questions shown that 78% of irrigation waters used in greenhouse production had alkalinity levels outside the suggested range. In addition, high 3) discuss challenges to adopting new methods for improving horti- soil pH occurs in vast regions of the U.S. Soil pH tends to follow cultural crops. rainfall, with acid soils in regions of higher rainfall and basic or Abstract: Technology drives discovery-based science. In the past 5 alkaline soils in regions of lower rainfall. Thus, acid soils tend to years, many new technologies have emerged that are having significant occur in the eastern U.S. and alkaline soils tend to occur in the impacts on horticulture through discovery and how we approach sci- mid-west to western U.S. This wide spread occurrence of alkaline ence. The new technologies enable researchers to solve problems with irrigation water and alkaline soil can cause problems with any of new methods that provide new approaches to historically intractable the essential plant nutrients that become less available at high pH. problems. As new technologies emerge, there are challenges to their The most common response is an alkaline-induced deficiency. The application, especially to applied problems. Specialized equipment, essential nutrients susceptible to alkaline-induced deficiency are cost, data management and ramping up research programs are some the micronutrients iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and boron; and of the considerations. This workshop will introducing a selection of the macronutrient P if excessive Ca is present. The most frequent new technologies, their application to horticulture, and the challenges alkaline-induced deficiency in both production and landscape uti- to implementation. lization of crops is iron deficiency and the resultant iron chlorosis. There are three strategies for combating iron chlorosis induced by Applications of Whole Transcriptome Shotgun high pH or alkaline irrigation water or alkaline soil: 1) Correct High Sequencing Soil or Irrigation Water pH; 2) Add Iron Fertilizers; and 3) Select Alan Smith* Iron Efficient Species University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN; [email protected] Changbin Chen University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; [email protected]

1056 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Ernest F. Retzel Hua Yan National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM; J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID James J. Huntley Caius Rommens National Center for Genome Resources, Sante Fe, NM; J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID Meiosis is fundamental for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, in- Despite the broad acceptance of GM traits in the large acreage heritance of traits, genome stability and genetic variation. It is also crops destined for feed, fiber, and highly processed products, ge- a process at the center of genetic improvement of plants. Although netic modification of Specialty Crops has been relatively stifled. meiosis has been a research focus for over a century in a number of Recognizing consumer sensitivity to modification of food crops, model organisms, the function and regulation of most genes essential we developed new methods to improve quality by only modifying to meiotic recombination, pairing, and synapse formation remain to the plant’s own genome. This precise breeding approach is readily be discovered. Identification of core meiotic genes through Whole coupled with insights gleaned from genomics and metabolomics Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing in Arabidopsis thalianawas research. Our focus on improvements beneficial to the consumer recently made possible by the development of a method for Capil- and production chain has yielded an intragenic potato with multi- lary Collection of Meiocytes. Collected meiocytes were used for gene trait silencing that delivers boosted quality, reduced cold- extraction of transcripts and Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis. sweetening, improved flavor, and low acrylamide in the final fry

The method generates short-sequencing reads from millions of product. Using only potato genes and gene-silencing, we have also WORKSHOPS individual, clonally amplified cDNA fragments providing qualita- dramatically boosted levels of the potato antioxidant, kaempferol, tive information on all transcripts present in an organ or tissue. In as a high-health consumer trait. a pilot experiment, 7,828,560 and 7,027,660 reads of transcriptome sequence were generated from meiocyte and anther libraries, re- Metabolomics Methodology for Crop Improvement spectively. When assembled against the Arabidopsis genome and Adrian Hegeman* the transcriptome, the genome coverage (average coverage of all University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN genes) exceeded 4x in this run, and transcriptome coverage (average coverage of all transcripts) averaged over 4x. Approximately 75% Metabolomics is a new discipline that has arisen from the exten- of the reads aligned uniquely and unambiguously to the genome sion of genomic approaches to the analysis of metabolism. Genes and transcriptome. However, many of the sequences aligned to are expressed that encode enzymes, which catalyze the synthesis the genome, but did not align to the transcriptome; some of these and interconversion of a multitude of metabolites. Metabolites are aligned in unannotated genomic regions, including regions without often more directly linked to horticultural product quality traits than gene predictions. We will discuss the applications of this emerging genes, as they are the chemicals responsible for flavors, colors, odors technology for discovery of new genes, mRNA splicing variants and and many plant environmental coping mechanisms. Once linkage microRNAs, as well the application of this approach for understand- has been established between a trait and a set of metabolites it is possible to extend the analysis back to find the genes responsible ing processes important to horticultural crop improvement. for their production. Metabolomics analyses generally attempt to The Newly Developed “Gene-deletor” Technology and characterize large numbers of metabolites quickly and efficiently, Its Potential Applications in Transgenic Agriculture and has, to date, been dominated by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Innovative applications of Yi Li* metabolomics for crop improvement will be reviewed, and a critical University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; [email protected] evaluation of its potential utility will be presented. Gene flow and food safety are two major concerns over transgenic crops. We have recently developed a highly efficient “gene-deletor” technology to remove all functional transgenes from both pollen and Workshop 7: seed. With the three pollen- and/or seed-specific gene promoters Monday, 21 July 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 12 tested, the phage CRE/loxP or yeast FLP/FRT system alone was inef- ficient in excising transgenes from tobacco pollen and/or seed, with no transgenic event having 100% efficiency. When loxP-FRT fusion Transplant Technology: Trends and Challenges sequences were used as recognition sites, simultaneous expression Sponsor: Seed and Stand Establishment (SSEST) Working Group of both FLP and CRE reduced the average excision efficiency, but the expression of FLP or CRE alone increased the average excision Chair: Dharmalingam Pitchay efficiency, with many transgenic events being 100% efficient, based Global Green, Ann Arbor, MI; [email protected] on more than 25 000 T1 progeny examined per event. The “gene- deletor” technology may be used to produce ‘non-transgenic’ pollen, Objective: To address the trends and practical challenges and issues seed, fruit, or other edible products from transgenic plants when in producing transplants as well as the future direction of research and the functions of transgenes are no longer needed or their presence development for sustainable transplant production technology. may cause concerns. The technology may provide a useful tool to Abstract: Mass production of healthy uniform transplants has revo- address the pollen- and seed-mediated transgene flow problem and lutionized the horticulture industry. However, the current method of to reduce food safety concerns over transgenic plants. For more producing transplants has high environmental impact. Environmentally information, please Google “gene-deletor.” appropriate techniques and energy efficient systems need to be devel- oped by bringing together the transplant industry and the scientific Intragenic Options for Specialty Crop Improvement: community to formulate immediate and long-term sustainable research High Health and Quality Without Foreign DNA and development. Industry leaders and experts will present their views on trends, challenges, and issues in producing quality transplants KathySwords* emphasizing cultural practices substrate selection, water management J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID; [email protected] and water quality, seed quality, germination/propagation environment, Jingsong Ye nutrient management, IPM, and packaging and shipping. J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID Craig Richael J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1057 Workshop 8: Workshop 9: Monday, 21 July 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 9 Tuesday, 22 July 8:00–10:00 am Salon 9

Increasing the Flowering of Bearing Apple Trees Current Innovative Computer Applications in Hor- with PGRs ticulture Sponsor: Growth Regulators in Fruit and Nut Production (PGR) Sponsor: Computer Applications in Horticulture (COMP) Working Working Group Group Moderator: Duane Greene* Chair: Kent D. Kobayashi* University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; [email protected] University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; [email protected] Chair: Renae Moran Objective: Familiarize the audience with several of the latest innova- University of Maine, Monmouth, ME; [email protected] tive computer applications in horticulture for research, extension, and instruction. Objective: This workshop will summarize recent efforts across North America to promote flower bud formation in apple trees with growth Abstract: With ever-changing developments in computers, software, regulator treatments and attendees will be encouraged to discuss why and high technology, one’s professional development calls for keep- results have not been consistent. ing abreast of the latest, innovative applications. Three speakers will present their experiences with applied applications of computer usage Abstract: Many modern apple cultivars are prone to develop a biennial developed for research, extension, and teaching. The audience will learn bearing habit, which is a repeating cycle of heavy and light bloom- about open source software and computer applications for modeling ing/cropping years. Biennial bearing can have pronounced negative the growth of crops. economic consequences due to its effect on orchard productivity and fruit quality. While a successful chemical thinning program will result in Presenters: adequate return bloom and consistent cropping for most apple cultivars, W. Timothy Rhodus* commercial reality has shown that cultivars with a strong tendency for The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; [email protected] a biennial bearing habit may not produce sufficient bloom to guarantee a return crop even where chemical thinning reduced crop load in the Arthur Q. Villordon* previous year. Recent research has shown that NAA or Ethrel treatments LSU AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station, Chase, LA; in the on year of a biennial cycle may promote flower bud formation [email protected] to a level that is more likely to ensure a commercial crop; however, these treatments have not been universally successful. Guangyao Wang* Topics: University of Arizona, Maricopa, AZ; [email protected] Effect of NAA and Ethrel on Return Bloom of ‘Fuji’ Milton E. McGiffen, Jr. University of California, Riverside, CA, [email protected] NAA, Ethephon and Gibberellins for Control of Flowering in Apple ASHS.org Combines Open Source Apps to Serve Members Strategies for Evaluating PGR Flowering Manipulation A major makeover for ASHS.org was unveiled in November 2007. to Reduce Bienniality of Apples Following three months of work, the Society’s website was fully converted to Joomla, a content management system that is widely Presenters: used for designing interactive sites. The new technology also enables Steven McArtney* “social networking” services like RSS news feeds, blogs and tag- North Carolina State University, Fletcher, NC; steve_mcartney@ncsu. ging. A new feature on the site is “reader-friendly” press releases edu that promote recently published journal stories. The articles are posted on both EurekAlert.com, an online, global news service of Daniel Ward* the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ; [email protected] and the new ASHS Press Release blog. Artwork used throughout the site and the press release blog are uploaded to Gallery, an open Winfred Cowgill source image database. Rutgers University, Flemington, NJ; [email protected] Beyond the Numbers: Practical Considerations Thomas Gianfagna in Installing and Managing Moodle, An Open Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; [email protected] Source Learning Management System for Learning Terence Robinson* Communities NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] A learning management system (LMS) is a software system de- Tory Schmidt signed to help in the management of educational courses in learn- ing communities. Open source LMS platforms offer alternative Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA; choices to proprietary systems. There are several LMS platforms [email protected] available, but Moodle (Modular Object Oriented Dynamic Learning James R. McFerson Environment) has emerged as one widely used network-enabled Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA; LMS. Due to its open source licensing model, Moodle is a popular [email protected] choice by organizations that offer in-service training as well as by K-12 schools. It is also increasingly being used by colleges and universities. Despite its active community of developers and an

1058 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 increasing user base that provide informal support through Internet The Alliance of CGIAR Centers (Consultative Group forums, some perceived disadvantages of Moodle are associated on International Agricultural Research) Challenge with its open source model: the lack of trained technical support; Program on High Value Crops and costs associated with customization and training to meet an organization’s specific needs. This presentation will focus on Moderator: Harish Ratnayaka the practical considerations in installing, running, and managing Xavier University, Chair of the ASHS International Topics of Concern stand-alone and networked Moodle installations. An overview of to Horticulturists Working Group Moodle’s various course management features will be presented. Presenters: These include modules that provide quizzes, assignments, forums, chats, blogs, wikis, books, glossaries, and journals. Various learner David Sammons management features will also be outlined, including such compo- Director of International Agriculture, Univ. of Florida nents as groups, calendars, grades and grading scales, logs, user Patrick Brown files, help files, and enrolment keys. It is expected that participants Professor of Horticultural Science, Univ. of California-Davis in the workshop will gain hands-on experience in some aspects of installing, supporting, and using Moodle as an LMS platform of The overall goal of the proposed Challenge Program is to improve choice for a learning community. the well-being of poor producers and consumers in developing countries through research on high-value fruit and vegetables. WORKSHOPS Using INTERCOM Simulation Model to Compare There are four specific objectives: 1) improve the productivity and Competitive Ability of Cowpea sustainability of fruit and vegetable production systems that meet market demand; 2) improve the efficiency and equity of selected Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method fruit and vegetable market chains through targeted innovations in to predict the effects of plant characteristics on crop and weed markets, institutions and policies; 3) improve the quality of fruit and growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition vegetables for traders and consumers and to increase the consumption model was constructed to compare the competitive ability of cowpea of fruit and vegetables by the urban and rural poor; and 4) develop (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit with new approaches to human capital development that is driven by common sunflower (Helianthus annuus/i>) and common purslane technology-dependent economic opportunity and entrepreneurship (Portulaca oleracea). The simulation results were compared with within the horticultural sector of developing countries. observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated field measurements for the The United States Agency for International competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than field data for Development (USAID) Horticulture Collaborative the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study Research Support Program (CRSP) the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of Moderator: Jeff Olsen cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit Oregon State University, Chair of the ASHS International Horticultural was more competitive than semi-erect and prostrate growth habit Consultants Working Group when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower, which was consistent with greenhouse replacement series and field measure- Presenters: ments. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea Jeffrey Lee biomass production while cowpea height growth was important to Agricultural Development Officer, USAID/Washington reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selec- Larry Paulson tion for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long-term Agricultural Development Officer, USAID/Washington breeding experiments. The Horticulture CRSP will identify the production, post-harvest, food safety, marketing and enabling environment constraints to small and medium-sized enterprise participation in horticulture markets. Workshop 10: Under the leadership of U.S. Title XII universities, the Horticulture Tuesday, 22 July 9:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 7 CRSP will conduct and apply research findings, upgrade and dissemi- nate technical knowledge and appropriate technology, and develop policy recommendations to link producers to markets. It will provide Emerging International Horticulture Program flexible mechanisms to create partnerships for building local scientific Opportunities and technical capacity. It will strengthen academic and technical Sponsor: International Division, International Horticultural training and apply research to improve small holder production and Consultants (ICON) Working Group competitiveness in high-valued horticultural products. Moderator: John L. Griffis, Jr. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; jgriffi[email protected] Workshop 11: Abstract: Horticulture is now widely acknowledged as a realistic Tuesday, 22 July 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 12 potential engine of the economies of developing countries worldwide. The 2005 USAID-funded Global Horticultural Assessment essentially served as a call to action by public and private sector partnerships to Recent Advances in Ornamental Palm Horticulture address such issues as knowledge generation, human capacity building, Sponsor: Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf (O/LT) Working Group and value chain improvement in the horticultural sectors of developing countries. The USAID Horticulture CRSP and the CGIAR High Value Moderator: Donald Hodel Crops Challenge Program are examples of responses to this and other University of California, Los Angeles, CA; [email protected] calls to action, which are investing in horticultural crops research and development. These global horticultural programs, which are currently Objective: Provide an introduction to palms and their biology and under development, will be discussed. present recent research-based information about their selection and

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1059 management in ornamental landscapes. fertilizers applied directly, or indirectly via application to adjacent turfgrass in a landscape, can exacerbate K and Mg deficiencies in Abstract: Palms are perhaps the most distinctive group of ornamental palms, sometimes fatally. For sandy Atlantic Coastal Plain soils in landscape plants. They are increasingly common in outdoor landscapes southeastern United States, an analysis of 8N-0.9P-10K-4Mg plus in tropical and subtropical regions and have long been favorites for micronutrients is recommended. interiorscapes everywhere. In the United States, landscape palms are common in Florida, California, and Hawaii, and their use is increas- Transplanting and Planting Palms ing in Arizona, Nevada, Texas, and some of the Gulf States. Palms are even being used outdoors in some temperate regions. However, palms Donald Hodel* differ significantly from other woody landscape plants in their unusual University of California, Los Angeles, CA; [email protected] anatomy, morphology, and developmental growth features. Not surpris- James Downer ingly, these biological differences are reflected in their cultural needs University of California, Ventura, CA; [email protected] and unconventional management practices and techniques that differ from those of other woody plants. Fortunately, the past 20 years has Dennis Pittenger seen a rapid increase in palm landscape horticulture research. Speakers University of California, Riverside, CA; [email protected] will present and discuss palm biology, seed propagation, planting and transplanting, nutrition and fertilizers, irrigation and water require- Palms are high-value and increasingly common components of ments, and leaf removal and pruning, and the use of palms in temperate landscapes wherever they can be grown. Large, older specimens climates and the interiorscape. are in great demand and command a premium price. Relatively easy to transplant, they are usually dug and removed from existing Using Palms in the Interiorscape landscape sites or from a commercial nursery field, transported, and replanted at another site, creating an instant mature landscape. Henry Donselman* Palms are best planted or transplanted in late spring or early summer. Consultant, Murrieta, CA; [email protected] In most cases root balls should extend out for about 30 cm from Many palms are among the best plants for use in the interiorscape the trunk and leaf tie up and/or removal are unnecessary. Tie leaves because of their bold, dramatic foliage, tolerance of interiorscape only to facilitate handling during digging, transport, and planting; conditions, and adaptability to container culture. Select species with untie them once planted. Keep leaves and root ball covered and minimum light tolerances of 0.3 to 2.1 klx (25 to 200 fc) and plants protected until planting. Plant immediately and at grade, and keep that have had all their leaves produced in the nursery under at least root ball, backfill, and surrounding soil evenly moist. Amending 70% to 80% shade. Use a high-quality, soilless medium with 15% the backfill with organic matter is unnecessary although mulch is to 20% air space and 30% to 40% water-holding capacity, avoiding beneficial. organic components that will degrade rapidly. Plant at grade, handling plants carefully to avoid injury, and protect from cold when moving Pruning Palms plants from the transport container to the interiorscape if doing a James Downer winter installation. Irrigate and fertilize judiciously; too much water University of California. Ventura. CA; [email protected] and fertilizer result in poor growth or other problems. Interiorscpe Donald Hodel* palms generally need less water and fertilizer than when grown in University of California, Los Angeles, CA; United States; exterior landscapes. Be aware that irrigation water in winter in some [email protected] locales can be as low as 4.5 °C (40 °F) and can damage palm roots. Consider supplemental artificial light in extremely low-light situ- Dennis Pittenger ations or areas with unusually cloudy winters. Interiorscape palms University of California, Riverside, CA;[email protected] have few diseases. Spider mites, scales, and mealbugs are the most Palms are arborescent, woody monocots that lack the complex problematic pests. Control ants, accept only disease- and pest-free branching structure of other lignophytes yet they still must be pruned palms, practice pest exclusion, and employ simple horticulture to remove unwanted leaves, inflorescences, and, in some instances, sanitation. Periodically prune out old, dead leaves. The most popular trunks. Many palms tend to retain their leaves after they senesce and and best interiorscape species include Caryota mitis (fishtail palm), turn brown. These persistent brown leaves can be unsightly may Chamaedorea elegans (Neanthe bella), C. seifrizii (bamboo palm), harbor vermin, and/or pose an unacceptable fire hazard in urban Howea forsteriana (kentia palm), Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire settings. Inflorescences can be removed if fallen flower or fruit litter palm), and Rhapis excelsa (lady palm). would be a nuisance or hazard. Individual trunks of multi-trunked species can be removed to control height and/or density of the Palm Nutrition and Fertilization clump. Because pruning large palms can be expensive, it is a com- Timothy Broschat* mon practice to remove green as well as brown leaves to extend the University of Florida, Davie, FL; tkbr@ufl.edu Main Author pruning cycle. Removal of green leaves reduces photosynthetic area, Palms growing in containers have similar nutritional requirements creates wounds that are open for fungal infection, and also removes to other tropical ornamental plants and grow well with fertilizers a source of macronutrients. The potential deleterious effects of green having an elemental ratio of 3N:1P2O5:2K20. However, palms grow- leaf removal include increased diseases and nutrient deficiencies, ing in the landscape or field nursery have very different nutritional decreased growth rate, and permanent injury to the main trunk. requirements from dicots and many other monocots. Whereas N is Prune palms neatly and cleanly and avoid creating wounds. Use the primary limiting nutrient element in container production, K, Mn, clean tools and follow general rules of sanitation and safety. Mg, B, and Fe deficiencies are more widespread than N deficiency in Estimating the Water Needs of Landscape Palms most landscape soils. Because palms have a single apical meristem, deficiencies of K, Mn, and B can be fatal. In addition to insufficient Dennis Pittenger* University of California, Riverside, CA;[email protected] nutrients in the soil, palm nutrient deficiencies can be caused by high soil pH, certain types of organic matter, deep planting, poor soil James Downer aeration, cold soil temperatures, and nutrient imbalances. Correction University of California. Ventura. CA; [email protected] of nutritional deficiencies in palms can take from six months to two Donald Hodel years or longer and therefore prevention of deficiencies by proper University of California, Los Angeles, CA; United States; fertilization is important. Research has shown that high N:K ratio [email protected]

1060 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Palms are important and expanding constituents of landscape plant frequently resprout. Although they are woody, palm trunks lack palettes in arid and semi-arid regions. Although supplemental water true bark and, like roots, have no mechanism for secondary growth; is required to establish and maintain healthy and aesthetically ac- thus, they typically remain unbranched, do not thicken once they ceptable palms in these landscapes, there is limited research-based have attained their maximum diameter and elongate vertically, and information on how to irrigate them effectively. Available information wounds do not heal. Trunks are composed of numerous, intercon- on the water requirements of landscape palms is based largely on nected, relatively uniform, fibrous vascular bundles embedded in observational data. In a three year experiment at the University of a matrix of unspecialized, woody ground tissue. This combination California South Coast Research and Extension Center, Irvine, in makes them mechanically efficient and provides for excellent coastal southern California, we irrigated five species of landscape water storage, another benefit in transplanting. Photosynthetic and palms at 0, 25, and 50% of site reference evapotranspiration (ETo). reproductive efforts are aggregated into relatively few organs (ie. Preliminary data show that these species had similar water require- leaves and inflorescences, respectively), providing the opportunity, ments to most other non-palm, woody landscape plants. At 0% of ETo, with a few timely cuts, to capture an entire year s accumulation of Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (king palm) and Trachycarpus leaf and flower/fruit litter. fortunei (Chinese windmill palm) performed poorly but survived and Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm) were mediocre. At 25% Promoting Seed Germination in Ornamental Palms and 50% of ETo A. cunninghamiana and T. fortunei did better but Hector Perez

were still less than optimal. Syagrus romanzoffiana did better but University of Florida, Gainesville, FL;hperez@ufl.edu WORKSHOPS still less than optimal at 25% of ETo while at 50% of ETo it was nearly optimal. Chamaerops humilis (Mediterranean fan palm) and Richard Criley Washingtonia filifera (California fan palm) performed adequately at University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; [email protected] any irrigation level. Other empirical information on the quantitative Carol Baskin water needs of amenity palms will also be presented. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; [email protected] Palms on the Edge! Design and Maintenance Issues Ornamental palms add dimensions of elegance and allure to a range with Palms in Temperate Landscapes of landscape settings. Yet commercial production of well-known species or availability of newly introduced palms is often hampered Michael Schnelle* by delayed and inconsistent germination. Such sporadic germina- Oklahoma Sate University, Stillwater, OK; [email protected] tion is often due to seed dormancy mechanisms. Seed dormancy, Michael Arnold although widespread in the palm family and advantageous from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; [email protected] an ecological perspective, can frustrate the palm grower. This Garry McDonald presentation will focus on various types of dormancy mechanisms Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; [email protected] found in palm seeds and methods to promote germination. Using the Hawaiian palm Pritchardia remota, we show that mechanical An emerging niche in landscape design is the creation of exotic scarification to the bony endocarp of the fruit and hard seed does not venues in commercial and residential settings using unusual plant promote germination. However, rapid (20 to 35 days) and complete materials. Their dramatic, bold foliage and architecture make palms (98% to100%) germination is promoted by removal of embryo unsurpassed for capturing this exotic motif. For instance, palms would covering structures followed by incubation at high temperatures (25 play a primary role in the creation of a tropical looking pool area at a to 35 °C). Germination of seeds within intact fruit is promoted by hotel, a Southwestern look for a Mexican restaurant, or an oasis for complete fruit burial in soil. The implications to palm production the consumer. This presentation will focus on issues related to the of anatomical, morphological, and physiological aspects of seed incorporation of palms in temperate landscapes. Although palms are dormancy will also be addressed. signature plants of tropical regions, a surprising number of species can be grown in USDA cold hardiness zones 8, 7, or colder using a combination of appropriate genotypes, attention to microclimates Workshop 12: in design specifications, and/or special cultural practices to avoid or mitigate the impact of cold temperatures. Cold-tolerant palms Tuesday, 22 July 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 11 can be a critical design element, especially when paired with other lush tropical-appearing plants, to achieve the goal of creating the Student Career Forum: Options, Q&A, . . . illusion of an exotic tropical venue in temperate climate landscapes. Genotypic and site specification, careful attention to establishment Sponsor: Collegiate Activities Committee (CAC) requirements, and modified maintenance practices are critical de- Moderator: Richard L. Harkess terminants for success that will be addressed. Mississippi State University; [email protected] Palm Biology and Implications for Management Objective: to expose students to some of the career options in horticul- Donald Hodel* ture and provide a forum for students to ask questions and get answers University of California, Los Angeles, CA; [email protected] from a panel of professionals in horticulture. Palms differ significantly from other woody landscape plants in Abstract: Students working on a degree in horticulture may not know their anatomy, morphology, and developmental growth features. their career options. Traditional job fairs don t often offer an open Not surprisingly, these biological differences are reflected in their forum for students to ask questions about graduate school, what to cultural needs and unconventional management practices and expect when going on an interview, or what other career options exist. techniques that differ from those of other woody plants. The ad- Representatives from graduate programs and industry will present a ventitious root system is composed of numerous, slender, fibrous short introduction to their program/company. Following the presenta- primary roots that initiate and grow independently and periodically tions, a panel of professionals will answer career related questions from from the root initiation zone at the base of the trunk, reducing the attending students. This workshop will expose students to career options and help ready them as they finish their degrees and prepare the potential for hardscape damage and enabling the successful to enter graduate school or the work force. transplanting of even large specimens with a relatively small root ball. There is no mechanism for secondary growth but cut roots

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1061 Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production II: Workshop 13 Efficient Heating Tuesday, 22 July 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 9 Peter Ling* The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; [email protected] Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production: Heat- For energy efficient plant production during heating seasons, both ing and Heating Alternatives energy conservation and more efficient heat generation should be considered. To conserve energy without adversely affecting the Sponsor: Growth Chambers and Controlled Environment (CE) plant production, interactions between plants and the environment Working Group must be considered. Can other management systems, such as CO2 Chair: Jonathan Frantz control, make up for productivity losses due to decreased tempera- USDA-ARS, Toledo, OH; [email protected] tures? A close look at where the heat is needed and how the heat is lost in a greenhouse can help one to design a more energy efficient Objective: This workshop will discuss the impact of temperature cultural or heating system. Physical principles and performance control on plant growth, current steps in improving heating efficiency of conventional greenhouse energy conservation methods such as in greenhouses, and future heating technologies. double glazing, energy curtain, and insulation, and various heat Abstract: In the greenhouse industry, heating represents one of delivery technologies will be presented as a starting point to en- the largest costs associated with production for much of the U.S. courage audience participation on how heating and plant-growth Reliance on fossil fuels as the primary fuel source has increased this cost systems can be integrated to improve energy efficiency of the significantly in the past five years. Switching to so-called alternative plant production. fuels such as corn or other biomass for combustion have contributed to changing market prices and availability for these materials for Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production III: other industries. This workshop will examine three aspects of efficient Alternative Heating Technologies and Approaches heating for greenhouse production: 1) the impact of changing the Somik Ghose* temperature on plant growth; 2) taking steps to improve efficiencies Center for Innovative Food Technology, Toledo, OH; [email protected] in existing production systems; and 3) what the next generation of efficient heating systems will bring. Alternatives to heating, such as In this module, results will be presented from assessments conducted improved plant growth lighting or utilizing supplemental CO2, will at greenhouse operations to understand their energy usage and be discussed. An open discussion will follow the speaker portion of identify opportunities for efficiency improvements. Information on the workshop. features of greenhouse structures, heating and ventilation systems, lighting systems, energy consumption, and the growing operation Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Production I: is collected from walk-through surveys, review of facility records Optimization of Temperature and Photosynthetic Daily and past utility bills, and discussions with operators. Sensors Light Integral and monitoring equipment are often utilized for additional data. Trends in past energy usage are studied and break-down of total Erik Runkle* energy costs by sections or ranges are performed for comparison Michigan State University. East Lansing. MI; [email protected] and identifying inefficient practices. Engineering calculations and Matthew Blanchard greenhouse heat-loss modeling with tools like Virtual Grower are Michigan State University. East Lansing. MI; [email protected] utilized to estimate potential energy and cost savings, implementa- tion cost and payback periods. This section will conclude with a Greenhouses are used to produce fresh vegetables, herbs, and look to the future at ways greenhouses might recover waste heat, ornamental plants before they would be available from outdoor increase utilization of passive and active solar systems, and take production. Temperature is the primary determinant of plant growth advantage of geothermal heating systems. rates whereas the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) primarily determines harvestable yield and crop quality (e.g., fruit size and flower number). Temperature is manipulated in the production of floriculture crops so that they are marketable for predetermined dates. Increasingly, greenhouse growers are also utilizing photo- Workshop 14: periodic lighting to control flowering of photoperiodic crops and Tuesday, 22 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 12 supplemental lighting to increase growth and crop quality. High energy costs for heating and electricity are necessitating efficient use of temperature and light, particularly in temperate climates. Current Analytical Techniques to Identify We have been investigating how temperature and DLI interact to Nutritionally Important Secondary Metabolites control developmental rates and flowering characteristics of numer- ous herbaceous ornamental crops. We have also been quantifying in Fruit and Vegetable Crops the trade-off that exists between lower temperature setpoints (for Sponsor: Produce Quality, Safety, and Health Properties (QUAL) reduced energy use for heating) and the resultant increase in cropping Working Group times. In some situations, more energy is consumed on a per-crop basis when plants are grown at a lower temperature because crops Moderator: Dean Kopsell have to be heated for a longer period of time. When the ambient The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; [email protected] DLI is low, supplemental photosynthetic lighting can be used to Objective: Fruit and vegetable crops contain a large variety of secondary at least partially offset delayed cropping times from delivery of a metabolites, or phytonutrients, beneficial for human health maintenance lower air temperature. The most energy-efficient and predictable and disease prevention. This workshop will discuss current methods to greenhouse cropping strategies will require dynamic manipulation of identify phytonutrient concentrations in horticultural crops. Speakers photoperiod, DLI, and temperature. Optimal light and temperature will focus on the analytical measurements of carotenoids, flavonoids, conditions will depend on a variety of factors including location, glucosinolates, and general antioxidant capacity (ORAC). time of year, crops grown, energy costs, and opportunity costs. Abstract: Bioactive plant secondary metabolites can be divided into three chemically distinct groups: terpenes, phenolics, and nitrogen-

1062 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 containing compounds. Terpenes (terpenoids), such as carotenoids Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Analysis of and essential oils, are classified by the number of basic structural Carotenoids (Terpenoids) in Fruit and Vegetable Crops 5-carobon (isoprene) units present. Phenolics, such as anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid, are secondary products that contain a phenol Dean Kopsell* group (a hydroxyl functional group on an aromatic ring). Phenolics The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; [email protected] represent nearly 10,000 individual plant compounds. A large number The terpenoids represent the largest class of secondary metoblites. of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, They are generally insoluble in water, and are biosynthesized through and glucosinolates, have nitrogen in their chemical structure and are either the mevalonic acid or methyerythritol phosphate pathways. biosynthesized from common amino acids. Secondary metabolites pos- Classifications of terpenoids are based on the number of 5-carbon sess a wide range of bioactive functions in plants including herbivory isoprene units present in the chemical structures. Carotenoids are defenses, pollinator attraction, and general antioxidant activities. tetraterpenes (40 carbons) derived from the dimerization of two Consumption of fruits and vegetables provides the human diet with geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) molecules. A distinctive many essential vitamins and minerals important for health mainte- characteristic of the carotenoids is their extensive conjugated nance. These crops also contain a myriad of secondary metabolites double-bond system, which serves as the light-absorbing chromo- referred to as phytonutrients. Phytonutrients are broadly defined as food components that elicit profound effects on health maintenance phore responsible for the colors these compounds impart to many and disease prevention. Phytonutrient enhancement of horticultural different foods. The chromophore present in the structure allows crops is a research focus that parallels the effort to increase consump- most carotenoids to absorb light maximally at three wavelengths, WORKSHOPS tion of fruits and vegetables in the diet. The health benefits conferred resulting in characteristic three-peak spectra. The biosynthesis and to consumers with a diet high in fruits and vegetables are many, in- chemical structure of carotenoids create some difficult challenges cluding decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and many types of in the sample preparation, extraction, handling, and measurement cancer. The goal of this workshop is to highlight current methods for techniques. Successful release of carotenoids from the food matrix assessing phytonutrient concentrations in the three chemically distinct is the first challenge. Carotenoids are lipophilic and many differ- secondary metabolite groups. Speakers will discuss current extraction ent organic solvents are used to extract these pigments from plant and analytical measurements of carotenoids (terpenes), flavonoids tissues. Once extracted, highly unsaturated carotenoid compounds (phenolics), glucosinolates (nitrogen-containing compounds), and are very prone to isomerization and oxidation. Conditions that general antioxidant evaluation (ORAC). Discussion will focus on promote isomerization and oxidation (such as heat, light, and the applications of LC, GC, and mass spectroscopy in plant phytonutrient presence of oxygen) are prevalent during analysis, and specific steps assessment, as well as experimental considerations to ensure accurate can be taken to reduce carotenoid degradations. Simple extraction and repeatable results. and sprectrophotometric analysis methods have been outlined by Lichtenthaler (1987). Solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques Polyphenols: Extraction and Analytical Techniques can effectively separate different carotenoid compounds, and Dan MacLean* have been used for compound isolation for calibration purposes. University of Georgia, Tifton, GA; [email protected] Current methodology employs reverse-phase HPLC techniques separating compounds using column bonded phases of different Polyphenols are a large and diverse group of compounds with lengths (C8, C18, C30), which differ in retention ability. Photo- purported benefit for both human and plant health alike. As the diode-array detection (PDA) allows for spectral identification of number of experiments investigating these compounds increase, most carotenoid compounds. Mass sprectrometry (MS) and nuclear a need exists for simple, accurate and robust analytical techniques magnetic resonance (NMR) are also used for structural identifica- to validate such experiments. Due to the structural diversity of tions. Challenges in the analysis of fruit and vegetable carotenoids polyphenols and multitude of technologies available, no universal will be discussed, as will advantages and disadvantages in current protocol exists. Extraction is the first important step, with most analytical methodologies. studies utilizing an alcohol solvent extraction technique. How- ever, alternate methods, such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized liquid Metabolic Analysis of Glucosinolates in Brassica extraction (PLE) should also be considered for specific classes of Vegetables Utilizing GC, HPLC, and Mass phenolics. In order to achieve good extraction efficiency, special Spectroscopy consideration must be given to: the type of tissue to be extracted; T. Casey Barickman* the solvent type and pH; and to the temperature stability, polarity, The University of Tennessee, Plant Sciences Department, Knoxville, and presence of functional groups on the structure(s) of inter- TN; [email protected] est. Once extracted, strategies for separating phenolics include Carl E. Sams classical paper chromatography, new thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique, and the ubiquitous use of reverse-phase C18 The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; [email protected] columns. Furthermore, there are other relatively new approaches Glucosinolates (GS) are nitrogen and sulfur-rich hydrophilic, available, such as high-speed counter-current chromatography nonvolatile phytonutrients that have long been a part of the human (CCC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Detection diet because of the pungent flavor and tastes they elicit in Brassica and quantification is often performed by monitoring absorption vegetables. GS share a chemical structure consisting of a β-D- maximum and spectral characteristics of the phenolics using thioglucose moiety, a sulfate attached through a sulfonated oxime, UV-vis/diode-array detectors. However, online coupling of LC and a variable side chain (R-group). Over the past few decades the with MS (ESI, APCI, or tandem) or NMR is extremely useful for importance of GS has increased following discoveries of their hy- the identification of novel compounds, especially from complex drolysis products, isothiocynates (ITC), as potential anticarcinogens, matrices. By selecting an appropriate extraction and separation crop-protection compounds, and agricultural biofumigants. Given technology for specific polyphenols from the tissue of interest, it the importance of GS, numerous extraction methods and analyti- is possible to identify and quantify the phenolic content of fruits cal methodologies have been published. Typically, extractions are and vegetables, and assist in the validation of experiments inves- carried out at elevated temperatures in mixtures of acetonitrile, tigating the impact of polyphenolic compounds on human health methanol, and water to prevent enzymatic degradation by indigenous and nutrition. myrosinase. The majority of methods analyze GS by reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Desulfo-derivatives are adsorbed

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1063 onto an ion exchange material, followed by enzymatic desulfation considered are: 1) globalization vs. the local-foods movement; 2) labor and eventual elution of the desulfoglucosinolate. A wide range of costs, immigration policies and mechanization; 3) land uses and real concentrations, sample complexity, and loss or alteration of GS estate development pressures; 4) the promise of new biological tools due to sample handling and preparation still remains a challenge. for genetic improvements; 5) improvements in varieties vs. patenting, Mass spectroscopy (MS), coupled to analytical tools, such as LC trademarking and variety restrictions; and 6) government supported and GC, is a preferred tool for identification and characterization research vs. industry-supported research. To face these challenges, of GS, ITC, and other phytonutrients. Analysis of GS by LC-MS researchers of today need to set directions for solving these future is enhanced by the use of an ion-pairing reagent, typically a dilute challenges. This workshop will present perspectives on potential targets acid, to transfer protons to the analyte, resulting in increased degree for future pomological research leading to the Year 2040. of ionization and sensitivity. Detection and characterization of Pomology 2040: Academic Research Trends volatile ITC by GC-MS maybe achieved utilizing solid phase micro extraction (SPME) head space analysis in which GS are hydrolyzed and Small Farm Innovation by indigenous myrosinase and water. Challenges in the analysis of Pomology 2040: Biological Innovation Brassica vegetables will be discussed, as will the advantages and disadvantages in current MS methodologies. Pomology 2040: Overview of Workshop Optimizing the ORAC Assay for Determining the Total Pomology 2040: Private Research Trends and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits and Vegetables Large Scale Innovation Brandon Smith* Presenters: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; [email protected] Peter D. Petracek* Gitika Shrivastava Valent BioSciences Corporation, Long Grove, IL; peter. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN [email protected] Total antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables is often deter- Curt Rom* mined using the oxyradical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The ORAC assay is extremely sensitive and can be used for University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; [email protected] high-throughput analysis, yet there is no standardized protocol. Jim McFerson* A range of reagent concentrations and experimental conditions Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA; mcferso can be found throughout the literature, and it is not clear which [email protected] combinations work best. The ORAC assay involves generating a peroxyl radical by injecting 2,2’ -Azobis(2-amidino-propane) Steven VanNocker* dihydrochloride (AAPH) into wells containing fluorescent dye Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; [email protected] (Fluorescein) and samples buffered with potassium phosphate (pH 7.4). AAPH-induced radical formation will cause fluorescein to become nonfluorescent at 37 °C, and the rate of fluorescence Workshop 16 decay will vary depending on the antioxidant capacity of the sample in the reaction mixture. Antioxidant capacity is calculated Tuesday, 22 July 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 12 as the net area under the curve (sample – blank) and expressed as Trolox (6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic Integration of Sensory Analysis into acid) equivalents. The ORAC assay is commonly used to measure hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, but it can also measure lipophilic Postharvest Research antioxidants by using randomly methylated cyclodextrin (RMCD) as Sponsor: Postharvest (PH) Working Group a solubility enhancer. Introducing RMCD to the assay does increase the solubility of lipophilic compounds, but we have found that it also Moderator: Greg McCollum affects the rate of the reaction. We will discuss a number of factors USDA, ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected] that influence hydrophilic and lipophilic ORAC assays, which will Objective: Provide information regarding basic protocols for sensory include: AAPH temperature and concentration; dye concentration; analysis to those interested in incorporating such studies into posthar- concentration of RMCD; and reaction rate and length of assay. In vest research. addition to ORAC, other assays and techniques for determining antioxidant capacity will be discussed. Abstract: Postharvest researchers typically utilize insturmental mea- surement of parameters related to product quality (chemical composition, texture, color) and ratings of condition (appearance, decay). Although Workshop 15 useful, these measurments do not quantify the sensory characteristics of the product. There is increasing awareness of the value of sensory Tuesday, 22 July 4:00–6:00 pm Salon 9 analysis for defining the impact of postharvest conditions and treat- ments on product quality. Pomology in the Year 2040 Descriptive Analysis of Horticultural Crops Sponsor: Pomology (POM) Working Group Anne Plotto* Chair: Brent Black* USDA-ARS, Winter Haven, FL; [email protected] Utah State University, Logan, UT; [email protected] Sensory profiling is generally used by food companies to understand Objective: This workshop will present perspectives on potential targets the specifics of a product: appearance, aroma, flavor, texture. In de- for future pomological research leading to the Year 2040. scriptive analysis, panelists are trained to identify specific attributes of a sample, and then to rate these attributes using a determined Abstract: Without doubt, pomology will be challenged continually scale. Results of descriptive analysis are most of the time correlated and will need to change accordingly. Among these challenges to be with instrumental measurements to understand which component(s)

1064 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 of the food change(s) a specific sensory characteristic. Ultimately, phase-out was based on methyl bromide’s contribution to the depletion a sensory descriptive profile, together with instrumental data, can of the earth’s stratospheric ozone protection layer. Commodities that help understand the drivers of consumer preference for that product. have been able to continue limited use of methyl bromide due to critical Different methods for descriptive analysis exist and the choice of use exemptions (CUEs) know they will soon lose the use of the product. one method over another depends on panel leader preferences and Growers are thus looking for efficacious and economical alternatives to resources. Horticulturists and postharvest physiologists may not methyl bromide in an effort to maintain their competitiveness in domestic have access to a fully set-up sensory lab. Nevertheless, sensory and international markets. Research has been conducted worldwide to evaluation usually gives useful and complementary information find replacements or replacement systems that offer similar efficacy on the eating quality of a product subjected to several treatments to methyl bromide. It has become obvious that there will likely be no (different cultivars, storage conditions, fertilization treatments, etc). single alternative that will provide the level of broad-spectrum control Basic methods of descriptive sensory analysis will be presented. as methyl bromide, and it appears that successful alternatives will be based on combinations of various pest control strategies. This work Alternative tests, such as ranking tests and free-choice profiling, - shop will present research on alternatives to methyl bromide, includ- used to describe product differences when time and human resources ing conventional fumigant and non-fumigant alternatives, biological are limited will be presented. Furthermore, the challenges of work- control, cultural or cropping system approaches, as well as a growers’ ing with whole fruits and fruit-to-fruit variability, as opposed to experience in dealing with the loss of methyl bromide. processed foods, will also be addressed. WORKSHOPS Integration of Sensory Evaluations into Postharvest Effects of Biofumigants on Pickling Cucumber and Research: Consumer Acceptability and Preference Summer Squash Production in a Site Infested With Testing Phytophthora capsici Charles A. Sims* Mathieu Ngouajio* Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; [email protected] Sensory testing can provide valuable data to document character- Mary K. Hausbeck istics and changes in horticultural products that are important to Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; [email protected] consumers. There are several different types of sensory testing, but James W. Counts, Jr. consumer acceptability/preference testing can be a good method to Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; [email protected] determine if differences between products are perceived as good, Soil-borne diseases including Phytophthora capsici constitute bad, or indifferent. This type of testing involves presenting 2-5 the biggest threat to cucurbit and solanaceaous crops production. products to a large group of panelists (ca. 50-100) and then asking Biofumigation could help improve the rotation system, enhance the panelists to rate their level of acceptability on a scale (usually soil quality, and potentially reduce disease pressure. Unfortunately, the 9-point hedonic scale) or choose the product they like the best few studies have tested its effects on sites infested with soil-borne (paired comparison or ranking). Experimental design is important diseases. Therefore, studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in and it is preferable if all panelists evaluate all the samples in a Michigan to test effects of brassica biofumigants on growth and session. Panelists can be asked to rate the overall acceptability as yield of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus ‘Journey’) and summer well as the acceptability of certain attributes (color, sweetness, etc.). squash (Cucurbita pepo ‘Sunray’) in a site naturally infested with Rating data is analyzed by analysis of variance while preference Phytophthora capsici. Both the plant and fruit of summer squash are data is analyzed by referring to standard tables or analyses such as susceptible to the disease but only the fruit of pickling cucumber are Friedman’s test for ranking data. This type of testing is often used to susceptible. The cover crops used were: oilseed radish (Raphanus determine differences in quality between cultivars, changes is quality sativus ‘Defender’), brown mustard (Brassica juncea ‘Common during postharvest storage, and changes in quality due to preharvest brown’), and oriental mustard (B. juncea ‘Forge’) at 20, 12, and 8 treatments. Since it is best to evaluate all treatments/samples at a Lb/A, respectively. Metam-sodium (Sectagon 42 at 75 gal/A) was session, this may create challenges with experimental designs during used in 2007 as a positive control. A treatment with no cover crop postharvest storage since the treatments/samples may be ripening at was used in both years as negative control. The cover crops were different rates, hence there may be obvious differences in ripeness sown in early April of each year, flail mowed and incorporated in at a specific storage time. the soil in mid to late May, and the crops were direct seeded in mid June. Treatments were rated for plant mortality, fruit rot, yield and postharvest fruit rot. Effects of Phytophthora on summer squash Workshop 17: were remarkable between the two seasons. About 95% of the plants Wednesday, 23 July 8:00–10:00 am Salon 13 & 14 died in 2006 compared to less than 1% in 2007. This contrast was likely due to a dryer season in 2007, a condition less favorable to the development of the disease. The high stand loss in 2006 was Biofumigants and Other Alternatives to observed in all treatments. Summer squash yield in the control Methyl Bromide in Vegetables treatment was lower than the oriental mustard and brown mustard treatments. As expected, pickling cucumber plant stand was not Sponsor: Vegetable Crops Management (VCM) Working Group affected since the plant is resistant to the disease. However, fruit Chair: Alicia Whidden rot was significantly affected by the treatments both at harvest and during storage. In 2007 for example, evaluations conducted at harvest University of Florida/Hillsborough County Extension, Seffner, FL; showed the highest fruit rot (3.4%) in the control treatment and the awhidden@ufl.edu lowest fruit rot (0.2%) in the Sectagon 42 treatment. Fruit rot in the Objective: To review alternative biological, cultural and chemical pest cover crop treatments ranged from 0.6% to 1.2%. This indicates that control strategies as replacements for methyl bromide in vegetable there might be some benefit for using the cover crops but that the crop production systems. cover crops alone cannot provide a performance equivalent to the Abstract: In 1992 the Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed to a commercial fumigant Sectagon 42. During storage, the control treat- phase-out of methyl bromide, a soil fumigant used to control soil-borne ment showed the highest cumulative fruit rot (7.1%) and Sectagon fungi, nematodes, and weeds in more than 100 crops worldwide. The 42 the lowest value (1.4%) three days after harvest. Fruit rot values from the cover crops were lower than values from the control but

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1065 greater than those from Sectagon 42. Our preliminary results show plastic. Although solarization does not control all weeds, pathogens that cover crops could be used to improve cucurbit rotation systems. or nematodes as well as soil fumigation, it is a helpful alternative Differences in Phytophthora incidence between the cover crops and for growers who cannot or choose not to fumigate their soils. We the control were minimal, suggesting that growers should not rely find it is most helpful for small-seeded, shallow-rooted plants that on biofumigation as the only disease management tool. cannot compete well with weeds.

Grafting Cucurbits for Soil-borne Disease Tolerance Methyl Bromide Alternative Systems for the and Added Fruit Quality Southeastern U.S. Richard Hassell* Andrew W. MacRae* Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected] University of Florida, Balm, FL Frederic D. Memmott Current and future adoption of viable methyl bromide (MB) al- Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; [email protected] ternatives will require the development of a pest control system tailored to suit the individual needs of the grower. The selection of Research on watermelon grafting began in the 1920s. Tateishi (1931) the fumigant(s), plastic mulch, and herbicide(s) will be important to mentioned the grafting of watermelon onto pumpkin rootstocks, a the current and future success of the MB alternative system. In the technique that was already well known at the time. But bottle gourd Southeastern U.S., three basic fumigant packages have shown the and wax gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] became a pre- most promising results after a decade of testing. The first package ferred rootstock for watermelon grafting because of their resistance (3-WAY) is the use of a three-way mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene to fusarium wilt, their high affinity for watermelon, and the highly at 118 pounds per broadcast acre (lbs/A) placed 12 inches below stable growth of the plants after grafting (Sato and Takamatsu, 1930; the top of the bed, plus chloropicrin at 150 lbs/A placed at 8 Tateishi, 1931; Matsumoto, 1931; Kijima, 1933; Murata and Ohara, inches below the bed top, and either metam-sodium at 320 lbs/A 1936; and Kijima, 1938). Rootstock-scion combinations reportedly or metam-potassium at 348 lbs/A placed 4 inches below the bed affect pH, flavor, sugar, color, carotenoid content, and texture of top. The second package (Midas) is the use of methyl-iodide plus fruit. As early as 1949, Imazu recommended Cucurbita moschata chloropicrin, formulated as a 50:50 mixture, at 160 lbs/A placed 8 Duchesne ex. Poir as a rootstock, since it confers resistance to inches below the bed top. The third package (Paladin) is dimethyl fusarium wilt and improves plant vigor. He noted however, that disulfide plus chloropicrin, formulated as a 79:21 mixture, at 50 this rootstock caused inferior texture and flavor in grafted ‘Honey gal/A placed 8 inches below the bed top. The 3-WAY package Dew’ (C. melo var. inodorus) fruits. Fortunately, these effects on will require an additional tractor and application rig for the 1,3- quality are not always negative. Davis and Perkins-Veazie (2005) dicloropropene fumigant and an additional coulter system for the reported that some rootstock-scion combinations can increase flesh application of the metam-sodium or metam-potassium. The Midas firmness, along with sugar, and lycopene content in watermelon, and Paladin packages will require a minimum of adjustments to demonstrating that quality traits can be improved by selecting root- the producer’s fumigation. Selection of the plastic mulch to fit stock-scion combinations that complement each other. Rootstocks with each of these packages will be dependent on the grower’s have a drastic impact on the scion, considering that they can enhance preference and the environmental conditions present at the time of plant vigor, improve disease resistance, improve tolerance of low fumigation. Herbicide selection will aid in control of difficult weeds soil temperatures and/or salinity, and improve attainment of soil while extending the sustainability of the fumigant chosen. We are nutrients and water. The main problems associated with grafting hopeful that the use of these three fumigant packages in conjunc- are the time and labor required, cost, rootstocks rendered ineffective tion with the numerous available plastic mulches and the several by the occurrence of newly migrated soil-borne diseases or pests, herbicides currently registered will allow for many MB alternative and changes in fruit quality. Grafted seedlings are more expensive systems to be developed to suit individual growers. While each than non-grafted seedlings, reflecting the added costs involved in system is still under development, with future research, we hope to the grafting operation and the rootstock seeds, which are often F 1 refine the system to become more efficacious on problematic pest hybrids. For farmers, it is difficult to provide the intensive care species, economical to implement, and sustainable over numerous required to raise newly grafted plants, often requiring the added years of crop production. cost of a transplant facility.

Solarization From a Grower’s Perspective Nancy Roe* Workshop 18: Farming Systems Research, Inc., Boynton Beach, FL; [email protected] Wednesday, 23 July 8:00–10:00 am Salon 9 Soil solarization has been used on some section of this vegetable farm in Boynton Beach, FL, for more than 15 years. The soil is a Horticulture in Asia: Opportunities and Challenges Myakka sand and irrigation is by subsurface seepage method. The fallow period for vegetable growers in south Florida is summertime. for Collaborative Research and Education So, although there can be rainy periods, the weather is warm and Sponsor:Working Group of Asian Horticulture (WGAH) there are generally high levels of solar radiation. The solarization plastic is applied using the same machine that is used to apply plastic Moderator: Zhanao Deng mulch. Since we use a wider plastic than growers in most other University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; zdeng@ufl.edu areas, it is sometimes difficult for us to find solarization plastic in Objective: Provide attendees with a timely update on the recent the size that we need. We solarize for at least 6 weeks, usually ap- developments in horticulture, horticultural research and education plying the clear polyethylene in early-mid July and removing it as in Asia, to provide a forum for sharing knowledge, information, and the beds are needed for planting, in late August or Sept. Although experience among those who are interested in horticulture in Asia or solarization does suppress much of the early weed growth, later in collaborating with horticulturists in Asia, and to promote collabora- in the season the deeper weed seeds will germinate. The biggest tions among horticulturists in United States and Asia. problems we have had are holes or tears in the plastic. Nutsedge (Cyperus sp.) or grasses sometimes poke through the plastic and Abstract: Enriched with a great diversity of germplasm resources, birds may peck through it to eat insects which they see under the crops, cultivation systems, and products, horticulture has deep roots in Asian history and culture. For centuries, people in many Asian countries

1066 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 have depended heavily on horticulture for their health and wealth. tion and consumption is there predicted and a conserve estimation Recent economic growth has spurred a rapid advance of horticulture in of annual increase for next decade is about 20% to 25%. As the many Asian countries. Demands for high-quality horticultural products origin of many oriental Vitis species, China has been using wild are strong; interests in introduction and development of outstanding grapes for breeding new varieties and cultivation in some areas. cultivars as well as efficient production and processing technologies are Many Universities and Agricultural Research Institutions have high; and governmental agencies and industrial entities have increased viticulture research programs. At least three Agricultural Universi- funding for research and higher education. All these factors have led ties in China (China Agriculture University, Northwestern Science to an unprecedented expansion in horticultural research and a drastic and Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry, Shandong increase in student enrollment in many Asian countries. This expansion Agriculture University) have established former training programs has also created remarkable opportunities for researchers and educa- and offered bachelor degree in Viticulture and Enology, and several tors in the United States and other developed countries in the West for more “Community Colleges” offer diploma with 2-3 year training collaborative research, student training, and international consulting. Nevertheless, the differences between the East and the West in history, curriculum. Research funding has been drastically increased during culture, geography, climate, and other aspects have resulted in unique last few years. This presentation will discuss potential opportunities experiences and challenges to those who pioneered collaboration of of collaboration on viticulture / enology research and training due this nature. In this workshop, speakers who are knowledgeable of to the rapid growth of grape and wine industry, and utilization of the horticulture in Asia or have been collaborating with horticulture Chinese wild grapes in conjunction with general and uniqueness researchers and educators in Asia will discuss recent developments of the viticulture practice in China. WORKSHOPS and potential opportunities in horticulture, horticultural research and education in Asia, and share their experience with attendees. Current Tendency of Horticulture in Japan, Especially Focused on Intensive Fruit Culture One American Horticulturist’s Asian Citrus Keizo Yonemori* Adventures Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; [email protected] Frederick G. Gmitter, Jr.* One of the most important characteristics of horticulture in Japan University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL; fgmitter@ufl.edu is the intensive cultural practice. Even in fruit growing, protected Citrus is a native to Asia, so it has been natural for this American cultivation in greenhouse is sometimes a common practice for har- citrus breeder and geneticist to seek and develop relationships vesting good quality fruits. In Japan, the appearance of the fruit is with Asian citrus scientists. Numerous interactions with scientists an important factor in the market, as well as the fruit qualities. To and several visits to Asia have taken place through the past 23 achieve this, several unique cultural practices have been developed years of my career. There have been many interesting opportu- for each fruit crop in Japan, as shown in this report. The leading fruit nities to advance research agendas mutually; some have been crops in Japan are citrus (mainly Satsuma mandarin), apple, Japanese very fruitful, others less so. This presentation will discuss the pear, persimmon, grape, peach, and Japanese apricot. Satsuma man- benefits that have accrued to both sides in collaborations, as well darin, Japanese pear, persimmon, and Japanese apricot are unique as some of the challenges that result from interactions between fruit commodities compared with Western countries. In addition, the different and ever changing cultures. The perspective taken in purpose of grape cultivation is not the same as in Western countries. this presentation will be that of the potential value to American Almost all of the grape production consumed as table grapes, so horticulturists that can result from nurturing good relationships that several new grape cultivars have been bred in Japan, includ- with Asian horticultural colleagues. ing some tetraploid cultivars with big sizes of the berries (13-15 g/berry). The breeding of the fruit crops is the important part for fruit The Recent Development of Grape and Wine Industry industries in Japan. This is conducted mainly in National Institute in China: a Booming Industry and Research/Training of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS). NIFTS has four stations excluding headquarters in Tsukuba, and breeding projects is progressing in Opportunities NIFTS for fruit industries. Some public experimental stations are Jiang Lu* also doing several breeding works for fruit crops. Currently, new Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL; [email protected] varieties for each fruit crop are releasing from these projects, as Yali Zhang shown in this report. The activities of our Society for Horticultural China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Science (JSHS) also will be described in this report. Jun Wang The Full Bloom of the China Floriculture industry China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Feixiong Liao Chang-Qing Duan Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; China Agricultural University, Beijing, China [email protected] There are 115 million acres of vineyard in production in China, Jianjun Chen* which is ranked fifth among the top viticulture countries. Differ- University of Florida, Apopka, FL; jjchen@ufl.edu ing from other major grape producers, 75% of grape produced Xuliang Chen in China is being used for fresh fruit, which makes China as the Flower Office of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China; [email protected] largest table grape producer world wide. Though only 15% (about 150,000 acres) of the vineyard in China is for wine grapes, the Xuandong Ke wine business has been rapidly growing in last few years. Do- Flower Office of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China; [email protected] mestic production apparently can not meet the overall needs and China’s floriculture industry is now in full bloom. The nationwide demands from the premier wine market, a good portion of wine production area in 1984 was about 14,000 ha with a wholesale value is therefore imported, and importation has been rapidly increased of 0.85 billion U.S. dollars. By the end of 2006, the production area during last few years. For example, China imported 147,000 tons reached 722,136 ha with a wholesale value of over 70 billion U.S. of wine in 2007, which was accounted for about 22% of total wine dollars. The rapid increase in floral crop production is attributed consumed in China. Even with the total wine consumption reaching to the government’s policy of regionalization of plant production 700,000 tons annually, it is only accounted for 1% of total liquor and is in parallel with the remarkable growth of China’s national consumption in China. A continuous rapid growth of wine produc-

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1067 economy. Yunnan and Guangdong provinces produce 51.5% of the pecially cruciferous crops. The early use of male-sterility and self country’s cut flowers. Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces produce incompatibility system in hybridization and cultivar development 39.7% of potted flower plants. Guangdong province also produces in crops like Chinese cabbage and radish has been well recognized. 41.7% and 51.1% of the country’s foliage plants and bonsai plants, Most vegetables are intensively grown either in the field with plastic respectively. Northeast provinces specialize in Clivia miniata pro- mulching or in the greenhouse. Some major crops like watermelon, duction. Fujian province produces a wide variety of narcissuses. tomato, and chili pepper are grown from seedling-grated plants. The main cut flowers are roses, chrysanthemums, carnations, and Research on greenhouse production, including hydroponic, NFT, or gladioluses. Popular potted flower plants are orchids, chrysanthe- substrate culture system, is active to facilitate year-round supply of mums, poinsettias, Easter lilies, and other bulbous plants. Aroids, fresh vegetables to the general public who consume more than 200 bromeliads, ferns, and dracaenas are among the more popular foli- kg per capita annually. Post-harvest processing and packaging are age plants. In addition to a brief introduction to the industry, this well developed for vegetables, fruits, and such medicinal plants as presentation will also cover the current production and marketing the Korean ginseng. Application of traditional and biotech methods systems, major floriculture-related research areas at Chinese univer- to increase yield and quality of fruits and ornamental crops is ac- sities and institutes as well as the challenges faced by the Chinese tively pursued. Public and private funding for horticultural research floriculture industry. has increased substantially in recent years. Financial support for graduate studies to domestic and international students is bounti- Horticultural Plants and Horticulturists of China ful. Opportunities for international cooperation and exchange for Donglin Zhang* horticultural research are on the rise. The unique tradition, current University of Maine, Orono, ME; [email protected] status, and trends of horticultural research activities in Korea will be discussed during the workshop. Four years ago, China operated Shanghai Maglev Train, which ground speed could reach 501 km/hr. Today, the development of An Overview of Horticultural Projects in Asia China in all areas is the same as her ground transportation, at the speed between bicycles (16 km/hr) and maglev train. Horticulture is Michael Schnelle* not an exception. I have explored Chinese plants with great horticul- Oklahoma Sate University, Stillwater, OK; [email protected] tural potentials for at least 10 months since 2002. During my trips, I also had the opportunities to exchange ideas with many Chinese Vegetable Industry and Research In Asia horticulturists. China indeed nourishes many potential horticultural J.D.H. Keatinge* plants, which could be introduced to the rest of the world and im- AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan; prove our daily life. From heirloom vegetables to diversity of fresh [email protected] fruits, from living fossil, dawn redwood, to newly discovered red Greater consumer demand and changing requirements of more magnolia, from traditional teaoil camellia to 27 new golden camellia sophisticated customers offers an opportunity for the vegetable species, China has so many new horticultural crops to offer. With industry in Asia. Low costs, enriched diversity and year-round pressure of habitat loss, it is imperative that we should preserve availability give some countries a competitive advantage. China, these natural treasures and manage to bring them to the worldwide the world’s largest vegetable producer, accounts for 75% of Asia’s attention. Chinese horticulturists, such as Jinyu Chen (mei flower), output. Rapid increases in international trade also create challenges Huairui Shu (apple), Mingzhu Wu (melon), Xiuxin Deng (citrus), (e.g. movement of pests and diseases, stringent quality and health Hongwen Huang (kiwi), and Qixiang Zhang (ornamentals), have standards). Often vegetables are inadequately graded, washed or contributed tremendously on major horticultural crop germplasm packaged. Lack of cold storage and other infrastructure makes collection and breeding. With so many minor horticultural crops, transportation of perishable vegetables difficult with fresh prod- China needs to educate many more horticultural professionals and ucts often unable to meet export standards. In India, $5-12 billion invests more capitals for horticultural research and development. (U.S.) is lost annually from improper postharvest management General public knows little of horticultural research findings and and lack of cold chain facilities. Food safety is a serious concern, national extension service should be established for helping and as vegetables often have high levels of pesticide residues, heavy educating horticultural crop growers and consumers. Recent ad- metals and other contaminants. Farmers’ knowledge on seeds and vances in Chinese horticulture mean opportunities. It is right time appropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers is often poor due to to explore your niche fields in China and collaborate with Chinese weak extension services and inadequate quality regulation of inputs. horticulturists. Together, we can bring much better horticultural AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center develops vegetable breed- products for our challenging world. ing lines and technologies. Over 75% of Asian seed companies use Tradition and Trends of Horticultural Research in the Center’s improved lines; the Center works closely in several public-private partnerships. New crops and geographical foci offer Korea more opportunities for impact but also additional challenges. These Chiwon W. Lee* are addressed by participation in global networks and platforms North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; [email protected] which allow the Center to position itself on vegetable germplasm Seong Koo Lee conservation, breeding, production, postharvest and nutrition-related Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; [email protected] activities to reduce poverty and malnutrition. Collaborative efforts between global partners are necessary to deliver the knowledge and Korea has a rich history of horticultural practices and innovations. technologies which are essential to advance vegetable production, Horticultural crops grown are highly diversified with their distribu- marketing and consumption in Asia. tion from temperate to subtropical climates. With a long tradition of research and development, some of the notable accomplishments include the breeding and genetic improvement of vegetables, es-

1068 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Workshop 19: Workshop 21: Wednesday, 23 July 8:00–10:00 am Salon 6 Wednesday, 23 July 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 9

If I Use That on My Crop, Can I Sell It? Developing a Teaching Module on An Exploration of Organic Amendments Human Issues in Horticulture Sponsor: Waste Utilization in Horticulture (WUH) Working Group Sponsor: Human Issues in Horticulture (HIH) Working Group Moderator: William Evans Moderator: Candice Shoemaker Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS; [email protected] Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; [email protected] Objective: Present and discuss the influences of various regulations, Objective: Develop a teaching module on human issues in horticulture stakeholders, and product characteristics on the use and suitability of for use in introductory horticulture classes. A secondary objective is manures, composts and organic fertilizers in horticulture. to provide a forum for discussion and an exchange of ideas for faculty that work in the area of human issues in horticulture, be it in teaching, Abstract: The relationship of organic amendments and fertilizers extension, or research. to crop safety has never been a more important consideration in the WORKSHOPS produce industry than it is today. Laws and regulations require certain Abstract: What is “human issues in horticulture?” Is it currently manures, composts, and fertilizers be used only in certain ways, or not being taught in our horticulture curricula? If so, in what capacity? used at all. Wholesale buyers of food products have their own unique If not, should it be? This workshop will begin with a brief overview policies regarding the use of organic amendments and fertilizers in on the history of human issues in horticulture and a panel discussion the production of the food products they purchase. Consumers have from instructors currently teaching on this subject. The workshop demands and perceptions that impact what amendments and fertil- will conclude with a working session to develop a teaching module izers a grower should and should not use to produce a crop. Growers on human issues in horticulture that could be used in introductory also have their own perspectives and objectives when using organic horticulture classes. amendments and fertilizers. In this workshop, the relationship of these groups and their requirements when it comes to organic amendment utilization will be explored. The workshop is designed to help audi- Workshop 22: ence members understand and appreciate the viewpoints and roles of each stakeholder in determining how organic materials should be Wednesday, 23 July 3:30–5:00 pm Salon 9 managed on the farm. Irrigation in a Future of Limited Water Supplies: Making Every Drop Count Workshop 20: Sponsor: Water Utilization and Management (WUM) Working Group Wednesday, 23 July 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 Moderator: Joseph Albano USDA-ARS-U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL; Achieving the Promise of Transgenic and [email protected] Genomic Horticultural Crops Objective: Speakers in this workshop will discuss and demonstrate Sponsor: Crop Physiology (CRPP) Working Group new software and hardware technologies for use in irrigation schedul- ing to maximize both crop production and water conservation, and Moderator: Thomas Björkman discuss the process for reclaiming and using municipal wastewater Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] for horticultural crop production. Objective: The goal of this workshop is for physiologists and ge- Abstract: The production of horticultural crops, regardless of com- nomicists to be able to have a greater likelihood that their transgenic modity, requires at the most basic level, light and water. While the or genomic technology will be adopted in horticulture. sun will rise tomorrow, the prospects for rain are less certain. The occurrence of droughts and the increasing demands on water resources Abstract: Transgenic or genomic projects to alter physiological pro- from municipal entities, presents both challenges and opportunities cesses have produced several horticultural products. Some have found a for horticultural enterprises in a future of limited supplies of irrigation place in the market and some have not. This workshop will explore why water. The challenge that horticulture faces is efficiently using every many promising projects have hit insurmountable obstacles, and how drop of water, and to meet this challenge, new tools and technologies those obstacles were avoided or overcome in successful projects. to assist growers on when and how to irrigate, are required. The op- portunity for horticulture is a relatively “untapped” supply of irriga- Tomatos With Greater Solids Yield through QTL tion water in the form of treated municipal wastewater. Meeting these Introgression challenges and exploring new opportunities in horticultural irrigation John W. Scott* will promote both water conservation and environmental stewardship; University of Florida, Wimauma; jwsc@ufl.edu ensuring sustainable irrigation into the future. Simulation Tool for Estimating Irrigation Virus Resistant Transgenic Summer Squash Requirements in Container Nurseries Marc Fuchs* Jeff Million* Cornell University; Geneva, NY; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; jmillion@ufl.edu ‘HoneySweet’ Plum-pox Resistant Plum Tom Yeager University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; yeagert@ufl.edu Ralph Scorza* USDA–ARS, Kearneysville, WV A simulation tool has been developed which, based upon location (weather) and management practices, estimates container crop

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1069 growth and associated irrigation and nutrient requirements. Using and the industries and sciences evolve, so too should these activities. a web-based interface to run simulations, we will demonstrate how The Teaching Methods Working Group will host a panel discussion the simulation tool might help growers and water managers make on the use of co-curricular activities as part of the teaching-learning informed decisions regarding irrigation and runoff management experience of 21st century higher education. Panelists will present and to conserve resources in container nurseries. The strengths and discuss topics including using teams and competitions to supplement limitations of using the tool for irrigation scheduling in the nursery classroom learning, studying abroad, service learning, and providing will be discussed. diverse activities for diverse purposes and students. Panelists will pres- ent information from their own institutional experience and knowledge Opportunities and Challenges of Using Wireless base. The discussions will try to resolve questions of the validity and Sensor Networks in Ornamental Production justification of credit and noncredit student activities in the academic environment, especially in times of tightening academic economies. John D. Lea-Cox* Audience participation and discussion will be encouraged. University of Maryland, College Park, MD; [email protected] We have deployed and are evaluating two wireless sensor networks to provide real-time data for irrigation management, and to reduce Workshop 24: nutrient leaching from the rootzone in ornamental production envi- ronments. We are using a commercially-available sensor network Wednesday, 23 July 3:30–6:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 to monitor water, soluble nitrogen and phosphorus applications, soil temperature and photosynthetically-active radiation data, and Established and Emerging Tropical Fruits: New the growth of two tree species in a field (soil) production environ- ment. Additionally, a research sensor network is being used to Cultivars and New Species for the U.S. Consumer monitor and control irrigation water applications and the leaching Sponsor: American Pomological Society of nutrients from soilless substrates, in the container-production of four ornamental species. We will discuss the features and cost of Moderator: Ed Stover each sensor network, illustrate the data gathering capabilities and USDA-ARS-USHRL, Fort Pierce, FL; [email protected] discuss data management issues. We will also discuss the instal- Objective: Market interest in tropical fruits continues to grow. Mangoes lation, challenges and the utility of these networks for real-time have joined bananas, pineapples, and avocados as commonplace in decision making by nursery and greenhouse growers. U.S. diets. New varieties of these standards are on grocery shelves, and unfamiliar species sporadically tempt the adventurous. This workshop Reclaiming Water for Horticulture: City of Orlando will establish a context for current tropical fruit standards and will and Orange County, FL, Conserv II Project explore the new frontier. Robert Cadle* Abstract: Tropical fruits have long excited the imaginations and City of Orlando, FL palates of people living in temperate countries. Bananas became Reclaimed water has the potential of being a significant supply of commonplace in the few decades ending the 19th century since they irrigation water in the future as distribution networks in communities were so amenable to shipping and marketing. Pineapples made the are developed. The direct benefit from using reclaimed water is crop transition from canned-only to routine fresh availability and avocados, production, but there are also significant environmental benefits for mangoes, and papayas rapidly joined them as routine grocery products communities. This includes the protection of ecosystems sensitive in the last two decades of the 20th century. Affluence and affordable jet to eutrophication by limiting nutrient-rich wastewater discharge, freight have made it possible for many U.S. consumers to periodically and the conservation of potable drinking water that may have been sample delights such as Annona species (cherimoyas and atemoyas), used for irrigation. The process of reclaiming water, its quality, carambolas, lychees, longans, pitayas, and passionfruit. In addition, and suitable uses will be discussed. distinctive cultivars of the staple tropicals are finding their way to market. The future seems likely to offer an even greater variety of tropical fruits which will be explored in this session. The workshop will be followed by a tasting of some of these fruits and the American Workshop 23: Pomological Society business meeting. Wednesday, 23 July 3:30–5:30 pm Salon 11 Introduction and Overview Ed Stover* The Out-of-Class Experience: The Teaching-Learn- USDA-ARS-USHRL, Fort Pierce, FL; [email protected] ing Experience Through Co-curricular Activities. Do They Support the Mission or Dilute the Focus? Assessment of Selected Tropical Fruits from Florida Jonathan Crane* Sponsor: The Teaching Methods (TCHG) Working Group Univ. of Fla., IFAS, TREC, Homestead, FL; jhcr@ufl.edu Moderator: Curt Rom Florida’s tropical fruit industry has continued to evolve with University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; [email protected] new plantings of current crops like avocado, mango, papaya and Abstract: Ideally, the “educational experience” should have two passionfruit, removal and replacement of others like lychee and component parts: Education and Experience. Some of the experiences annonas, and planting of new crops like pitaya. In the recent past that complement education and from which students learn are provided the avocado industry has planted early season avocado cultivars within the structure and confines of the classroom and laboratory. but now, is seeking late season cultivars which have the potential However, other experiences that can be equally educational and for high prices. The mango acreage has been declining for over contribute to the intellectual and professional development of horti- 15 year but now new interest and plantings are being established culture students happen outside of the formal classroom. For years, for the fresh niche green and mature markets which demand horticulture and plant science departments across the country have green-fruit and non-quarantine treated mature fruit in specialty had clubs and teams that emphasize learning by seeing and doing. As markets. Papaya acreage for the green and fresh market has in- the horticulture vocations and student body becomes more diverse, creased slightly with the potential to increase promising if new

1070 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 genetically modified clones are approved for release. Passionfruit Exploring the Unexplored in the Caribbean: Emerging acreage nearly disappeared during the mid- to late 1990s/early Fruit Crops in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, 2000s but there has been a resurgence in acreage due to good prices and Haiti for high quality fruit. Competition, continued unreliable fruiting, and insect problems have caused a sharp acreage decline in the J. Pablo Morales-Payan* previously increasing lychee industry. Sugar apple and atemoya University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; acreage remain very small despite good demand for these fruits in [email protected] ethnic markets. Pitaya acreage has increased sharply due to good The Caribbean archipelago is a mosaic of languages, cultures, prices and marketing. Minor market for black sapote, canistel, and and cuisines, resulting in differential preferences for fruits and caimito remain unchanged. other foods. All the Caribbean islands are either current or poten- tial fruit exporters to the USA, Canada, Europe and other higher The Tropical Fruit and Nut Collections and Research income markets. Several fruit crops have remained commercially at the USDA/ARS Pacific Basin Agricultural Research important (although with ups and downs) in many Caribbean Center Tropical Plant Genetic Resources Management islands throughout most of the 20th century, and may remain Unit economically important for decades to come. Alongside the well established and sometimes acreage-static traditional crops such as Francis Zee*

mango, avocado, pineapple, orange, and banana, new or emerging WORKSHOPS USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI; crops are developing in the Caribbean. Puerto Rico, and Haiti, [email protected] and the Dominican Republic represent different versions of such Tracie K. Matsumoto Brower developments. There is a group of emerging fruit crops in Puerto USDA-ARS, Hilo, HI Rico, such as quenepa or Spanish lime (Melicoccus bijugatus), rambutan, and pana (Artocarpus altilis), with high demand and The Tropical Plant Genetic Resource Management Unit in Hilo, increasing acreage. Mangosteen, pitaya, and giant granadilla Hawaii, formerly known as the USDA/ARS National Clonal (Passiflora quadrangularis) are among the newcomers with great Germplasm Repository is responsible for an important collec- potential. Strawberry (mostly in protected structures) and peach are tion of tropical fruit and nut germplasm for the National Plant seen as alternative crops for the cool-weather highlands. There is Germplasm System (NPGS). In addition to efforts in maintenance, increasing interest in the production of organic tropical fruit crops characterization and distribution of designated crop germplasm, in Puerto Rico. In Haiti, the acreage under established crops such we contributed to the diversified agriculture industry in Hawaii as as banana and citrus has been expanding, whereas the acreage of a Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC) unit. Our mango, avocado and coconut remains rather static. Other fruit crops success in developing methods in flowering management of lychee grown commercially but not as economically important include and longan resulted from our need for flowers and fruits from these papaya, pineapple, cashew, passion fruit, and giant granadilla. subtropical fruit for the characterization and authentication of acces- Guava is among the minor crops recently expanding in acreage. sions; a challenge in the warm rainy tropical environment. Methods International organizations for rural development have been test- for managing flowering of lychee and longan have allowed the ing and supporting the expansion non-traditional fruit crops in tropical fruit industry in Hawaii to improve production reliability. Haiti, such as dwarf golden apple (Spondias cytherea), Malay The next step is to explore for low-chill lychee germplasm. Other apple (Syzygium malaccense), rambutan, and passion fruit, and lesser known crops such as pili nut and Ohelo berry are identified macadamia. In the Dominican Republic, traditionally small fruit as potential additions to the tropical fruit cornucopia. crops such as Persian lime, giant granadilla, guava, and papaya Commercialization of Mangosteen in the United have been increasing in acreage and value. After years of decline, States: Domestic Cultivation, Imports and Marketing passion fruit acreage has been increasing, mostly for the exportation market. Dwarf golden apple is also a new crop with large potential David Karp* for exportation. Pitaya and quenepa are being developed for local University of California, Riverside, CA and exportation markets. Macadamia acreage in the Dominican Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is legendary for its juicy, highlands is expanding, mainly for the local ice cream market. delicate flesh and sweet-tart flavor, but commercial cultivation Also in the highlands, there is interest and potential for strawberry, and marketing in the United States started just recently. Native to apple, peach, kaki and plums. There is a vibrant and expanding Indonesia and Malaysia, mangosteen trees require a fully tropi- organic fruit crop sector in the Dominican Republic. cal climate and cannot be grown commercially in the contiguous United States; but in the 1990s, small plantings were established Collecting Pouterias (Pouteria spp.), Sapodilla in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (30 and 4 hectares, respectively), some (Manilkara zapota), and Caimito (Chrysophyllum of which are beginning to bear fruit. Mangosteen orchards also cainito) for the Creation of New Markets have been planted in Mexico and Central America. Because fresh Richard Campbell* mangosteens can harbor quarantine pests, the USDA’s Animal and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden,Coral Gables, FL; rcampbell@fairc Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) until recently prohibited hildgarden.org their being brought from the main producing countries in Southeast Asia, or from Hawaii, to the U.S. mainland. In June 2007 APHIS Gary Zill published a final rule allowing the importation of fresh mangosteen Campo Verde de la Familia, Jesus Maria, Costa Rica irradiated at a minimum dose of 400 gy from Thailand, which leads Juan Carlos Herrera the world in production (207,300 metric tons in 2005). When Thai Campo Verde de la Familia, Jesus Maria, Costa Rica imports by air shipment began in January 2008, the fruit appeared The pouterias, sapodilla and caimito are all members of the family to tolerate this dose well, and the wholesale price in Los Angeles Sapotaceae native to Central America. These fruit are important was $15 a kilogram; larger volumes and lower prices are antici- local commodities throughout Tropical America, and with sapodilla, pated for the main Thai season, April to June. Retailers selling the in Tropical Asia as well. These crops have considerable potential fruit included both Asian and mainstream supermarkets, although in the Americas and throughout the tropical world as local and irradiation deterred export commodities; however, considerable obstacles remain

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1071 for horticultural management. Furthermore, genetic resources mango industry in the decade to come. Annual orchard pruning, are poorly understood and generally lacking for the systematic nitrogen management and the use of bloom-inducing chemicals are development of these crops. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden increasingly impacting the grower s ability to achieve quality and (FTBG) located in Coral Gables, FL, USA has been active in the thus profitability. New cultivars suitable for the industry must also collection of these crops for the past 15 years throughout Central be weighed against these management issues to allow the grower America. Collecting has concentrated on collaboration with local to remain profitable. The trend in the industry is a vertical integra- contacts in Costa Rica and Nicaragua who are directly involved tion from the field to the market. New cultivars, either patented in the harvesting and marketing of local fruit. Such collaborations or trademark protected, are integrated into relationships between have allowed for the identification, collection and importation specific producers and importing companies. These relationships of superior selections of each of these crops, nearly exclusively allow for accountability within the market and greater involvement from seedling trees within home gardens on the Pacific Coast of of the grower(s) in the direction of the industry. Significant chal- Costa Rica and Nicaragua. New collections of the pouterias have lenges remain for the identification and testing of new cultivars in concentrated on 3 species (Pouteria sapota, P. viridis, P. fossicola) different regions and climatic conditions and for the creation of and possibly hybrids among them. Emphasis has been placed on international standards for import and export. selections for the fresh market with superior production, fruit quality and horticultural traits of the tree. With sapodilla an emphasis has been placed on the selection of superior fresh fruit and also trees Workshop 25: with superior horticultural traits. Caimito collections have been more modest due to difficulty in propagation, and the emphasis Thursday, 24 July 8:00–10:00 am Salon 12 has been on the selections of superior fresh fruit. Collections have also been made of other species in the Sapotaceae with potential as rootstocks for commercial use. It’s a Weedy World . . . And in Horticulture, We Strive to Handle It The National Plant Germplasm System: Sponsor: Weed Control and Pest Management (WCPM) Working The Case of the Subtropical and Tropical Germplasm Group Repositories in Miami, FL, and Mayaguez, PR Chair: J. Pablo Morales-Payan Tomas Ayala-Silva* University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; USDA/ARS, National Germplasm Repository, Subtropical Horticul- [email protected] tural Research Station, 1, Miami, FL; [email protected] Raymond Schnell Objective: To present advances in research and ideas on weed manage- ment in sustainable and organic systems for horticultural crops. USDA, ARS, Miami, FL Alan W. Meerow Abstract: Weeds remain one of the big hurdles in horticultural sys- tems, and more so for organic growers who cannot use conventional USDA, ARS, Miami, FL heribicides and for sustainable growers that have to rely on fewer her- Germplasm collections are viewed as a source of genetic diversity bicides. Lowering herbicide rates and enhancing their efficacy, as well to maintain crop development and botanical research, as well as as improving weed suppression with alternative management practices conservation efforts. The United States Department of Agriculture’s is a topic of continuing importance for horticultural researchers and National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for growers. This workshop is intended to present advances in methods for managing plant genetic resources in the United States. This paper reducing herbicide use, mulches, organic amendments and teas, and considers the fruits and nuts collections (genetic resources) held by weed suppression under conservation tillage in horticultural crops. two of the subtropical and tropical clonal germplasm repositories. They are the Subtropical Horticultural Research Station (SHRS) Introduction to the Workshop in Miami, FL (4,800 accessions), and the Tropical Agriculture J. Pablo Morales-Payan* Research Station (TARS) in Mayaguez, PR (855 accessions). The University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; NPGS research programs are dedicated to answering questions that [email protected] help curators conserve and manage genetic resources in a more effective and cost-efficient manner. Also, some of the ongoing Experiences on Organic Vegetable Weed Control in research on safeguarding these collections and the procedures for Oklahoma requesting and distributing germplasm are confer here. James Shrefler* Redefining an Ancient Crop: Oklahoma State University, Lane, OK; jim.shrefl[email protected] The Future of the Mango Sustainable and Organic Weed Control Programs in Richard Campbell* Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden,Coral Gables, FL; rcampbell@fairc Small Fruits. hildgarden.org Timothy Miller* Washington State University at Mount Vernon Commercial mango growers in the Western Hemisphere are facing ever increasing challenges for profitability with export cultivars such as ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Haden’, ‘Kent’, ‘Keitt’ and ‘Ataulfo’. Organic Amendments for Weed Suppression in The entry of the yellow-skinned ‘Ataulfo’ into the export market Horticultural Crops has opened new doors and focused attention on the search for new Milton E. McGiffen, Jr.* varieties that will return the industry to a profitable status. Other University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA; [email protected] species besides Mangifera indica have been collected in Southeast Asia and successfully cultivated within the genetic collection of More Bite to Bark Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in South Florida. These species Hannah Mathers* in combination with proprietary mango varieties, the result of over The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; [email protected] 20 years of collecting and breeding, will redefine the commercial

1072 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 Potential of Alternative Mulches for Weed Suppression savvy needed to successfully navigate foreign adventures. Erin Rosskopf* Abstract: Opportunities in overseas organic horticultural consulting USDA/ARS, Fort Pierce, FL; [email protected] are a continuing need that requires special skills. Organic agricultural sales increased to a $15 billion in the U.S. in 2005 and continue to Impact of Cover Crops on Weed Populations in expand 20% annually. Current estimates place the value of organic Vegetable Cropping Systems and Implications for agriculture at $25 billion worldwide. Increasing interest in organic Crop Management agriculture from less developed countries (LDC) and newly indus- trialized countries (NIC) has propelled many horticultural scientists Mathieu Ngouajio* to offer their services in voluntary and paid consultancies related Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; [email protected] to organic horticultural operations. India, for example, has over 2.5 million hectares under organic management and has employed Mulches for Organic/Sustainable Watermelon several U.S. consultants to ensure their organic products entry into Production Systems in Tropical Environments U.S. markets. Among the most important production issues confront- ing small-scale LDC and NIC organic producers are managing soil J. Pablo, Morales-Payan* fertility under organic conditions, proper cultivar selection, and pest University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; management. Because all organic food imported into the U.S. must [email protected] meet the standards of the USDA National Organic Program, several WORKSHOPS key factors must be known when embarking on a consultancy in a LDC or NIC, including the ability of the exporting country to meet Workshop 26: these standards. Examples presented from the former Soviet country of Georgia, Mexico,Africa and other international sites will include Thursday, 24 July 8:00–10:00 am Salon 11 the need to conduct an inventory of the country s resources that relate to its organic potential, such as access to technical and market infor- The Role for Consumer Horticulture in eXtension mation as well as cultural understanding and outreach programming . Knowledge of the laws and market factors that may impact organic Sponsor: Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardener (CHMG) production and sales is key. Benefits attached to conversion to organic Working Group production include the potential for achieving higher earnings and a better standard of living; reduction in health risks posed by costly Moderator: Richard Durham chemical pesticides and fertilizers; and improved soil management. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; [email protected] Additionally, overseas organic experiences provide opportunities for American professors and students to learn and apply new sustainable Objective: This workshop will provide an update regarding the methods on a global basis. national eXtension initiative, especially with regard to its consumer horticulture content. International Organic Consultancies Lead to Mutual Abstract: The national eXtension Initiative officially launched its Benefits public Web site (www.extension.org) on Feb. 21, 2008, at the USDA Agriculture Outlook Forum in Washington, DC. Work on this Initia- Kathleen Delate* tive has been ongoing for several years. In 2005, eight communities Iowa State University, Ames, IA; [email protected] of practice (CoPs) were funded to begin identifying and/or developing Organic agricultural sales increased to a $16.9 billion in the U.S. content for eXtension. Among these pioneer CoPs was one devoted in 2006 and continue to expand 20% annually. Current estimates to consumer horticulture that participated in the public launch using a place the value of organic agriculture at $25 billion worldwide. more user-friendly identity of Gardens, Lawns and Landscapes (GLL). Increasing interest in organic agriculture from less developed The main components of the GLL site include highlights and features, countries (LDC) and newly industrialized countries (NIC) has topically arranged basic content, frequently asked questions (FAQ), propelled many horticultural scientists to offer their services in Ask an Expert, and an on-line calendar for public events related to voluntary and paid consultancies related to organic horticultural horticulture. This workshop will provide an in-depth look at these operations. India, for example, has over 2.5 million hectares under components and discuss their history and development. Speakers will also discuss how Extension Master Gardeners are contributing organic management and has employed several U.S. consultants to to the program, and provide/solicit input for future activities related ensure their organic products entry into U.S. markets. Among the to this project. most important production issues confronting small-scale LDC and NIC organic producers are managing soil fertility under organic conditions, proper cultivar selection, and pest management. Because all organic food imported into the U.S. must meet the standards of Workshop 27: the USDA National Organic Program, several key factors must be Thursday, 24 July 9:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 10 known when embarking on a consultancy in a LDC or NIC, includ- ing the ability of the exporting country to meet these standards. Examples will be presented from Mexico and the former Soviet International Consulting Opportunities in republic of Georgia that include the need to conduct an inventory Organic Horticulture of the country’s resources that relate to its organic potential, such as access to technical and marketing information as well as cultural Sponsor: Organic Horticulture (ORGH) Working Group understanding and outreach programming. Knowledge of the laws Moderator: William Sciarappa and market factors that may impact organic production and sales is key. Benefits attached to conversion to organic production include Rutgers University, Freehold, NJ; [email protected] the potential for achieving higher earnings and a better standard Objective: Engage agriculturalists in sharing experiences and op- of living; reduction in health risks posed by costly chemical pesti- portunities in organic horticulture and farming throughout the world. cides and fertilizers; and improved soil management. Additionally, Invited speakers will extend knowledge of their global programs in overseas organic experiences provide opportunities for American organic food, flower, spice or herb production. Our working group seeks professors and students to learn and apply new sustainable methods to concentrate technical knowledge as well as emphasize the cultural on a global basis.

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1073 Short- and Long-term International Assignments in In 1986 the name of the society was changed to Interamerican Organic and Sustainable Horticulture Society for Tropical Horticulture (ISTH), when the group became independent from the ASHS. The ISTH holds an annual congress Carl Motsenbocker* in a different country each year, in cooperation with local or inter- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA; national governmental, educational or agricultural organizations [email protected] which includes the presentation of the latest in applied research There are a number of opportunities for short and long-term in- results and extensive study trips to agricultural production areas. ternational assignments in organic and sustainable horticulture. Organic production of all crops is an increasing focus of the field Partners for the Americas has many opportunities including the visits and technical sessions as Tropical America rushes to meet Farmer to Farmer program where horticulturalists can volunteer the growing demand for organic products. ISTH and the annual for short-term assignments overseas. In El Salvador, there was an meetings provide a unique opportunity to travel to new production opportunity to provide in-service training for Agroforestry Peace areas to learn about organic horticultural practices and to learn Corps volunteers in basic horticulture practices. In cooperation first hand about field applications. There is also opportunity for with a local nonprofit, an organic vegetable production workshop the creation of international collaborations throughout the region, was conducted with current and potential growers in three villages vital to the long term sustainability of our industry. and then individual visits to the sites of the 3 volunteers and their growers was made. The Fulbright program for international scholars Organic Opportunities in Conventional Contexts: provides another opportunity for longer term assignments in many Experiences With Tropical Root Crops and Tropical countries around the world. The Fulbright program is a competitive High Tunnels grants program to allow an opportunity to teach and/or conduct research usually for four to six months and provides support for a Ted Carey* sabbatical. In Thailand, a teaching/research Fulbright was taken Kansas State University, Olathe, KS; [email protected] to teach vegetable crops and conduct research in applied physiol- Cassava and sweetpotato are important food crops for millions of ogy at Kasetsart University. Following the Fulbright, an informal consumers around the world, and are frequently grown under low- exchange program was set up to bring Thai graduate students as input conditions. In partnership with national programs, efforts at the interns for the summer and to have a 3-week LSU study abroad International Agricultural Research Centers have long focused on class in sustainable agriculture for undergraduate and graduate sustainable approaches to improvement of these crops. Approaches students. have included development of adapted cultivars with high levels of host plant resistance and improved nutritional quality, integrated Developing a Sustainable Seed System in Malawi pest and crop management, and efforts on postharvest product and Carol Miles* market development. While sustainability objectives characterize Washington State University, Mt Vernon, WA; [email protected] these efforts, organic objectives have not typically received much emphasis from advisors, consultants or governmental programs. New improved varieties of most major crops have been developed The use of high tunnels is expanding in many parts of the tropics and released throughout the world. A primary factor limiting adop- where producers recognize the improved yields, quality and often tion of new varieties in developing countries is inadequate seed reduced pesticide requirement of protected crops relative to field multiplication and dissemination systems within those countries. In crops. While protected agriculture can be useful within organic pro- Malawi, there is no agency responsible for foundation or certified duction systems, expanding acreage remains largely conventional seed production, and seed inspections services have historically which can result in serious environmental concerns. Nonetheless, been difficult to obtain. In addition, although there is an extension there are emerging opportunities for organic systems with respect system, personnel are limited by a lack of resources and training. As to tropical root crops and high tunnels. Examples are drawn from a result, there is no centralized production of foundation and certi- horticultural literature and from personal consulting experiences fied seed and little dissemination and promotion of new improved in Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean. varieties. To address these issues, several projects including the Bean/Cowpea CRSP have multiplied, disseminated and promoted Horticultural Opportunities in Southern Africa seed of new varieties. In this presentation we will briefly contrast with ASNAPP the seed system in the U.S. and Malawi and highlight opportuni- ties for research and extension activities that develop and promote William Sciarappa* sustainable seed systems. Rutgers University, Freehold, NJ; [email protected] Jim Simon Exploring, Explaining, and Conserving Tropical Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; [email protected] Plants: A World of Natural Opportunity Over the last 5 to 10 years, the natural plant products industry has Richard Campbell* grown at a rate of 10 percent per annum. Nutraceuticals alone are Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables FL; rcampbell@fairc generating an estimated $60 billion per annum—yet only about hildgarden.org $50 million of which comes from Africa. The demand for organic James Shrefler and natural plant products is increasing as herbal teas, essential Oklahoma State University, Lane, OK; jim.shrefl[email protected] oils, herbs, spices, phytomedicinals, phytocosmetics and organic foodcrops are finding their way onto many supermarket shelves The Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture originated and as ingredients in a plethora of food and personal hygiene in 1951 as the Caribbean Region of the American Society for products. Despite existing reserves of wisdom on indigenous plants Horticultural Science (ASHS). This group was organized largely and organic crops, such products and production require extensive through the efforts of Dr. Wilson Popenoe. The objective of the research to successfully commercialize them for regional as well founding members was to establish a group from the countries of as international trade. To promote the development of African the Caribbean Region that would meet on a regular basis, exchange agribusinesses and natural plant products, ASNAPP (Agribusiness information on production of tropical horticultural crops, and dis- in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products) USA has created a seminate the information in newsletters and in annual proceedings. broad resource base; composed of African and USA universities,

1074 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 public and private sector partners as well as agricultural organisa- Understanding the World of Sustainability tions and governments. This combined consortium provides an Jennifer Dennis* invaluable centralized database in sustainable agriculture for fa- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] cilitators, trainers and resource-limited farmers. Rutgers University in concert with ASNAPP is currently providing both research and Roberto Lopez* outreach educations programs in sub-Sahara Africa and recently Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] have expanded into specialty vegetables and organic blueberries. In 2005, it was estimated that the commercial floriculture industry The Rutgers University New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant in the U.S. produced over 900 billion potted-plants in plastic pots, Products (NUANPP) in partnership with ASNAPP, The New York trays, and cell packs. The vast majority of the plastic containers, Botanical Center, and others are hosting the 2008 International trays, greenhouse coverings, packaging, and labels used by the Training Program on Natural Products at Rutgers University in industry are not recycled due to a variety of economic reasons. New Brunswick, New Jersey, August 11-15, 2008. These sessions In 2005 alone, 31.1 million tons of plastic containers and pack- are designed to facilitate specific international opportunities in ages were generated in the U.S. and only 14% were recycled. In sustainable and organic horticulture and create a stronger platform addition, greenhouses use tremendous amounts of resources to for applied research and development and in strengthening public fertilize, heat, cool, light, protect, water and transport their crops and private sector partnerships. throughout propagation, production and marketing. In recent years, these practices have become the focus of media outlets across the WORKSHOPS U.S. and Europe. As consumers become more environmentally Workshop 28 conscience and environmental regulations increase, growers that show environmental stewardship by producing sustainable crops Thursday, 24 July 10:00 am–12:00 pm Salon 11 will gain a competitive advantage. This session will discuss the basics of certification programs, distribution issues that may be Floriculture: Going, Going, “Green” driving sustainability and previous studies that have examined consumer acceptance of sustainability. Sponsors: American Floral Endowment (AFE), Ball Horticultural Moderator: Jeff Kuehny Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; [email protected] Workshop 29 Moderator: John Dole Thursday, 24 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 13 & 14 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; [email protected] Objective: Provide a forum for discussing the many issues related A National Initiative in Plant Breeding: to sustainability, how these relate to floriculture crop production, and A Critical Role for Horticultural Breeders how sustainable practices might be successfully implemented. Sponsor: Ornamental Plant Breeding (OPB) Working Group Abstract: What is sustainable floriculture and how can our education and research programs become green? There are many broad definitions Moderator: Jeffrey Adkins of sustainability. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX; defines sustainability as “meeting the needs of the present without [email protected] comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs .” This is an admirable goal. However, which areas of floriculture Objective: This workshop is designed to provide participants with should programs focus to have meaningful impacts. Allen Hammer information on a national interdisciplinary initiative in plant breed- suggests a list of sustainable production practices for the floriculture ing. This initiative is designed to highlight the strategic long-term industry that include: energy, water and fertilizer, pesticides, structures, importance of plant breeding to meet national goals. Specifically, this breeding, and computers. There are also several programs that promote workshop will address the role of horticultural breeders can play in and support sustainable research (Sustainable Agriculture Research this critical initiative. and Education), education (GrowerTalks’ Sustainability Conference, Abstract: A national initiative has been established to address im- greenTalks), and production (VeriFlora). This workshop will provide portant issues in plant breeding research, education, and practice. a forum for discussing the many issues related to sustainability, how Breeders from the full spectrum of commodities at universities, the these relate to floriculture crop production, and how sustainable prac- federal government, and the private sector have come together to be tices might be successfully implemented. a forum for leadership regarding issues, problems, and opportunities of long-term strategic importance to the contribution of plant breed- Keynote: ing to national goals. This workshop will provide an opportunity for Will Healy* horticultural plant breeders to learn about the reasons for this national Ball Horticultural Company initiative and to become familiar with current breeding efforts in the United States. There will be discussions on ways to enhance com- Everyone is talking about sustainable floriculture production but munication between plant breeders in different sectors who work what does it mean to growers in North America? Are Europe, with a variety of plant genera. Issues concerning the education and Asia and Australia ahead of North America or are we leading the training of future plant breeders will be addressed, and the role of floriculture industry worldwide? Is certification the same as sustain- plant breeding in addressing national goals in the sciences will be able production? What are the researchable areas and topics that stressed. The latter include ways that plant breeding exemplifies ex- growers, governments and consumers want answers to? Will has cellence in science and technology, enhances the harmony between worked on sustainable programs at Ball for the last several years agriculture and the environment and contributes to globally competi- exploring the opportunities and challenges facing our industry both tive agricultural systems. locally and globally. Remember, floriculturists have been dealing with greenhouse gases for over 100 years!

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 43(4), JULY 2008 1075 Production, Utilization and Marketing of Workshop 30: Selected Herbs in Open Fields and Protected Thursday, 24 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 12 Structures: The Florida Experience Teresa Olczyk* Fast Forward: Developments in the Production, University of Florida, Homestead, FL; twol@ufl.edu Marketing, and Utilization of Herbs, Spices, Challenges and Opportunities for Selected Herbs and Medicinal Plants with Emphasis on Basil and in Organic and Sustainable Production Systems in Umbelliferae Tropical Regions Sponsor: Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants (HSMP) Working J. Pablo Morales-Payan* Group University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; Moderator: J. Pablo Morales-Payan [email protected] University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; [email protected] Workshop 31: Objective: To present new research, progress, and trends on production practices, marketing and use of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants Thursday, 24 July 2:00–4:00 pm Salon 11 or their derivatives. Abstract: Among horticultural crops, producing and marketing plants New Technology for Nursery Crop Production for culinary and medicinal purposes presents particular challenges Sponsor: Nursery Crops (NUR) Working Group and opportunities. More often than not, interested growers, exten- sion agents, researchers, and educators find that research results, Moderator: Genhua Niu market information, and suitable inputs tend to be in short supply. Texas AgriLife Research, El Paso, TX; [email protected] In this workshop we want to present trends, developments, and new research on production and market information of herbs, spices, and Objective: To discuss how to improve crop performance via moderat- medicinal plants. ing extreme environmental conditions in a retractable roof greenhouse and to present and discuss research results and commercial application Introduction to the Workshop of a new irrigation system for nursery crops. J. Pablo Morales-Payan* Abstract: Cash sales and employment opportunities associated with University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR; the nursery and landscape industry are strong economic forces in many [email protected] communities in the U.S. Therefore, it is important to maintain the vital- ity of this industry through the development and application of new Advances in Research on Basil Production in the technologies to increase productivity and improve crop performance while conserving natural resources. This workshop will present and Southern United States discuss two new technologies for nursery crop production: retractable- S.R. Mentreddy* roof greenhouse (RRG) and a new capillary irrigation system, Aquamat Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL; [email protected] . Some of the advantages of RRG over conventional greenhouses include moderating extreme summer heat and/or acclimating crops Production, Utilization and Marketing of Coriandrum to natural environment in winter months through opening or closing sativum, Eryngium foetidum, and Ocimum basilicum of the roof and sidewalls. Comparative results on crop performance grown in RRG versus field production will be presented. The Aquamat in Open Fields and Protected Structures: The Puerto irrigation system provides a new way to save water and fertilizer and Rico Experience accelerate crop growth. Research results and commercial application Lyzzette Gonzalez-Gill* will be presented and discussed. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR

Small Scale Production, Utilization and Marketing of Basil: The North Carolina Experience. Jeanine Davis* North Carolina State University, Fletcher, NC; Jeanine_Davis@ncsu. edu

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