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Tropical Horticulture Initial Student Questionaire - 2003 HORT 423 – Tropical Horticulture NAME----------------------------------------------------------------- Telephone number: __________________ email address: ___________________________________ MAJOR---------------------------------------------------------------- Tropical Horticulture FUTURE JOB INTEREST FIELD (Pomology, Landscape, etc)------------------------------- HORT 423 AREA OF WORK (Research, Extension, Teaching, etc.)------------- COURSES TAKEN Horticulture Related Fields HORT 311 Princ. Food Processing AGRO 301 Soil Science HORT 326 Plant Propagation ENTO 201 Gen. Entomol David Byrne HORT 325 Vegetable Crops PLPA 301/303 Pl Path Millie Burrell OTHERS PPHY 313/315 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University HORT 423 – Tropical Horticulture - FALL, 2003 Course Schedule Instructor: David H. Byrne Course materials HFSB 428, 862-3072, Email: [email protected] Teaching Assistant: Millie Burrell HFSB 429, Email: [email protected] • Reference books HFSB 101, MW 5:15 – 6:30 pm – List is being developed • Home Page Lecture # Date Topic – Under development 1 Sept. 1 Course Overview and Introduction to the Tropics – Lecture powerpoint presentations 2 Sept. 3 Tropical Climates, Soils and Agro-ecosystems 3 Sept. 8 Beverage Crops: Cacao – Supplemental readings 4Sept. 10Coffee – Links for topics/crops etc. 5Sept. 15Tea Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 15 Oct. 20 Nut Crops: Cashews and Brazil nuts 6 Sept. 17 Fruits and their importance in tropical horticulture 16 Oct. 22 Macadamia 7 Sept. 22 Musa: Banana and plantains 17 Oct. 27 Palms: Dates and Coconuts 8 Sept. 24 Musa: Banana and plantains 18 Oct. 29 African oil palm 9Sept. 29Pineapple 19 Nov. 3 Rubber and Neem 10 Oct. 1 EXAM 20 Nov. 5 Root crops: Cassava 11 Oct. 6 Papaya and Mango 21 Nov. 10 EXAM 12 Oct. 8 Sapodilla, Breadfruit, and Jackfruit 22 Nov. 12 Yam, Taro, and Jicama 13 Oct. 13 Tamarind, Sapote, Guava, and Guanabana (Annona species) 23 Nov. 17 Vegetable Crops: Amaranth, Vegetable Soybean, Mung beans 14 Oct. 15 Passionfruit, Carambola, Mangosteen, and Durian Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 1 24 Nov. 19 Spices: Vanilla production, Cinnamon 25 Nov. 24 Pepper, All spice Grading: 26 Nov. 26 Nutmeg and Mace A Exam 20% 200 points THANKSGIVING BREAK B Exam 20% 200 points 27 Dec. 1 Legume crops: Pigeon peas Weekly homework 12 % 120 points 28 Dec. 3 Chick peas and black beans Class demonstration 3% 30 points READING DAYS Final Exam 20% 200 points 30 Dec. 16 FINAL EXAM: Paper 25% 250 points TOTAL 100% 1000 points • Weekly Homework – 3 questions with answers • Previous week lectures • Multiple choice or short answer – 15 points each – 120 total points + 30 extra points – Graded and compiled for class Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Grading: Class Demonstration Sheet A Exam 20% 200 points Name of the sample: B Exam 20% 200 points Common Name: ____________________________________ Weekly homework 12 % 120 points Scientific Name: ____________________________________ Class demonstration 3% 30 points Final Exam 20% 200 points Paper 25% 250 points TOTAL 100% 1000 points • Class Demonstration – Tropical • Plant Draw in the Center of Origin and Domestication History • Plant part (root, tuber, stem, fruit, seed etc.) Plant description: • Plant product Culture of plant: – Need to fill out Demonstration Sheet Use: – 30 points, need to schedule and get approval References: – Can do one additional one for 30 extra points Name: Date: Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Grading of the paper is as follows: Task Points Due dates Initial topic choice – typed title with short outline 10 Sept. 17 Detailed outline – with your list of references 20 Oct. 22 Hort 400 Powerpoint presentation – digital/printed 50 Nov. 12 Final written paper – digital/printed 170 Dec. 3 Total points 250 Spring Break Study Tour • Requirements of paper – References of Tropical Horticulture • Minimum of 3 from internet and 3 from scientific literature – Length, 7-20 pages – Format, follow ASHS guidelines for Feature article • Extra credit, 4-7 oral presentation of topic Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 2 What is the Tropics? Any Questions? Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S • Land area that is defined by position of the sun • Highest latitude where sun is directly overhead Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University What is the Tropics? Land Use in the Tropics (area in Mha) Region % land Arable Perennial Pasture Woodlands area crops crops Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N World 100 1373 102 3212 4049 Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone Developed 42 652 22 1250 1867 Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S Developing 20 233 22 794 277 Not tropical Tropical 38 488 58 1168 1905 • 38 % land mass is in the Tropical Zone Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Land (%) Suitable for Rain-fed Agriculture Land Use in the Tropics Region % land Cereal Fertilizer % Increase in area yield use ferilizer use Region Suitable Marginally Land (t/ha) (Kg/ha) land suitable cultivated Developed 42 3.0 world Africa 27% 8% 6% (less South Africa) Tropical 38 1.8 27.3 (123%) Southeast Asia 33% 25% 31% Africa 17 1.0 2.7 (52%) Central America 27% 6% 14% Asia 8 2.1 46.5 (213%) South America 46% 8% 8% Americas 12 2.1 19.9 (40%) Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.4 Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 3 What is the Tropics? What is the Tropics? 1975 and 2000 • 44% of the world’s population • 44% of the world’s population (National Geographic Society Map) (Figure 2, The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Population Projections Land Use Changes in the Tropics from 1975 to 2000 (millions) from 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( ) Region Population % Increase in % population Population per Region Population Population Percent Annual % increase in population in agriculture ha 1975 projection 2000 increase increase millions Developed 1,131 1,323 17 0.6 Developed 90.2 world world Africa 399 814 104 2.9 Tropical 662 (41%) 58 0.5 Asia 2,274 3,630 60 1.9 Africa 174 (59%) 72 0.2 Americas 325 637 96 2.7 Asia 381 (36%) 62 1.4 Americas 107 (38%) 29 0.2 (The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977) Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Agricultural Development in the Agriculture in the Tropics Tropics • Large proportion of population involved in agriculture • Diverse cultures affect the practice of – Developed world 9% agriculture – Tropics 58% (29% to 72%) – Forbidden foods • Mostly by small holders • Religious taboos on eggs, pork, and beef – Mainly for subsistence – African custom of maintaining life stock – May grow some cash crops • Excessive numbers result in pasture degradation etc. – Rigid group or tribal life vs individual life • Mainly with traditional methods Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 4 Agricultural Development in the Agricultural Development in the Tropics Tropics • Governmental Support and Finance • Land tenure and inheritance – Land tenure reform – Communal tenure versus individual ownership – Infrastructure improvements – Various landlord - tenant farmer systems • Communications, roads, irrigation systems, land • Lack of incentives to adopt higher yielding practices drainage, flood control • Lack of incentive to plant perennial crops – Availability of financial services (ie credit) – Fragmentation and decreasing size of land • Recurring farm inputs holdings • Associated industries, fertilizer, processing, etc – Marketing support – Extension and Research services Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University What is the Tropics? Land Use Changes in the Tropics from 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( ) Region Agriculture Woodlands % change in (Mha) (Mha) woodlands Tropical 67 -121 -6% Africa 15 -36 -5% Asia 7 -23 -7% Biomass Production Potential Americas 45 -61 -6% • 50% of the world’s biota Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Forest Lands in the World (area in million of hectares) Why is the Forest being cut? Region 1980 1990 Total % lost • Expansion of Agriculture loss Africa 650 600 50 7.7% – 60% – Pasture, Perennial Crops, Annual Crops Asia 311 275 36 11.5% • Forestry Latin 923 840 83 9.0% – Roads make accessible to others America – Clear cut and selective cut approaches TOTAL 1,884 1,715 169 9.0% • Other Developments – Industry, towns, cities Lyke and Fletcher, 1992 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 5 Deforestation in the Tropics Deforestation in Southeast Asia • The rate of loss is increasing • 1981 –11 million ha per year • 1990 –17 million ha per year –Area the size of the state of Washington Lyke and Fletcher, 1992 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture
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