Volume 2011 Article 18

2011

A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part II

Jim Tiller Unknown

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Cite this Record Tiller, Jim (2011) "A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part II," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2011, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2011.1.18 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2011/iss1/18

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part II

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This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2011/iss1/18 ĆĘĊċĔėĊčĆčĚĎęǯĘĎđđĆČĊǡĆėę

Jim Tiller

„•–”ƒ –

–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‘ˆƒ–™‘’ƒ”–•‡”‹‡•‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ—•‡’‡”‹‘†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ ‹” —•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•Š‹•–‘”‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡‘ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—‹‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ””‹•‘‘—–›ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ ‘—”†‹• —••‹‘™‡™‹ŽŽƒ‡—•‡‘ˆ•‡Ž‡ –‡††‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘•‘–‡†‹–Š‡ ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†ƒ†’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‡ƒ††‹•–ƒ ‡’”‘„Ž‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡ƒƒ†—•–‹• ‡š’‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡™‹–ŠƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±—‡ŽŽ‡•ǯͳͺͲ͹ƒ’‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǯ•ͳͺͳ͸ ƒ’‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ

–”‘†— –‹‘

• †‹• —••‡† ‹ A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part Iǡͳ ”‘‘•ǯ ‹•–”‹ – ‘—”– •–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ† ‹„Ž‡›ǯ• ‘‡–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒ††‘Ž‹˜‹‰‘ƒ„ƒ›‘—ƒ‡†‘†‘ǡ™Š‡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ͳͺ͵͹ƒ††‘‡‘”‹ƒŽǡ •–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•Š‹•–‘”‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡Šƒ•„‡‡‹•–ƒ‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•‹–‡‘ ‹ǯ• ƒ›‘—ǡ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ƒ•‹„‡” ‹ŽŽǤ

–Š‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†‘”‡•’‡ —Žƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹–Š‹••‡”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”™‹ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘”† –‘ „—––”‡•• –Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—Ǥ‡„‡‰‹™‹–Šƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ†‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘•ˆ”‘ ‘™’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡ƒ‹‘”’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ȋƒ†–Š—•–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–caddiȌˆ‘—†‹ ’‡”‹‘†”‡ ‘”†•Ǥ‡™‹ŽŽ‡š–†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ–‹‡ƒ††‹•–ƒ ‡’”‘„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡† ‹–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͲ͸ ”‡‡ƒǦ—•–‹•‡š’‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡™‹–Šƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ”‡‰‹‘ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹–‡•†‡’‹ –‡†‘ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±—‡ŽŽ‡•ǯͳͺͲ͹ƒ’‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǯ•ͳͺͳ͸ƒ’ ‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ

‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ†‹”‡ –‹‘

 –Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‡‹‰Š–’‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Dz‹–‡•dzȌ ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘†‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͲͲ•™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡† •‘—–Š‘ˆƒ††‘ƒ‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤŠ‡•‡™‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

ȋͳȌ ͳͺͶͲǡ ‡Š‹‡Ž”‘‘•ǡƒ•™‡”‹‰–Š‡‡‘”‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒ—‡Ž‘””‹•‹–Š‡ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”ƒ’’‡ Žƒ‹ǡƒ†‡ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–

Š‡ †‹ƒ•‘—–Š„‘—†ƒ”›ƒ•‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡–”‡ƒ–›ƒ†‡„››‘—””‡•’‘†‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡• ƒ‘– „‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†™‹–Šƒ›‰”‡ƒ–‡”’”‘’”‹‡–›ǤŠ‡ ‡ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ƒ–‹‘ƒ‡†‡ŠƒŠ—‹–‘” ‡ŠƒŠ—–”‡•‹†‡†ƒ–™Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡‘™„›–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆDz–Š‡‡›‹ŽŽƒ‰‡dzˆ”‘–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‘— ‹Ž‡˜‡”Š‡Ž†„›–Š‹• ‘˜‡”‡–™‹–Š–Šƒ–ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”›‹ƒ›ͳͺͲͷ–‘–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆŠ‹•†‡ƒ–Š‹ ƒ” Šͳͺ͵͵™Š‹ Š˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ•Š‘”–†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ•ƒ‹†‘—†ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ„‘—–‹‡–›‹Ž‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘™‘ˆƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǥʹ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͲ͹ ȋʹȌ †‹ƒ‰‡– ‘Š‹„Ž‡›ǡ‹Š‹•ͳͺͲͷHistorical Sketchesǡ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–ƒ•‹–”‹„‡Ž‹˜‡†

‘ƒ›‘—”‹˜‡”ȋ‘”–‘›”‡‡Ȍȏ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ƒ‡ˆ‘”–‘†ƒ›ǯ•—ˆˆƒŽ‘ƒ›‘—Ȑ™Š‹ ŠˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘‡†”‹˜‡”ǡ ™‡•–‡”†‹˜‹•‹‘ǡƒ„‘—–ϐ‹ˆ–›‹Ž‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǤŠ‡‹”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡’”ƒ‹”‹‡ǡƒ„‘—–ŠƒŽˆ™ƒ› „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ††‘“—‡•ƒ†ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡••—””‘—†‡†„›ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ˆ ”‡ Šˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡’ƒ‹•Š ‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ–’”‡•‡–ǡ‡š‡” ‹•‡•Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‹••‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡›‡‡’ƒ‰—ƒ”†‘ˆƒ‘Ǧ ‘‹••‹‘‡†‘ˆϐ‹ ‡”ƒ†‡‹‰Š–•‘Ž†‹‡”•Ǥ͵

ȋ͵Ȍ ƒͳͺͲͻ”‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””ƒ†ƒ˜‡’‘”––”ƒ†‹‰ ‘’ƒ›‘ˆƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•ǡ‹–™ƒ•‘–‡†–Šƒ–

Š‡‘Ž†–”‹„‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•Šƒ†‹–•ƒ Š‡”‹ƒƒ„‘—–ϐ‹˜‡Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•ȏͳ͵‹Ž‡•Ȑƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ •ƒ‡ƒ‡ǥ–Š‡ƒ„‹‡ǡ–™‘Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•ȏͷ‹Ž‡•Ȑƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‹–‘•™ƒ•–Š‡ ’—‡„Ž‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ ‘•ǥŠ‡ƒ†‘†ƒ Š‘•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–„ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹‡ǡ•‘‡‹‡–‡‡‘” –™‡–›Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•ȏͷͲǦͷ͵‹Ž‡•Ȑƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡’—‡„Ž‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ ‘•ǤͶ

ȋͶȌ‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒˆ–•‘—–Š‘ˆ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›‡–‘ǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡŠ‘ƒ• ”‡‡ƒ ȋ‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡ƒǦ—•–‹•‡š’‡†‹–‹‘Ȍƒ†‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Œ‘—”ƒŽ‡–”›

‡›‘†–Š‹•”ƒ‹”‹‡ȏ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•–‘ƒ††‘”ƒ‹”‹‡™Š‹ Š‡š–‡†•‘”–Š‘ˆŠ”‡˜‡’‘”–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•– •‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”Ȑ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Žƒ‡ȏƒ‡‘†‘Ȑǡ‘–Š‡™‡•–‘ˆ™Š‹ Šǡƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›͵Ͳ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘ ‡†‹˜‡”ǡŽ‹‡•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘•Ǥͷ

ȋͷȌ ‡–Š‡ ”‡‡ƒǦ—•–‹•‡š’‡†‹–‹‘Šƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‡–‡”—•–‹•ƒ†‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‡–”›‹Š‹•Œ‘—”ƒŽ

Š‡ƒ††‘‡•”‡•‹†‡ƒ„‘—–ͷͲ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‹•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘•‘‡ƒ ‘—–•Ƭ‘–•‘ˆƒ”ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ”‡‡‡’–›‹‰‹–‘ƒŽƒ‡™Š‹ Š ‘—‹ ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹˜‡”ƒŽ‹––Ž‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ ƒˆ–Ǥ͸

ȋ͸Ȍ”ƒ†‡”–Š‘› Žƒ••ǡ™”‹–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ–‡†ƒ”Ž—ˆˆ‹ͳͺͲͺǡ‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–

ȏŠ‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ•Ȑƒ”‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ††‘‡•™Š‘‘™–Š‡‘—–”›Ƭ™Š‘—•‡†–‘‘ —’›–Š‡•ƒ‡ •’‘–Ǣ—–‘™Ž‹˜‡ƒ„‘—––Š‹”–›‹Ž‡•‘—–Š‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ††‘‡•Ž‡ˆ––Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‘•–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‡‘’Ž‡„›–Š‡•ƒŽŽ’‘š‡ǡ‹–„‡‹‰ƒ —•–‘–‘ƒ„ƒ†‘ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™Š‡”‡ƒ› Šƒ˜‡†‹‡†ǤŠ‹•’Žƒ ‡‹•‡ƒ”Ž›‘”–ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡͵ʹǡͷͲǡƒ††‹•–ƒ–ˆ”‘ƒ ‹–‘•Š„›–Š‡—•—ƒŽ”‘ƒ†ƒ„‘—– ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡•‹ƒ”‹ Š„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž’Žƒ ‡Ǥ͹

ȋ͹Ȍ Š‹•ͳͺͲͷHistorical Sketchesǡ ‘Š‹„Ž‡›™”‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡

ƒ††‘•‹˜‡ƒ„‘—––Š‹”–›ϐ‹˜‡‹Ž‡•™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹„”ƒ Š‘ˆ‡†”‹˜‡”ǡ‘ƒ„ƒ›‘—‘” ”‡‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†ǡ„› –Š‡ǡ‘†‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”’‹”‘‰—‡•‘Ž›ǡ™‹–Š‹ƒ„‘—–•‹š‹Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‘Ž› ‹–Š‡”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡†‹•–ƒ–ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ƒ„‘—–ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–”‘—–‡„›Žƒ†ǡƒ† ‹‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ‘”–Š™‡•–†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥͺ

ȋͺȌ ͳͺͶͲǡͷ͵›‡ƒ”‘Ž† ‘•‡’ŠƒŽ‡–‹–‡•–‹ϐ‹‡†–Šƒ–‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•Š‡Šƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ƒ††‘ †—”‹‰–Š‡‹”™‹–‡”Š—–•ƒ†–Šƒ–™Š‡‘–Š—–‹‰ǡ–Š‡ƒ††‘

”‡•‹†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–’ƒ”–ƒ––Š‡‹”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ––Š‡head ȏƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•‡’Šƒ•‹•Ȑ‘ˆ‘•ƒ‡ͻ

ͳͲͺȈ Volume 21, 2011 ‹‰—”‡ͳǤŠ‡‘†‘ƒ‡•‡‰‹‘ǡͳͺ͵ͺǤƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡƒ”–Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‡–‘ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡’‘‹–•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͲͻ •†‹• —••‡†ƒ–•‘‡Ž‡‰–Š‹ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‹••‡”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‡˜‹†‡ ‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‹•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ”‘‘•™Š‘‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”–Š‡•‘—–Š„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ††‘Žƒ†•ƒ†•‘‡ͻͲ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ȋ‹–‡ͳȌǤͳͲŠ‡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š‹„Ž‡›ǯ•ͳͺͲͷ•–ƒ–‡‡– ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ƒ–ƒ•‹–”‹„‡ƒ†–Š‡–‘™‘ˆƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ȋ‹–‡ʹȌǡ–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͻͲ–‘ͳͲͲ‹Ž‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–‘ ™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Žƒ–‡”„‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†Ǥ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†‘Žƒ–‡”‡”‹ ƒ•—”˜‡› ’Žƒ–•ȋ‹ͳͺͲͷǡ™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‹–‹‡„‡ ‘‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†‘Ž›‡š–‡†‡†ˆ”‘ ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘—‹‡””‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•Ȍǡ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‡””›ƒ‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͺ͹‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǥ ”‘ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡’‘”–‘ˆƒ””ƒ†ƒ˜‡’‘”–ȋ‹–‡͵Ȍ ’Žƒ ‡•–Š‡ƒ††‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͹Ͳ‹Ž‡•ȋʹ͹Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•Ȍƒ„‘˜‡ƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”‘•• ƒ‡ǤƒŽ‡–‹ǡ‹‘–‹‰–Š‡ƒ††‘Ž‹˜‡†‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ––Š‡head ‘ˆ”‘••ƒ‡™Š‡‘–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› •—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‰‹‘™‡•–‘ˆ”‘••ƒ‡™ƒ•–Š‡ ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ —Ž–—”‡‹–Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡•”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ†ǡ „›‹ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡƒ‡•‹–˜‡”›Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‘••ƒ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™ƒ•–Š‡Š‘‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–Ǥ –‹•†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘ •‡‡Š‘™’”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ƒ•–Š‡Š‘‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹– ƒ•“—ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•™‹–Šƒ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤͳͳ

–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡ƒǦ—•–‹•‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ȋƒ•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†„› Ž‘”‡•Ȍǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–›ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒŒ‘—”‡› ‡ƒ•–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒˆ–ǡ”‡Ǧ‡–‡”‡†–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”„‡Ž‘™‡–‘ǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ‡ƒ”‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡ȋ‹–‡ͶȌǤͳʹ Š‡͵ͲǦ‹Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡†„› ”‡‡ƒ™ƒ•ƒŽ‘•–•—”‡Ž›‡ƒ•—”‡†‹ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡ˆ”‘ƒ’‘‹–‡ƒ” ‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡–‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡™‘”†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‡–”›ȋDz„‡›‘†–Š‹•”ƒ‹”‹‡ ǤǤǤŽƒ”‰‡Žƒ‡”Ȍ‹–†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ” ”‡‡ƒ™ƒ••—‰‰‡•–‹‰ƒŽƒ†”‘—–‡ƒ”‘—†Š‹ˆ––ƒ‹Žƒ†Ž‡ƒ”ƒ‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—ƒ”‘ˆ ‡””›ƒ‡–‘–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤŽ‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–ˆ”‘‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ǯ• ”‹˜‡”Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ••‹–—ƒ–‡†„‡›‘†ƒ††‘”ƒ‹”‹‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡™‡•–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡Žƒ‡ ȋ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ‡‘†‘ȌǤ ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡™ƒ•–‘–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•‹†‡‡†ƒ‘††™ƒ›–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ––Š‡˜‡”›Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡ –‡†–Š‡™‘”†Dz„‡›‘†dz–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‡†‡†„› ”‡‡ƒ–‘ ”‡ƒ†Dz‘”–Š™‡•–‘ˆǤdz

‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”‘‡ ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–‘„‡–Š‡͵Ͳ‹Ž‡•‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒȋ‹–‡ͶȌ‘”ͷͲ‹Ž‡• ȋ‘”ƒŽ‹––Ž‡Ž‡••Ȍ‘ˆ—•–‹•ȋ‹–‡ͷȌǡ͵Ͳ‹Ž‡•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ Žƒ••ȋ‹–‡͸ȌȂƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ–„‘–Š—•–‹•ƒ† Žƒ•• ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‹‰†‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ȃ‘”–Š‡͵ͷ‹Ž‡•ƒ•‡•–‹ƒ–‡† „›‹„Ž‡›ȋ‹–‡͹Ȍǡ‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡„‡‹‰”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡†™ƒ•not –Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ǡ‹–„‡‹‰‘Ž›ͳ͹•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ǧ Ž‹‡‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‘–‡–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†„› Žƒ••–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ȃ–‘ –Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡Ž‹‡••Ž‹‰Š–Ž›–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘ˆƒ’‘‹–†—‡™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡‹–‡•ʹǦ͸™‘—Ž†•—‰‰‡•–ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šǡ”‘‘•ǯ ‘‡–•‹‹–‡ͳ ƒ†ƒŽ‡–‹ǯ•‹‹–‡ͺŽ‡ƒ˜‡‘†‘—„––Šƒ––Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ†ǡ–Š—•–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡Š‘‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǡ Žƒ›ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‡””›ƒ‡Ǥ

ͳͳͲȈ Volume 21, 2011 ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ‹•–ƒ ‡•‡–™‡‡‡Ž‡ –‡†‘ ƒ–‹‘•͵ͻ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͳͳ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›„‘–Š Žƒ••ȋ‹–‡͸Ȍƒ†‹„Ž‡›ȋ‹–‡͹Ȍ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒͳʹͲ‹Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡• Ȃ Žƒ••‘–‹‰–Š‹•ƒ•–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡˜‹ƒ–Š‡Dz—•—ƒŽ”‘ƒ†ǡdzƒ†‹„Ž‡›ǯ•ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡ –‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ•Dz–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–”‘—–‡„›Žƒ†Ǥdz ”‘Š‹•Œ‘—”ƒŽǡ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡”‘—–‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡† „› Žƒ••Žƒ›—’–Š‡east •‹†‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡”ǤŠ‹•”‘—–‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›˜‡”› Ž‘•‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡”‘ƒ†–Š”‘—‰ŠDz—Ž‹ǯ• ƒ— Š‡”‹‡dzƒ†ƒ”‘—†ƒ‡•‹•–‹‡ƒ—ƒ†‘† ƒ—–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǯ•ͳͺͳ͸ ƒ’‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒȋ ‹‰—”‡͵ȌǤ•–Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡Dz—•—ƒŽ”‘ƒ†dz„‡–™‡‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—”‹‰ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͲͲ•ȋƒ†‹–•‡‡•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–‹„Ž‡›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡ ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘’‘‹–•Ȍǡƒ†•‹ ‡™‡‘™–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡‹•ˆ‘—†•‘‡ͳ͹•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ǧ Ž‹‡‹Ž‡•west ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‹•†‘—„–ˆ—Ž–Šƒ–‹„Ž‡›™ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ȋ‘”‘†‘ ƒ›‘—Ȍ‹Š‹•Historical Sketches ƒ•„‡‹‰ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†—’–Š‡east •‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡† ‹˜‡”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Dz—•—ƒŽ”‘ƒ†Ǥdz

‘”†‘‡•‹–•‡‡Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‹„Ž‡›ǯ•ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ”‘—–‡—’–Š‡west •‹†‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡”ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͳʹͲ‹Ž‡•˜‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ ‘‹–‘ƒ†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‘—†ƒ††‘ƒ‡™‘—Ž†‹ˆƒ –’—–‘‡‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ •‹–‡ǡ™Šƒ–‹•‘ˆ–‡‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†‹–Š‹•ͳͺͲͷ•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•–Šƒ–‹„Ž‡›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡™ƒ•Dz–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•– ”‘—–‡„›Žƒ†Ǥdz ͳͺͲͷǡ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†ǡ‹–‹•†‘—„–ˆ—Žȋ•‡‡ ‘‡–• ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›„‡Ž‘™‹–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ ‘‘Ž›ƒ ‡’–‡†”‘—–‡ƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘ Š—–‹‰Ȁ–”ƒ†‹‰’ƒ–Š•–‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡˜‡‡š‹•–‡†‘–Š‡™‡•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ƒ›‘—‹‡””‡ •‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ

•‹–‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‹„Ž‡›ǯ•”‘—–‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡”‘—–‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†„› Žƒ••ƒ††‡’‹ –‡† „›ƒ”„›ǫ‘–‡‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’–Š‡•‡ ‘†ˆ‘”‹–Š‡”‘ƒ†‘”–Š‘ˆ‘—Ž‹ǯ•˜ƒ— Š‡”‹‡ǤŠƒ–”‡ƒ•‘ ‘—Ž† ’‘••‹„Ž›Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒferry ƒ ”‘••ƒ‡‹•–‹‡ƒ—ƒ––Š‡’‘‹–ǫŠ‡ˆ‡””› ”‘••‹‰‹•‘–ƒ––Š‡Žƒ‡ǯ• ƒ””‘™‡•–’‘‹–ƒ••—‹‰‘‡‹•‹–‡–‘ ‘–‹—‹‰‘”–Š™ƒ”†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‘ƒ†‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ˜‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ ˆ‘”™Šƒ–”‡ƒ•‘†‘‡•–Š‹•ˆ‡””› ”‘••‹‰‡š‹•–‹–Š‹••’ƒ”•‡Ž›’‘’—Žƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ‹ˆ‘‡‹•‘Ž›–‘”‡Œ‘‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ”‘ƒ†–‘–Š‡‘”–ŠǫŠ‡†‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒ˜‡†„›•— Šƒ”‘—–‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹‹ƒŽƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡ Œ—•–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡””›Ǥ –•‡‡• Ž‡ƒ”–‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡ƒ”„›†‹†‘–‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡””‘ƒ†Ȁ’ƒ–Š™‡•–‘ˆƒ‡‹•–‹‡ƒ—ǡ‘‡•—”‡Ž›—•–Šƒ˜‡‡š‹•–‡†ǤŠƒ–”‘ƒ†Ȁ’ƒ–Š‹ƒŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡š–‡†‡†™‡•–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‡””› ”‘••‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒˆ–ǡ–Š‡ ‡–‘”‘••ƒ›‘—ȋŠ‡ ‡ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ›‘—ƒ†Žƒ‡Ȍǡ–Š‡™‡•–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‘Ž† †‹ƒ–”ƒ‹Ž–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ Žƒ–‡”›‡ƒ”•–Š‹•”‘—–‡™‡•– ‘—–‘ˆŠ”‡˜‡’‘”–ȋ ‹‰Š™ƒ›ͺͲȌ™‘—Ž†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡††‹˜‹†‡™Š‹ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡••–”‡ƒ•ϐŽ‘™‹‰‘”–Š ‹–‘”‘••ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ϐŽ‘™‹‰•‘—–Š‹–‘‘‰‰›ƒ›‘—ȀƒŽŽƒ ‡ƒ‡Ǥ”‘—–‡•— Šƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ˆƒŽŽ‡™‹–Š‹‹„Ž‡›ǯ•ͳʹͲ‹Ž‡Dz–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–”‘—–‡„›Žƒ†dz‡•–‹ƒ–‡Ǥ

ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‘‡ ƒ‘–„‡ ‡”–ƒ‹‹„Ž‡›™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‹‰ƒ”‘—–‡—’–Š‡‡ƒ•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡† ‹˜‡”ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ƒ”„›ǯ• ‘‡–•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Š‘™Ž‹––Ž‡™ƒ•‘™‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ›‘— ‹‡””‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•™‡”‡ƒ†‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™”‹–‹‰•‘ˆ‹„Ž‡›ƒ† Žƒ••ǡ‹–‹•‘–—”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ •—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–‹„Ž‡›™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –ƒŽŽ—†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘•– ‘‘Ž›—•‡†”‘—–‡‹–‘ †‹ƒ ‘—–”›•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‘ ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ͳͺͲ͵‘—‹•‹ƒƒ—” Šƒ•‡Ǥ

ͳͳʹȈ Volume 21, 2011 ͶͲ ȋͳͺͳ͸Ȍ Map of Louisiana Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡•‡‰‹‘ƒ•‡’‹ –‡†‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǯ• ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͳ͵ ‹‡ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡

–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡‹–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒƒ†—•–‹•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–‹‡ƒ† †‹•–ƒ ‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶȌǤ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

ȋͻȌ•–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘’ƒ”–›„‡‰ƒ–‘ƒ• ‡†–Š‡”‹˜‡”ȋ–Š‡›Šƒ†‘Ž›‰‘‡ƒ„‘—–‘‡‹Ž‡Ȍǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡‡–„›ƒ ‡••‡‰‡”Ǥ ‡„”‘—‰Š––Š‡™‘”†–Šƒ–

„‘—–͵ͲͲ’ƒ‹•Š”ƒ‰‘‘•ǡ™‹–ŠͶ‘”ͷͲͲ ‘”•‡•ƒ†—Ž‡•™‡”‡‡ ƒ’‡†ƒˆ‡™‹Ž‡•„ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ††‘‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǥˆ–‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰–Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒȏ–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›•‡–„›–Š‡ ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆǡ ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–Ȑ •ƒ‹† –Š‡ ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ ”‡“—‡•–‡† ”Ǥ ‘—Ž‹‡ ȏƒƒ ”ƒ­‘‹• ”ƒ’’‡Ȑ –‘ ‰‘ –‘ Š‹‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘‘—”ƒ””‹˜ƒŽƒ––Š‡‘ƒ•Š—––ƒ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ•Š‡™‹•Š‡†˜‡”›— Š–‘•‡‡Š‹Ǣ„—–‹ˆǤ ‘—Ž‹‡ ‘—Ž†‘–‰‘–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ™‘—Ž†‡‡–Š‹ƒ––Š‡‘ƒ•Š—––ƒǯ•ǡƒ†‡š’‡ –‡† –Š‡’ƒ‹•Š‘ˆϐ‹ ‡”™‘—Ž†™‹•Š–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ›Š‹Ǥͳ͵

ȋͳͲȌŠ‡‡••‡‰‡”™ƒ•–Š‡

†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ȏ‘ —‡ʹͶ–ŠȐǡ™‹–Šƒ”‡“—‡•––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘Š‹‡ˆ•Š‘—Ž†‡‡–Ǥ‘—Ž‹‡ ƒŽ‘‡ǡƒ––Š‡‘ƒ•Š—––ƒ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤͳͶ

ȋͳͳȌˆ–‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡

Š‡ƒ††‘Š‹‡ˆ‘–ƒ””‹˜‹‰‘–Š‡͵Ͳ–Šƒ•™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ”Ǥ‘—Ž‹‡†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†ƒˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡ †‹ƒǡ –Š‡•ƒ‡‘‡™Š‘Šƒ†’‹Ž‘–‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•™ƒ’ǡ–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘ƒ–‹‘–‘Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ Š‹•†‡Žƒ›Ǣ™‹–Š‹•–”— –‹‘•–‘”‡–—”ƒŽ‘•–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǤŠ‡‡š–‘”‹‰ƒ”—‡”ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡ ƒ’ǡ™‹–Š‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡Š‹‡ˆƒ†ͶͲ‘ˆŠ‹•›‘—‰‡ƒ†™ƒ””‹‘”•™‡”‡‘–Š‡‹”™ƒ›ˆ”‘ –Š‡ƒ††‘‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ†™‘—Ž†ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ„‘—–‘‘Ǥ––Š‡–‹‡‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ–Š‡›ƒ†‡–Š‡‹”ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ –Š‡•‘—–Š•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡƒ„‘—–ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ ƒ’Ǥͳͷ

Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘”‡Ǧ‡–‡”‡†–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”‘ —‡ʹͶǤ––Šƒ–’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͻ‹Ž‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ•–Š‡›„‡‰ƒ–‘‘˜‡—’•–”‡ƒǡ–Š‡›Šƒ†‰‘‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘‡‹Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡› ™‡”‡‡–„›ƒ‡••‡‰‡”ˆ”‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–™Š‘‹ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹•Š–”‘‘’•‡ƒ”Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”‘—Ž‹‡–‘ ‘‡–‘Š‹‘ ‡–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘Šƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ȋ‹–‡ͻȌǤ‘—Ž‹‡†‡ Ž‹‡†ƒ†‹•–‡ƒ†ǡƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†„›–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǡ–‘Ž†–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”Š‡™‘—Ž†‡‡–Š‹ƒ––Š‡ ‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ȋ‹–‡ͳͲȌǤ

–™ƒ•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‡ŠƒŠ—‹–™‘—Ž† ‘‡–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘–Š‡͵Ͳ–Šǡ„—–Š‡†‹†‘–ƒ””‹˜‡ ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†ȋ‹–‡ͳͳȌǤ”—‡”ȋ‘—Ž‹‡ǯ•Dzˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡ †‹ƒdzȌ™ƒ••‡––‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡Žƒ›Ǥ Š‡‡š–‘”‹‰ȋ —Ž›ͳȌǡƒ”—‡”ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ƒ†Š‹• ’ƒ”–›™‘—Ž†ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ„‘—–‘‘Ǥ –‹•‘– Ž‡ƒ”‹ˆ–Š‹•”—‡”™ƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡‘‡†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†„›‘—Ž‹‡–Š‡†ƒ› „‡ˆ‘”‡ȂŠ‡’‘••‹„Ž›Šƒ˜‹‰‡––Š‡ƒ††‘’ƒ”–›‹”‘—–‡ƒ†”‡–—”‡†–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™‹–Š™‘”†‘ˆ ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”‹ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ•ƒ”—‡”•‡–ƒŠ‡ƒ†„›–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ–‘ƒŽ‡”––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒƒ†‡„‡”• ‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•‹‹‡–ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǤŠ‡ˆƒ ––Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‡–”›‘–‡•–Šƒ–Dzƒdz”—‡”™ƒ•†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†‘–Š‡ ͵Ͳ–Šƒ†Dzƒǡdzƒ†‘–Dz–Š‡dz”—‡” ƒ‡„ƒ Ȁ”‡–—”‡†‘ —Ž›ͳ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡”—‡”•™‡”‡‘––Š‡•ƒ‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ

ͳͳͶȈ Volume 21, 2011  —‡ʹͶǦ —Ž›ͳǡͳͺͲ͸Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͳͷ ‘–‹ ‡•‡˜‡†ƒ›•‡Žƒ’•‡†„‡–™‡‡™Š‡–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡••‡‰‡”™ƒ••‡––‘–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡ ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†‘–Š‡͵Ͳ–ŠȂ•‹š†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”™ƒ• †‹•’ƒ– Š‡†ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ”‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡ǤŠ›•— Šƒ–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡ǫŠ‡ƒ•™‡”‹••—‰‰‡•–‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ Œ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡••‡‰‡”™Š‹ Š‡––Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘’ƒ”–›ƒ–‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡™ƒ•‘”†‡”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ–‘”‡–—”–‘Š‹™‹–Š™‘”†‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘–‘—Ž‹‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‘—Ž‹‡ †‡ Ž‹‡†–‘‰‘ƒ†–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ••‡–„ƒ –‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–™‹–Š–Š‡”‡–—”‡••‡‰‡”‘ —‡ʹͶ–Šȋ‹–‡ ͳͲȌǤ‹ ‡‘—Ž‹‡™‘—Ž†‘– ‘‡–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ȋ™Š‘™ƒ•ƒ•‡†‘––‘„”‹‰ƒ’ƒ‹•Š‘ˆϐ‹ ‡” ȂŠ‡™ƒ•–‘ ‘‡DzƒŽ‘‡dzȌ ƒ‡–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‡–”ƒŽ–‘‘—”†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ• ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡”‘—–‡–ƒ‡„›–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”™Š‘”‡–—”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡ǡƒ†ǡ —’‘Šƒ˜‹‰”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡’ƒ–Š‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›–ƒ‡„›‡ŠƒŠ—‹––‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ƒ’•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–•Š‘™ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͲͲ”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”†‹• —••‹‘ǡ–Š—• –Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”’”‘’‘•‡•–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›”‘—–‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡••‡‰‡”ƒ•Š‡ ‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‘•–’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ–Š™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‘˜‹‰‘”–Š–Š‡™‡•–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šǤ

Š‡•‡ ‘†”‘—–‡ǡ‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•‹–ƒ›‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ǡ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒŒ‘—”‡›Dzƒ ”‘••dz‘†‘ ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡•’”‹‰‘ˆͳͺͲͲǡͳ͸‹–‹•˜‡”›Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–„›ͳͺͲ͸–Š‡Žƒ‡•Šƒ†‘––ƒ‡ ‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡›‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†‹–Š‡ͳͺ͵ͺ‡”‹ ƒ•—”˜‡›•ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ƒ›’‡”‹‘†ƒ’•–Šƒ–•—‰‰‡•––Š‡•‹œ‡ƒ†•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š˜ƒ”‹‡†™‹†‡Ž›†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘–Š‡›‡ƒ” ƒ†•‡ƒ•‘˜‹‡™‡†Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡Žƒ‡•–‘‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•˜‡”›Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹” ”‡ƒ–‹‘•ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡”’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡•†”‹‡†—’‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ–’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆƒŽƒ‡ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰‘Ž›–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ•–”‡ƒȋ‹‰›’”‡••Ǧ™‡Ž˜‡‹Ž‡ƒ›‘—‘”ƒ™ƒ™Ǧ”‘••ƒ›‘—ȌǤͳ͹‘ Ž‘‰‡”ƒ‹’ƒ••‹„Ž‡„ƒ””‹‡”ǡŽ‘ ƒŽ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•–‘‘ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡–—”‡†–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’ƒ–Š• –Šƒ–Šƒ†‡š‹•–‡†’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡•Ǥ‡•— Š”‘—–‡†‘—„–Ž‡••™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ –‡†–Š‡ƒ††‘ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ‘†‘ƒ†”‘••ƒ‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ††‘”ƒ‹”‹‡Ǧ‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”‡‰‹‘‘”–Š‘ˆ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ› Š”‡˜‡’‘”–Ǥ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‡–”›‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒǡ‹–‹•†‘—„–ˆ—Žƒ›—•‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡‘ˆƒƒ ”‘••Ǧ‘†‘ƒ‡”‘—–‡ ‹–Š‡•—‡”‘ˆͳͺͲ͸Ǥ ”‡‡ƒ–‡ŽŽ•—•–Šƒ–‰—‹†‡ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‡”ƒŽƒ’‘‘Šƒ†„‡‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•‡–ˆ”‘ ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒˆ–™‹–Šƒ”‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ–‘‡‡––Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥͳͺ ’‘”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰–Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–•‡–ƒ”‡–—”‡••‡‰‡”ȋ†‘—„–Ž‡••ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒŽƒ’‘‘Ȍ˜‹ƒ–Š‡ ‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘‘—Ž‹‡ȋ‹–‡ͻȌǡ™Š‘—•–‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•Dzƒ™‘”–Š›ƒ†”‡•’‡ –ƒ„Ž‡‘Ž† ”‡ Š‰‡–Ž‡ƒǡ ™Š‘•‡ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ˆ‘”–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ•‹†— ‡†Š‹–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ›—•–Š‹•ˆƒ”Ǥdzͳͻ –•‡‡•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ– ƒŽƒ’‘‘ǡ‹‰‘‹‰Dz”‘—†ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǡdzŠƒ†‹ˆƒ –‰‘‡—’–Š‡west •‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘–Š‡ ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡŠ‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡••‡‰‡”™Š‘™ƒ•–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•‡••ƒ‰‡–‘‘—Ž‹‡Ǥ ƒ†–Š‡‘”‡†‹”‡ –‘†‘ƒ‡‘’–‹‘„‡‡‘’‡–‘–Š‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡•‡–™‘ȋ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Ȍ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ› ˜‹‰‘”‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡‹–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡— ŠŽ‘‰‡””‘—–‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šǤ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡›†‹†‘–Ǥ ”‡‡ƒ–‡ŽŽ•—•–Šƒ––Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘‡––Š‡–™‘ƒ•–Š‡›™‡”‡ ‘‹‰downstream ‹ƒ ƒ‘‡ǡ’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤʹͲ‘‘ǡ‘–‡–Šƒ–‡ŠƒŠ—‹–‹Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡”‡“—‡•–‡†‘—Ž‹‡ ‘‡–‘Š‹ȋƒ–Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ȍimmediately upon his ȏ‘—Ž‹‡ǯ•Ȑarrival at the Coushatta village ȋ‹–‡ͻȌǤ ƒ†ƒ‘†‘ ƒ‡Ǧ™‡Ž˜‡‹Ž‡ƒ›‘—”‘—–‡„‡‡‘’‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•˜‡”›—Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‡ŠƒŠ—‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡“—‡•–‡†–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ› ”‡•’‡ –‡†ǡ‘Ž†ƒ†’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›Ž‡••–Šƒƒ‰‹Ž‡‘—Ž‹‡–‘‰‘‘—–‘ˆŠ‹•™ƒ›–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡Žƒ‡•–‘Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ –‹•–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒƒ†—•–‹•ǡ–Šƒ– ‹–Š‡•—‡”‘ˆͳͺͲ͸–Š‡Žƒ‡™ƒ–‡”•™‡”‡‘ˆ•—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Š‡‹‰Š––‘ƒ‡ƒŒ‘—”‡›†‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”

ͳͳ͸Ȉ Volume 21, 2011 –‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘—–Š‘ˆ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ††‘ƒ‡–‘‘†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”‡˜‡–Š‡‘•–’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹‰‘”‘—•Ǥʹͳ

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‡•–‹ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ–”‹’on foot ˆ”‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘”–Šƒ†™‡•–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘†‘ ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ• ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ‡† ‘ˆ ”‘•• ƒ‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷͷ–‘͸Ͳ‹Ž‡•ȋƒŠƒ”†–™‘†ƒ›•Ȃ™‹–Š–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡on foot ƒ•‘‡–‹‘‹• ƒ†‡‘ˆŠ‘”•‡•‹–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡”‡–—”–”‹’by horseback ˆ”‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷͲ‹Ž‡•ȋƒŽ‘‰‘‡†ƒ›‘”’‘••‹„Ž›ƒ†ƒ›ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆŒ‘—”‡›ȌǤ ”‡‡ƒ–‡ŽŽ•—•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ™ƒ•not expected –‘ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ––Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡—–‹Ž —‡͵Ͳȋ‹–‡ ͳͲȌȂƒˆ—ŽŽsix days ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡••‡‰‡”Ž‡ˆ––Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘‘‡†‹˜‡”–‘”‡–—”–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ –‹•–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”–Šƒ––Š‡•‹š†ƒ›’‡”‹‘†™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–‹‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ǡ”‡–—”–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ‘—Ž‹‡ǯ•†‡ ‹•‹‘ǡŠƒ˜‡–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ’”‡’ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ Œ‘—”‡›ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‡–Š‡–”‹’‘”–Šƒ†–Š‡™‡•–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡Žƒ‡•–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ†‡ŠƒŠ—‹– Ž‹˜‡†ƒ– ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—ǡ•‘‡ʹͷ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹––Š‡ †‹ƒ‡••‡‰‡”‡ ‘—–‡”‡†–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†Ž‡•• –ŠƒʹͲ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•†‘—„–ˆ—Žǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‡š’”‡••‡††‡•‹”‡‘ˆ ‡ŠƒŠ—‹––‘•‡‡–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ‘—Ž‹‡as soon as possibleǡ–Šƒ–Š‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡•’‡––Š”‡‡‘”ˆ‘—”†ƒ›•ȋƒˆ–‡” ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰‘—Ž‹‡ǯ•ƒ•™‡”Ȍ‰‡––‹‰’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”ƒŠƒŽˆǦ†ƒ›Œ‘—”‡›Ǥ

–•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•absolutely no basis ‹–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘texts ˆ‘”„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ•’ƒ”–›ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ””‹˜‡†„›‘‘‘ —Ž›ͳȋ•‹š‘”•‡˜‡†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡••‡‰‡”Ž‡ˆ––Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ƒ– ‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡Ȍǡ†‡’ƒ”–‡†–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‘ˆ–Šƒ–•ƒ‡†ƒ›Ǥʹʹ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒŽ‘•– •—”‡Ž›„‡‡‘–Š‡”‘ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ˆ—ŽŽ†ƒ›ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž›ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•‡ ‘††ƒ›Ǥ

‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ‘•‹†‡”‹–‡ͳʹǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆǡ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–

•ƒ‹†Š‡™ƒ••‘””›Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ••‘ˆƒ”ǥ ‡Š‘’‡†™‡™‘—Ž†‡š —•‡Š‹ˆ‘”–ƒ‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹•‘ƒ› ‡–‘–”‘—„Ž‡—•ǡƒ•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡›‘—‰‡™Š‘Šƒ†‡˜‡”„‡‡•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡‘•–ƒ†Šƒ†ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– —”‹‘•‹–›–‘•‡‡–Š‡‹”‡™ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥʹ͵

Š‹••–ƒ–‡‡–•—‰‰‡•–•–‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‹••‡”‹‡• ‘ˆƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ™ƒ•ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ȃ•‘ˆƒ”‹ ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ͶͲ›‘—‰ƒ††‘™ƒ””‹‘”•™Š‘ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†Š‹Šƒ†‡˜‡”„‡‡–‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ –•‡‡• ‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–›‘—‰ƒ††‘™ƒ””‹‘”•™‘—Ž†‘–ǡƒ–•‘‡’‘‹–ǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‡–Š‡–”‹’–‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”‘—•Šƒ––ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡–Šƒ†–Š‡‹”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡„‡‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‘ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—ǡŽ‡••–ŠƒʹͲ‹Ž‡•†‹•–ƒ–ȋƒ›„‡ƒŠƒŽˆǦ†ƒ›ǯ•”‹†‡ Ȃ–Š‡”‡ƒ†„ƒ ‹‘‡Ž‘‰†ƒ›ȌǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹–•‡‡•‘”‡–Šƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–›‘—‰ ™ƒ””‹‘”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‡••‹ Ž‹‡†–‘–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ ‡””›ƒ‡–‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ ‘‡Ǧ™ƒ› †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͷͲ ‹Ž‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ Œ‘—”‡› –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ ƒ– ƒ ‹‹—ǡ ƒ ‘˜‡”‹‰Š–•–ƒ›Ǥ

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ•‘ˆ ”‡‡ƒƒ†—•–‹•ƒ††‹• —••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –Ž‘ ƒ–‡†•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‡””›ƒ‡ ƒ†ƒ–ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͳ͹ ‘†‘ƒ‡•ƒ††‘‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ’•‘ˆ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±—‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›

› †‹• —••‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͺͲͲ•Ǧ‡”ƒ ƒ’• –‘ Ž‘ ƒ–‡ ‘‡ ’‘‹– ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡” ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǣ ƒ† –Š‹• ‹• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –”—‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡• –‘ ƒ’• ‘ˆ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒƒ†ƒ†Œƒ ‡–‡ƒ•–‡”‡šƒ•Ǥ ‡™’‡”•‘•’‘••‡••‹‰–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›‡“—‹’‡–ˆ‘”–ƒ‹‰‡˜‡•‡‹Ǧ ƒ —”ƒ–‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‹‰•Šƒ†˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡”‡‰‹‘’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ͳͺʹͲ•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‘ ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡””‡ƒŽŽ›Šƒ† ƒϐ‹”‰”ƒ•’‘ˆ–Š‡•—„–Ž‡–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†•‹’Ž›ǡ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‘”™”‘‰Ž›ǡ”‡ › Ž‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ϐ‹†‹‰•Ǥ‹‡•‡Ž› ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‰ˆƒ –‘”ƒŽŽ ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”•Šƒ†–‘ ‘–‡†™‹–Š ™ƒ•–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡ƒˆ–ǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ†‹–•ϐŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹™‡”‡ ‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆƒ ‡˜‡”Ǧ Šƒ‰‹‰ƒœ‡‘ˆ„ƒ›‘—•ǡŽƒ‡•ǡ™‡–Žƒ†•ƒ†™‘‘†Žƒ†•Ȃƒ†ƒ•–Š‡ƒˆ–•Ž‘™Ž›ƒ†‡‹–•™ƒ›—’•–”‡ƒǡ ™Šƒ–‘‡›‡ƒ”™ƒ•ƒ†”›’”ƒ‹”‹‡ ‘—Ž†–Š‡‡š–›‡ƒ”„‡ƒŽƒ‡‘”˜ƒ•–•™ƒ’Ǥƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡’‹ –‡† –Š‡ƒˆ–‘’‡”‹‘†ƒ’•ƒ••‹’Ž‡‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†•–”‡ƒ•™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡‡ˆˆ‘”–„‡‹‰‰‹˜‡–‘’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›Ž‘ ƒ–‹‰ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡””‡‰‹‘Ǥ

Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ”‰‡Ž›•‹–—ƒ–‡†above –Š‡ƒˆ–ǡ–Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡”•™‹–Šƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆŽƒ‡•–Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‹”•‹œ‡ƒ†•Šƒ’‡‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘ –Š‡ ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡””ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ†‹–•–”‹„—–ƒ”›•–”‡ƒ•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Šϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡•’”‹‰‘ˆͳͺͲͲǡ‹–’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–‘‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ‡•–‘ƒ••—‡•‘‡ •‡„Žƒ ‡‘ˆ’‡”ƒ‡ ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡Žƒ‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒˆ–‡”ͳͺͲͲǡ –Š‡›™‡”‡†‘—„–Ž‡•••—„Œ‡ ––‘™‹†‡ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‹‘•‹„‘–Š•‹œ‡ƒ†•Šƒ’‡ǡƒ†–Š‡›”ƒ”‡Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘ƒ’•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ͳͺʹͲ•ǤʹͶ•Žƒ–‡ƒ•ͳͺ͵Ͷǡ—””ǯ•ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡’‹ –‡†‘Ž›ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Žƒ‡‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ–Šƒ– ‘‡Ž›‹‰–‘–Š‡east ‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”Ǥʹͷ –Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‘ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ƒƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ˆ‘—†‘ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±—‡ŽŽ‡•ǯͳͺͲ͹ƒ’‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǯ•ͳͺͳ͸ƒ’ ‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ

The Caddo Village on the 1807 Map of Father José Puelles

•‘–‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ‹ͳͺͲ͸”‡•‹†‡–Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘•‡–Š‘ƒ• ”‡‡ƒƒ†‡–‡”—•–‹•—’ –Š‡‡†‹˜‡”–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”„‘—†ƒ”›ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ƒ “—‹”‡†‘—‹•‹ƒƒ—” Šƒ•‡Ǥ•’ƒ‹ Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡Žƒ†•„‘”†‡”‹‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹‹–•‹††Ž‡ƒ†—’’‡” ‘—”•‡ǡ–”‘‘’•™‡”‡†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†–‘‹–‡” ‡’––Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ’ƒ”–›‘ ‡‹–Ž‡ˆ–ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǥ –‹‡ǡ’ƒ‹•Š•‘Ž†‹‡”•™‘—Ž†ƒ‡–Š‡‹”™ƒ›–‘ƒ’‘‹–Œ—•–™‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡ ”‡‡ƒǦ—•–‹•Œ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ  —Ž›ͳͺͲ͸ǡƒˆ–‡” Š‘‘•‹‰‘––‘ƒ––‡’––‘ •–‘’–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ’ƒ‹•Šˆ‘” ‡•Ž‡ˆ––Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘„‡Š‹†‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ• •‡––Ž‡‡– ƒ† ‘˜‡† ‘”–Š™‡•– ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‘†‘ ƒ‡ ‘’Ž‡šǡ –Š‡ ‘”–Š –‘ –Š‡ ‡† ‹˜‡” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ‹–‡” ‡’–‡†ƒ†–—”‡†„ƒ –Š‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘‡ƒ”’ƒ‹•ŠŽ—ˆˆǤ

–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‘—–‡–ƒ‡„›–Š‡’ƒ‹•Šˆ”‘ƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•–‘’ƒ‹•ŠŽ—ˆˆ‹•–”ƒ ‡†‘ ƒ–Š‡” —‡ŽŽ‡•ͳͺͲ͹Mapa Geographica de las Provincias Septentrionales de esta Nueva Espana.ʹ͸ƒ”Ž›‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›ƒ’•‘ˆ‡šƒ•’”‘†— ‡†„›–Š‹• ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”Ǧ’”‹‡•–ǡ™Š‘–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ˆ”‘•‘Ž†‹‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ’’‡†ǡƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†„‘–Šˆ‘”–Š‡‹” †‡–ƒ‹Žƒ†ƒ —”ƒ ›Ǥƒ›ǡ•— Šƒ•–‡’Š‡ Ǥ—•–‹™Š‘’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒ’•‘ˆ‡šƒ•†—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺʹͲ•ǡ™‡”‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ—‡ŽŽ‡•Ǥʹ͹ –Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‡šƒ‹‡–Šƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ’†‡’‹ –‹‰‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡šƒ•ƒ†ƒ†Œƒ ‡–‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ‰‹˜‹‰•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡‹–‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘—‡ŽŽ‡•ǯƒ’ǡ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±‹ Šƒ”†‘‹Š‹•ͳͺͳʹTreatise on the Limits of Louisiana and Texas ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ —‡ŽŽ‡• ƒ’ ƒ– ͵ʹoʹ͸ǯǤʹͺ ‹ Šƒ”†‘ǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• –ƒ•‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™‹–Š

ͳͳͺȈ Volume 21, 2011 ƒ”‰—‡–•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘’ƒ‹•Šƒ†‡”‹ ƒ Žƒ‹•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹” ‘‘„‘”†‡”ǡŠƒ†™‹†‡ƒ ‡••–‘’ƒ‹•Š ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ††‘—„–Ž‡••–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‰”‹†’‘‹–™ƒ•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ϐ‹Ž‡•Ǥ ƒ •‘–‡ŽŽ•—•–Šƒ–†—‡–‘ •‹ ‡••–Š‡”ƒ‰‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•ǡ—‡ŽŽ‡•™ƒ•Dz‡’–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ††Ž‡dzƒ†–Š—•†‹†‘–ƒ ‘’ƒ› ”ƒ ‹• ‘‹ƒƒ–‘–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š‡ ƒ’‡–„‡Š‹†–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ •‘•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–—‡ŽŽ‡•‘•–Ž‹‡Ž› ‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ˆ”‘‹ƒƒǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡‘–‡•–Šƒ–Ž‹œƒ„‡–ŠǤ Ǥ ‘Š•’‡ —Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ—‡ŽŽ‡•ǡ–Š‡›‘—‰ ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡” ‘Š‡–‡”ƒŽ‡”ǡƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†•—”˜‡›‘”ƒ†ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ˜‡”› ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–ƒ‹‰ƒ•–”‘‘‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š–”‘‘’•–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘ •‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ†™ƒ•–Š—•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‹†Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǤʹͻŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡‡šƒ –•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•—‘™ǡ‹–•‡‡•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘—‡ŽŽ‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ƒƒ‘”ƒŽ‡”ǡ„‘–Š ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ —”ƒ–‡Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‡‹ Šƒ”†‘Ǧ —‡ŽŽ‡•ǦƒŽ‡”‰”‹†’‘‹–‘ˆ͵ʹoʹ͸ǯ™‘—Ž†’Žƒ ‡–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘—‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ’‘Ž›–Š”‡‡‹Ž‡• •‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ› ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†ȋ͵ʹoʹͻǯȌǤ

‘–‡ ‘ ‹‰—”‡ ͷ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š ‘˜‡” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ’ƒ‹•Š ˆ‘” ‡• ‘˜‡† ‘ ‡ –Š‡› Ž‡ˆ– ƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ ‘–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”–Šƒ––Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‡‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘—–‡–ƒ‡‘—–‘ˆƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡• Ž‘•‡Ž› ‘‹ ‹†‡†™‹–Š –Šƒ–‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ› ‹‰Š™ƒ›ͷͻǤŠ‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͲͲ•ƒ†ƒ ‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘–Š‡—‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ’’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Žƒ›‹˜‡”› Ž‘•‡’”‘š‹‹–›–‘’”‡•‡–†ƒ›–Ǥ–‡”’”‹•‡ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡Š‹ŽŽˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ ‘—‹–›–ƒ‡•‹–•ƒ‡™ƒ• †‘—„–Ž‡••ƒƒŒ‘”Žƒ†ƒ”–‘’‡”‹‘†–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡”•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ„‘–Š–Š‡Š‡”‘‡‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†”ƒ‡Žǯ•”ƒ ‡‘ˆŽƒ–‡” ›‡ƒ”• ‘˜‡”‰‡†‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘‹‡ ‡Ǥ’‘”‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡Š‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š–”‘‘’•˜‡‡”‡† ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–’ƒ••‹‰Œ—•–‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ†™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ––‘›ƒ ƒ›‘—ǤŽ‘•‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡”‘—–‡‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ› –ƒ–‡ ‹‰Š™ƒ›͵ͳͷǡ–Š‡›Ž‹‡Ž›’ƒ••‡†‡ƒ”‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ”–Šƒ‰‡–Š‡ƒŽ‘‰ ‹‰Š™ƒ›͹ͻ–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ‡‡””›™Š‡”‡–Š‡›–—”‡†‘”–ŠǤ‘˜‹‰ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘ ƒ‰‡‡”‡‡ǡƒ†–ƒ‹‰ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǯ•ƒ›Žƒ”‰‡•’”‹‰•ǡ–Š‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–‘‘—’ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘•‘‡•‹š‹Ž‡•™‡•– ‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—ƒ–ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘”‡ƒ”™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Žƒ–‡”„‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡•‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰ ’”‹‰ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ȋ•‡‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‹–‡ͻȌǤ

‹‰—”‡ͷǤŠ‡‘—–‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹•Š”‘‘’•ˆ”‘ƒ ‘‰†‘ Š‡•–‘’ƒ‹•ŠŽ—ˆˆǡ—‡”ͳͺͲ͸Ͷͳ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͳͻ ‹‰—”‡ ͸ ‹• ƒ „ƒ•‡ ƒ’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ™‹–Š •‡Ž‡ –‡† Š‹•–‘”‹  ƒ† ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ› ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ•‡‹Ǧ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ—‡ŽŽ‡•ǯƒ’ǡ”‡•‹œ‡†–‘‘˜‡”Žƒ›Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ ‘Ǧ –Ǥ–‡”’”‹•‡ƒ†‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–•ȋ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‘–Š™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰Ȍ–Šƒ––Š‡”‘—–‡’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ„‘˜‡†‘‡•‹ˆƒ – Ž‘•‡Ž›’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–Šƒ–†‡’‹ –‡†„›—‡ŽŽ‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ•‘–‡†„›‹ Šƒ”†‘Ǣ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š™ƒ•‘–‡ ‘—–‡”‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š ‹”‘—–‡–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǣƒ†–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡”Ž›”‘—–‡–ƒ‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘†‘ ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šȋ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ•‡‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ–Š™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”–‘„‡ ‘‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹– ‘ƒ†Ȍ•–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘–Š‡—‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ’Žƒ›•‘—–Š‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ††‘ƒ‡Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ˜‡”Žƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ ‘Ȁ–Ǥ–‡”’”‹•‡Ǧ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹–‡•‘ƒ‘†‡”ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹‘ ‘—–Š‘ˆƒ††‘ƒ‡Ͷʹ

The Caddo Village on William Darby’s 1816 Map of Louisiana

Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‘—‹•‹ƒƒƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǯ•ͳͺͳ͸ƒ’‘ˆ–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵ȌǤƒ•‡†‘ƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹••‡”‹‡•‘ˆƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡’‡”‹‘†‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–••— Šƒ ‘ Ž—•‹‘Ǥƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ††‘ •‡––Ž‡‡–‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ•›‡––‘„‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ǡƒ††‘•‹–‡Ǥ

ͳʹͲȈ Volume 21, 2011 ‡„‡‰‹‘—”†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’™‹–Šƒˆ‡™ ‘‡–•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰™Šƒ–ƒ”„›ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‡™ ƒ„‘—–‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤŠ‹Ž‡™‡‘™Š‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†‘˜‡”— Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹•ƒ’ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ”„›‡˜‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›‡š’Ž‘”‡†–Š‡”‡‰‹‘™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ†‘”–Š‘ˆŠ‹• ͳͺͳʹ–”ƒ˜‡”•‡Ǥ•Š‡–‡ŽŽ•—•‹Š‹•ͳͺͳͺEmigrant’s Guide to the Western and Southwestern States and Territories

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘” ‘‡ ‡†ƒ–”ƒ˜‡”•‡ƒ––Š‡–‘™‘ˆƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•‘‡†”‹˜‡”ǡƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡†–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘—”•‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ƒ†ƒ„‹‡Ǥ ”‘ƒ™‹•Š–‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡–Š‡˜ƒ‰—‡Ž›‘™•‡––Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ›‘— ‹‡””‡ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ˜‡”•‡ ™ƒ• ‡š–‡†‡† ‘”–Š™‡•– ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ϐŽ‘™ Žƒ†• ȏ–Š‡ ƒˆ–Ȑ ‘ˆ ‡† ”‹˜‡”ǡƒ•Š‹‰Šƒ•͵ʹoͳͲǯʹͳdzŽƒ–Ǥǡƒ†–Š‡ —”˜‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‹‡Ǥ›–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡ ”‡‡•ǡŽƒ‡•ǡƒ† •‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡǤǤ‘ˆƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•™‡”‡†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†—’‘ƒ”„›ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ’‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ͵Ͳ

Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”™‹ŽŽ‘–‡–Šƒ–ƒ”„›ǯ•–”ƒ˜‡Ž•Ž‡ˆ–Š‹•‘‡ͷͲ‹Ž‡••Š‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡͵͵”†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žȋ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”„‘”†‡” ‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒȌǢ‘”’—–ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›ǡŠ‹•”‘—–‡–‘–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–‘‘Š‹„ƒ”‡Ž›ͳͲ‹Ž‡•‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡͵ʹ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤ ‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘”–Š‘ˆŠ‹• –‘„‡”Ǧ‘˜‡„‡”ͳͺͳʹ–”ƒ˜‡”•‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ “—‹”‡†•‡ ‘†ǦŠƒ†ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•ǡƒ†‘•–Ž‹‡Ž› ˆ”‘Š‹•‰—‹†‡‘Š‹•ͳͺͳʹ–”‹’ǡDz›Š—–‡”ǡƒƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆƒŽŽƒ ‡Ǥdz͵ͳƒŽŽƒ ‡„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒǯ•’‹‘‡‡”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ ‹••‡––Ž‡‡–‘›’”‡••ƒ›‘—™ƒ•ƒ™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ˆ”‘–‹‡”Žƒ†ƒ”‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”Ǥ

Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•DzŠ‹ Šƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•†‡’‹ –‡†‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’ǫdzƒ††‘• Š‘Žƒ”•–‡†–‘ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •‡––Ž‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‹–‡ ‘ ‹ǯ• ƒ›‘—ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ƒ• ‹– ‹• –‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š™‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—•Šƒ––ƒ ȋ—ƒ Šƒ––ƒȌ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ†‘™‹‰™Šƒ–™‡‘™‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†•‡‡ Œ—•–ƒ•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘ Ž—†‡™Šƒ–‹•„‡‹‰’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹•‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–•‘—–Š‘ˆƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—ƒ––Š‡ ™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ”‘••ƒ‡Ǥƒ•‡†‘ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹•‹ Ž‹‡†–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ †‡’‹ –‡†‹•Ž‹‡Ž›‡‹–Š‡”ǡƒ†‹•–‡ƒ†‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒƒ•›‡––‘„‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ƒ††‘•‡––Ž‡‡–•‹–‡‡ƒ”ǡ‘” ’‘••‹„Ž›‡˜‡—†‡”ǡ–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ††‘ƒ‡Ǥ‡‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‹‰—”‡͵ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

The stream sequence above Wallace’sǤŠ‹Ž‡‹–‹• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽƒ ‡†‹†‘–’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ”„› ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆall ”‹‰Š–„ƒ•–”‡ƒ•‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒˆ–ƒ„‘˜‡Š‹•Š‘‡ǡ‹– •‡‡•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•–”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‘•‡ Ž‘•‡•––‘Š‹••‡––Ž‡‡– ‘›’”‡••ƒ›‘—ǡ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†Ǥ –ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ––Š‡•–”‡ƒ••Š‘™ǡ‘˜‹‰‹•‡“—‡ ‡ ‘”–Šˆ”‘ƒŽŽƒ ‡ǯ•ǡƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ›’”‡••ƒ›‘—ȋƒŽŽƒ ‡ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‘ˆ –Š‹•™ƒ–‡” ‘—”•‡Ȍǡ”‘••ƒ›‘—ȋ–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‘••ƒ‡†‡’‹ –‡†Ȍǡƒ†‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›™‡Ž˜‡‹Ž‡ƒ›‘— ™Š‹ Š†”ƒ‹•–Š‡‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†‘”–Š™‡•––‘•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šless –Š‡”‘••ƒ‡ ‘’‘‡–Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”™‹ŽŽ‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ‡ ‘’Ž‡š‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’ǡƒ•‹•‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›†‡’‹ –‡†‘‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͲͲ• ƒ’•ǡ‹•–‹Ž–‡†‹ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‘”–Š™‡•––‘•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ͵ʹ

Š‡ ‘ϔ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Žƒ‡‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡—’‘–Šƒ–Žƒ‡Ǥ ”ƒ–‡†‹–”‡“—‹”‡••‘‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‘–‡–Š‡Žƒ‡ƒ’’‡†ƒ‰‡•ƒ•‘‡‘˜‡•‹ƒ ‘—–‡” Ž‘ ™‹•‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ȋ‘†‘ƒ‡Ȁ™‡Ž˜‡‹Ž‡ƒ›‘—ȌȂŠ‹ˆ––ƒ‹ŽǦŽ‡ƒ”ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ ‡Ž„‘™ǦŽ‹‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡƒ”„›Šƒ•†‡’‹ –‡†–Š‡Žƒ‡‡š–‡†‹‰—’ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘— „‡›‘†–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ•†‹• —••‡†ƒ–•‘‡Ž‡‰–Š‹ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‹••‡”‹‡•‘ˆƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡™‡•– ‹•ƒ— Š•ƒŽŽ‡”ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ”‘‹–•ͳͺ͵ͺ ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ‡””›ƒ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ •‘—–Š‘ˆ‹‰›’”‡••ƒ›‘—Ǥ‘†‡”–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ’•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ‘Ž† ‡””›ƒ‡ ‘”–Š‘ˆƒ”ƒ  ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†ƒ„—Ž„‘—• ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Šƒ–•Š‘™‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’Ǥ  ”‘••–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ȁ•‘—–Š‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡ƒ”‡ǡ‹•‡“—‡ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ””‹•‘ƒ›‘—ǡ ƒ–•‘ǯ•ƒ›‘—ȋ™Š‹ Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘•–†‹”‡ –Ž›•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳʹͳ –‘†ƒ›•–‹ŽŽ‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒ•‡‹Ǧ–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†„ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹–‡–‡”•ƒ††‘ƒ‡Ȍǡ͵͵ƒ†ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›™Šƒ–ƒ› Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒŽ—–ƒ›‘—™Š‹ Š‡–‡”•ƒ††‘ƒ‡Œ—•–‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›‘‘”‹‰•’‘”–Ǥ

Š‡ ‘ϔ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡Žƒ‡–‘–Š‡™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‘–Š‘•‡™Š‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ”‘••ƒ‡ǡ‹–‹‰Š–„‡–‡’–‹‰–‘ •—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ”‰‡™ƒ–‡”„‘†›–‘–Š‡™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ•–Š‡ ‡””›ǦŽ‡ƒ”ǦŠ‹ˆ––ƒ‹ŽǦ‘†‘ ƒ‡••‡‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ͳͺ͵ͺǦͳͺ͵ͻ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡••—”˜‡›•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •Š‘™ƒŽƒ”‰‡ ›’”‡••„”ƒ‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽƒ ƒ›‘—Ž›‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘”–Š™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹–‡ǤŠ‡ ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„”ƒ‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘–Š‡•‡•—”˜‡›’Žƒ–•‹•”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Šƒ– ‘ˆƒ”„›ǯ•‘”–Š‡”Žƒ‡Ǥ͵Ͷ

Darby’s depiction of latitudinal locationǤ•‹‰Š–„‡‡š’‡ –‡†ǡƒ”„›ǯ•Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‘•‡ ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› –”ƒ˜‡”•‡†Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡• ™ƒ• Ž‘ ƒ–‡†„›ƒ”„›ƒ–͵ͳoͶͷǯȋ‹–‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ–͵ͳoͶͷǯȂŠ‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹–•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ‹‡• ‡””›‘–Š‡ƒ„‹‡ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ͳoʹͻǯȋ‹–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—†ƒ–͵ͳoʹͺǯȂƒ”„› ’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡ˆ‡””›Ž‡••–Šƒ‘‡‹Ž‡‘”–Š‘ˆ‹–•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒŽŽƒ ‡ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ– ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ʹoͳ͹ǯȋ‹–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ–͵ʹoͳͺǯȂƒ”„›’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡•‹–‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳ‹Ž‡•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‹–•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ†‡”™‹ŽŽ‘–‡–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡ƒ”„›†‹†‘–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›˜‹•‹––Š‹••‡––Ž‡‡–ǡƒŽŽƒ ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ”„›ǯ•‰—‹†‡Ǥ‘‘ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ –ƒŽŽƒ ‡Ž‹˜‡†Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲ‹Ž‡•‘”–Š‘ˆƒ”„›ǯ•”‘—–‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ƒ›‘—‹‡””‡”‡‰‹‘†‘—„–Ž‡••ƒ‹†‡†ƒ”„›‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ —”ƒ–‡’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆŠ‹•Š‘‡•‹–‡‘–Š‡ ƒ’Ǥ

 ‡ƒ”„›„‡‰ƒ–‘”‡Ž›‘‘–Š‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‡†‹•–ƒ–‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ’‘‹–•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ǡŠ‹• Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•„‡ ƒ‡Ž‡••”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŠ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–Š‡‘—•Šƒ––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ʹo͵͹ǯ ȋ‹–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—†ƒ–͵ʹoͶ͹ǯȂƒ”„›’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͲ‹Ž‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ‹–•ƒ –—ƒŽ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡—Žˆ—” ‘”ƒ†‡†‹˜‡”•ƒ–͵ʹoͷ͵ǯȋ‹–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—† ‹”ƒ•ƒ•ƒ–͵͵oͷǯȂƒ”„›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘ϐŽ—‡ ‡•‘‡ͳʹ‹Ž‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ‹–•–”—‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ„‘˜‡ Š‹•ͳͺͳʹ”‘—–‡–‘–Š‡ƒ„‹‡ǡ•ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ ‡ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–ǡƒ”„›ǯ•Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽ’‘‹–•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡‹‡””‘”ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͳ‹Ž‡•south –Š‡‹”ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™ƒ• Ž‘ ƒ–‡†„›ƒ”„›ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ʹo͵͵ǯǤ ˆ™‡ƒ••—‡–Š‡•‹–‡†‡’‹ –‡†™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›•‘‡ͳͳ‹Ž‡• ‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ʹoͶͶǯǤ‘†‡”Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•’Žƒ ‡–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ƒ–͵ʹoͷͲǯǤ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–͵ʹoʹͻǯǤ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡ ‡šƒ•ǡ™‡•–‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ††‘ƒ‡ǡ‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–͵ʹoͶ͸ǯǤ

Darby’s longitudinal location of the Caddo villageǤ Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”› ‘”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡ ‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷǤͷ‹Ž‡•™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–‡šƒ•‘—‹•‹ƒƒ„‘”†‡”Ǥ͵ͷ ‹• ƒ’’Žƒ ‡•–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳǤͷ‹Ž‡•™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡modern ‡šƒ•Ǧ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆŽ‘ ƒ–‹‰Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ’‘‹–•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺͲͲ•ǡƒ†„ƒ•‡†—’‘ Œ—•–‹Ž‡ƒ‰‡ƒŽ‘‡ǡ‹–‹• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‡‹–Š‡”‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–‘ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—ȋʹǤͷ ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ —””‡–„‘”†‡”Ȍ‘”–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ȋʹ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ —””‡–„‘”†‡”Ȍ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ†–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘–Š‡•‡–™‘•‹–‡•ǡ‹–‹•–Š‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”–Šƒ–‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•‹•Ž‹‡Ž› –‘„‡–Š‡ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‡’‹ –‡†‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’Ǥ‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ȋƒ†’”‘„ƒ„Ž› •—„‡”‰‡†ƒ†Ȁ‘”•‹Ž–‡†‘˜‡”Ȍƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹–‡‡ƒ”–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ††‘ƒ‡Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡ƒŽŽƒ ‡ƒŽ‘•–•—”‡Ž›Šƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ††‘•‡––Ž‡‡–•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”• Š‡†‹†‘–’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ”„›™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘”‘••ƒ‡™Š‹ Š™‡‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͺͶͲ

ͳʹʹȈ Volume 21, 2011 •–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ”‘‘•‹–Š‡ ”ƒ’’‡ƒ––‡”™ƒ•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡–Š‡Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆǤ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘”–Š‹•Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹ͳͺͳʹ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–Šƒ†‘Ž›„‡‡ Š‹‡ˆǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—•‹–‡Šƒ†‘Ž›„‡‡ ‘ —’‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ††‘ǡˆ‘”•‘‡ͳͲǦͳͷ›‡ƒ”•ǤƒŽŽƒ ‡ǡ™Š‘•‡ˆƒ‹Ž›Šƒ†ƒŽ‘‰Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ††‘ǡ ™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡ƒ••‹‰‡†— Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹’‘”–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†‘•– ‡–”ƒŽŽ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ͵͸Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‹–™‡”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡’‡”‹’Š‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘•‡––Ž‡‡– ”‡‰‹‘ƒ•‹–™ƒ•ǡ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž†Ž‡•••‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ ‡ˆ‘”Š‹Ǥ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒŽŽƒ ‡™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡‘Ž› ’‡”‹‘†‹ˆ‘”ƒ––‘ˆƒ‹Ž–‘‡–‹‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–Ǥ ‡‘”‰‡ ”ƒ›ǡ †‹ƒ‰‡–†—”‹‰— Š‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺʹͲ•ǡ ƒ†ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™Š‘Šƒ†ϐ‹”•–ǦŠƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ••‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ‡˜‡”ƒ†‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ ‡‹–Š‡”‡ŠƒŠ—‹–‘”Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ–‘•–ƒ†‡‘Ž›–™‘’ƒ••‹‰”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•–‘ƒ††‘•‡––Ž‡‡–••‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡šǤ͵͹

–‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•ƒ›™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹–›™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‡––Ž‡‡–ǡƒ• ƒ›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ǡ‘”ƒƒ•›‡––‘„‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ƒ††‘•‹–‡ǤŠƒ–†‘‡••‡‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘•‡––Ž‡‡– †‡’‹ –‡†‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’‹•‘––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–Ǥ

—ƒ”›ƒ†‘ Ž—•‹‘•

Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–caddi ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–Ž›‹‰•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š‘ƒ™ ƒ™ƒ›‘—ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–Š‹•ƒ†ƒ’”‡˜‹‘—•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹–Š‹•Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’‡”‹‘††‘ —‡–•Ǥ – ƒ‘–„‡•ƒ‹†™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ Šƒ•„‡‡†‡ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ–ǡƒ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”‘™’‡”‹‘†ƒ††‘•‹–‡• ‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ƒ™ƒ™ƒ›‘—‘•– Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ– Š‡•–Š‡ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†ƒ•„‡‹‰–Š‡Š‘‡‘ˆ –Š‹•Š‹•–‘”‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘‡ ‘—Ž† ‘ ‡‹˜ƒ„Ž›ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ‘ˆǦ–Š‡ǦŽƒ‡•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡–Š‡Š‘‡‘ˆ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǡ‹–‹•†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘•‡‡Š‘™ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†ǡƒ††‘• Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ Žƒ‹–Šƒ––Š‹•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ‹˜‡†‘ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‹••‹–‡™ƒ•–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹ –Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘”–Š™‡•–‘—‹•‹ƒƒȀƒ•–‡šƒ•ƒ††‘Š‘‡Žƒ†Ǥ͵ͺ

†‘–‡•

ͳǤ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‹Ǥƒ•‡ˆ‘”‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ”– ǤCaddo Archeology JournalǤ‘ŽǤʹͲǡʹͲͳͲȋ•‡‡ǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ †‹‰‹–ƒŽǤŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ•Š•—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ—ǫȀ’ͳͷͲ͸ͳ ‘ŽŽ͵ǡ͵ȌǤ’’ǤͳǦ͵ͲǤ

ʹǤ”‘‘•ǡ ‡Š‹‡ŽǤThe Answer of Jehiel Brooks to the Memorial of Samuel Norris, January 30, 1840. ‘šͳǡ ‘Ž†‡”ͳʹǡ –‡ͺǡŠ‡”‘‘•Ǧ—‡‡ ƒ‹Ž›‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡‡”‹ ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ‹•–‘”›‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–‡”ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–› ” Š‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤȋ•‡‡ǡ™™™ǤƒŽƒ†‹Ǥ™”Ž Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‰•†ŽȀ ‘ŽŽ‡ –Ȁ „”‘‘•Ȁ„”‘‘•Ǥ•Š–ŽȌǤ

͵Ǥ‹„Ž‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤDz ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡– Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹ƒ”‹„‡•‹‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•‹˜‡”ǡƒ† ‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ†‹˜‡” ”ƒ†‡ǤdzAmerican State Papers. Indian AffairsǤ‘ŽǤ Ǥ’Ǥ͹ʹͳǤ Discoveries made in exploring the Missouri, Red River, and Washita, by Captains Lewis and Clark, Doctor Sibley, and William Dunbar, Esq. ȏ‹ ”‘ˆ‘”Ȑwith a statistical account of the countries adjacent with an appendix by Mr. Dunbar. ƒ”Ž›‡”‹ ƒ ’”‹–•ǡ‡”‹‡•ʹǡ‘ͳͲ͵ʹ͸Ǥ’Ǥ͸͸ǡDzƒ›‘—”‹˜‡”ȋ–‘› ”‡‡Ȍdzƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•Dzƒ›ƒ—‹‡””‡ ȋ–‘›”‡‡ȌǤdz

ͶǤƒ•–ƒÓ‡†ƒǡƒ”Ž‘•Ǥȋ ƒ‡•Ǥ ‹„„‘•ǡ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤOur Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519-1936Ǥ‘ŽǤǡŠ‡‹••‹‘ ”ƒǣŠ‡†‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š‡‰‹‡ǡͳ͹ͺͲǦͳͺͳͲǤ—•–‹ǡǣ˜‘Ǧ‘‡ ƒǦ ‘‡•‘’ƒ›ǡͳͻͶʹǤ’ǤͶͲͷǤ

ͷǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’ǤͳͶͷǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳʹ͵ †‘–‡•ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

͸Ǥ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’Ǥͳ͸ͺǤ

͹Ǥ Žƒ••ǡ –Š‘›Ǥ ȋƒ Ǥ Ž‘”‡•ǡ ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤ Journal of an Indian Trader: Anthony Glass and the Texas Trading Frontier, 1790-1810Ǥ ‡šƒ• Ƭ ‘—–Š™‡•–‡” –—†‹‡•ǡ ‘Ǥ ͶǤ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ –ƒ–‹‘ǡ ǣ ‡šƒ•Ƭ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͷǤ’Ǥ͵ͻǤ

ͺǤ‹„Ž‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤDz ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡– Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹ƒ”‹„‡•‹‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•‹˜‡”ǡƒ† ‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ†‹˜‡” ”ƒ†‡ǤdzAmerican State Papers. Indian AffairsǤ‘ŽǤ Ǥ’Ǥ͹ʹͳǤ

ͻǤʹ͹–Š‘‰Ǥǡʹ†•‡••ǤHouse Report 1035Ǥ’ǤʹͺǤŠ‡”‡ƒ†‡”™‹ŽŽ”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ–‘•ƒ‡‹•ƒ‘Ž†ƒ‡ˆ‘” ƒ••‘”‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›”‘••ƒ‡Ǥ

ͳͲǤ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‹Ǥƒ•‡ˆ‘”‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ”– ǤCaddo Archeology JournalǤ‘ŽǤʹͲǡƒ” ŠʹͲͳͲȋ•‡‡ǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽǤŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ•Š•—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ—ǫȀ’ͳͷͲ͸ͳ ‘ŽŽ͵ǡ͵ȌǤ’’ǤʹǦͶǤ

ͳͳǤ ƒ”•‘•ǡ ƒ” Ǥǡ ƒ‡• Ǥ ”—•‡–Šǡ ƒ“—‡• ƒ‰—”ǡ Ǥ ‹Ž‡‡ ‘Ž†„‘”‡” ƒ† Žƒ—†‡  ”‘ Ž‹Ǥ Finding Sha’chahdinnih (Timber Hill): The Last Village of the Kadohadacho in the Caddo HomelandǤ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡’‘”–•‡”‹‡•ǡ‘Ǥ͵Ǥ—•–‹ǡǣ‡šƒ• ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǡʹͲͲʹǤ’’ǤͳǦͳͷǤ –ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹–Š‹•™‘”‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘‡–•‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”™”‹–‡”•Ǥ‡‡ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’’Ǥͳ͸ͳǦͳ͸ʹǡˆ‘‘–‘–‡Ͷˆ‘”ƒ•—ƒ”›•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’ǤͳͶ͵ȋ‘–‡͵ʹȌǤ

ͳ͵Ǥ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’ǤͳͶ͸Ǥ

ͳͶǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’ǤͳͶ͸Ǥ

ͳͷǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’’Ǥͳ͸ͲǦͳ͸ͳǤ

ͳ͸Ǥ‹„Ž‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤ‡––‡”–‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ—•–‹•ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆƒ”Ǥ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͺǡͳͺͳʹǤƒ–‹‘ƒŽ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ ‘”†• †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǤLetters Received by the Secretary of War, main series, 1801-1870Ǥ‡ ‘”† ”‘—’ͳͲ͹ǡʹʹͳǡ ‡‡Žͷ͹Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘—”–‡•›–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹••‹••‹’’‹Ǥ ƒ––‹‡•„—”‰ǡǤ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰—”ǡ ƒ “—‡•ǤA History of Navigation on Cypress Bayou and the LakesǤ‡–‘ǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Š‡šƒ•”‡••ǡʹͲͲͳǤ’’Ǥ ͳͳǦͳ͵Ǣ ƒ””‡––ǡ —Ž‹ƒƒ–Š”›ǤDz”Ǥ ‘Š‹„Ž‡›ƒ†–Š‡‘—‹•‹ƒƒǦ‡šƒ• ”‘–‹‡”ǡͳͺͲ͵ǦͳͺͳͶǤdzSouthwestern Historical QuarterlyǤ‘ŽǤͶͻǡ‘Ǥ͵ȋ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͻͶ͸ȌǤ’’ǤͶͳ͹ǦͶͳͺǤ

ͳ͹ǤA Map of the State of Louisiana with Part Of The Mississippi Territory, from Actual Survey By Wm. DarbyǤͳͺͳ͸Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǡ•—”˜‡›‘”ǤŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡǣ ‘Š‡Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‡ƒ˜‹†—•‡›ƒ’‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ȋ•‡‡ǡ™™™Ǥ †ƒ˜‹†”—•‡›Ǥ ‘ȌǢ—•–‹ǡ–‡’Š‡ ǤMapa Original de TexasǤ ƒŽ‡ǡ‘‡‰‹˜‡Ǥ‘–‡‘ƒ’ǣDz”‡•‡–‡† –‘Š‹•š ‡ŽŽ‡ ›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹ͳͺʹͻǤdzƒ’—„‡”Ͳͻͳ͹ǡƒ’‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡”˜‹ ‡•‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‡šƒ•–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•‘‹••‹‘Ǥ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

ͳͺǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’ǤͳͶ͸Ǥ

ͳͻǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’’ǤͳͶ͹ǦͳͶͺǤ

ͳʹͶȈ Volume 21, 2011 †‘–‡•ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

ʹͲǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’’ǤͳͶͷǦͳͶ͸Ǥ

ʹͳǤ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ Š‹–• ‹ –Š‡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ •‡‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ Ž‘”‡•ǯ Jefferson and Southwestern Exploration –‘ƒDz˜‡”›”ƒ’‹†dz —””‡–ȋ’Ǥͳ͵ͶȌǡDzƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ —””‡–ǡ”—‹‰ƒ––Š‡”ƒ’‹†”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‹Ž‡•ƒ Š‘—”dzȋ’Ǥͳ͵͸Ȍǡƒ†Dzƒ”‹•‡‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡‘„•‡”˜‡†™ƒ•–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ ‡dzȋ’ǤͳͶͲȌǡ–Š‡ ‘‡–ƒ„‘—– •™‹‹‰–Š‡Š‘”•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘’ƒ”–›ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ–ƒ–‹‡ȋŽƒ–‡ —‡Ǧ‡ƒ”Ž› —Ž›Ȍ™Š‡‹–™‘—Ž† ‘”ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”•‘–‘Šƒ˜‡™ƒŽ‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡•ȋ’Ǥͳ͸ͳȌǡ ’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‘•– ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‘ƒ‡• ‘’Ž‡š‹–Š‡ •—‡”‘ˆͳͺͲ͸ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹’’‡†‹šŠ”‡‡ȋDz‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡‘‡†‹˜‡”ǡͳͺͲ͸dz ȋ’’Ǥ͵͵͸Ǧ͵͵ͻȌȌǤƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–ƒ„Ž‡• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•Š‘™•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š”‡‡ › Ž‘‹ ˆ”‘–ƒŽ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ȋ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ™‡”‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ„‡–™‡‡ ƒ›ʹƒ† —‡ͳͷǤˆ–Š‡͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘ˆ”‡ ‘”†‹ƒ›ǡˆ—ŽŽ›ͳͷ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǢ•‡˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–ͳͷ†ƒ›• ‹ —‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ‘–‡•ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ‡—•‡‘ˆ•— Šƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ•Dz‰”‡ƒ–”ƒ‹dz ȋƒ›ͳʹȌǡDz˜‹‘Ž‡––Š—†‡”•–‘”dzȋƒ›ͳ͵ȌǡDz‡š ‡••‹˜‡”ƒ‹dzȋƒ›ͳͷȌǡDz— Š”ƒ‹dzȋƒ›ͳ͹Ȍǡƒ†DzŠ‡ƒ˜› •Š‘™‡”dzȋƒ›ʹ͵ȌǤƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’‡”‹‘†•ƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š—†‡”ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ›•™‹–Š‰‡–Ž‡•Š‘™‡”•‹–Š‡‘”‹‰ǡ”ƒ‹•„‡‰‹‹‰ƒ–‹‰Š–ƒ†•–”‡– Š‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‡š–†ƒ›ǡƒ†‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ Ž‘—†›™‡ƒ–Š‡”ȂƒŽŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ › Ž‘‹ ˆ”‘–•Ǥ— Š ˆ”‘–•ǡ™Š‹ Š–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’ƒ –„”‘ƒ†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒŽ‘•–•—”‡Ž›„”‘—‰Š–•—•–ƒ‹‡†ƒ†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡•’”‹‰‘ˆͳͺͲ͸Ǥƒ•‡†‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘—†‹ –Š‡ ”‡‡ƒƒ†—•–‹•Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡ‹–‹•˜‡”›Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†Žƒ‡•ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—’‘™Šƒ–™‡”‡ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡™‡–•’”‹‰‘–Š•ǡ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡——•—ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Šˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›•—‡”Ǥ

–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ƒ ͳͻͺ͹ ’ƒ’‡” „› —‹ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ‹ –Š‡ Journal of Geophysical Research •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ƒ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž‹Ó‘™ƒ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒŽ‘‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡”—‹ͳͺͲ͸Ǥ‡”—˜‹ƒŽ‹Ó‘‹ ‹†‡–•ƒ”‡–›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’‡”‹‘†• ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ȋ•‡‡ —‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ Ǥ ‡ƒŽǡƒ†ǤǤ–—‡œ†‡ƒ›‘Ž‘ǤŽ‹Ó‘ —””‡ ‡•˜‡”–Š‡ƒ•– ‘—”ƒ†ƒ ƒŽˆ‡–—”‹‡•ǤJournal of Geophysical ResearchǤ‘ŽǤͻʹȋͳ͵Ȍǡͳͻͺ͹Ǥ’’ǤͳͶͶͶͻǦͳͶͶ͸ͳȌǤ

ʹʹǤ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’’Ǥͳ͸ͲǦͳ͸ͳǢƒ”•‘•ǡƒ”Ǥǡ ƒ‡• Ǥ”—•‡–Šǡ ƒ“—‡•ƒ‰—”ǡǤ‹Ž‡‡ ‘Ž†„‘”‡”ƒ†Žƒ—†‡ ”‘ Ž‹ǤFinding Sha’chahdinnih (Timber Hill): The Last Village of the Kadohadacho in the Caddo HomelandǤ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡’‘”–•‡”‹‡•ǡ‘Ǥ͵Ǥ—•–‹ǡǣ ‡šƒ• ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǡʹͲͲʹǤ’ǤͳͷǤ

ʹ͵Ǥ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͶǤ’Ǥͳ͸ͷǤ

ʹͶǤ‡‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡Mapa Geographica de la Provincia TehasǤͳͺʹʹǤ–‡’Š‡ Ǥ—•–‹Ǥ‘ —‡–†‹̴Ͳʹͺͺͳǡ –‡’Š‡—•–‹ƒ’‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘Ž’Š”‹• ‘‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒ ‹•–‘”›ǡŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ–—•–‹Ǥ —•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǣ”ƒ†ˆ‘”†ǡŠ‘ƒ• Ǥ‡šƒ•ǤAn Illustrated Atlas, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical, of the United States and Adjacent CountriesǤ ƒŽ‡ǡͳǤ͹ͷ‹ Š‡•‹•ͺͲ‹Ž‡•Ǥͳͺ͵ͺǤƒ’—„‡”ͲͲ͵͵ǡƒ’‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡”˜‹ ‡•‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‡šƒ•–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†” Š‹˜‡•‘‹••‹‘Ǥ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•

ʹͷǤͳͺ͵ͶǤƒ˜‹† Ǥ—””ǡ†”ƒˆ–•ƒǤ‡™‘”ǡǣ Ǥ Ǥ‘Ž–‘ƒ†‘’ƒ›Ǥ‘ —‡–͹ͻʹͻʹǡ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•”‘‰”ƒ”‡ƒǡ—”˜‡›‹‰‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‡šƒ• ‡‡”ƒŽƒ†ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

ʹ͸ǤMapa Geographica de las Provincias Septentrionales de esta Nueva EspanaǤͳͺͲ͹ǫ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±ƒ”‹ƒ—‡ŽŽ‡•Ǥ ‘ —‡– †‹̴ͲͶ͸ͷͷǡ ‡šƒ• ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž’Š ”‹• ‘‡ ‡–‡” ˆ‘” ‡”‹ ƒ ‹•–‘”›ǡ Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ–—•–‹Ǥ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

ʹ͹Ǥ ƒ •‘ǡ ƒ ǤShooting the Sun: Cartographic Results of Military Activities in Texas, 1689-1829Ǥ‘ŽǤʹǤŠ‡ ‘‘Ž—„‘ˆ‡šƒ•ǡͳͻͻͺǤ’Ǥ͵ͳ͸Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳʹͷ †‘–‡•ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

ʹͺǤ‹ Šƒ”†‘ǡ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±–‘‹‘ȋŠƒ”Ž‡•‹Ž•‘ ƒ ‡––ǡ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤPichardo’s Treatise on the Limits of Louisiana ƒ†‡šƒ•ǣ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ–‹•‡™‹–Š‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‡”‹ϔ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”—‡‹‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ Provinces of Louisiana and Texas: Written by Father José Antonio Pichardo, of the Congregation of the Oratory of San Felipe Neri, to Disprove the Claim of the United States That Texas Was Included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803Ǥ‘ŽǤͶǤ—•–‹ǡǣŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•”‡••ǡͳͻͶ͸Ǥ’ǤͶʹͳǤ

ʹͻǤ ƒ •‘ǡ ƒ ǤShooting the Sun: Cartographic Results of Military Activities in Texas, 1689-1829Ǥ‘ŽǤʹǤŠ‡ ‘‘Ž—„‘ˆ‡šƒ•ǡͳͻͻͺǤ’Ǥ͵ʹͻǤ

͵ͲǤƒ”„›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤEmigrant’s Guide to the Western and Southwestern States and TerritoriesǤ‡™‘”ǡǣ‹” ƒ†‡” ‡‹ǡͳͺͳͺǤ’’ǤͺͶǦͺͷǤ

͵ͳǤƒ”„›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‡––‡”–‘–Š‡†‹–‘”ǤDaily National IntelligencerǤƒ›ͳ͵ǡͳͺ͵͸Ǥ

͵ʹǤ‡šƒ• ‡‡”ƒŽƒ†ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥƒ‡”ǡ ‡”›ǤMap of Texas with Parts of the Adjoining StatesǤ  ƒŽ‡ǡͳ‹ Š‹•ʹͷ‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡǣ ‡”›Ǥƒ‡”Ǥͳͺ͵ͻǤ ƒ’ ƒ‰‡ͺͺͻͻͷǤ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ† ‡ ‘”†•‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǣ‡šƒ• ‡‡”ƒŽƒ†ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ–ƒ–‡‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ ”‘˜‡•ǡ ǤRepublic of TexasǤ  ƒŽ‡ǡͳ‹ Š‹•ʹͷ‹Ž‡•Ǥͳͺ͵͹Ǥ  ƒ‰‡Ͷ͹͸Ǥ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ ‘”†•‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

͵͵Ǥ‹Ž–‹‰Šƒ•ϐ‹ŽŽ‡†‹— Š‘ˆ–‘†ƒ›ǯ•—œœƒ”†ƒ›ƒ––Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡”‡ƒ–•‘ǯ•ƒ›‘—‡–‡”•ƒ††‘ƒ‡ǤŠ‡ ƒ›ͳͺ͵ͺ‡”‹ ƒ•—”˜‡›’Žƒ–‘ˆͳͻǡͳ͸— Š‘”‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ” •Šƒ’‡•‡‡‘ƒ”„›ǯ•ƒ’Ǥ‡‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‹‘”ǡ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Louisiana, North and West District. Survey Plat Map ˆ‘”T19N, R16W ȋͳͺ͵ͺȌǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ’”‹‰ϐ‹‡Ž†ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤƒ’‡” ‘’‹‡•ȋͳͺdzʹͶdzȌƒ›„‡ƒ “—‹”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹’”‹‰ϐ‹‡Ž†ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤŽ•‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰Ž‘”‡ ‘”†•Ǥ„ŽǤ‰‘˜Ȁȋ•‡‡‡ƒ” Š —”˜‡›•ȌǤ

͵ͶǤ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‹‘”ǡ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǤLouisiana, North and West District. Survey Plat Maps and Field Notes ˆ‘” T22N, R15W ȋͳͺ͵ͻȌǡ T22N, R16W (1839) and 23N, 16W ȋͳͺ͵ͻȌǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ’”‹‰ϐ‹‡Ž†ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤƒ’‡” ‘’‹‡•ȋͳͺdzʹͶdzȌƒ›„‡ ƒ “—‹”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‡ƒ—‘ˆƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹’”‹‰ϐ‹‡Ž†ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤŽ•‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ ™™™Ǥ‰Ž‘”‡ ‘”†•Ǥ„ŽǤ‰‘˜Ȁȋ•‡‡‡ƒ” Š—”˜‡›•ȌǤ

͵ͷǤ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‹ǤBefore the LineǤ‘ŽǤ ǡ‘–ƒ–‡†–Žƒ•‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†‡’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆ‡šƒ• †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–•Ǥ —–•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡǣŠ‡ ”‘—’ǡʹͲͳͲȋ•‡‡ǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽǤŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ•Š•—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ—ǫȀ ’ͳͷͲ͸ͳ ‘ŽŽ͵ǡͲȌǤ’’Ǥ͹Ǧͳ͸Ǥ

͵͸Ǥ ”‘‘•ǡ ‡Š‹‡ŽǤ The Answer of Jehiel Brooks to the Memorial of Samuel Norris, January 30, 1840. ‘š ͳǡ ‘Ž†‡”ͳʹǡ –‡ͺǡŠ‡”‘‘•Ǧ—‡‡ ƒ‹Ž›‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡‡”‹ ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ‹•–‘”›‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–‡” ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›” Š‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤȋ•‡‡ǡ™™™ǤƒŽƒ†‹Ǥ™”Ž Ǥ ‘”‰Ȁ‰•†ŽȀ ‘ŽŽ‡ –Ȁ„”‘‘•Ȁ„”‘‘•Ǥ•Š–ŽȌǢ Ž‘”‡•ǡƒȋ‡†‹–‘”ȌǤJefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806Ǥ‘”ƒǡǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͺͶǤ‡‡ˆ‘‘–‘–‡͵ǡ’’Ǥͳ͸ͲǦͳ͸ͳǢ‡”––—Žƒǡ‹‘–Š›ǤThe Caddo NationǤ—•–‹ǡǣŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡šƒ•”‡••ǡͳͻͻʹǤ’’ǤͶͲǦͶͳǢʹ͹–Š‘‰Ǥʹ†•‡••ǤHouse Report 1035Ǥ’’ǤʹͶǦʹͷǡ͵͵ǡͺ͸Ǥ

͵͹Ǥƒ–‹‘ƒŽ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ ‘”†•†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡––‡”•‡ ‡‹˜‡†„›–Š‡ˆϔ‹ ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡͷ;͸ͺǦͷ;;ͷǡ Red River AgencyǤʹ͵Ͷǡ‘ŽŽ͹ʹ͹Ǥ‡––‡”ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ”ƒ›ǡ‰‡––‘Š‘ƒ• ‹‡›ǡ—’‡”‹–‡†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ –‘„‡”ͳǡͳͺʹͶǢŽ‡––‡”ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ”ƒ›ǡ‰‡––‘ ƒ‡•ƒ”„‘—”ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆƒ”ǡ‡ ‡„‡” ͶǡͳͺʹͷǤ‡‡ƒŽ•‘‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‹ǤBefore the LineǤ‘ŽǤ ǡ‡––‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ǡͳͺͲͻǦͳͺͶʹǤ —–•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡǣ Š‡ ”‘—’ǡʹͲͳͳȋ•‡‡ǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽǤŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ•Š•—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ—ǫȀ’ͳͷͲ͸ͳ ‘ŽŽ͵ǡͺȌǤ –‡•͵Ͳͳǡ͵ʹ͵Ǥ

ͳʹ͸Ȉ Volume 21, 2011 †‘–‡•ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

͵ͺǤ ƒ”•‘•ǡ ƒ” Ǥǡ ƒ‡• Ǥ ”—•‡–Šǡ ƒ“—‡• ƒ‰—”ǡ Ǥ ‹Ž‡‡ ‘Ž†„‘”‡” ƒ† Žƒ—†‡  ”‘ Ž‹Ǥ Finding Sha’chahdinnih (Timber Hill): The Last Village of the Kadohadacho in the Caddo HomelandǤ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡’‘”–•‡”‹‡•ǡ‘Ǥ͵Ǥ—•–‹ǡǣ‡šƒ• ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǡʹͲͲʹǤ’’ǤͳǦͳͷǤ‡‡‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‹Ǥƒ•‹„‡” ‹ŽŽ –Š‡ƒ•–ƒ††‘‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹–Š‡ƒ††‘ ‘‡Žƒ†ǫ Caddo Archeology JournalǤ‘ŽǤ ͳͺǡʹͲͲͺȋ•‡‡ǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽǤŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ•Š•—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ—ǫȀ’ͳͷͲ͸ͳ ‘ŽŽ͵ǡʹȌǤ’’ǤͳͳǦʹͳˆ‘”ƒ”‡„—––ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘— •‹–‡ȋ‡””‘‡‘—•Ž›†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ•‹„‡” ‹ŽŽ„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Ȍ„‡‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–ƒ††‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒǦƒ•–‡šƒ•”‡‰‹‘Ǥ

͵ͻǤ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ –‡• ͳǦ͹ ‘””‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– •‡˜‡ ‹–‡• Ž‹•–‡† —†‡” –Š‡ •‡ –‹‘ ‡–‹–Ž‡† Dz‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥdzš ‡’–ˆ‘”‹–‡ʹǡ‡ƒ Š‹–‡™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣȋͳȌ–Š‡–‘’ȋ„Žƒ Ȍ„ƒ””‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽȀ ‘’ƒ›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‹‹–‡ͳ”‘‘•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘„‡ͻͲ‹Ž‡•ǢȋʹȌ–Š‡†ƒ”‰”ƒ›„ƒ”ȋ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ȍ †‡’‹ –•–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ ‡ȋ‡‹–Š‡”˜‹ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡‘”„›ƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹‡†”‘ƒ†Ȍˆ”‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’‘‹–”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† ȋƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ȍ–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡†‡–‡”‹‹‰•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡‹Ž‡ƒ‰‡ǡ†‹•–ƒ ‡•™‡”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‘—–”‡‰ƒ”†–‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ȋŽƒ‡•ǡ•™ƒ’•ǡ‡– ǤȌǤŠ‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ•— Šˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•™‘—Ž†ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ††‹Ž‡ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†–‘–ƒŽǤ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹–‡ͳǡ‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ͺ͹‹Ž‡•‘”–Š‘ˆ ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•˜‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†ƒ•†‡’‹ –‡†‘ͳͺ͵Ͳ•Ǧ‡”ƒ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡••—”˜‡›’Žƒ– ƒ’•Ǣȋ͵Ȍ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‰”ƒ›„ƒ””‡’”‡•‡–• ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ ‹–‡ͳǡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ͳͳͲ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘ ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ȋͺ͹‹Ž‡•–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†’Ž—• ʹͶ‹Ž‡•ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†‘ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡ˆ”‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ȌǤ

Š‡‹Ž‡ƒ‰‡••Š‘™‹‹–‡ʹ™‡”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣȋͳȌ‹„Ž‡›‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–ƒ•‹–”‹„‡™ƒ• ‡–‡”‡†‘ ‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ› —ˆˆƒŽ‘ ƒ›‘—ǡ ͷͲ‹Ž‡• ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǤŠ‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ ‘‹– ‘ƒ† ™ƒ• †‡–‡”‹‡† –‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „‡ Ͷͳ ‹Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‘Ž†ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†Ǧ—ˆˆƒŽ‘ƒ›‘—‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘–‘‡ŠƒŠ—‹–ǯ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡† ‘ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡ǡ™ƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘„‡͵͹‹Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽȋ͹ͺ‹Ž‡•Ȍ„‡‹‰˜‡”› Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡†‘—„Ž‡–Š‡ DzŠƒŽˆ™ƒ›dz†‹•–ƒ ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†„›‹„Ž‡›Ǥ‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ǡ–Š‡ ‹ǯ•ƒ›‘—•‹–‡ǡƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†‘ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡ǡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡•‘‡ͷͻ‹Ž‡•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ ƒ‘‹–‘ƒ†ƒ† —ˆˆƒŽ‘ƒ›‘—ǡ‘”ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͲͲ‹Ž‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ǥ

ͶͲǤ ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ‘—” ‡ǣA Map of the State of Louisiana with Part Of The Mississippi Territory, from Actual Survey By Wm. DarbyǤͳͺͳ͸Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ”„›ǡ•—”˜‡›‘”ǤŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡǣ ‘Š‡Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‡ƒ˜‹†—•‡›ƒ’‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ȋ•‡‡ǡ™™™Ǥ†ƒ˜‹†”—•‡›Ǥ ‘ȌǤ

ͶͳǤ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ‘—” ‡ǣƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘Mapa Geographica de las Provincias Septentrionales de esta Nueva EspanaǤ ͳͺͲ͹ǫ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±ƒ”‹ƒ—‡ŽŽ‡•Ǥ‘ —‡–†‹̴ͲͶ͸ͷͷǡ‡šƒ•ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘Ž’Š”‹• ‘‡‡–‡” ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒ ‹•–‘”›ǡŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ–—•–‹Ǥ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

ͶʹǤ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ‘—” ‡ǣƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘Mapa Geographica de las Provincias Septentrionales de esta Nueva EspanaǤ ͳͺͲ͹ǫ ƒ–Š‡” ‘•±ƒ”‹ƒ—‡ŽŽ‡•Ǥ‘ —‡–†‹̴ͲͶ͸ͷͷǡ‡šƒ•ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘Ž’Š”‹• ‘‡‡–‡” ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒ ‹•–‘”›ǡŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ–—•–‹Ǥ—•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

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