DOCSLIB.ORG

The Alabama-Coushatta and Their Texas Friends

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

East Texas Historical Journal Volume 27 Issue 1 Article 7 3-1989 The Alabama-Coushatta and their Texas Friends Jere Franco Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Franco, Jere (1989) "The Alabama-Coushatta and their Texas Friends," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 27 : Iss. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol27/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 31 THE ALABAMA-COUSHATTA AND THEIR TEXAS FRIENDS by Jere Franco Small, peaceful, and agricultural, the Alabama and Coushatta Indians called themselves the "medicine gatherers" and "white cane" people. For many years they built villages, planted crops, and hunted in peace. With the coming of the white men, they saw no reason to change their lifestyle. Although this peaceful attitude would be tested in years to come, it even­ tually led to the establishment of a home in Texas for them. I In 1541 the Alabama and Coushatt lived in separate villages, but as ethnic and linguist members of the Upper Creek Confederacy they main­ tained close relations. The Coushattas lived on Pine Island near the Tennessee River and the Alabama lived in northern Mississippi. By 1686 the Coushattas had moved to Creek Country. near present-day Mon­ tgomery, Alabama, and a dozen years later the Alabamas moved to a village on the Alabama River near the Coushatta town. Both tribes re­ mained in this region until 1763. They developed close ties with the French. After the French lost the Seven Year's War to England in 1763, they aban­ doned their fort and advised their Indian allies to leave the area or risk extermination by the English. 2 The two tribes heeded this advice by emigrating together, thus conti­ nuing their closely-intertwined lifestyle. By the close of the eighteenth cen­ tury the Alabama-Coushatta had emigrated to friendly Spanish territory in Louisiana. In 1795 some Alabama-Coushatta had settled in the Big Thicket area of East Texas along the Neches and Trinity rivers. The Spanish Governor specifically requested that more of their tribesmen join the Indians in the 1800s because he wanted to create an Indian barrier to Anglo settlement. l The Louisiana Purchase (1803) caused Americans to push the Indians from their area, and many more Alabama and Coushatta, as well as their relatives, the Muscogee, came to Texas. Comfortably established there by 1822, the tribes traded crops and skins for clothing in Natchitoches and Galveston. In addition to cultivating melons, corn l rice, potatoes. and cotton, they also raised hogs and horses. During the period of Spanish rule the Alabama-Coushatta established good relations with government officials which they later maintained with the Mexican Government. Con­ sidering these two tribes "industrious and peaceable." the Mexican govern­ ment felt it was "absolutely necessary to maintain peace" with them. To achieve this goal the Alcalde of Nacogdoches ordered several white families removed from Coushatta land and rebuked a governmental employee for surveying land within the boundaries of the Alabama-Coushatta area in 1835. 4 When Texas won its independence in 1836, the Alabama-Coushatta Jere Franco is from E1 Paso, Texas. 32 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION transferred their loyalty to still another new government and declared their desire to remain in their Big Thicket home. They remained there for the rest of the century despite conflicts with whites and a few attempts to have the tribe removed from Texas. After 1875 they were one of only three tribes who lived in Texas because their relationship with white settlers dif­ fered significantly from the relationship between the settlers and more hostile tribes. Since the Alabama-Coushatta generally maintained amicable relationships with their Texas neighbors, white friends continually aided the efforts of the tribe in petitioning the Texas government for a reservation.' Despite good relations with Mexico. the two tribes began a firm friend­ ship with the Texans soon after settlement developed, a friendship forged primarily because of Sam Houston. Houston, an adopted member of the Cherokee tribe, soon established close relations with most of the Texas tribes. His ufriendly Indian" policy. based on expediency and affection, stood him well during the Texas Revolution. Some Alabama-Coushatta acted as guides during the Battle of San Jacinto while others offered food and shelter to Texas refugees. 6 When hostilities ceased in 1836, Sam Houston signed a treaty with the Cherokee and their associated bands, an agreement which specified a "firm and lasting peace forever." The commissioners promised the Indians land in addition to the same rights and privileges they enjoyed under the Mexican government. However. the following year the Texas Congress refused to ratify this treaty. Although the legislature recognized that the Alabama, Coushatta. and Muscogee "harbored pacific feelings towards the government of this Republick." it claimed that these tribes had no pretensions to territory. 6 In 1838 the Texas Congress opened a Land Office to assist white set­ tlers. As surveyors pushed into the Indian settlements to survey land for white claimants, the Indians retaliated with raids on both surveyors and settlers. The most hostile of these Indians joined with Mexican emissaries and conducted joint expeditions against the Texans throughout the spring and summer. By August Secretary of War Thomas J. Rusk informed Colonel Bowl. a Cherokee chief, that he should influence the Coushatta, who had joined the hostile Kickapoos, to desist from warfare. Although Bowl promi5".ed to inform Rusk of the tribes' movements, he failed to tell Rusk that some of the Coushatta had left their homes. On October 16, 1838, Rusk and a force of Texans attacked and defeated a combined group of Mexicans and Indians at the Battle of Kickapoo Village. A surprised Rusk discovered Coushatta. whom he had thought safely in their villages, among the dead.' Immediate anger followed this discovery. Some Texans demanded removal or extermination of not only the Coushatta but also the peaceable Alabamas. Rusk threatened to attack the villages with 500 militia jf they did not remain at home. "Ifyou act as our friend and have nothing more to do with our enemies." Rusk cautioned them. "you and your people EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 33 lt have nothing to fear from us. & At this point Houston intervened to help his friends. On December 19, 1838 he sent a peace message to the Alabama and Coushatta and expressed sorrow for those warriors who had died in skirmishes with white surveyors and other Texans. Stop the raids, Houston promised, and neither the government nor any other whites will take retaliatory action against the tribe. 9 The president succeeded with his "talk," and for over a year the Alabama-Coushatta remained at peace in the Big Thicket area where they had established several towns. But in the summer of 1839 Indians and whites in Liberty County accused one another of stealing stock. The set­ tlers killed five Coushatta, ran off their livestock, and chased the remain­ ing Coushatta from their Baptist Village. Colutta, a leader of the tribe, complained to Mirabeau Lamar, now president of the Republic. Although he was angry over the injustice and worried for his tribe, Colutta also feared for the end of good relations with their Texas neighbors. "This is not right and it will, if persisted in, cause a wound never to be healed," he exclaimed. 10 Lamar's Indian policy emphasized vengeance rather than concilia­ tion. However, Colutta's message affected Lamar and he lost no time in responding to this plea. On July 9 he wrote to both Colutta and the citizens of Liberty County. In the letter to Colutta, Lamar expressed sorrow over the recent disturbances between the Indians and the nearby whites and blamed both groups for these problems. He blamed the Indians with stealing stock and warned them to behave honestly. Furthermore. he promised to send Indian Agent Joseph Lindley to act as mediator and protect their rights. In his message to the white settlers, Lamar described this tribe as "weak and defenceless. H He feared that unjust treatment could send the Indians fleeing to hostile tribes and an eruption of frontier war­ fare. Lamar promised the citizens that the new agent would control the tribe. I] On August 1, 1839, the citizens of Liberty County replied to Lamar on three counts. First, they claimed that they had not taken part in the previous disturbances. Secondly, they said that they had interfered in a "humble. persuasive manner to convince the persons imbodied for the purpose of Exterminating said Indians, that the said Indians had done no harm, but were friendly."12 Finally, these thirty petitioners felt that Lindley had misrepresented the facts to Lamar and that he was unfit to be an Indian agent. They charged that he did not speak the tribal language, resided at least forty miles from the nearest Indian village, and was one of those who wish to drive out the Indians. The settlers asked Lamar to replace Lindley with F.H. Rankin, who they claimed was the best agent and interpreter in Texas. 13 Perhaps Lamar distrusted their motives, disliked their choice of agents, or simply did not believe them, because he disregarded this advice. Lamar's views concerning Indian agents differed greatly from Houston's. 34 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION Houston charged an agent to protect the interests of the Indian.
Recommended publications
  • Tribal Relations and Consultation at Txdot

    Tribal Relations and Consultation at Txdot

    Tribal Relations and Consultation at TxDOT Draft Strategic Plan 2016 Archeological Studies Branch, Cultural Resources Management (CRM) Section, Environmental Affairs Division (ENV) Vision for Tribal Relations and Consultation at TxDOT The Texas Department of Transportation is a best-in-class agency that goes above and beyond the spirit of consultation to work collaboratively with federally recognized Native American tribes toward mutually beneficial outcomes during all levels of the transportation process. Mission of the Tribal Relations and Consultation Program: Build relationships and purposefully collaborate with tribal nations in the planning and implementation of TxDOT projects and programs. In working with tribal nations, TxDOT: . Recognizes the inherent sovereign status and reserved rights of tribes; . Practices and promotes cultural sensitivity when working with tribes; . Honors the spirit of various federal requirements and orders to consult with tribes; . Aims to go above and beyond current practices to foster trust and productivity; . Commits to providing meaningful and substantive consultation with tribes on transportation projects; and . Promotes collaborative consultation opportunities during planning and review processes within TXDOT. 2 Draft Tribal Relations and Consultation Strategic Plan 2016 Foreword Texas’ long and rich cultural history is rooted in the indigenous people who once inhabited the land. Tribal nations continue to have an inherent interest in the state’s natural and cultural resources. Today, the federal government recognizes tribes’ inherent sovereign status, a unique relationship that is embodied in the U.S. Constitution, treaties, court decisions, federal statutes and executive orders. As TxDOT builds a safe and reliable transportation system, the agency (on behalf of the Federal Highway Administration) consults with tribes on statewide transportation plans and projects with federal funding.
  • FEMA Flood Boundary

    FEMA Flood Boundary

    MAY 4, 2021 COUSHATTA TRIBE OF LOUISIANA TRIBAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT MAY 2021 Prepared by BEVERLY O'DEA BRIDGEVIEW CONSULTING, LLC 915 N. Laurel Lane Tacoma, WA 98406 (253) 380-5736 Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 2021 Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Prepared for Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana Coushatta Tribal Fire Department P.O. Box 818 Elton, LA 70532 Prepared by Bridgeview Consulting, LLC Beverly O’Dea 915 N. Laurel Lane Tacoma, WA 98406 (253) 380-5736 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... xiii Plan Update ................................................................................................................................................. xiv Initial Response to the DMA for the Coushatta Tribe ........................................................................... xv The 2021 Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana Update—What has changed? ................................................. xv Plan Development Methodology ............................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1. Introduction to Hazzard Mitigation Planning ............................................... 1-1 1.1 Authority .............................................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................
  • Muscogee (Creek) Nation Scholarship Foundation Program

    Muscogee (Creek) Nation Scholarship Foundation Program

    MUSCOGEE (CREEK) NATION SCHOLARSHIP FOUNDATION PROGRAM James R. Floyd Health Care Management Scholarship Scholarship Description Chief James R. Floyd is the Principal Chief of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, the fourth largest Tribe in the Nation with more than 80,500 citizens. James grew up in Eufaula, Oklahoma. After completing his Associates Degree at OSU in Oklahoma City he started his professional career with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Tribe, working first in Environmental Services. He became the manager of Health Services, then Director of Community Services. In these positions he implemented the tribe’s first food distribution, social services, burial assistance, and school clothing allowance programs. Chief Floyd managed the first tribal-owned hospital in the United States at Okemah, and negotiated the transfer of the Okemah, Eufaula, Sapulpa, and Okmulgee Dental clinics from Indian Health Service to Muscogee (Creek) Tribal management. Chief Floyd is a strong advocate of higher education. Chief Floyd embraced and accepted his role as Principal Chief of the Nation’s fourth-largest Native American tribe in January of 2016. Throughout his career with the Indian Health Service and the Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Chief Floyd has continued to serve Native Americans throughout the United States, while always keeping in mind how his efforts could benefit his own Creek Nation. As a pioneer in Indian Health Care, Chief Floyd has been recognized nationally for establishing outreach to Native American communities. He ensured that the first of these reimbursements agreements was established with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. He also held the first tribal veterans summit at Muskogee.
  • Before the Line Volume Iii Caddo Indians: the Final Years

    Before the Line Volume Iii Caddo Indians: the Final Years

    BEFORE THE LINE VOLUME III CADDO INDIANS: THE FINAL YEARS BEFORE THE LINE VOLUME III CADDO INDIANS: THE FINAL YEARS Jim Tiller Copyright © 2013 by Jim Tiller All rights reserved Bound versions of this book have been deposited at the following locations: Louisiana State University, Shreveport (Shreveport, Louisiana) Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, Texas) Stephen F. Austin State University (Nacogdoches, Texas) Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas) Texas General Land Office (Archives and Records) (Austin, Texas) Texas State Library (Austin, Texas) University of North Texas (Denton, Texas) University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas) To view a pdf of selected pages of this and other works by Jim Tiller, see: http://library.shsu.edu > Digital Collection > search for: Jim Tiller Electronic versions of Vol. I, II and III as well as a limited number of bound sets of the Before the Line series are available from: The Director, Newton Gresham Library, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2281 (1830 Bobby K. Marks Drive), Huntsville, Texas 77341 Phone: 936-294-1613 Design and production by Nancy T. Tiller The text typefaces are Adobe Caslon Pro and Myriad Pro ISBN 978-0-9633100-6-4 iv For the People of the Caddo Nation Also by Jim Tiller Our American Adventure: The History of a Pioneer East Texas Family, 1657-1967(2008) (with Albert Wayne Tiller) Named Best Family History Book by a Non-Professional Genealogist for 2008 by the Texas State Genealogical Society Before the Line Volume I An Annotated Atlas of International Boundaries and Republic of Texas Administrative Units Along the Sabine River-Caddo Lake Borderland, 1803-1841 (2010) Before the Line Volume II Letters From the Red River, 1809-1842 (2012) Jehiel Brooks and the Grappe Reservation: The Archival Record (working manuscript) vi CONTENTS Preface .
  • REQUIRED TRIBAL CONSULTATION by TENNESSEE COUNTY Page 1

    REQUIRED TRIBAL CONSULTATION by TENNESSEE COUNTY Page 1

    REQUIRED TRIBAL CONSULTATION BY TENNESSEE COUNTY B-6 Mississippi Alabama- Alabama- Choctaw Coushatta Eastern Band of Eastern Catawba Indian Chickasaw Band of Muscogee TN County Coushatta Tribe Quassarte Nation of Tribe of Cherokee Shawnee of Quapaw Nation Nation Choctaw (Creek) Nation of Texas Tribal Town Oklahoma Louisiana Indians Oklahoma Indians Monroe Co. Shelby Co. Lauderdale only only Co. only Anderson X X X X Bedford X X X X Benton X X X Bledsoe X X X Blount X X X X Bradley X X X X Campbell X X X Cannon X X X Carroll X X Carter X X X Cheatham X X X X Chester X X X Claiborne X X X Clay X X X Cocke X X X X Coffee X X X X Crockett X X Cumberland X X X Davidson X X X X X Decatur X X X DeKalb X X X Dickson X X X X Dyer X X X Fayette X X X X X Fentress X X X Franklin X X X X X X Gibson X X Giles X X X X X X Grainger X X X Greene X X X Grundy X X X X Page 1 2020 CDBG Manual Chapter B: Environmental Review REQUIRED TRIBAL CONSULTATION BY TENNESSEE COUNTY B-6 Mississippi Alabama- Alabama- Choctaw Coushatta Eastern Band of Eastern Catawba Indian Chickasaw Band of Muscogee TN County Coushatta Tribe Quassarte Nation of Tribe of Cherokee Shawnee of Quapaw Nation Nation Choctaw (Creek) Nation of Texas Tribal Town Oklahoma Louisiana Indians Oklahoma Indians Monroe Co.
  • Nps-Waso-Nagpra-23208; Ppwocradn0-Pcu00rp14.R50000]

    Nps-Waso-Nagpra-23208; Ppwocradn0-Pcu00rp14.R50000]

    This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 06/02/2017 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2017-11453, and on FDsys.gov 4312-52 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service [NPS-WASO-NAGPRA-23208; PPWOCRADN0-PCU00RP14.R50000] Notice of Intent to Repatriate Cultural Items: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Ocmulgee National Monument, Macon, GA AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Ocmulgee National Monument, in consultation with the appropriate Indian tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations, has determined that the cultural items listed in this notice meet the definition of unassociated funerary objects. Lineal descendants or representatives of any Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice that wish to claim these cultural items should submit a written request to Ocmulgee National Monument. If no additional claimants come forward, transfer of control of the cultural items to the lineal descendants, Indian tribes, or Native Hawaiian organizations stated in this notice may proceed. DATES: Lineal descendants or representatives of any Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice that wish to claim these cultural items should submit a written request with information in support of the claim to Ocmulgee National Monument at the address in this notice by [INSERT DATE 30 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. ADDRESSES: Jim David, Superintendent, Ocmulgee National Monument, 1207 Emery Highway, Macon, GA 31217, telephone (478) 752-8257, email [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Notice is here given in accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 U.S.C.
  • Tribal and House District Boundaries

    Tribal and House District Boundaries

    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77
  • A Brave New World (PDF)

    A Brave New World (PDF)

    Dear Reader: In Spring 2005, as part of Cochise College’s 40th anniversary celebration, we published the first installment of Cochise College: A Brave Beginning by retired faculty member Jack Ziegler. Our reason for doing so was to capture for a new generation the founding of Cochise College and to acknowledge the contributions of those who established the College’s foundation of teaching and learning. A second, major watershed event in the life of the College was the establishment of the Sierra Vista Campus. Dr. Ziegler has once again conducted interviews and researched archived news­ paper accounts to create a history of the Sierra Vista Campus. As with the first edition of A Brave Beginning, what follows is intended to be informative and entertaining, capturing not only the recorded events but also the memories of those who were part of expanding Cochise College. Dr. Karen Nicodemus As the community of Sierra Vista celebrates its 50th anniversary, the College takes great pleas­ ure in sharing the establishment of the Cochise College Sierra Vista Campus. Most importantly, as we celebrate the success of our 2006 graduates, we affirm our commitment to providing accessible and affordable higher education throughout Cochise County. For those currently at the College, we look forward to building on the work of those who pio­ neered the Douglas and Sierra Vista campuses through the College’s emerging districtwide master facilities plan. We remain committed to being your “community” college – a place where teaching and learning is the highest priority and where we are creating opportunities and changing lives. Karen A.
  • NK360 1 American Indian Removal What Does It Mean to Remove a People?

    NK360 1 American Indian Removal What Does It Mean to Remove a People?

    American Indian Removal What Does It Mean to Remove a People? Supporting Question One: What Was the Muscogee Nation’s Experience with Removal? Featured Sources Interactive Case Study—The Removal of the Muscogee Nation: Examine primary sources, quotes, short videos, and images to better understand one nation’s experience before, during, and after removal. Student Tasks Muscogee Removal Student Outcomes KNOW The Muscogee were a powerful confederacy of southeastern tribes before the European colonization of North America. A sharply divided U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, and in the Treaty of 1832 the Muscogee finally ceded all their remaining homelands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for lands in Indian Territory. Muscogee peoples were forced to move over an 11-year period. Fifteen different groups travelled the approximately 750 miles over land and water routes, which took an average of three months to complete. Upon reaching an unfamiliar new land, the Muscogee had to build homes, reestablish their towns and government, and find ways to survive. UNDERSTAND Muscogee leaders faced increasing pressure from the United States, from the states of Georgia and Alabama, and from unscrupulous individuals to give up their lands and move west. Some of the Muscogee removal groups faced extremely harsh conditions and thousands died during removal or soon after they arrived in Indian Territory, yet the strength of Muscogee culture and beliefs and the tenacity of the people enabled them to survive both the removal and the difficult realities of their new existence. The challenges for the Muscogee people did not end with their arrival in Indian Territory.
  • Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 61/Thursday, April 1, 2021/Notices

    Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 61/Thursday, April 1, 2021/Notices

    17194 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 61 / Thursday, April 1, 2021 / Notices control of the Tennessee Valley discussed in this notice include one lot Dated: March 16, 2021. Authority, Knoxville, TN. The of whole and fragmented snail shell Melanie O’Brien, associated funerary objects were from burial 2. Manager, National NAGPRA Program. removed from archeological site 1JA305 Determinations Made by the Tennessee [FR Doc. 2021–06660 Filed 3–31–21; 8:45 am] in Jackson County, AL. BILLING CODE 4312–52–P This notice is published as part of the Valley Authority National Park Service’s administrative Officials of the Tennessee Valley responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 Authority have determined that: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S.C. 3003(d)(3) and 43 CFR 10.11(d). • The determinations in this notice are Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(3)(A), National Park Service the sole responsibility of the museum, the objects described in this notice are reasonably believed to have been placed [NPS–WASO–NAGPRA–NPS0031612; institution, or Federal agency that has PPWOCRADN0–PCU00RP14.R50000] control of the associated funerary with or near individual human remains objects. The National Park Service is not at the time of death or later as part of Notice of Inventory Completion: responsible for the determinations in the death rite or ceremony. Museum of Riverside (Formerly Known this notice. • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), a as the Riverside Metropolitan relationship of shared group identity Consultation Museum), Riverside, CA cannot be reasonably traced between the A detailed assessment of the associated funerary objects and any AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior.
  • Grua Tcu 0229D 10454.Pdf

    Grua Tcu 0229D 10454.Pdf

    LIABILITIES OF CONQUEST: WOUNDED KNEE AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY by DAVID W. GRUA Bachelor of Arts, 2004 Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Master of Arts, 2008 Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of AddRan College of Liberal Arts Texas Christian University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2013 Copyright by David William Grua 2013 Acknowledgments Any author can tell you that, while research is often a solitary activity, writing a manuscript results from many hours of conversation and assistance from interested friends and colleagues. My debts to these individuals are many. Dedicated professors mentored me in the historian’s craft both in and out of the classroom. Todd M. Kerstetter has been a consummate doctoral advisor, sacrificing his own time and energy to answer questions, provide feedback, and teach the fascinating and intersecting histories of the North American West and Native America. Committee members Rebecca Sharpless and Peter Szok mentored me in coursework, refined my arguments in the dissertation, and imparted invaluable professional advice. Though I never had the privilege of taking their classes, committee members Greg Cantrell and Max Krochmal improved the dissertation through their comments and insights. Several institutions provided travel and research support, as well as venues to present my research. Texas Christian University’s Department of History and Geography, Graduate Student Senate, and Graduate School awarded grants that funded transportation to archives in Kansas, South Dakota, Missouri, and elsewhere. In addition, these grants permitted travel for presentations at the 2011 and 2012 annual conferences of the Western History Association, in Oakland, California, and Denver, Colorado, respectively.
  • Native American Contacts

    Native American Contacts

    Updated February 2, 2016 List of Federally and State Recognized Native American Tribes and Other Contacts - State of Louisiana Federally Recognized Tribes Alabama Coushatta Tribe of Texas Caddo Nation Oscola Clayton Sylestine, Tamara Francis-Fourkiller, Chief Chairperson Ronnie Thomas, Chairman P.O. Box 487 www.alabama-coushatta.com Binger, OK 73009 Phone (405) 656-2344 *Bryant Celestine, Historic Fax (405) 656-2892 Preservation Officer [email protected] 571 State Park Rd. 56 www.caddonation-nsn.gov Livingston, TX 77351 Phone (936) 563-1181 Kim Penrod, Acting Fax (936) 563-1183 THPO Tribal AOI [email protected] Tribal AOI (405) 656-2344 [email protected] [email protected] Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma O'Neil J. Darden, Jr. Gary Batton, Chief Chairman P.O. Box 661 P.O. Drawer 1210 Charenton, LA 70523 Durant, OK 74702 Phone (337) 923-7215 Phone (800) 522-6170 Fax (337) 923-6848 www.choctawnation.com www.chitimacha.gov *Ian Thompson, THPO * Kimberly Walden, 580-924-8280, ext. 2216 Cultural Director/THPO [email protected] Phone (337) 923-9923 [email protected] Tribal AOI Tribal AOI Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana Jena Band of Choctaw Indians Lovelin Poncho, Chairman B. Cheryl Smith, Chief P.O. Box 818 P.O. Box 14 Elton, LA 70532 Jena, LA 71342-0014 Phone (337) 584-2261 Phone (318) 992-2717 Fax (337) 584-2998 Fax (318) 992-8244 www.coushattatribela.org [email protected] www.jenachoctaw.org * Dr. Linda Langley, THPO Heritage Department P.O. *Alina Shively, Deputy THPO Box 10 (318) 992-1205 Elton, LA 70352 [email protected] Phone (337) 584-1567 Tribal AOI Tribal AOI [email protected] Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma Phyllis J.