1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Alabama-Coushatta. "Press Release." Tribal News. Accessed November 16, 2019. http://alabama-coushatta.com/tribal-news.html. This press release gives up to date news of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe. The most argumentative point in this source is that the tribe deserves the casino. The tribe is breaking barriers by fighting for their casino. This source supports our thesis by showing the Alabama-Coushatta tribe is still breaking barriers set by the government. This website was useful to the creation of our website by giving us up to date information on the Naskila casino.

Besch, Brian. "Naskila Voted Big Business Of The Year." Polk County Enterprise (Livingston, TX), January 26, 2020, 1a-6a. This newspaper contains a section about Naskila gaming. Naskila gaming opened in May of 2016 on the Alabama-Coushatta reservation, about fith-teen miles north of Livingston. On January 30, 2020, the gaming facility was awarded "Big Business of the Year" in Polk county. This award is not only an honor but a sign that the county and it's residents support Naskila gaming. So as Nakila fights to stay open against the state of Texas, the facility has the support of the county.

A Bill to Provide for the Restoration of Federal Recognition to the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and the Alabama Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas, and for Other Purposes, 461, 721, 731-737 U.S.C. §§ 201-207 (Aug. 18, 1987). Accessed February 1, 2020. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-101/pdf/STATUTE-101-Pg666.pdf. This source is a PDF copy of H. R. 318 in full. This bill was passed in 1987 and federally restored the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. This source was beneficial to our research because we learned the law that was passed to help the Alabama-Coushatta overcome the loss of state funding and recognition. It also is the source of current problems for the tribe as they fight to get the right to keep their gaming facility open.

"Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)." Indian Affairs. https://www.bia.gov/bia. The BIA is one of the supporters in the political ties between the Federal government and tribes across the United States. The BIA helps the Native Americans with their health, education, and relations. Many people work to support Native Americans because they require support to have their cultures remain. The BIA has been working with the tribes around the nation for over 150 years. The web page about the Bureau of Indian Affairs explains how it has helped all Native American tribes in the United States.

Celestine, Bryant, and Sharon Miller. Interview by the Author. Alabama-Coushatta Reservation, Livingston, TX. December 20, 2019. Our group went to the Alabama-Coushatta Reservation and interviewed the Tribe Historian, Bryant Celestine. Sharon Miller who works at the tribe's Welcome Center was

also in the interview. Celestine gave us a great account of the history of the tribe. Sharon Miller also gave us some information and she referenced some books that she thought were good sources for us. Both gave us their personal experiences throughout the federal restoration of the tribe, keeping their culture and traditions, and giving back to the Polk and Tyler county communities.

Congressional Budget Office. "H.R. 759, Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo and Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Equal and Fair Opportunity Settlement Act" [H.R. 759, Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo and Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Equal and Fair Opportunity Settlement Act]. Congressional Budget Office. Last modified July 9, 2019. Accessed November 10, 2019. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55432. The Alabama-Coushatta and the Tigua tribes have been reassured for now that they are allowed to have their casinos on their reservations until the Senate discusses it. The Alabama-Coushatta have been needing this bill to pass so they are able to keep their gaming facility on their reservation. We used the information from this source to elaborate on the long term effects of barriers the tribe still faces and still strive to break. The source shows how breaking this barrier is a work in progress and will be determined by congress.

Flores, Cecilia, James De Garavilla, Tribal Council, Silsbee ISD Trustee, Tasb, Texas Association of School Boards, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M University. "The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Brings Jobs to Texas; Keeps Entertainment Spending in State, by Cecilia Flores, Tribal Council Chairperson." TribTalk. https://www.tribtalk.org/2019/02/21/the-alabama-coushatta-tribe-brings-jobs-to-texas-ke eps-entertainment-spending-in-state/. This article written by Tribal Council Chairperson, Cecilia Flores, explains the Alabama-Coushatta's gaming facility, Naskila. The Naskila gaming facility is one of the most profitable businesses in Southeast Texas. The tribe that owns it, The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, has been one of the most historical tribes in Texas. The tribe has tried to come back from its decline after termination in 1983. The tribe wants to have a stable and functioning economy but without the casino, the tribe will struggle to meet its needs.

Foxhall, Emily. "Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Fights for Right to a Gaming Center - Again." HoustonChronicle.com. February 26, 2018. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Alabama-Coushat ta-fight-for-the-right-to-a-gaming-12707848.php#photo-15119339. This web page explains the Alabama-Coushatta as it struggles once again to keep its gaming facility. The gaming facility provides many benefits to the area it is located but still, government officials insist on shutting it down. The Alabama-Coushatta are one of the most influential and surviving tribes in Texas and treating the Native Americans.

H.R.1344 — 99th Congress, H.R. 1344 (as agreed to by Senate, Sept. 24, 1986). Accessed November 16, 2019. https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/house-bill/1344. This is an online version of the Bill of H.R. 1344. This bill federally recognized the Alabama-Coushatta and the Tiwa Indians as Federal Reservations. This bill also recognizes the Tribal sovereignty of both Tribal Councils and allows Texas State Jurisdiction. We used this bill to back our thesis and prove that the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas has overcome great barriers to maintain their tribe's recognition.

H.R. 2684, H.R. 2684. Accessed November 16, 2019. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2684. This online copy of governmental Bill H.R. 2684 was one of the first attempts to allow gaming on the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation. This bill is written from the point of view that the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation should be allowed to have the casino. This source was an excellent addition to our research by showing us the tribe is relentless and will not stop until they have overcome the barrier set before them.

Juan, Angel San. "Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Will Fight State's Efforts to Close its Gaming Center" [Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Will Fight State's Efforts to Close its Gaming Center]. KFDM. Last modified March 25, 2019. Accessed October 31, 2019. https://kfdm.com/news/local/alabama-coushatta-tribe-will-fight-states-efforts-to-close-its -gaming-center. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas has a casino on their reservation that they are fighting to keep. They take the profits and put them to good use in their reservation. The gaming facility is fighting to stay open against the State of Texas. This source falls into the Long-Term Effect of our project because it talks about the effects on tribe and their reservation

Library of Congress. "H.R.318 - Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act" [H.R.318 - Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act]. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/318. H.R. 318 enables the federal and state trust with the Alabama-Coushatta which replaced the Termination Act. The Termination Act considered the Alabama-Coushatta not associated with Texas. This source talks about how the Alabama-Coushatta has restored the federal trust with the United States. This source is the Breaking Barrier because it allowed the Alabama-Coushatta to break the barrier.

McCollum, Donna. "Alabama-Coushatta Tribal Chiefs Inauguration Observes Tradition For Benefit Of Future Generations." ktre.com. Last modified January 2, 2020. Accessed January 6, 2020. https://www.ktre.com/2020/01/02/alabama-coushatta-tribal- chiefs-inauguration-observes-tradition-benefit-future-generations/. This online news report is an excellent source over the Alabama-Coushatta inauguration of two new chiefs on January 1, 2020. The two new chiefs are Herbert Johnson Sr. (Principal Chief) and Donnis Battise (Second Chief). Several traditional ceremonies were

conducted during the inauguration. Because we were not allowed to take pictures during the ceremonies, this source is a great asset to our project.

Moore, Robert. "Federal Judges Side With Texas in Fight Over Native American Gambling." Texas Monthly, March 29, 2019. Accessed February 1, 2020. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/federal-judges-side-with-texas-in-fight-over-native- american-gambling/. This online magazine gives different viewpoints on the opening and running of Naskila gaming on Alabama-Coushatta. Some of the different viewpoints included Representative Brian Babin and Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton. Brian Babin has argued and presented a bill to the House, so far the bill has been against it. Ken Paxton sent a letter to Brian Babin asking him to stop and close down the gaming facility. The fight continues and the tribe still backs their Naskila gaming.

National Endowment for the Humanities. "Evening Star. (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, May 16, 1939, Page A-9, Image 9." News about Chronicling America RSS. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1939-05-16/ed-1/seq-9/#date1=1789 &index=0&rows=20&words=Alabama Coushatta&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Alabama coushatta&y=13&x=21&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This article explains the Alabama and Coushatta Indians and how they have helped people in the past. The Alabamas and Coushattas have been together for so long and their glory days as a tribe were deteriorating over time in the 1900s. The Alabama-Coushattas have been treated terribly throughout their mission to restore their tribe.

Polk County Enterprise (Livingston, TX). "Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Welcomes New Officers." February 6, 2020. This front-page photo shows the new tribal members that were elected and sworn in the previous week. The write-up includes each member's name and position. Those in the picture include Ronnie Thomas (treasurer), Nita Battise (secretary), Rick Sylestine (vice-Chair), Cecilia Flores (Tribal Council Chairwoman), Donnis B. Battise, (Mikko Kanicu - Second Chief), and Herbert Johnson Sr (Mikko Skalaaba - Principal Chief). We used this picture to show that the tribe continues to be successful.

Polk County Enterprise (Livingston, TX). "Tribe to Inaugurate New Chief Jan. 1." November 21, 2019, 1a-5a. This newspaper gives information on the Chief inauguration for the Alabama-Coushatta. The new Principal Chief is Herbert Johnson Sr. and the new Second Chief is Donnis Battise. Both Chiefs volunteered on the Tribe's firefighters and have been a part of the Tribal Council. Each Chief would like to preserve their culture and educate the tribal youth.

Reddell, Valerie. "Alabama-Coushatta Continues Fight." Polk County Enterprise (Livingston, TX), November 24, 2019, 1a-6a. This newspaper wrote in November of 2019 is about the Alabama-Coushatta's gaming facility, Naskila. Naskila offers a class II gaming experience. The facility is employing about 400 people, about 3,000 people come daily, and about one-million people come annually. The tribe has contributed 150 million dollars to the regional economy annually. The only thing in the way of this booming business is the state. The state opposed the facility since it has opened. So far House Resolution 759, which allows gaming to be on the reservation, has passed the House of Representatives.

"Southeast Texas Leaders Support Babin's Alabama-Coushatta Fairness Bill." U.S. Congressman Brian Babin, D.D.S. July 30, 2019. https://babin.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=4943. This webpage explains how U.S. Representative Brian Babin impacts the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe and its goals. Babin is one of the big supporters of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe and its gaming facility. Brian Babin is also one of the supporters of the Alabama-Coushatta's goal to keep their casino running.

Wray, Dianna. "The Alabama-Coushatta Still Exist and Are Doing What They Need to Do to Continue." Houston Press. Accessed October 25, 2019. https://www.houstonpress.com/news/the-alabama-coushatta-still-exist-and-are-doing-wh at-they-need-to-do-to-continue-6599881. This online news article gives a viewpoint from the tribe Historian, Bryant Celestine. He points out the ups and downs the tribe has had. One of the ups included them overcoming the termination act of 1983, and one of the downs was the loss of funding. The tribe has faced many financial barriers with the government but has broken them to stay a successful tribe.

Secondary Sources

AAANativeArts. "History Timeline of Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas" [History Timeline of Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas]. AAANativeArts. Accessed October 26, 2019. https://www.aaanativearts.com/history-timeline-of-the-alabama-coushatta-tribe-of-texas. The Alabama and Coushatta tribes have been close since 1805. They received land right next to each other from because of their assistance to Sam Houston during the Runaway Scrape after the Texas Independence was won. The Coushatta tribe eventually united their land with the Alabama tribe. They have been happily living together on their reservation in Polk County, Texas. This source offered information concerning the background of our project.

ALABAMA-COUSHATTA. "About the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas." ALABAMA-COUSHATTA TRIBE of TEXAS. Accessed October 23, 2019. https://www.alabama-coushatta.com/tribal-history.html. This website gave background information about the Alabama-Coushatta tribe. The website makes a point to include the tribe's contributions to the Texas revolution are still recognized. The Alabama-Coushatta tribes have endured hard times over the past few decades and deserve to have a reservation. This website helped us understand the background information on the tribes.

Alabama - Coushattas, Texas Indians. http://www.texasindians.com/albam.htm. This website explains the history of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas and its traditions. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe is one of the lasting tribes in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The quotes this website gives about Chief Clayton Sylestine are useful for explaining that the government was treating the tribe unfairly.

Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. "Chief History of Alabama-Coushatta" [Chief History of Alabama-Coushatta]. Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. http://alabama-coushatta.com/chief-history.html. Throughout the years of both the Alabama and Coushatta tribes, there were many chiefs who played a major role in the development of their reservation. The two individual tribes had many chiefs who played a big role in organizing the two tribes' unification. The source is about how the chiefs have impacted the two tribes over the years. This source goes into the background of our project because the chiefs were all from the past.

"American Indian Urban Relocation." National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/indian-relocation.html. This web page explains the relocation of Native Americans into modern cultures from their traditional cultures in the reservations. These Native Americans couldn't afford anything because they didn't have an education and lived off of their tribe.

Campbell, Alexia Fernández. "How America's Past Shapes Native Americans' Present." The Atlantic. October 13, 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/ 2016/10/native-americans-minneapolis/503441/. The Indian Relocation Act caused many problems with the reservation system because the Federal government removed aid from their reservations. The Native Americans were relocated, but couldn't live a normal life. They lacked the education needed to survive outside of the reservation. because they weren't educated.

Casetext.com. "Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas V. State of Texas" [Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas V. State of Texas]. Casetext.com. Last modified June 25, 2002. Accessed November 10, 2019. https://casetext.com/case/alabama-coushatta-tribes- of-texas-v-state-of-texas. The Alabama-Coushatta regained federal trust with the State of Texas. But during negotiations of the bill, the tribe wanted permission to open up a gaming facility on their

reservation. The State of Texas did not approve, and they finally settled on an agreement for H.R. 1344. This did not authorize the tribe to open any kind of gambling or gaming facility.

"Congress Seeks to Abolish Tribes, Relocate American Indians - Timeline - Native Voices." U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/488.html. This web page explains the Termination Act of 1953 and how it impacts Native Americans around the country. The Termination Act of 1953 caused the Native American reservations to be terminated. These Native Americans were relocated to urban cities where they couldn't get healthcare or get a job. The timeline helped us understand the order of events and the effects of each.

Conneller, Philip. "Support Grows in East Texas for Federal Bill to Save Embattled Alabama-Coushatta Gaming Hall." Casino.org. Last modified July 11, 2019. Accessed February 2, 2020. https://www.casino.org/news/support-grows-in-texas-for-bill-to-save-alabama-coushatta- gaming-hall/. Naskila gaming opened in May of 2016, it offers class II gaming, which is mainly electronic bingo. The state of Texas has tried to shut it down, but the tribe has fought back. Brian Babin (R-Texas) introduced H.R. 759, H.R. 759 allows the gaming facility to be on the reservation. His main argument is it is only fair if the Alabama-Coushatta tribe has a gaming facility because the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo has owned and operated a class II gaming facility for over twenty years.

"From Termination to Restoration." AlabamaCoushatta. Accessed October 23, 2019. http://alabamacoushatta.weebly.com/from-termination-to-restoration.html. This source is a website about the opposition the tribe faced in the 1980s. This source points out the arguments made by both the opposing and the favoring side of the act. This website gives several points of view on the reservation which helped us recognize bias opinions in other sources.

Govtrack.com. "H.R. 318 (100th): Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act" [H.R. 318 (100th): Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act]. Govtrack.com. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/100/hr318. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas was endangered because they were no longer federally recognized. The Restoration Act of 1987 put them to ease and was federally recognized by the State of Texas once again. This article gave a timeline of all the important events that helped the Alabama-Coushatta regain federal trust. This piece of information helps our Broken Barrier part of the project.

Hendrix, Levanne R. "1953 To 1969: Policy of Termination and Relocation." Geriatrics. Stanford School of Medicine, March 5, 2014. https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/american_indian/learning_activities/learning_1/t ermination_relocation.html. This web page explains how Native Americans were forced off their land. When the tribes were terminated the Native American people were discriminated against and forced to move away from their lands. The Native Americans that were terminated were unfairly put out on the streets.

History.com Editors. "Indian Reservations." History.com , A&E Television Networks, 8 Dec. 2017, www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/indian-reservations. This article explains how the Indian reservations were formed and how the federal government could control them. Indian reservations were made to protect Native American's land because their original land was taken by settlers and the United States government. Also, the government wanted to keep peaceful relations with Native Americans. This article helps the project by providing understanding to the Indian reservation system to back up our argument.

History.com Editors. "Trail of Tears." History.com. November 09, 2009. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears. This article explains how the Trail of Tears impacted all Native Americans. The Trail of Tears was a major event in Native American history and many people. Many Native American reservations today are combinations of tribes that moved West. Studying the Trail of Tears and the impact it had on Native Americans as a whole helped us understand the barriers faced by these groups of people.

History.com Editors. "Native American History Timeline." History.com. November 27, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-timeline. This article explains how Native Americans were treated throughout American history. Many laws were made to give Native Americans a better life and more liberties as individuals. Many people support laws that help restore Native American culture and because Native Americans were people that lived in this nation before many citizens today.

Hook, Jonathan B. The Alabama-Coushatta Indians. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1997. This book gives a chronological history of how the Alabama-Coushatta Indians were affected by outside cultures. The author states that the Alabama-Coushattas have been slowly changing their own culture since acquiring the reservation. The tribe has slowly lost its cultural values and has formed the world around them. The tribe historian disputed these views when we interviewed him. This book gave us different perspectives from what we saw in our other sources.

Indianz.com "Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Asks Supreme Court to Hear Sovereignty Case." Indianz. https://www.indianz.com/IndianGaming/2019/10/01/alabamacoushatta- tribe-asks-supreme-cour.asp. This web page explains a supreme court case about sovereignty that could change Native American laws and policies. The supreme court is now getting involved in the casino dispute in Texas. The case could mean national unity in Native American laws which could mean good or bad things for the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe in the future.

Indianz.com. "Alabama-coushatta Tribe Vows Fight To Protect Casino After Loss In Court" [Alabama-Coushatta Tribe vows fight to protect casino after loss in court]. Indianz.com. Accessed November 3, 2019. https://www.indianz.com/IndianGaming/2018/02/07/alabamacoushatta-tribe-vows-fight-t o-pro.asp. This source talks about while the determination of the tribe's Naskila Gaming is still being decided, the State of Texas wants the gaming facility shut down until further notice. The tribe put in a motion to stay open. So while the decision is still pending the gaming facility will stay open. This source goes into Long-Term Effect because it talks about the gaming facility and it was after the Broken Barrier.

Indianz.com. "Tribes Once Again Ask Congress to Recognize Sovereign Rights in Texas" [Tribes Once Again Ask Congress to Recognize Sovereign Rights in Texas]. Indianz.com. Last modified September 10, 2018. Accessed November 9, 2019. https://www.indianz.com/IndianGaming/2018/09/10/tribes-once-again-ask-congress-to-re cogn.asp. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas has been urging the U.S. House of Representatives to have a hearing over the matter of their casino on their reservation. They have a gaming facility on their reservation which is in danger of being shut down. They need the House of Representatives to hear the case and then be passed on through Congress. This goes into the Long-Term Effect of our project because it is about the gaming facility in which they own after the Breaking Barrier.

Indianz.com. "Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Backs Bill in Congress to Restore Gaming Rights" [Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Backs Bill in Congress to Restore Gaming Rights]. Indianz.com. Last modified February 26, 2018. Accessed November 10, 2019. https://www.indianz.com/IndianGaming/2018/02/26/alabamacoushatta-tribe-backs-bill-in -con.asp. The article was stating that the Tribe approves of the bill H.R. 759 which was passed through the House of Representatives and is waiting for Congress to hear the case. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas is awaiting the U.S. Congress to take their case of the tribe being able to keep their Class II gaming facility on their reservation. This event falls into the Long-Term Effect of our project because it tells about the importance of the bill because it would tremendously change the tribe.

La Vere, David. The Texas Indians. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. This book gives a history of every known Indian tribe in Texas. All of the tribes except the few with a reservation were terminated or forced out of their land. This book offered a great deal of information about each tribe and helped understand what the Native Americans of Texas have endured. This book helped us understand the historical context and significance of our topic.

Malone, Prairie View. Sam Houston's Indians. San Antonio, TX: Naylor Company, 1960. This book was an excellent source that helped us in several ways. The book gives a very descriptive history of the tribe. This information was useful in our website by explaining the events of the tribe helping Texans during the Run-Away Scrape. We learned that without the help of the Alabamas and the Coushattas, Sam Houston and his men may never have survived. Houston worked out a peace treaty with the tribes that resulted in the Republic of Texas granting them land in East Texas.

Martin, Howard N. A Pictorial History of Polk County Texas. Livingston, TX: Polk County Bicentennial Commision, 1976. This book is a full historical report about Polk County Texas and includes the Alabama-Coushatta tribe. The book gives information about the tribe as early as the Texas Revolution. Like other sources we have read, this book also highlights the tribe's relationship with Sam Houston. There is a brief history of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe and all that it has endured.

Martin, Howard N. Myths and Folktales of the Alabama-Coushatta Indians of Texas. Austin, Tx: The Encino Press, n.d. This book reveals the culture of the Alabama and Coushatta tribes. The tribes were fierce yet peaceful and wise. The book also gave many examples of campfire stories and traditional dances that the tribes perform. The tribes moved all the way from present-day Alabama, and being peaceful has got them to where they are at now. This source was a very impactful source of our understanding of the importance of the tribe's culture.

Molinaro, Kristin. "Tribe Strives to Keep Traditions Alive" [Tribe strives to keep traditions alive]. U.S. Army. Last modified December 3, 2010. Accessed November 3, 2019. https://www.army.mil/article/48952/tribe_strives_to_keep_traditions_alive. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas comes to Fort Benning, Georgia to pick pine needles to take home to their reservation in Polk County, Texas. The tribe uses the needles to teach the children of the tribe how to make baskets out of the pine needles. This is an example of one of the ways they are keeping their culture alive. This source falls into the Long-Term Effect category because it talks about how they are keeping their culture alive after the Breaking Barrier.

O'Connor, Karen, Gary A. Keith, Larry J. Sabato, and Stefan D. Haag. "Relations with Indian Nations." In American Government: Roots and Reform, 145-50. Texas ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. This textbook gives information on the acts that ended recognition by the federal government and includes a nice timeline of events surrounding Native Americans in Texas. The book describes the acts and how the acts affected the tribes of America. The most important act is the Act of 1954, because it ended federal recognition to the Alabama-Coushatta tribe and several others. This act is a key factor in the background information on our website.

"Polk County Historical Markers." Fort Tours. Accessed February 4, 2020. http://www.forttours.com/pages/hmpolk.asp. The Alabamas and the Coushattas were given land by the state of Texas. It was given to them because of the long years of peacefulness with the white settlers who invaded their lands. The Alabamas were given land as well as the Coushattas, but the Coushattas land was not surveyed, so with the permission of Texas, the Alabamas invited the Coushattas to live on their lands. We used the pictures on the website to use on the background page because it tells how and why the two tribes got their land.

Sault, Spring. "Culture That Runs Deep: Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas" [Culture That Runs Deep: Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas]. Texas Hill Country. Last modified February 9, 2017. Accessed October 23, 2019. https://texashillcountry.com/alabama-coushatta-tribe-texas/. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas lives a reservation in Polk County, Texas as of which they have had since 1854. Their reservation's area is over 4,000 acres which they can fish, camp, and have their culture's dances. They still continue to keep their traditions alive, in a place that they call home. This is important because it talks about the culture that the tribe is still carrying on.

"The Termination Era." Native American Netroots. May 16, 2013. http://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/1511. This web page explains the Termination Act and its implementation. The Termination Act caused the Native Americans to be forced off their land. After World War II, The United States had a problem with the number of people needed houses for the people so the government decided on a Termination Act for the Native Americans to give the people more land. The Native Americans were forced into mainstream society without healthcare or education.

Texas Escapes. "Peach Tree Village, Texas" [Peach Tree Village, Texas]. Texas Escapes. http://www.texasescapes.com/EastTexasTowns/Peach-Tree-Village-Texas.htm. Peach Tree Village was a piece of land that the Alabama and Coushatta tribes had settled in the early 1800s. They settled on this land which would eventually build their relationships with each other. This source helped us understand our background information and historical context better.

Thibodeaux, Matt. "Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas passes gaming facility bill in the US House of Representatives" [Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas passes gaming facility bill in the US House of Representatives]. East Texas Matters. Last modified July 25, 2019. Accessed November 4, 2019. https://www.easttexasmatters.com/news/alabama- coushatta-bill-h-r-759-passes-in-the-us-house-of-representatives/. The U.S. House of Representatives recently passed a bill called H.R. 759 that enables the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas to keep their Class II gaming facility on their reservation. The facility was recently endangered and threatened to close down. The facility is now remaining open until notice by the U.S. Senate. This information was important because it talked about how the tribe's gaming facility is remaining open. This source goes into the Long-Term Effect because it pertains to the gaming facility.

TSHA. "Alabama-Coushatta Indians." TSHA. Accessed October 23, 2019. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bma19. Alabama and the Coushattas have been discovered in written references dating back to 1541. In 1714, there were skirmishes between the tribes and the French settlements but they came to peace. During the early 1800s, the tribes peacefully moved West even though the white settlers were taking their land. In the Texas Revolution, they helped the cause by helping settlers get past the rivers to escape Santa and his army. In 1854, the Alabamas presented the legislator with a petition for a reservation. The petition was successful and the tribe received the land. The Coushatta did not get the reservation they wanted, and so, they lived on the reservation with the Alabamas.

Wray, Dianna. "Cover Story: Dreamcatchers." Houston Press. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.houstonpress.com/news/cover-story-dreamcatchers-6740113. This is an online news article that gave us information on how the tribe felt after the Restoration Act of 1987. This source gives a brief summary of the celebration the tribe performed after the act was passed. This article supports our research by highlighting the benefits of being federally recognized. This source was beneficial to our project by giving us an inside view of the tribe's celebration.