Extraction and Shelf Life Study of Garden Cress Seed

Home , Coriander, Garden cress, Sesame, White mustard

International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(4): 750-753

Maske Sachin Maske Sachin, Kadam Shahaji, Salunke Shivam and Dr. PP Thorat Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Abstract Technology and Sciences, Experiments were conducted with the objective of extracting Garden cress seed oil from Garden Cress Allahabad, Utter Pradesh, India seed (Lepidivm sativum) using two different solvents i.e. petroleum ether and hexane. The extraction time and temperature were varied to determine the optimal conditions for solvent extraction of Garden Cress Kadam Shahaji seed oil. Hexane yielded a higher quantity of oil (1.27%) than petroleum ether (0.67%). The optimal time Department of Food Process of extraction was found to be 3 hours and oil extraction declined after 3 hours of extraction. The physical Engineering, Sam Higginbottom properties of the extracted oil were also determined. The extracted Garden Cress seed oil had a light University of Agriculture, yellow color, volatile matter 14.2% and pH of the oil 6.7. The Garden Cress seed oil was stored in a PET Technology and Sciences, bottle for about two month shelf life study. The storage life study was done at 15 days’ interval. The Allahabad, Utter Pradesh, India colour, odour and overall appearance of Garden Cress seed oil were found acceptable for 45 days of storage in PET bottles at room temperature and turned rancid after 60 days of storage. Salunke Shivam Department of Food Process Keywords: Soxhlet extraction, garden cress seed oil, petroleum ether, hexane, storage life of oil Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, 1. Introduction Allahabad, Utter Pradesh, India Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) famous as belongs to the family Brassicaceae (cruciferae). Garden cress is a fairly known plant used in traditional medicine. The seeds are known by Dr. PP Thorat various names, commonly as Chandrashoor or Halim in Hindi, Aliv in Marathi and Asali in Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Malayalam. Garden cress main character is that it can grow in any type of climate and soil University of Agriculture, condition and its ability to tolerate slight acidity; it can be grown like white mustard. It's an Technology and Sciences, annual plant of a height of 50 cm that can grow easily using less irrigation, equipment’s Allahabad, Utter Pradesh, India facilities, and in comparatively weak soil without having special technical knowledge. It's easy cultivation and it's tolerance to different environmental conditions gave it the ability to spread

all around the world. Garden cress leaves are consumed raw in salads, also cooked with vegetable curries and used as garnish. Cautions should be taken with storing raw collected cress, with any sign of slime, witting or discoloration it should be avoided. Until they’re needed for use, the leaves should be left on stem. However Garden cress seed cannot be preserved well and therefore it is wasted. Garden cress

seed oil may be extracted from the seeds to make use of the medicinal properties of Garden cress, since the oil may be stored for much longer. Garden cress seed has been considered as an important nutritional and medicinal plant in India since the Vedic era (between 500-1700 B.C). In Ayurveda, the indigenous medicinal system, it is described as ho, bitter, galactogogue and claimed to destroy vata (air) and kapha (phlegm).

Garden cress seeds (Lepidium Sativum) belong to the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), believed to have originated primarily in highland regions It is originated in Egypt and West Asia, is widely cultivated in all parts of the world with hot and temperate climate. The Garden cress commercially grown in England, France, Netherland, and Scandinavia country. The cultivation of Garden cress mainly cultivated in large scale and individual scale

of the farm. The Garden cress is in the many local markets depend on the demand of availability of supply, because the Garden cress are the plant most acceptable thing is leaves. The leaves of Garden cress are not suitable for supply in dried from, so they can only be Correspondence partially preserved. In the Europe country the consumer commonly acquire Garden cress seed Maske Sachin from the market for the growing young live shoots. These shoot are typically harvested in the Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom time of one to two weeks after planting. During this planting the harvesting time of shoot is 5- University of Agriculture, 13 cm in tall. Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Utter Pradesh, India ~ 750 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

Morphology of garden cress seed are small in size, oval in Crude fat (%) (AOAC 1990) [2] shape, pointed and triangular at one end, smooth, about 3-4 A 5gm sample was weighed accurately in a thimble and mm long, 1-2 mm wide, reddish brown in color. A furrow defined with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus for 2 hr. present on both surfaces expending up to two thirds The resultant extract was evaporated and crude fat content downward, a slight wing like extension present on both the was calculated. The crude fat was determined equation 3.2. edges of seed. On soaking in water seed coat swells and gets covered with transparent, colorless, mucilage with mucilaginous taste. The seed length and width are 298- 300 µm and 100 -109µm respectively. In India, the southern area is especially involved in the Crude Ash (%) commercial production of Garden cress. The main character Total ash was determined according to AOAC (1990) [2]. of Garden cress is that it can grow in any type of climate and Sample 5 gm was weighted in to a crucible and ignited at low soil condition. The scientific investigations show that, flame till all the material was completely become smokeless. Ethiopia is the origin of Garden cress and it is distributed in The it was kept in muffle furnace for 6 hr. at 600ºC and various areas from Ethiopia. About 150 species are found in further cooled in desiccator and weighed. This was repeated the temperate and sub temperate areas. Garden cress is an till two consecutive weight was obtained and the percentage annual plant whose height is 50 cm. It belongs to the family ash was calculated. The crude ash was determined equation of mustard. 3.3.

2. Materials and Methods The present investigation “Extraction and shelf life study of garden cress seed oil” was carried out in the Food Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Food Process Extraction of oil from garden cress seed engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Oil was extracted from Garden cress seed 10 g of sample was Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad. placed in a thimble and extracted with the extract or hexane or The details of materials experiments, procedure followed and petroleum ether as a solvent. The solvent was taken in the techniques adopted during the course of present investigation round bottom flask and heated a heating mantle. The have been elaborated in this chapter under the following temperature was On the boiling point of the solvent 40ºC - headings. 60ºC for hexane and 60ºC -80ºC for petroleum ether. The vapors of the solvent were condensed and used to extract oil Procurement of raw materials from the sample. Garden cress seed (Lepidium sativum) was purchased from The extracted oil was then removed under reduced local market of Parbhani, Maharashtra, India. temperature and pressure and refluxed at 60ºC to remove excess solvent used in the oil. Extracted oil was stored in 3. Chemical ambient temperature for subsequent physicochemical The major chemicals are used was Petroleum ether(98%) analysis. The process flow chart for extraction of Garden boiling point 60ºC-80ºC, hexane(95%) boiling point 40ºC- cress seed is shown figure 3.6. 60ºC and other chemicals like Neutralized ethanol (95%), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), phenolphthalein indicator, Process flowchart for extraction of garden cress seed oil acetic acid chloroform mixture, saturated potassium iodide (KI)solution, starch indicator, 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate, 0.5 N hydrochloric acid (HCl), glacial acetic acid. These were obtained from Department of Food Processing engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and sciences, Allahabad

Analysis of garden cress seed Physical properties of garden cress seed Physical properties of garden cress seed include color, 1000 kernel weight etc. Sample color was determined by visual inspection. The 1000 kernel weight was determined by to the method of AOAC (1990) [2].

Proximate composition of garden cress seed Moisture content (%) Moisture content was determined by AOAC (1990) [2] 5gm sample was weighted accurately and subjected to oven drying at 110ºC for 4-6 hr. Oven dried sample was cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The drying was repeated until a constant weight was obtained. The resultant loss in weight was calculated as % moisture content wet basis. The moisture content was determined equation 3.1.

Fig 1: Process flowchart for extraction of garden cress seed oil ~ 751 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

4. Results and Discussion Results obtained for each parameter and its relationship with The present investigation, “Extraction and shelf life study of other parameter sand the effect of storage on shelf life has Garden Cress seed oil” was carried out in the Food Process been discussed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been Engineering laboratory of Department of Food Process used to discuss the significance of the results. garden Cress Engineering in Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, seed oil was packed in PET bottle and stored at ambient Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad. During the present temperature. The storage studies were conducted at the work, the different physicochemical properties and proximate interval of 15 days up to 60 days. The result of the study are composition of Garden Cress seed oil was investigated. being presented and discussed in following sections.

Table 1: Proximate composition of Garden Cress seed

Chemical parameters Mean value (%) Moisture 6.8 Crude Ash 4.6 Crude fat 12.7 *Each value represented the average of three determinations

The result shows that the crude fat of Garden Cress seed was respectively. The fiber and mineral content was estimated at about 12.7 per cent. The totally oil was extracted about 10 per 7.6 and 6.4 per cent respectively whereas total carbohydrate cent in to the Garden Cress seed. by difference was calculated as 33 per cent. The composition This value was compare to the moisture content of Garden and some physicochemical properties of the oil extracted from Cress seeds was found as 3.2 per cent on dry basis while L. sativum seeds. The seeds contained 26.77% (w/w) crude protein and fat content were recorded 25.3 and 24.5 per cent oil.

Table 2: Yield of Garden Cress seed oil extracted using different solvents

Solvent Duration (hr) Temperature (°c) Quantity of solvent used (ml) Oil yield (g) Oil yield (%) Hexane 4 70 250 1.27 12.7 Petroleum ether 4 60 250 0.64 6.4 Average 0.9 *Difference in temperature and duration are based on manufacturer recommendations.

Table 2 was shows the yield (%) of Garden Cress seed oil 4.3.3 Changes during storage time of garden cress seed oil extracted at different solvents. It could be observed that the During the storage of GCS oil in the ambient temperature use of hexane is more beneficial as compared to petroleum many changes was analyzed in that change in color, change in ether because it gives the higher yield (%) off the oil extract. odor, appearance of the oil. This studied was carried out in The value obtained high percent yield in solvent using hexane different time intervals the analyzed time period was about 15 is about 12.7%. The percentage of oil extracted increased days of intervals. Table 3 show that the different changes in sharply for first two hours of extraction. It peaked at about Garden Cress seed oil on different time period. 42% yield at second hour of extraction after that the oil yield inclined slowly and remained constant at 49.5% from fourth Table 3: Changes during storage time of Garden Cress seed oil [4] extracted from hexane solvent. hour (Chakraborty, et al., 2017) . Solvent extracted oil had the highest extraction yield 72.31%. Cold press extracted oil Parameters Duration (days) had the lowest oxidative stability 4.64 h. Three extraction 15 30 45 60 methods including, solvent extraction, cold press extraction Color Light yellow Light yellow Yellow Dirty yellow and microwave-cold press extraction were applied to Odor Oily Oily Oily Rancid investigate their effect on extraction yield, composition, Appearance Clear Clear Dark Dull oxidative stability and rheological properties of purslane seed [15] Table 4: Moisture content of foxtail Millet based extruded product oil (Hosseini et al., 2016) . The method that is mostly used for extracting oil from oilseeds is a petroleum distillate that Sr. No. Treatment Moisture contains a mixture of isomers of hexane boiling points 1 T0 6.39 between 65°C to 71°C. The yields of cottonseeds solvent 2 T1 6.6 extraction using hexane and ethanol at different temperatures, 3 T2 6.8 that higher efficiency was obtained using the renewable 4 T3 6.79 source ethanol as a solvent at higher temperatures. The Each value represented the average of three determinations extraction was carried out at a temperature of 650°C at 3–4 the result shows that the crude fat of Garden Cress seed was hours extraction time. Solvent extraction is known to be the about 12.7 per cent. The totally oil was extracted about 10 per best method of extracting oil from low oil bearing seeds. The cent in to the Garden Cress seed. This value was compare to method used is aimed at determining the percentage oil yield. the moisture content of Garden Cress seeds was found as 3.2 At a range of 3 - 4 hours extraction time and a temperature of per cent on dry basis while protein and fat content were 650°C, the average oil yield obtained was 10.71% (Emmanuel [10] recorded 25.3 and 24.5 per cent respectively. The fiber and et al., 2012) . The total oil content of solvent extracted mineral content was estimated at 7.6 and 6.4 per cent Garden Cress seed oil was 21.54 % supercritical, carbon respectively whereas total carbohydrate by difference was dioxide extraction was 18.15% and cold expression was calculated as 33 per cent. The composition and some 12.60%. Maximum oil extraction was obtained by soxhlet physicochemical properties of the oil extracted from L. method 21.55%. sativum seeds. The seeds contained 26.77% (w/w) crude oil. ~ 752 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

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