A Metabolic dependency on plastids Isoprenoid biosynthesis Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis Fatty acid biosynthesis cytosolic MEV plastidic mitochondrial/ plastidic C5 cytosolic ER plastidic FASII MEP/DOXP cytosolic C4 FASI / PKSI elongation

dependency ALAS ALAD ALAD ACP AT ACP CPOX GTR GSA CPOX TRD UROS UROD UROS UROD Met. uptake Met. uptake Met. uptake PBGD PPOX FECH PBGD PPOX FECH on plastid early photosynthe- HMGCS HMGCR MVK PMVK MVD DXS IspC IspD IspE IspF IspG IspH FAAL KS DH ER KR ELO KCR PHS TECR FabD FabG FabH FabZ FabI FabB/F isoprenoids plastid a=tic ancestor loss b=myzozoan ancestor ? ? c c=apicomplexans (G) * * d d=chrompodellids (G)

Lingulodinium polyedrum(T) ** * * Dinophysis acuminata (T) a b e * * * Symbiodinium minutum(G) * * * * Noctiluca scintillans (T) * * plastid e=core dinoflagellates ? * * * * f loss Hematodinium sp. (T) () Oxyrrhis marina (T) f=dinoflagellates ?? * * Perkinsus marinus (G) *

Dependency: Plastid type: Plastid IspC 87 Dinophysis acuminata parasite host photosynthetic (genome present) B Pyrocystis lunula DINO- phylogeny 87 FLAGELLATES plastid isoprenoids only non-photosynthetic (genome present) 75 Alexandrium catenella Protoceratium reticulatum plastid isoprenoids & non-photosynthetic (genome likely absent) Crypthecodinium cohnii tetrapyrroles absent 71 Scrippsiella trochoidea 0.2 80 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum CCAP1161/3 Protein origin by phylogeny: Other: Kryptoperidinium foliaceum CCMP1326 75 Durinskia baltica 57 plastidic * enzyme variant present 97 Prorocentrum minimum Gymnodinium catenatum cytosolic ? variant uncertain 98 99 77 Noctiluca scintillans bacterial domain fusion (order may differ) 93 Polarella glacialis not identified (in genomes) * in some species () predicted 99 Symbiodinium minutum Heterocapsa rotundata Karlodinium veneficum 98 Karenia brevis C Core metabolism in non-photosynthetic plastids Togula jolla 99 Oxyrrhis marina MMETSP468 Oxyrrhis marina CCMP1378 Perkinsus (P) Perkinsus marinus 65 Isoprenoid unit Theileria (P), Babesia (P) 84 Apicomplexans & biosynthesis 92 Galdieria sulphuraria Chrompodellids (n=6) Noctiluca, Oxyrrhis, Dinophysis Red algae (n=3) Fe-S assembly (Suf) 98 Crypthecodinium 60 99 Haptophytes (n=3) Ferredoxin redox system Voromonas, Colpodella 91 Aureococcus anophagefferens OTHER (Fdx/FNR) 97 Diatoms (n=2) PLASTIDS 60 97 Guillardia theta Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis Plasmodium (P), Toxoplasma (P) Ectocarpus siliculosus Eimeria (P), Alphamonas Cyanidioschyzon merolae Viridiplantae (n=7) Fatty acid synthesis 99 Glaucophytes (n=2) 92 CYANOBACTERIA (n=17)

D Plastid dependency free-living descendants:ALL dependent on plastids parasitic descendants: heterotrophic with mixotrophic with a new SOME dependent on plastids early mixotrophic heterotrophic & phototrophic kleptoplastidy endosymbiont heterotrophic photosynthetic Noctiluca, Oxyrrhis Perkinsus Hematodinium Heterocapsa ancestor ancestor Crypthecodinium Dinophysis Durinskia Karenia Toxoplasma Amoebophrya Lingulodinium Voromonas, Colpodella Kryptoperidinium Karlodinium Plasmodium Cryptosporidium dependency Chromera protist photosynthetic non-photo cell metabolic endosymbiont / plastid synthetic function plastid d d d d d d d d kleptoplastid new photosynthetic d endosymbiont / plastid host